Oge 15.3 topics. The choice of the topic of the oge essay

On the exam, you are offered three formulations for writing an essay-reasoning. You must choose only one. Which one to choose? What are your actions? What to be guided by when choosing a topic?

Step one

Read each task carefully - 15.1, 15.2, 15.3 - and analyze them. Do not rush to immediately write the essay that you were oriented to (most often it is 15.2 or 15.3). It may happen that none of them will suit you (for example, you will not be able to understand the wording, or you will find it very difficult - and you will not know what to write about.) Let's read all the wordings of task 15 and work with them.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian philologist F. I. Buslaev: “It is only in a sentence that individual words, their endings and prefixes acquire their meaning.”

Justify your answer by giving 2

15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian philologist F. I. Buslaev: “Only in a sentence do individual words, their endings and prefixes get their meaning.”

Justify your answer by giving 2 examples from the text you read. When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations.

An example from the read text. When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations.

You can write a work in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic on linguistic material. You can start the essay with the words of F.I. Buslaev.

The essay must be at least 70 words.

A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Write an essay-reasoning. Explain how you understand the meaning of the final text: "Talent! - repeated Lenya louder. - This must be understood! It must be protected and appreciated! Is it true?”

Bring in an essay 2 arguments from the read text, confirming your reasoning.

When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations.

The essay must be at least 70 words.

If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the phrase REAL ART?

Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic "What is real art", taking as a thesis the definition given by you. Arguing your thesis, give 2 an example-argument that confirms your reasoning: give one example-argument from the text you read, and the second from your life experience.

The essay must be at least 70 words.

If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

step two

Now your task is to choose a topic for writing. And for this you need to clearly understand what you will need to do when writing an essay of a certain type.

Study carefully the table below, which clearly demonstrates the similarities and differences between the three tasks - 15.1,15.2 and 15.3.

Comparison of the three tasks allows us to highlight their common features and differences.

All three essays by genre are essay-reasoning. Therefore, their structure is the same.

All three types of essays are performed on the basis of a large text given in the second part of the work for reading. Only task 15.3 requires reliance on the text of the presentation (as a rule, it already contains an almost ready-made definition of the meaning of the word put into the task).

The volume of essays is the same - at least 70 words. However, keep in mind that this is too small to reveal the topic. Sometimes only one quote-phrase contains 20-40 words.

In any essay, you need to demonstrate the ability to interpret the statement. In other words, you must interpret the meaning of the statement: in your own words (using the author's vocabulary) explain what the author meant, what he wanted to say.

Having explained the meaning of the statement, you must confirm the truth of what was said with examples-arguments. You are looking for both examples in the large text given for reading. And only in task 15.3 is the second argument from your life experience allowed (but this is written only in the assessment criteria)

So, having carefully studied the wording of all three tasks, evaluate your knowledge and capabilities and choose only one task. What is it? The answer to this question depends on several factors: firstly, on the wording of the task (what statements are given in it and how you understood them) and, secondly, on the very text on which you are writing the essay.

Step Three

Read the text. Formulate for yourself the general impression that he made on you.

• What is this text about (i.e. what is its topic)
• What did the author want to say by writing this text (what is the idea of ​​the text?)
• What does he think about what he writes about, how does he feel about it)?

Analyze the system of images displayed by the author in the text:

• whether there are positive and negative images in it;
• what actions the characters do;
• what is the attitude of the author to the characters of the text (whom he sympathizes with or, conversely, whom he condemns).

Do not forget that sometimes the author does not express his attitude towards the characters - he does not approve or condemn. But the author will definitely let you know whose side he is on, you just need to carefully read the text. Often he expresses his likes and dislikes through the actions of the characters, their speech. Having even such a small life experience, you can always evaluate actions from a moral and ethical point of view.

Step four.

Now think about which task you will choose. The choice will depend, of course, on how you understood the text and statements in the assignments. For example, if you choose task 15.1, then you will have to determine what the author of the statement wrote about, what linguistic phenomena you can use when commenting on the phrase, and, most importantly, what arguments of these linguistic phenomena you will select from the text.

The biggest difficulties in writing essay 15.1 are related to the search for linguistic phenomena that you must first “see” in the quote, and then find them in the text as arguments

Task 15.2 associated with the understanding of the text as a whole and a single phrase from it, taken out in the task. As a rule, the main idea, the idea of ​​the text, is concentrated in the statement of the task. Often it is the key in the entire text. Again, you must explain it, interpret it, give your understanding. Here it is very important to work with the key (supporting) words of the statement and the entire text as a whole, in order to establish their relationship and idea, sometimes hidden and not brought to the surface of the text by the author.

Difficulties in writing essay 15.2 are related to the interpretation of the quote and the search for arguments in the text: what needs to be confirmed with examples? what positions to argue?

Task 15.3 is also related to reading comprehension, but it will also require text material for the presentation that you will write at the very beginning of the exam. In the essay, you, firstly, give a definition of the meaning of the proposed word (the text of the presentation will help you with this) and, secondly, answer a question or write an essay on a given topic. But you can’t do without arguments in this essay either.

Difficulties in writing essay 15.3 are associated with the definition of the word and the answer to the given topic. And for this you need to involve the text itself, from which you will take arguments.

So, let's sum up.

