Early development of a child up to a year: a brief review of known methods. The motto of the system: "Help me do it myself"

Many experts are sure: the sooner you start working with the baby to develop certain skills, the sooner he will receive important full life abilities and skills. Numerous systems of early education and development of children are built on this principle. We offer brief description the most popular methods for today, so that you can navigate and choose the one that will help you maximize the makings of your child.

classify systems early development difficult because of their versatility, but psychologists conditionally divide them into physical and general developmental.

Methods of early physical development

From the first minutes to the age of one year, the child lives an entire era. He learns to raise his head, sit, take the first independent steps, pronounce the first words. That is why at this stage the most important thing for kids is physical education.

Nikitin's technique

Spouses Nikitin still in Soviet time showed how from the birth of a child to help him become independent personality. As soon as the baby has learned to crawl, it research activities nothing and no one can be limited. For example, the authors strongly advise to abandon all kinds of strollers and playpens, considering them a kind of children's prison. Of course, before that you need to prepare an apartment,.

the main objective- do not disturb child development rather help him; not to force the child, but to create the necessary conditions for self-improvement. This task is carried out using three main principles:

• freedom and independence of the child (lack of special training, combination of sports with other types of work);
• sports environment (equipment, exercise equipment) in the apartment and Lightweight clothing, which does not constrain the movement of the baby;
• indifference of adults to the successes and failures of children.

Watch the video Irreversible Loss of Opportunity Effective Development Child (NUVERS Nikitin)

Developing dynamic gymnastics

The technique of L. Kitaev and M. Trunov satisfies the motor needs of a child up to a year old, and also develops him. Dynamic gymnastics is based on ancient Russian traditions, when babies were taken by the armpits and slightly tossed. Older children, grabbing their arms and legs, rotated around themselves, forming something like a carousel. In such uncomplicated games, adults gave the kids the opportunity to move when they did not yet have the skills to do so. After the child, these exercises already cease to have a stimulating effect. All acquired skills must be transferred to sport games, exercises and exercises at sports complexes.

Dynamic gymnastics for babies (3 months), where to start?

Dynamic Gymnastics for Toddlers: Basic Exercises to Help Your Child Grow Healthy!

These dynamic gymnastics exercises are suitable for both boys and girls. Watch the video and find out how to get started!

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Swimming with a baby

According to this technique, it is important not only, but also to swim with them. Although the movement small child in the water is very limited, swimming strengthens his muscles, teaches him to navigate in space. Therefore, the young swimmer begins to get up and walk before other children. First, the exercises are carried out in the bath, and only then in the pool. If you are afraid of harming your baby, find an instructor who will definitely help you avoid serious mistakes while swimming.

General Early Development Systems

To methods covering the development of children's ability to self-learning, the formation of writing skills, reading, improvement mental processes include the systems of Maria Montessori, Glenn Doman, Nikolai Zaitsev and some others.

Montessori Pedagogy

The basis of the teaching method of Maria Montessori is that the child develops independently. In kindergartens working on this pedagogical system, kids are surrounded various subjects that help them to experiment on their own and freely learn the world. Educators are wise helpers who do not limit, but guide children. The same applies to adults, who must show the child an example that he will imitate and direct his abilities in the right direction, providing appropriate toys. .

Waldorf pedagogy

The Waldorf system of development is based on completely different principles. Education is divided into three stages, taking into account the age of the children. A child up to seven years old acquires new knowledge and skills through imitation, from seven to 14 years old feelings and emotions are connected. And only from the age of 14 do children “turn on” logic. This technique does not accept early intellectual learning in any form. So, only from the 3rd grade, children are taught to read, and before school, the guys play only with toys from natural materials. By the way, adults should completely delete TV, computer and video games from the child's life.

Glen Doman Method

Glen Doman argued that development is effective only during the period of brain growth - that is, up to seven years. The main task of adults is to preserve and increase the huge potential of a newborn child. The early learning program consists of four main areas: physical development, numeracy, reading skills and encyclopedic knowledge.

So, the score for kids looks like a game with cards that show large red dots. And the number of points is called out loud, not a number. Doman believed that children can easily memorize and systematize bare facts. Parents are invited to make a set of cards with images of great people, plants or animals. The kid should not only remember the name of the image, but also talk about it.

Method Cecile Lupan

The author of the methodology took the Doman system as a basis, reworking and simplifying it. So, Cecile Lupan recommends talking to a baby from the very first minutes of life, even if he does not understand the words. But the baby gets used to his native speech, and previously meaningless sounds are filled with concrete meaning. When children begin to speak, you need to teach them to read. Each familiar word it is necessary to write in large letters on the cards and place them near the objects they represent. For example, "chair" is next to the chair, and "sofa" is next to the sofa. The author also recommends creating homemade books about your child, in which, in addition to fairy tales, there will be his photographs.