You read the text, comprehended and understood it. You have studied three formulations of the task for writing, weighed all the pros and cons in each topic and chose one. We have shown that choosing a topic is far from a quick and easy process. Now you know that each theme has its pros and cons, you know how to choose it. And in order to write any essay well, you need preparation. And the more systematic and longer it is, the better you will cope with the task.

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08.06.2018 ,

All topics of the OGE essays are known!
They are published in the Open Task Bank on the FIPI website.

1. What is the inner world of man.
2. What is choice.
3. What is kindness.
4. What are precious books.
5. What is friendship.
6. What are life values.
7. What is love.
8. What is motherly love.
9. What is real art.
10. What is self-doubt.
11. What is a moral choice.
12. What is the strength of the spirit.
13. What is mutual assistance.
14. What is happiness.

Friendship is a close relationship based on sincerity, support, selflessness. A true friend will appreciate your talents and achievements and will never envy your success. And the person who met a true friend in his life should be happy.

In this regard, the heroines of the text by A. Aleksin Lyalya and Masha are very lucky, because they have a devoted friend who is able not only to sincerely admire and be proud of their abilities, but also selflessly take care of them. This girl has an extraordinary gift - the ability to be friends and be infinitely devoted to her friends.

A striking example to follow is the attitude of Wilhelm Kuchelbeckerak to his lyceum friend A.S. Pushkin. Kyukhlya, as his comrades called him, realized the genius of the young poet like no one else and did not hide his sincere admiration for him. And A.S. Pushkin highly valued his comrade.

Every person needs friendship. Some claim that they don't need friends, but they are wrong. They just haven't met a reliable and devoted friend yet. (148 words)

SOURCE TEXT

(1) At school, I was friends with Lyalya Ivashova and Masha Zavyalova.

(2) Masha knew how to do everything: draw, sing, walk on her hands. (3) It was pointless to compete with her, as with Leonardo da Vinci. (4) Teachers could give her fives without calling her to the blackboard. (5) She mercilessly experimented on herself: either she invented a hairstyle that could well have been nominated for an award in the section of architectural structures, or she invented a skirt with so many folds that she wanted to play like an accordion.

(6) Masha composed poems and forgot them on notebook covers, on blotters. (7) I collected quatrains, put dates at the bottom, hid them, saving them for posterity, and remembered many by heart.

(8) With Mozartian ease, Masha set her poems to music and performed them with a guitar.

(9) Her face was mobile, like that of a clown: she disposed of it without effort. (10) Disappointment, delight, amazement - all these feelings succeeded each other, leaving no room for uncertainty. (11) The lack of uniformity was the Machine image.

(12) No one considered Masha the all-around class champion, since she did not fight with anyone, since her superiority was undeniable.

(13) In everything except femininity and beauty: here Lyalya was considered the first.

(14) Beautiful women, even in a dream, do not forget that they are beautiful. (15) Beauties get used to sacrificial worship and can no longer do without it. (16) Lyalya did not notice the admiring glances, and from this they became even more admiring.

(17) I myself didn’t have to defend myself from fans - and I defended Lyalya from them.

- (18) Do not live someone else's life! - Mom persuaded me, seeing this.

(19) Masha was promised the rank of academician, Lyalya - the conqueror of the stronger sex and the creator of a happy family, and I was just their friend. (20) I was not promised anything.

(21) I was proud of Lyalina's beauty and Machin's talents more loudly than my own merits, precisely because these merits were still not mine: they could not accuse me of immodesty.

- (22) You continue to live someone else's life, you are not delighted with your successes, - mother stated.

- (23) Do you think this is bad? - I was surprised.

- (24) Shine with reflected light? - (25) She thought about it and repeated what I had already heard from her:

- Depending on whose light!

(According to A. Aleksin) *

* Aleksin Anatoly Georgievich (born in 1924) - writer, playwright. His works, such as "My Brother Plays the Clarinet", "Characters and Performers", "Third in the Fifth Row", etc., tell mainly about the world of youth.

ESSAY

The inner world of a person is his spiritual world, consisting of feelings, emotions, thoughts, ideas about the environment. The inner world of a person begins to form in childhood. Game, fantasy and faith in miracles are of great importance in the spiritual development of the child. This can be confirmed by two examples.

The heroes of L.Volkova's text are imaginative children who love to play. During the game, they learn not only good and evil, but also themselves. An unusual dream, which Mitya and Nika believed in, made them change for the better, realize important life truths.

Let us recall the hero of another literary work - Sasha Cherny's story "Igor-Robinson". Playing as a sailor, the boy ended up on the island. The difficult situation enriched the inner world of the hero, she forced him to overcome his fear and show such qualities as endurance, courage and quick wits.

Thus, childhood is a very important period of a person's life, it is at this time that the concepts of good and evil are laid, the character, the system of values, and the inner world are formed.

SOURCE TEXT

(1) In the suburbs of one of the most ordinary cities, the most ordinary family lived: father Vitya, mother Vika, son Mitya and daughter Nika. (2) The children were obedient, but they did not like to go to bed very much. (3) Every evening there was a scandal: - (4) Children, go to bed! (5) It’s already late ... - Dad Vitya was angry.

- (6) Well, dad, can we play for another half an hour? (7) Daddy, please, the children asked.

(8) So today the children didn’t want to go to sleep at all.

- (9) I'll give you ten minutes, - dad said angrily and left the room.

- (10) Let's collect the toys and go to bed, - said mom.

(11) In the end, the children lay down in their beds and closed their eyes.

(12) Midnight struck. (13) And suddenly Mitya saw that something unusual began to happen in the room. (14) Children's toys began to come to life: dolls straightened their dresses and hairstyles, soldiers cleaned their guns, cars checked their wheels, soft toys stretched sweetly. (15) Mitya pretended to be asleep, and they did not notice that the boy was watching them. (16) On the next bed, the sister also did not sleep and looked at the toys with all her eyes.

- (17) Vika, - the brother whispered to the girl, - our toys came to life ...

- (18) I see.

- (19) Toys, are you alive? (20) How can this be? - the girl could not bear it.

- (21) Oh-oh-oh, they see us, - the dolls squeaked, - now everyone will know our secret.

- (22) No, no, what are you, we will not reveal your secret to anyone. (23) Really, Mitya?

- (24) True, - the boy agreed, - why do you only come to life at night? (25) It would be great if you were always alive! (26) The children got out of bed and sat on the floor, surrounded by toys.

- (27) This is how we are arranged, - the soldiers said. - (28) If they carefully play with us, if they don’t scatter us, don’t break us, then we come to life and protect the sleep and peace of our owners, and if on the contrary, then we leave forever.

(29) Nika picked up her favorite doll.

- (30) Let's play? - suggested the girl.

- (31) Hooray! (32) Let's go! - started a fuss toys.

- (33) You need to sleep, you will get up badly in the kindergarten tomorrow, - said the bear - it was an old toy that my mother probably played with.

- (34) Well, - Mitya was afraid to offend the old bear, - and tomorrow we will go to bed early to play with you with all the living.

(35) The boy shook the hand of the soldiers, stroked the dog Tishka on the head, put the cars in the garage. - (36) Nika, let's sleep, and tomorrow we'll play with toys again!

- (37) Good, - yawning, the girl said and fell asleep.

(38) In the morning, dad woke up the children:

- (39) Dad, dad, do you know what happened tonight ... - Mitya began, but then he remembered the promise to keep the secret. - (40) I had a dream.

- (41) Well, sleep is great, - dad laughed.

(42) Mitya did not tell anyone about his secret. (43) Now he went to bed early, and every night the toys came to life and played with the children until the old bear told them to go to bed.

(44) Of course, it was a dream. (45) But it's good that children believe in good dreams!

(According to L. Volkova) *

* Volkova Lyubov is a young contemporary author.

ESSAY

Art is a creative reflection of reality in artistic images. Real art not only decorates our lives, but also awakens strong feelings in a person, opens up a new world, helps to overcome life's difficulties.

It was art that helped the heroine of V.P. Astafyev’s text, Lina, regain interest in life during a difficult period. Sad events painted her existence in gloomy tones. But, once in the Planetarium, she heard Tchaikovsky's melody, which became for her a real hymn to life. Music made the girl forget about what oppresses her, and look at life with completely different eyes.

K. Paustovsky also spoke about the impact of art on a person in his story "Basket with fir cones". When Dagny heard the music of the great composer, she discovered a new, amazingly bright, colorful, inspiring world. Feelings and emotions that were previously unfamiliar to her stirred up her whole soul and opened her eyes to still unknown beauty. This music showed the girl not only the greatness of the surrounding world, but also the value of human life.

Thus, real art is a great force that can inspire a person and lift his weakened spirit.

SOURCE TEXT

(1) Lina has already lived in Moscow for half a month. (2) The oppressive and joyless events in her life reverberated with constant pain in her heart, painted her entire existence with gloomy tones.

(3) It was impossible to forget.

(4) She went to theaters, and there in almost every opera, in every ballet there was a life drama. (5) The world is eternally divided into two poles: life and death. (6) Everything was contained in these concepts, between these poles, in two short words.

(7) In the Tretyakov Gallery, almost half of the paintings depicted something sad.

(8) Once Lina went to the zoo. (9) But even here she didn’t like it: it was a pity for the beggars of the bears, whose backsides were wiped and naked because they often sat down for the benefit of people and “served” for candy, for a piece of bread. (10) It's a pity for the sleepy, half-shabby predators: they were very, very fearless - these fanged animals caged.

(11) She left the zoo, wandered the streets, sat down on a bench to rest and began to look around.

(12) Globe. (13) Blue globe, in a yellow shiny hoop, sky maps, satellite tracks. (14) Lina guessed: she fell into the fence of the Planetarium.

(15) “The Planetarium is the Planetarium, anyway,” she thought and went inside the building, bought a ticket. (16) The guides talked about meteorites, about the change of day and night, the seasons on Earth, the kids stared at satellite models and at the rocket. (17) Images of stars stretched along the cornices. (18) Lina went upstairs and found herself in the dome of the Planetarium.

(19) Eating ice cream and slowly throwing papers under the seats, people were waiting for the lecture.

(23) And across the sky of the Planetarium a heavenly body flew - the sun. (24) The sun that gives life to everything. (25) It passed through the toy sky, over the toy Moscow, and the sun itself was a toy.

(26) And suddenly the dome above it bloomed with stars, and from somewhere on high, growing, expanding and strong, music poured out.

(27) Lina heard this music more than once. (28) She even knew that this was Tchaikovsky's music, and for a moment she saw fabulous swans and a dark force awaiting them. (29) No, this music was not written for dying swans. (30) The music of the stars, the music of eternal life, it, like light, arose somewhere in the depths of the universe and flew here, to Lina, flew for a long, long time, maybe longer than starlight.