Zaitsev Cubes

Nikolai Zaitsev has developed a set of manuals for teaching children to read, math, writing and English language for home and kindergarten education. This technique is insanely popular, as both parents and kids like it. All that is needed from them is to play very colorful, unusual sounding, interesting cubes and sing songs. Learning and memorization takes place in an exciting game form, without special efforts and energy costs. So, first, adults need to purchase (or make) necessary material for exercises: tables, cubes and audio recordings. Then it is fun and easy to play with the baby: sing, add blocks, write words with blocks and on tablets. As experienced mothers say, reading will come by itself.

Surely, having familiarized yourself with the methods of early development, you will find that you apply many of the principles underlying them in education. own babies. And yet, none pedagogical system is not ideal, so the best option for thinking parents who want to raise a smart and happy child, will be the combination of several techniques, of course, taking into account their strengths and weaknesses.

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Science is an eternal process. Even in the womb of the mother, the child learns to adapt to life, taking an intrauterine position and developing with mother's help, and in infancy, he learns the first basics of independence, using reflexes. Over time, learning is main task child. The child's interest in science, his desire to learn, create, design and find his place in life largely depend on the choice of teaching methods.

Today, developing methods for preschoolers help prepare a child for school. They allow you to present knowledge in an accessible, effective and interesting way.

This is the main "advantage" of today's "developers" over yesterday's teaching methods. Yes, the new is not a complete rejection of the old and tested over the years. But still, learning in a new way gives productive results. So, let's learn about the methods of development of preschoolers:

1. Glen Doman Method . It covers children from birth to four years old and is mainly aimed at mastering reading. But development according to Doman is both intellectual and physical development, because the improvement of the child's brain of a child is associated with the improvement of motor skills and abilities. The essence of the method of teaching reading according to Doman is that the teacher (teacher, parent) lets the child look at the card, where the word is written in red even letters, and at the same time pronounces it. An image of this word is placed next to it. The technique is based on memorizing whole words, without learning to read by syllables, as has been the case for many years. This method of teaching has been criticized more than once due to passive role child. After all, only his memory is involved. And the process of making such memory cards is very laborious, given the richness of our language and the inability to depict words that are not objects.
2. Development according to the Montessori system . Maria Montessori developed a methodology for the development of children of 3 years old, which is based on their freedom of choice. That is, the kid himself chooses how and what to do, how much time to devote to the chosen activity. The technique is a whole complex of classes from exercises, handouts in the form of boards, frames, figures. The main drawback of the methodology is the permissiveness in the learning process, the freedom of children, which, in fact, is learning a little bit of everything without a system, planning, sequence.
3. Zaitsev cube technique . Zaitsev's cubes allow you to learn to read at the age of three, or even earlier. The set consists of 52 cubes, different in color and volume, weight and content, on the faces of which syllables are applied. In the process of playing with cubes, the baby makes up words. Addition to these cubes - posters with syllables. Teaching reading using the Zaitsev method is not very easy, it requires perseverance from parents, not to mention children. There are special development centers that teach reading using this method.
4. Games on the Nikitin system . The Nikitin family are classics of Russian education. Back in the days Soviet Union on personal example large family they showed a model of education harmonious personality. Nikitins emphasize that extremes should not be allowed in the form complete freedom and abandonment of the child, as well as excessive pressure on him in the form of constant assignments, training, employment. The main task of education according to the Nikitin method is the development creativity children. Nikitins' educational games are still popular today, as they teach them to make decisions on their own. Games are recommended for kids from one and a half years.
5. Child development according to the Waldorf system . The technique is more than a hundred years old, it originated in Germany. Its author is Rudolf Steiner. The founder of the early development methodology believed that before the period of change of milk teeth, that is, up to 7 years, the baby should not be loaded with learning to write and read. But the creative and spiritual abilities of the baby need to be revealed, developed in harmony with nature. So, the child must hear and feel music, draw and sing, sculpt and dance.
6. Lupan technique . Cecile Lupan is a follower of Glen Doman and other early development methods. Based on the methodology of her predecessors, she developed her own strategy for the early development of the child. Her book Believe in Your Child tells how and what to teach girls and boys. Main principle Cecile Lupan consists in the systematic and daily education of children in sensitive (favorable) periods. The author attaches the main importance to reading books to children for the development of their speech. Cecile Lupan suggests explaining complex fairy tales to kids, and to facilitate the study of letters, she considers it necessary to visualize the letters. That is, to the letter "k" draw a cat, to the letter "m" - a mouse. In the book, the author advises parents on how to teach their children to ride and swim, paint and music.