(31) The stars shone, the stars shone, countless, eternally alive. (32) The music was gaining strength, the music was expanding and soaring higher and higher towards the sky. (33) A person born under these stars sent his greetings to the sky, glorified eternal life and all life on Earth.

(34) Music has already spilled over the entire sky, it reached the most distant star and struck the whole vast heavenly world.

(35) Lina wanted to jump up and shout:

- (36) People, stars, sky, I love you!

(37) Throwing up her hands, she rose from the seat and rushed up, repeating the spell:

- (38) Live! (39) Live!

(According to V.P. Astafiev) *

*Astafiev Viktor Petrovich (1924-2001) - Russian Soviet writer, author of well-known novels, novels, short stories.

ESSAY

The strength of the spirit is one of the important qualities of a person, making him strong not physically, but morally. Thanks to the strength of the spirit, a person is able to survive difficult life situations, cope with difficult memories, overcome his fears, believe in a brighter future and provide support to others. I will prove the validity of my words with two examples.

Let us turn to the text of Baklanov G.Ya., whose hero, a young lieutenant, experienced all the hardships of the war. He saw with his own eyes how his comrades died, heard the shells exploding next to him. All these difficult impressions affected the hero's state of mind, but nevertheless he found the strength to live on and enjoy ordinary things. This example proves that strong-willed people can cope with life's difficulties.

Let us also recall the story of two sisters, Nyura and Rai, who survived the difficult, terrible days of the blockade in Leningrad. Despite the death of their mother, hunger, cold, the girls did not lose heart, they continued to live, were engaged in creativity and supported the sailors leaving for battle with their performances. The courage and resilience of these girls is admirable.

Thus, the strength of the spirit is the greatest human quality that helps to win over oneself and circumstances. (173 words)

SOURCE TEXT

(1) There is sleep and silence on the farm. (2) We walk along a low fence, white under the moon, built in the south from flat wild stone. (3) It feels like I was born here, and lived my life here, and now I'm returning home.

(4) I knock loudly on the window frame. (5) There is nothing to sleep, since we have returned.
(6) And now the wooden door swings open. (7) Panchenko, my orderly, sleepy, yawning, standing barefoot on the threshold.

- (8) Come in, Comrade Lieutenant.

(9) It’s good to return home from the bridgehead at night like this. (10) You don’t think about it there. (11) You feel it here with all your might. (12) Before the war, I never had to return home after a long separation. (13) And I didn’t have to leave for a long time. (14) The first time I left home for a pioneer camp, the second time I left for the front. (15) But even the one who returned home after a long separation before the war did not then experience what we are experiencing now. (16) They returned bored - we return alive ...

(17) Sitting on the windowsills, the scouts watch the two of us eat, and their eyes are kind. (18) And in the corner there is a wide rustic bed. (19) White pillowcase stuffed with hay, white sheet. (20) Many people did not understand and did not appreciate before the war. (21) Does a person in peacetime understand what clean sheets are? (22) 3and throughout the war, only in the hospital, I slept on sheets, but then they did not please.

(23) I lie down on my royal bed, smelling of hay and fresh linen, and fall through like fluff. (24) My eyes stick together, but I barely doze off, when, shuddering, I wake up again. (25) I wake up from silence. (26) Even in a dream, I used to listen to the explosion of shells.

(27) And thoughts about the guys left on the bridgehead come to mind. (28) I blink my eyes - and again it’s all before my eyes: the signalmen’s dugout, which was hit by a bomb, the road in the forest and the black heights occupied by the Germans ...

(29) No, I don't seem to fall asleep. (30) Carefully, so as not to wake the guys, I go out into the courtyard, carefully closing the door. (31) How quiet! (32) As if there is no war on earth. (33) Ahead, the moon sits behind a clay pipe, only its edge glows above the roof. (34) And something so ancient, infinite in this, which was before us and will be after us.

(35) I am sitting on a stone and remember how at school forty-five minutes of a lesson were longer than two centuries. (36) States arose and collapsed, and it seemed to us that time before us was running with amazing speed and now it just went on its normal course. (37) Ahead of each of us was a whole human life, from which we lived for fourteen, fifteen years.

(38) I have been fighting for the third year. (39) Surely the years were so long before? .. (40) I return to the house, hide with my head and, trembling under my overcoat, fall asleep.

(According to G.Ya. Baklanov)*

* Baklanov Grigory Yakovlevich (1923–2009) is a front-line writer. Among the most famous works of the author is the story "Forever - nineteen", dedicated to the fate of young guys - yesterday's schoolchildren who got to the front

ESSAY

Choice is the conscious decision making from a given set of options. A person is constantly faced with the situation of choice, this is a vital necessity. It is especially important to make the right decision when choosing a future profession, because a person’s future life depends on it. Sometimes it is very difficult to make such a choice, but some people know from an early age what they will do when they grow up. I will prove the validity of my words with specific examples.

The hero of the text by E. Grishkovets tells how he chose his future profession. The boy had three options: to become an engineer, like his mother, a doctor, like his uncle and brother, or a cultural worker. In each profession, he saw the pros and cons. At this life stage, the hero could not decide, but we understand that sooner or later he will not be able to avoid making this important decision.

But A.V. Suvorov did not have to think for a long time about choosing his future profession. Already in childhood, despite poor health and lack of support from his father, he decided to become a military man. Therefore, he devoted his entire life to achieving his goal. The correctness of the path he chose is proved by the fact that the name of A. Suvorov entered the history of our country as the name of the legendary commander.

Thus, making a choice is still half the battle, the main thing is not to make a mistake with your choice. (184 words)

SOURCE TEXT

(1) Mom, when I was not yet at school, worked as an engineer and drew a lot. (2) The drawings were so beautiful, and her preparation with shiny things was so unusually attractive that I could not pass by. (3) Of course, they caught me, they didn’t let me in, but I still spoiled a few drawings, broke some compasses.

- (4) He is clearly attracted to the exact sciences, - mother said to father seriously.

(5) At school, it immediately became clear that I was not drawn to the exact sciences. (6) I studied very average. (7) Mom said that if I continue like this, I will become a loader. (8) The expression on my father’s face at that time was such that I guessed: he doubts that my mother is telling the truth.

(9) In short, the profession of a loader was never considered by me as a promising one.

(10) When I was in high school, my parents taught at the university. (11) Mom taught thermodynamics, and my father worked as the head of the department at the Faculty of Economics.

(12) But algebra, geometry and physics were still the darkest subjects for me. (13) My parents themselves understood that I would not follow in their footsteps, and did not even hint at it.

(14) What opportunities did I have? (15) University, institute of culture and, of course, medical.

(16) I always liked the medical one. (17) Firstly, my beloved uncle taught there. (18) Secondly, my second cousin studied there, whom I also liked. (19) But somehow the so-called anatomist scared me. (20) I understood: I couldn’t even just enter the building where she is located.

(21) Then I began to go to the Institute of Culture. (22) I listened and watched performances of the student choir, concerts of students of the pop department, performances staged and played by students. (23) Of course, I didn’t understand this well then, but I felt deadly boredom and terrifying joylessness of what I saw. (24) The smell of the “anatomist” seemed to haunt me, it came from everything there: in all the speeches, the uselessness of what was happening was visible. (25) Useless to anyone! (26) Neither speakers nor spectators. (27) This lack of hope for joy made me firmly abandon the idea of ​​​​entering the Institute of Culture.

(28) But I wanted ... (29) I don’t know what I wanted. (30) Nothing definite. (31) I wanted to be a student. (32) I wanted to study not very difficult and not very boring ... (33) I wanted a fun, interesting, real life. (34) The main thing is real, with the whole being - life.

(According to E. Grishkovets) * Grishkovets Evgeny Valerievich (born in 1967) is a modern Russian writer, playwright, director, actor, musician. He became famous after he was awarded the national theater award "Golden Mask" in 1999. He is the author of the books "Shirt", "Rivers", "Footprints on me", "Asphalt".

ESSAY

Self-doubt is a state of a person, as a rule, highly dependent on the opinions of others. Such people do not have faith in themselves, they almost always have low self-esteem, and they are disappointed in advance in their results. People who are unsure of themselves are afraid to reveal their individuality and are constantly guided by others, striving to be like them. I will prove the validity of my words with concrete examples.

The hero of the work of Svetlana Lubenets Venka is not confident in himself and therefore tries to equal his classmates in everything. He liked himself in the jacket, considered it "awesome" and did not hear any ridicule about this from others, but felt that he did not fit into the team, and therefore tried to get rid of the jacket. He even decided that his children would imitate their friends in everything. So, unsure of himself and dependent on others, Venka did not defend his individuality and defend his own opinion.

A similar case is described in another work by Svetlana Lubenets. His heroine Nina differs from her peers, who have already found boyfriends, in that she has no changes in her life. And she even somehow put up with it, until her best friend Irishka found a boyfriend for herself. And now Nina, previously a self-sufficient girl, trying to be like everyone else, imitating her classmates, suddenly decides that she needs a boyfriend and creates a virtual one for herself. So a girl, instead of revealing her individuality, copies her friends, and this imitation comes to a childishly frivolous act - inventing a friend for herself.

It follows from these examples that self-doubt is the result of low self-esteem and dependence on the opinions of others, prevents people from defending their own point of view, maintaining their individuality, making them the same, similar to each other. 259 words

SOURCE TEXT

(1) Venka came home from school, sat for a while in the kitchen, drank a glass of cranberry juice cooked by his grandmother, looked at how funny, stretching out his transparent paws, the white rat Marfush was sleeping in the aquarium, and still went to call his mother at work. (2) It just so happened with them: immediately after school, Venka always called her and reported on his affairs.

- (3) Mom, I got into a fight again ... - he slowly said and fell silent guiltily.

(4) No sound was heard from the tube for some time. (5) Mom was upset.

- (6) Everything is clear. (7) Let's talk in the evening.

(8) Venka hung up the phone and thought. (9) What is it clear to mom? (10) Sometimes what seems absolutely clear and correct to her is absolutely inapplicable to Venka's school life. (11) For example, mom makes him go to school in a jacket. (12) In September, at a general school meeting, the director suggested that parents buy jackets for their sons. (13) They say that school uniforms are now optional, and jackets will discipline the boys and set them up in a serious way. (14) The very next day, Mom dragged Venka to the store, where they bought an awesome, as it seemed to him in a fever then, beige jacket, in which a thin brown cage was striking. (15) “Like a London dandy ...” Mom happily said, looking at Venka. (16) He also really liked himself in a jacket, but only until he came to school. (17) In his 7 "A", he alone dressed up in this way.