Methods for teaching children to read

There are several basic methods teaching reading to preschool children. Here they are:

1. Phonetic method . It is based on the alphabetical principle of pronunciation of letters and sounds. When the baby has accumulated enough knowledge, he moves on to syllables, then to words. In the phonetic method, there is a direction of systematic phonetics (successive learning of sounds before reading) and a direction of internal phonetics (identification of a word through a picture).
2. Linguistic method . Children come to the first grade with a large vocabulary, and therefore the linguistic method suggests that they first teach those words that are read as they are written. On such examples, boys and girls learn the correspondence between sounds and letters.
3. Whole word method . Its essence is to recognize words as whole units without breaking them into syllables. The method of whole words does not involve the study of sounds and letters. The child is simply shown the word and pronounces it. After learning 50-100 words, the baby is offered a text where the learned words are often found.
4. Whole text method . It is similar to the previous one, but the emphasis is on the child's language experience. For example, a child is offered a book with a fascinating story. He looks, meets unfamiliar words, the essence of which he must guess from the illustrations. At the same time, both reading and writing their stories are encouraged. Phonetic rules are not explained to the student at all, and the connection between sounds and letters is established in the process of reading itself.
5. Zaitsev method . The author defined the syllable as a unit of language structure. This is a vowel and a consonant, that is, only two letters. Zaitsev wrote syllables on the faces of cubes, different in weight and color. This methodology is referred to as phonetic methods, because the syllable is both a syllable and a phoneme. In the course of learning to read according to the method of Zaitsev, the child receives the concept of letter-sound connections.
6. Moore's learning method . The author begins by teaching the baby letters and sounds. In this case, the student is introduced into the laboratory, where the typewriter is located. When pronouncing a sound, the key with the corresponding letter is pressed. The next stage is a demonstration of a combination of letters. This may also be simple words of three letters. They also need to be typed on a typewriter.
7. Montessori Method . The author first showed the children the letters, then taught them to recognize, then write and pronounce. After they had already learned how to combine sounds into words, Maria Montessori suggested that students combine words into sentences.

Today children are taught English in early age. If you cannot do this on your own, then you can hire a tutor for this purpose or send the baby to an early learning group. foreign languages. It is better to enroll in such a group at the age of 4-5 years.

Today, in such groups, students are taught English using several methodologies:

1. Zaitsev's technique . It is designed for three-year-olds and is based on the use of cubes.
2. James Pitman alphabet . He expanded the English alphabet to 44 letters in such a way that each of them was pronounced in only one version, and all words were read as they are written.
3. Game technique or game method . It is very effective in teaching English to children. The teacher starts games, and in their course words are taught. In a playful way, all knowledge about the English language is developed, from grammar to colloquial speech.
4. Combined technique . It consists of mixing different methods teaching children English. The combined technique involves games, cubes, songs, pictures, dances. The child does not have to be bored, switching from one activity to another. This, as a rule, has a positive effect on the assimilation of knowledge.

So, there are a variety of methods for teaching children English. But the effectiveness of the assimilation of knowledge largely depends on the personality of the teacher, his contact with the students, the ability to feel each student.

Especially for - Elena TOLOCHIK

Dear parents, we invite you to familiarize yourself with the methodology of Pavel Tyulenev, a sociologist, teacher, president of the Association of Innovative Educators. Tyulenev believes that in order to teach a child various skills before he learns to walk, you need to create an appropriate environment for him from birth. The main component of the names of all Tyulenev's methods is "earlier than walking." Before walking, he suggests teaching reading, numeracy, music, drawing, and even entrepreneurship and leadership. The Tyulenev system is one of the youngest developing methods.

So, early learning, according to Tyulenev, begins from the first days of a child's life. Every minute of a baby's wakefulness should be used for its development. You, the parents, must constantly talk to the child, introduce him to the world around him, stimulate movement and activity.

Remove useless decorations from the crib, save the baby from looking at dull wallpapers, make sure that he is not distracted by meaningless bright patterns, drawings on diapers, curtains, carpets and furniture.

Make routes for the eyes. The child's memory is considered like a photographic film. Everything that enters his field of vision remains on it forever. Therefore, recognizable portraits of parents, images of triangles, circles, and squares should hang on the walls around the crib for up to two and a half months.

Start early (from birth) showing cards with letters, notes and other information.

From the age of three months, the walls of the room and the crib are one of the most important learning spaces for the child, which means that it is necessary to organize independent development child by hanging pictures on them. For example, instead of monotonous wallpaper - reproductions of many paintings, and the baby will always be well versed in painting and love it. You don't have to limit yourself to pictures. In particular, Tyulenev writes: “It has been known for almost two hundred years that if you fix hundreds of formulas of a university mathematics course on the walls in a child’s room, he will remember all this and mathematics at the university will be his favorite subject. It's hard to call it work." The same can be done with images of letters of the alphabets shown in different fonts, hieroglyphs, mathematical symbols, etc. to create a working environment around the child. Pictures with images of animals, plants, etc. must be provided with clear captions.