(18) At first, Venka was not very upset: not all mothers are as quick as his. (19) But neither in a week, nor in a month, none of the classmates changed into a jacket. (20) The guys still went in jumpers, jeans, jackets from tracksuits, and the coolest ones in sweatshirts. (21) Venka tried to get his jacket dirty as quickly as possible, since it was light. (22) He was already looking forward to putting on his old dark blue large-knit sweater to school in two days, but his mother brought another jacket from work.

- (23) Here! (24) Try on! she chirped over Venka. - (25) Aunt Nina gave. (26) Vitalka has become too small, but it will be just right for you.

(27) Venka, gritting his teeth, climbed into Vitalkin's jacket. (28) He was also nothing: steel-colored with black specks. (29) Only Venka didn’t need this elegant jacket! (30) None of his classmates in jackets went to school. (31) Nobody! (32) He is the only one! (33) True, he never heard offensive words from anyone about his clothes, but with all his being he felt that he did not fit into the male team of the class in these jackets. (34) When he, Venka, has his own son, he will never buy him any jackets. (35) He will carefully study what his son’s friends will wear, and buy him exactly the same black jeans as Petya Komissarov’s: modest, with numerous comfortable pockets with zippers and buttons. (According to S.A. Lubenets)*

* Lubenets Svetlana Anatolyevna is a modern children's writer from St. Petersburg, she writes books about teenagers, relationships between them, the most ordinary and not quite ordinary guys.

ESSAY

Life values ​​are what is really important for people in their life. These are their beliefs, principles, guidelines. They play the role of a compass, which determines not only the fate of a person, but also his relationship with others. I believe that life values ​​must be formed from childhood, as they lay the foundation for the entire future life of the individual.

The text of L. E. Ulitskaya tells about the great-grandfather of Alik and Dina, who used to work as a watchmaker, but became blind in old age, distinguishing only light and darkness. Great-grandfather gave Alik a watch. In those days it was an expensive gift! The younger sister, taking the watch accidentally left by her brother, broke it. The grief of the girl knew no bounds: "... she did not cry, but it was so hard, as if she was carrying a sack of potatoes on her back." Having given everything that was left of the clock to her great-grandfather, she, crying, fell asleep. Waking up, the girl did not believe her eyes, because her eyes fell on the clock, which the blind old man repaired, repaired, in his words, because he saw “the most important thing” in life. And this “most important thing” was his great-grandchildren, their happiness and peace ... Here it is, the life value of the hero of the text!

In the story of V.P. Astafyev's "White Horse with a Pink Mane" tells that the hero deceived his grandmother by stuffing a tuyesok with grass instead of strawberries. The deceit was revealed in the market when a city lady bought "strawberries". How much shame grandmother, Katerina Petrovna, endured at that moment! Angry and offended, she, still loving her grandson, bought the promised gingerbread for the little deceiver. I bought it because her main value in life was an early orphaned grandson!

Thus, life values ​​are all that is important for a person, what was formed in his childhood and preserved until old age.

SOURCE TEXT

(1) All the women of his large family, from grandmother to great-granddaughter, were called "daughters" by the great-grandfather. (2) All men are "sons". (3) In recent years, he was completely blind, he distinguished only light from darkness: he saw a window, a burning lamp. (4) He spoke little, but constantly whispered something so quietly that it was almost inaudible. (5) It was only visible how the gray mustache was moving over the collapsed mouth; for this, his children called his grandfather the whisperer.

(6) The brothers went to school, all the adults were at work, and Dina, the youngest in the family, stayed with her great-grandfather. (7) When brother Alik was ten years old, his great-grandfather gave him a watch. (8) It was an unprecedentedly rich gift for those times. (9) The watch was on a thin brown strap, shaped like a brick, the dial had a solemn expression.

(10) No one in the class had a watch. (11) And Alik had. (12) Every five minutes he looked at his watch and kept wondering what minutes are different: some are long, barely stretching, while others are fast, slipping unnoticed. (13) In the evenings, Alik started the clock and put it next to the bed on a chair. (14) No matter how much Dina asked, he did not even let them hold.

(15) One morning, two weeks after they gave the watch, Alik went to school, leaving the watch on a chair near the bed. (16) On the way, he caught himself, but there was no time to return.

(17) After breakfast, Dina discovered the clock. (18) She carefully took them and put them on. (19) Great-grandfather shook his head.

(20) In the courtyard, Dina was surrounded by guys.

- (21) This is Alkina's watch, - they said.

- (22) No, mine! Dina lied. - (23) Our great-grandfather was a watchmaker until he went blind. (24) He has a hundred of these watches. (25) He also gave me.

(26) The girl ran to the backyard. (27) There the guys played volleyball. (28) She asked, she was accepted reluctantly. (29) She did not know how to play properly. (30) Dina raised her hands with spread fingers and waited for the ball to slap about them. (31) Finally, the long-awaited ball, directed by someone's envious hand, hit the wrist with force. (32) The clock splashed in different directions: separately the mechanism, separately the glass. (33) With a pathetic ringing, it hit the ground and jumped, sparkling in the sun.

(34) It was the first spring heat, the lindens stood in new foliage, as if freshly painted.

(35) It seemed that the trees were dumbfounded before the misfortune that had happened. (36) Holding what was left of the clock in her palms, Dina slowly climbed the porch, passed through the cloud of the sun lying on the steps, into the cool darkness. (37) She did not cry, but it was so hard, as if she was carrying a sack of potatoes on her back. (38) She pounded on the door with her heel for a long time, great-grandfather opened. (39) Dina buried her nose in her grandfather's skinny belly.

- (40) Nothing, nothing, daughter, - he said, - you shouldn't have taken them.

(41) And the tears finally splashed, as they splash in the circus at the clowns, with a strong stream. (42) She put a glass and a mechanism into her great-grandfather's small dry hand. (43) And when all the tears that were poured out, she fell asleep soundly.

(44) When Dina woke up, great-grandfather was sitting at the table, and in front of him was a porcelain box with tools: tweezers, brushes, wheels and a round magnifying glass. (45) Dina approached him on tiptoe and pressed herself against his sharp shoulder. (46) He put the strap into the ears of whole watches.

- (47) Grandfather, did you fix it? - not believing his eyes, asked Dean.

- (48) Well, you were crying. (49) I don’t have a new glass. (50) There is a small crack here, see? - (51) I see, - Dina answered in a whisper. (52) And you? (53) Tell me, you're not blind, right? (54) Do you see?

(55) Great-grandfather turned to her. (56) His eyes were kind and faded. (57) He smiled.

- (58) Perhaps I see something. (59) But only the most important thing, - he answered and whispered, as always, something inaudible.

(60) Many years have passed, and Dina remembers little from that time. (61) But what she remembers becomes clearer over the years, and sometimes it seems to her that soon she will be able to distinguish, hear the words that her great-grandfather whispered. (According to L. Ulitskaya*)

* Ulitskaya Lyudmila Evgenievna (born in 1943) Russian writer, screenwriter, winner of literary awards.

ESSAY

Love is a feeling of mutual affection, unconditional and boundless trust of two to each other. I think that a special form of love, light and tender, is youthful love, which is based on the dream of mutual understanding, faith in the depth and purity of the first feeling.

So, in the text of Y. Yakovlev, it is told that a young man fell in love with a girl, not seeing, but only hearing her. Naili's voice struck the hero, "made his heart beat faster than usual": it sounded like a special string in his heart, turning the multiplication table into poetry. Everything speaks for the fact that love was born in the soul of a young man. And the girl was clearly in love with the hero!

I remember A.S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin", which tells how Tatyana Larina fell in love with Onegin. The author does not tell what the girl liked in Evgenia, but succinctly says: "It's time to come, she fell in love." At the sight of Eugene Onegin, a young noblewoman “has a thought in her heart”, a thought about great pure love. And what a pity that the hero rejected the feelings of the girl, destroyed the dreams of mutual understanding.

Thus, love is a feeling of mutual affection, and not the passion of one of them.

SOURCE TEXT

1) Before seeing Naila, I heard her voice. (2) He struck me, made my heart beat faster than usual. (3) All people have one string in their voice, and two strings seemed to be heard in her voice: one sounded low, thick, and the other high, thin. (4) These tender strings either sounded separately, then alternated, then merged and sounded together with a barely noticeable tremor. (5) The simplest words, when she pronounced them, changed in their meaning, and it seemed that you were hearing them for the first time. (6) The voice updated the words, filled with warmth.

(7) I heard Naili's voice and imagined her: her hair should be dark, her eyes should be with coals in the middle, her lips should be slightly swollen, with barely noticeable cracks from water and wind. (8) Together with her voice, her breath reached me, like the rustle of leaves when the wind smells. (9) When her voice fell silent, I was afraid that it would not sound again - it would soar and fly away like a bird. (10) I wanted it to sound forever and no one but me would hear it.

(11) She was sitting on the coastal sand, her legs crossed and her chin resting on her knees. (12) She sat motionless, maybe even fell asleep. (13) I made a big circle, walked around her to see if she was sleeping. (14) Her eyes looked so intently at one point that I thought: she is dreaming with her eyes open.

(15) She had dark eyes and, when Naila squinted, they became completely black. (16) When the sun did not shine on her face and she opened her eyes wide, all the blackness gathered into small dots. (17) Her eyes shone as if from tears, although she did not cry.

(18) And suddenly she looked up from her sleep, looked up and said:

- (19) And I know you.

- (20) Do you know me? - (21) I wanted to scream with joy, to do something unthinkable.

- (22) We study at the same school. (23) Didn't you see me?

- (24) I didn’t see it!

- (25) How inattentive you are, - she said.

- (29) No, something else ... (30) I wanted to recognize you because of your voice.

(32) Liked it! (33) That was not the right word. (34) This voice completely seized power over me!

(35) And suddenly I said:

(37) My unexpected request took her by surprise.

- (38) Are you laughing?

- (39) No, seriously. (40) I will listen to your voice.

(41) Nailya looked at me intently, shook her head. (42) She could not understand, and I could not explain to her that her voice changed the meaning of words and the most ordinary words sounded like they had just been born. (43) And the multiplication table turned into poetry. (According to Yu.Ya. Yakovlev)*

* Yakovlev Yuri Yakovlevich (1923-1996) - writer and screenwriter, author of books for children and youth.

ESSAY

Kindness is the quality of a person who is distinguished by responsiveness, sincere disposition towards people and all living things. In my opinion, compassion for animals is so closely related to the kindness of human nature that it can be said with confidence that one who is cruel to animals cannot be kind.