Somewhat later, to give the child the opportunity to get used to the images of tools, architectural structures, landscapes, etc. - much of this is in large wall calendars. You can place maps with the outlines of the continents, diagrams with images of the water or carbon cycle in nature, mathematical, chemical, logical and other formulas in the child’s room, etc. Such a variety of material will help the baby grow inquisitive and learn easily at school.

At 5-7 months, organize a review a large number postcards that should be given to the child in the crib before waking up or after eating. Using these recommendations in time, you will get rid, in particular, of the problems associated with the performance of your children, for example, in primary school school and doing homework.

Buy a magnetic alphabet and let the baby play with these letters every day from five months: touch, feel, attach them to a metal surface. It is necessary to leave the alphabet in the crib in the morning for 1-2 hours, in the absence of other toys. Two or three weeks after learning the alphabet, you give the child a letter, loudly pronouncing the sound that it stands for several times. At the same time, ask for and take yesterday's letter or exchange it for new letter(if the child agrees). For each letter, such a three-minute lesson should be repeated in the morning, from several (for example, three) days to one day by the end of the alphabet. All this applies to Latin letters as well.

The intellectual development of the child is greatly helped by listening to songs - not for children, but for adults. Such a song should be serious, contain some kind of task, problem and have a pronounced plot. Keep a diary of a child, in which every more or less significant event is turned into a picture with a caption. Thus, in a child, an impression turns into a word, and the word becomes an emotionally colored impression.

Learn to read. In front of the child, you must attach letters from the alphabet to the wall, folding them into words. After some time, the baby will point his finger at these words in the text, and in some cases, at the request of the parents, find those words that he was not introduced to. Teach your child to read not by whole words, but by letters. And very early: earlier than walking, and therefore earlier than talking.

From the moment of birth, teach the child a foreign language. To the question of parents: “Is it not harmful to study several languages ​​at once?” - Tyulenev answers the following: “The experience of many centuries shows that this is not only not harmful, but also useful, since the child becomes an order of magnitude smarter. In the last and the century before last, any tutor was obliged to simultaneously give a child from three years old two or three languages. Remember, Eugene Onegin and his "parent", A.S. Pushkin. L.N. Tolstoy simultaneously studied four languages, A.S. Griboedov knew nine languages ​​by the age of majority. This included Latin, which opened the way to science ... She then played the role of modern mathematics, which in general is also a specialized language. In addition, tutors and parents calmly studied philosophical texts and much more with their children. Because only kids are interested in all this. Re-read "Eugene Onegin": they taught, so to speak, "everything in jest" and "without coercion, in conversation."

From six months, look at pictures, cards and books two or three times - a kind of "reading" during meals. Pavel Tyulenev recommends cards with inscriptions in two or three languages ​​from simple to complex, from close to far, from a small number of images to a large one.

. "Little Mozart". From five months, next to the crib, you need to install a synthesizer or other musical instrument so that the child can reach the keys. In a year, chaotic sounds will turn into melodic ones. And if at the same time you play it yourself and let him listen to simple melodic music, which he will soon be able to reproduce, then by the age of 3-4, the baby will begin to hold home concerts.

Teach your child to play the game "Newton". At the age of 4-5 months, babies are happy to drop and throw toys out of the crib. Gotta turn it into useful activity: put a basket in front of the bed and teach the child to throw different toys right there. The child will simultaneously try to measure the distance and begin to distinguish the sounds of falling toys from different materials.

Physically develop the baby. To do this, you need to stimulate early crawling (it contributes to the rapid expansion of the horizons of the child), perform exercises for the development of fingers through wooden stick with the help of adults.

Perform rope exercises with the baby. To do this, you need to hang horizontal and vertical ropes in the room, on which you can hang and swing. They perfectly replace the crossbars, bars, rings and ladders of conventional sports complexes.

Physical development can be combined with teaching the child notes. Here is one of the exercises described by Tyulenev. The girl is 9 months old, she is already quickly crawling around the apartment and knows some notes drawn on the cards. “Daughter,” says mom, “bring me a D note from the corridor.” The girl, quickly moving her legs and arms, crawls into the corridor and brings the note “D” from there from the stack. Mom praises her daughter and plays a note on the piano: “This is a D note, listen to how it sounds.”

Dear parents! If you are interested in the technique of Pavel Tyulenev, then be prepared for complete dedication, because you should treat your child like a little genius, whose time is very expensive and should not be wasted.

Test. For parents who do not agree with Pavel Tyulenev that it is necessary to teach their child to read immediately after birth, in the end we offer a small test that will help determine whether it is time to teach your child to read or is it better to wait. For each positive answer, write down a point.

Does your child like to listen to fairy tales and stories?

Can he retell them?

Does he want to look at books on his own?

Does your baby know the letters, does he ask you to teach him to read?

Does he imitate reading aloud (opening the book to desired page, with the expression "reads" it)?

Does your child try to "write" his own books by pasting pictures into his notebook?

When adults read to your child, does he listen carefully?

Does he keep his favorite books neatly?

Does your child have a rich vocabulary?

Ask your child to pick up a word that begins with the same letter that ends with the word "table". Happened?

If your baby is already familiar with the letters, does he try to connect them on his own?

Does your child have speech problems?

Ask the child: BEETLE and SHUK are the same word? Does he recognize similar sounds?

Does he usually speak in common sentences?

Does he know many poems and songs?

Test results

0 to 5 points. If your baby is less than five years old, then there is no cause for concern. But it's best not to rush into reading. If the child is on the threshold school life, then try to interest him in the process of reading. Choose books with large print good pictures and engaging content. Or maybe he will like a book about himself beloved, illustrated with his own photographs?

6 to 12 points. At this point, you can talk about the average ability of your baby to read. Perhaps his interest in books is situational, unstable. What books surround your baby? Do they make you want to get to know them better? Sometimes “real”, “big” books scare kids with their volume. Start with small books or magazines.

13 to 18 points. Your child is ready to learn. He is interested not only in the ability to read “like adults”, but also in the opportunity to independently learn a lot of useful and entertaining things from books.

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First of all, Ibuka believes, a mother needs to use all her imagination and ingenuity, while taking into account, of course, at what stage of development the child is. It is also desirable to surround him with good music from the very first months, to teach him to perceive works of fine art.

Take the baby in your arms more often. For an infant who knows no other way of expressing himself, crying is the only way to get attention. When a child cries, he asks for something, and to leave his request unanswered means to deprive him of communication. Common sense proves that the communication of the child with the mother, and especially tactile communication is very important for his mental development.

Don't be afraid to take your baby to bed. In the fact that one of the parents lies down next to the child, one can find new meaning if you think about his mental and mental development. For example, a mother who has too many worries and does not have enough time to communicate with her child may at least lie next to him until he falls asleep. During this short time, the baby is completely calm and very receptive. Therefore, if you do not just lie next to him, but sing a song to him, this will have a developing effect on the child. You can also offer to use the opportunity to communicate with the child not to mom, but to dad, who has been at work all day.

Child, raised by mom who has no musical ear will also grow up without hearing. Suppose a mother is deaf and the child listens to her lullaby every day with the wrong tune. He will remember it, using it as a model, and will also sing incorrectly. And when mom hears this, she will say that a rumor is God's gift or special talent. If only Mozart and Beethoven had been brought up this way, poor hearing would be guaranteed.

Never ignore a baby's cry.

It's even worse than spoiling him. According to statistics, the more freely parents raise their child, the more insecure he grows up. Such a baby usually lacks love, he is always looking for the attention of adults.

“Free” upbringing refers to irregular care for a child, feeding only when he himself asks, an abundance of toys and at the same time a lack of due attention, when he is forgotten to change diapers, put him to bed on time, etc. And although we know a lot examples when over-concern can make a child nervous and shy, however, as a rule, a baby who grew up in love is more likely to adapt to society when he grows up and be more balanced and kind.

Monitor your activities with your child. Around the age of 2-3 months, the baby begins to smile, babble and remember everything that happens around. We sometimes do not even suspect that all the most important ideas are already imprinted in his brain. ordinary words and mother's actions. Mothers who talk to their children a lot a huge impact on his intellectual development.

Don't mess around with the baby. When he begins to speak, he babbles something similar to words: his speech organs are not yet fully developed, and therefore the articulatory apparatus does not keep up with the desire to speak. And if adults speak to him in the same "childish" language, believing that the child will not understand another, the correct language skills will never be formed. Moreover, in the process of mastering the language, the baby will always rely not on his own speech, but on how adults speak.

A newborn feels when parents are in a quarrel. It is very easy to determine by the face of the baby when his parents quarrel, conflict: his expression is depressed and restless. Of course, the child does not understand the meaning of all the bickering, but anger and swearing will certainly affect his feelings, perhaps even on his psyche. It is not surprising that a child who grew up in an environment of hostility has a tense face. And a child brought up by a taciturn, gloomy person will always be out of sorts. The eyes or nose are inherited by the child, and the expression on his face is a mirror that reflects the relationships in the family.

A father should communicate with his child as often as possible. To be a true friend and helper to the wife - isn't that the role of the husband in home education? A harmonious atmosphere in the house cannot be achieved only by maternal efforts. It is impossible to bring up a truly good person in a family where the work of upbringing and development lies entirely with the mother, and the father only sometimes, at her request, is included in these concerns. Lack of time and fatigue after work should not prevent dads from communicating with their children as much as possible.

Communication between children should always be encouraged. A child deprived of communication will grow up with less developed intellect and with difficult character. Now people have begun to communicate less with each other, and this cannot but affect the upbringing of children. Given this, it would be nice if, at least for the sake of their children, mothers tried to get together more often.

Quarrels are the first lesson of life in a team.

Children have their own thinking, and they communicate with each other in their own way. There is no place for adult logic here. If parents consider children's quarrels from the point of view of adults, try to persuade them that it is impossible to fight and that the one who quarrels with others is bad, the child will only withdraw into himself and become angry.

You can spank a child only while he is still small. However, by 2-3 years he can become selfish and almost uncontrollable. And then the parents begin to pull their child. They scold him, punish him when he does something “wrong”, and suddenly turn from admirers into strict nannies, although at this stage of development this no longer gives tangible results.

At about 2-3 years old, the child develops self-esteem, his self, and then he is ready to defend it. He no longer obeys, and the more he is scolded and punished, the more often he becomes naughty and capricious and the more irritated his parents are. There is only one way out - to educate and accustom the child to discipline, while he is not yet a year old, before his Self manifests itself in him.

Anger and envy in a child is an expression of impotence. Parents may think that they perfectly understand the emotional state of their child, but he is sure that they do not understand him, and this annoys him. Parents need firmness of character, which will help them to distinguish a reasonable demand from a caprice; the lack of such reasonable firmness spoils the character of the child. The parent's goal should be to remove the cause of the child's disorder, not to suppress it.

Do not make fun of your child in front of others. Many parents discuss the shortcomings of their children in front of strangers, thinking that the Children do not understand anything. However, no matter how minor the offense, you can never predict what harm it will do if you talk about it publicly.

It is better to praise a child than to scold. Of the two methods - reward and punishment - the latter sometimes seems to be more effective, but this is not entirely true. Punishment can cause the opposite reaction in a child - open defiance. The fact is that both praise and punishment must be used very carefully.

It is easier for a child to understand algebra than arithmetic. One of the fundamental ideas of mathematics is the theory of series. It is quite difficult for an adult who first studied the concept of number, and then geometry and algebra, to understand it. And it is easy for a child to understand the logic of series theory or set theory. Masaru Ibuka writes: "Madame Risheni Felix, a recognized authority on the teaching of mathematics, argues that a child can be taught mathematics at any age." A "row" or "set" is simply a collection of things with common qualities. The child gets to know them when he starts playing with blocks. He takes them one by one, distinguishing them by shape: square, triangular, etc. Already at an early age, the baby understands well that each cube is an element of a “row” and that a bunch of cubes is one row, and triangles is another.

The simple idea that items can be grouped by certain characteristics, is the main principle that underlies the theory of series. The child understands the simple and logical set theory better than the complex and intricate logic of arithmetic. Therefore, the traditional notion that arithmetic is easy and algebra difficult is simply a delusion of adults regarding the capabilities of children.

Even a five-month-old baby can appreciate Bach. At one of the enterprises of the Sony company, a kindergarten was organized. They did a study to find out what kind of music children like. The results were unexpected. The most exciting music for kids was Beethoven's Fifth Symphony! Popular songs, which are broadcast from morning to evening on TV, took second place, and in last place were children's songs. The kids found the most interesting classical music, which adults rarely let children listen to. According to the observations of Dr. Shinichi Suzuki, already five-month-old babies like Vivaldi concerts.

A six month old baby can even swim. Many adults cannot swim or swim poorly. But tiny babies can float freely if taught at an early age. A child who has not yet begun to walk is trying to float on the water, as well as to crawl on the ground. This method of development is also offered by Masaru Ibuka, referring to the studies of famous educators.

In August 1965, Rize Dim, chairman of the International Conference of Women Athletes, held in Tokyo, spoke about teaching children to swim under 1 year old, which became a sensation. Mrs. Dim dipped a five-month-old baby for the first time in a pool with a water temperature of 32 ° C, and after three months he was already able to swim.

At a press conference, Mrs Deem said: “A child knows how to float on water much better than how to stand on land. First, you keep him in the water until he gets used to and floats on his own. As it dives into the water, it holds its breath and closes its eyes until it floats to the surface. That's how he learns to swim by working with his arms and legs."

The fact that a baby can swim is just one fact that confirms the limitless possibilities of a child. A toddler who takes his first steps can easily learn to roller skate at the same time. Walking, swimming, sliding - all this he masters effortlessly, if properly directed and encouraged.

Physical exercise stimulate the development of intelligence. As a result of research by Professor Kunyo Akutsu, commissioned by the Masaru Ibuki Early Development Association, it was found that poor posture is the result of insufficient physical training in infancy. Babies start walking at about eight months. If they are not taught basic movements at this age, they will never perform them correctly. In this sense, early walking training plays the same role as early music or foreign language lessons.

Proper physical preparation perfectly stimulates the mental development of the baby. In infancy, a child's brain does not develop separately from the body: mental development occurs in parallel with physical and sensory development.

For example, swimming develops not only muscles, but also reflexes. Professor Atsuku writes: "Physical exercise improves the functioning of all organs and increases the child's resistance to external stresses." Of course, the child will grow up, even if you just feed him and take care of him. But if nothing else is given, the set of abilities with which he was born will remain undeveloped. Physical exercise stimulates the development of muscles, bones, internal organs and brain. It is noticed that a child who starts walking early grows up very smart and with a good reaction.

➣ Imagine a mother carrying a glass of juice to the table. The kid, who already wants to imitate her in everything, is trying to do the same. And my mother says: “You can’t,” and rushes to him in horror that he will spill the juice. It is not right. She will reproach the child later, when he grows up, that he does not help her. Even if the child wants to do something that is still difficult for him, it is better to praise him: “How big you have become,” then pour some juice and let him carry the glass. This approach is very important. (M. Ibuka)

Preschool education is the first structured education that a child encounters when entering adulthood. It covers the period from birth to the age of six years, when the child goes to school.

The importance of early learning

This period is very important and responsible, during this short time the child actively masters all areas: educational, sensitive, intellectual, interaction, mental.

Such rapid and fundamental changes help the child to master all new areas of life. Thanks to this breakthrough, the child is actively involved in the educational process.

Today the niche of educational institutions preschool education is actively developing, only state kindergartens are not able to provide all the interests of children and parents.

Today creative schools, studios, circles offer various areas of work with children, including dances, gymnastics, rhythmics, theatrical art, foreign languages, preparation for school. Approaches to teaching the child are also developing.

It is very important to develop speech, sensory organs, motor skills, and the horizons of the child.

Home schooling with parents

A crucial stage in the organization of preschool education is activity planning. Educational process should be built in such a way as not to overload the child and leave a lively interest. Modern pedagogy reinforces the assertion that the learning process for a small child should be exciting and dynamic, only with the child's keen interest can significant results be achieved.

Children have extremely unstable attention, because of this, the process of their education is very laborious, requires special skills and great efforts. There is little teaching materials on the development of preschool children, this is due to an individual approach to learning in a children's team. Another point of view - frequent change leading learning concept. Views on the education of preschoolers have changed very rapidly, in fact, each era has made adjustments to the curriculum of kindergartens.

Lesson classes for preschoolers

It is impossible to apply the class-lesson system of education to preschool children. Attention at this age is not yet stable, children are not able to study for hours on end. separate subject. Although for teaching schoolchildren such a system justifies itself.

From the very beginning of the development of preschool didactics, the principles of educating young children did not differ from ideas about teaching older children. But it is logical that Small child cannot study according to the pattern of high school students.

IN kindergarten the process of education and upbringing run parallel to each other.

In the course of teaching children it is necessary to adhere to certain principles.

While teaching a child younger age real knowledge must be provided. You can not simplify the material to a schematic, distort it. The child remembers all the information at the age of 2 to 7 years. With an incorrectly formed base, the child's representations will be greatly distorted.

The principle of scientificity in the study of nature

In the process of teaching a child, concrete ideas and knowledge about the world around him should be formed. All acquired knowledge should not conflict with school curriculum. Didactics deals with this problem in teaching children of primary preschool age. She tries to prepare educational material in such a way that it is understandable to young children, but has the right scientific basis. Deep study curriculum for preschool children, it helps to create a powerful base on which it will be easier to string all school material.

Peculiarities scientific approach in the process of education - the formation in children of a single picture of the world and the correct idea of ​​the laws of nature. It is very difficult to indicate the age of the child when the basic concepts of the universe are formed. Many representatives of preschool education are inclined to believe that these basics should be an integral part of the upbringing process.

From a very early age, children need to form correct ideas about the world around them, based on modern scientific knowledge.

All parents have knowledge of this principle, its expediency for applying to young children has existed since the development of pedagogy. To learn a new child, you need to see a picture, perhaps tactilely feel the unknown. So the knowledge of a child of preschool age is quickly and naturally built into his picture of perception.

Such features are confirmed by the fact that children try to present any narrative story as a figurative series. Based on the simplest actions, the ability to work with objects, it is easier for preschool children to form more complex mental operations- analysis, reasoning, comparison, account.

Through visual images for the child, the formation of mental activity takes place. To learn how to count mentally, you need to practice counting on real objects many times. The study of the learning process of children proves that the child receives basic information through visual and auditory perception. These sense organs are given the main attention when working with preschool children.

The principle of visibility - the child perceives information better

In case of perception visual information All information is sent directly to the brain. While auditory perception is somewhat stretched over time.

The principle of visibility for children in kindergarten is the enrichment and expansion of the child's sensory experience and his knowledge of the world. Kids perceive natural objects: dummies of fruits and vegetables, models of buildings, diagrams, panels of plants, stuffed animals. Features of young children of preschool age - the ability to perceive diagrams, drawings, illustrations, on this the ability to build many principles of education and upbringing.

The principle of visibility is used to consolidate the links between new and old knowledge, to study new material.

TO visual materials the following requirements are provided:

• realism, all objects should be as close as possible to real objects, have a similarity;
• worthy decoration, educators and parents should purchase or make models of the highest quality.

All educational material should be understandable to the child, correspond to his age and development. Features of teaching a young child - the assimilation of simple and understandable material. If knowledge is too complex and ornate, then the percentage of their assimilation by children decreases sharply.

The main difficulty in implementing this principle is to determine the readiness of the child to acquire knowledge. This is not always determined by age, all children are individual. Before starting the process of education, the teacher must diagnose the level of knowledge of the child.

Tasks should be accessible to the child

Even 15 years ago, there was an unspoken ban on teaching children to write and read and write until the child was five years old. Today there are many institutions of pre-school education that take children and younger children to prepare for school. Views have changed modern parents and teachers, the pace and intensity of the load en first grader does not leave a chance for delay. We will know the results of such a race for knowledge in a few years, when we analyze the level of knowledge mental development and the state of health of current first-graders.

Teaching foreign languages ​​can start from the age of 3

Do not confuse accessibility with ease, too simple tasks will not cause efforts and mental stress, there will be no basis for subsequent knowledge.

It is important to create a situation of success in which the solution of a difficult but feasible task will bring joy and satisfaction.

The principle of active participation in the learning process

Features of the principle - only those knowledge are assimilated that aroused the interest and active participation of the child in their assimilation. If the child does not care about what is happening, then the information received from the outside will pass by, not be perceived by the brain.

The child must participate in learning

While working with children, the educator should provide for techniques that activate interest in knowledge, thinking. The negative effect is the fact that the child receives detailed chewed information, the assimilation of which did not take his time and effort. It may seem simple and straightforward, but the lack of personal involvement makes it distant and uninteresting. In the process of education, a balance must be struck.

Cognition should be a solution to practical problems, activity, independence. At the heart of such ideas lies the orienting-research reflex.

The principle of sequential learning

This principle of education encourages to go in learning from the easy to the difficult, from the simple to the complex. All knowledge of the child should be based on previous experience. The volume of new knowledge is determined by the teacher who works with the child. Time, the effectiveness of assimilation, the age of the child in the process of cognition should be guidelines.

Sequence principle by example

Theory and practice must be inseparable from each other. All knowledge must be backed up in practice. It is very interesting and difficult at the same time, it is not always possible to fully implement the knowledge that a young child has received.

The principle of an individual approach to each child and taking into account age characteristics

Children in preschool age differ greatly in the speed of perception, speed of thinking, perseverance, diligence, behavior. All these signs are formed due to physiological, mental ability, methods of education, living conditions, preparedness of the teacher and parents.

You can identify the main features of the baby by constantly observing the child, noting his behavior in different situations. For older children, you can organize collective conversations that will help identify the characteristics of the child, the degree of assimilation of knowledge, character. Even in young age can be identified leadership skills, curiosity, the ability to come to the rescue.

Such a diagnosis is very important; at an early age, negative character traits and mental characteristics are easier to correct. Checking the entire children's team can reveal children who quickly grasp the educational material on which they can rely in the learning process.

Classes tailored age features

It is very important in the process of education to take into account the physiological and anatomical features child. The teacher should be familiar with the health status of each child. At the same time, tactfully and gently adjust the learning process for maximum efficiency. If a child has problems, for example, with hearing or vision, then he must be put on the first desks, for better perception.

Learning to read according to Zaitsev

• If the child has restrictions on physical activity, then it is necessary to put the teacher on physical culture to the notoriety.
• If the child is very impulsive or even aggressive, then in the process of education it is necessary to develop will and tolerance.
• If the child has just arrived at children's team, then the speed of speech and vocabulary of the child are limited. Therefore, when the baby answers, it is necessary to show patience not only to the teacher, but also to teach this to all children.
• There are children who are not accustomed to mental work. They prefer to spend time in games and active entertainment. When working with such babies, it is necessary to include intellectual tasks in motor activity. Mono show the benefits of active mental activity in games and competitions.

The principle of the relationship between learning and development

These two processes are interrelated and continuous, but at the same time they require patience. Yesterday the kid could not do anything, but today he is mastering different skills. All this is normal and natural. If at any stage in learning there are difficulties, you just need to be patient and move forward.

The relationship between learning and development among schoolchildren

It is very important to awaken in the child a craving for independent knowledge, then the baby himself will strive to learn new and interesting things. Be sure to praise the child, create a situation of success - this is the surest incentive. Love children, then you will certainly succeed.