M.A. Chvanov’s text ends with a rhetorical question: “Why did the dog choose this particular woman out of hundreds of others?..” (Proposal 26). Not because she was good and slender ... But because she was “as tired”, exhausted as the dog ... I think it was this woman’s fatigue that allowed the dog to feel her sincerity and kindness.

Is it possible to call the heroes of L. Andreev's story "Kusaka" good?! Having tamed the animal, forcing him to experience his dog's happiness, they carelessly left the cottage in the fall, not thinking about the future fate of Kusaka ...

Thus, only a sympathetic and sensitive person can be kind.

SOURCE TEXT

1) About five meters from a huge office building on icy dirty asphalt, a thin stray dog ​​with watery eyes stood on three legs and looked out for someone at the door. (2) The sore leg, apparently, was freezing, and the dog, pressing it to its stomach, involuntarily squatted.

(3) With an expression of torment, a driven look, she indifferently accompanied some, wagged her tail ingratiatingly in front of others, others threw something like: “Well, Bug?” And her eyes lit up with hope. (4) But those who automatically noticed her already forgot about her and indifferently left or dismissively dismissed her, and her watery eyes went out, and she again squatted, tucking her sore leg under her.

(5) And I realized that she was not waiting for anyone, but chose her master. (6) The homeless life, no doubt, was already unbearable for her, and she chose the owner. (7) She was shivering from the cold, she was hungry, and her eyes, thin body, tail begged: “Well, look at me, someone, well, take me, someone, and I will answer you with such love! ..” ( 8) But tired people moved on. (9) The poor dog tried to go after one or the other, even took a few steps after, but immediately returned.

(10) She opted for a young woman, just as tired. (11) The woman glanced at the dog and walked past, but the dog followed her, at first hesitantly, then decisively and recklessly. (12) The woman accidentally looked around, saw a dog, immediately wagging its tail faithfully, but immediately went on. (13) The dog lay down and put its head on its paws. (14) She no longer caressed humiliatingly, she just waited, not taking her eyes off the woman. (15) The woman said something to her, and the dog wagged its tail and crawled almost on its belly to her feet.

(16) The woman took a bun out of her bag, put it in front of the dog, but she didn’t eat, looked into the woman’s eyes: she understood that they wanted to get rid of her with a handout.

(17) Then the woman squatted down and stroked her head, handed her a bun, and the dog began to eat, looking at the woman every now and then: she was afraid that she would leave. (18) The woman kept stroking the dog and quietly and sadly said something to the sadly trembling animal. (19) Then she took out a liver pie from her bag, put it in front of the dog and quickly, without looking back, went.

(20) The dog, leaving a half-eaten pie, ran after the woman, whined, she stopped in confusion.

- (21) Well, what should I do with you? – almost with tears asked woman.

(22) The dog looked reverently at her.

(23) The woman took out a candy from her bag, put it in front of the dog. (24) She took it - just out of politeness, so as not to offend, so as not to frighten away her happiness, and more confidently ran after the woman. (25) So they disappeared around the corner.

(26) Why did the dog choose this particular woman from hundreds of others? ..

(According to M.A. Chvanov*)

* Mikhail Andreyevich Chvanov (born in 1944) - Russian writer, publicist, director of the memorial house-museum of S.T. Aksakov.

ESSAY

Precious books are those that are especially dear to us. If in life we ​​managed to come across such a book that we want to return to again and again, which does not leave us indifferent, awakens the desire to think or do something creative, then we can say that the book has become a treasure for us.

The text tells about the difficult wartime, when there was simply nowhere to get books. Only in the library. That is why the teacher Anna Nikolaevna, minting every word, so carefully acquaints the children with the rules for using books. Every child after her words will remember that "the book must be protected." And having learned this, he will get acquainted with the wonderful world of books, find for himself those that he calls precious.

There are so many books to choose from these days! You can take them in the library, buy them in the store, download them electronically on the Internet. Despite the fact that readers have now diminished, I am sure that everyone has favorite books that you want to return to again and again.

Thus, precious books exist in wartime, in the 60s of the last century, and today. They teach us kindness, purposefulness, love for the Fatherland.

SOURCE TEXT

(1) In the third military autumn, after school, Anna Nikolaevna did not let us go home, but handed out narrow strips of paper, on which, under a bold purple seal - all honor by honor! – it was written that such and such was really in the second grade of the ninth elementary school.

- (2) Here! (3) With this one! (4)Help! - dividing the words, making pauses between them and, thus, not just explaining, but inspiring, hammering into us the rule that needed to be remembered, Anna Nikolaevna explained the rest. - (5) And written! (6) As surety! (7) Moms! (8) You! (9) Come on! (10) To the nursery! (11) Library! (12) And sign up!

(13) Children's glee cannot be stopped. (14) Yes, and there is no need to stop him, because this is an element. (15) Therefore, our wise Anna Nikolaevna only smiled when we yelled in joy, pantyhose in our desks, as in boxes, stepped aside, leaned against the warm stove, closed her eyes and folded her hands in a ball.

(16) Now is the time to explain why we are so happy. (17) The fact is that we all learned to read a long time ago - according to age, of course, we easily dealt with thin, still pre-war, glued-glued books that Anna Nikolaevna gave in the class, but they didn’t let us into the library, in For some reason, the library was written down only from the second grade. (18) And who doesn’t want to be older in childhood? (19) A person who visits the library is an independent person, and the library is a noticeable sign of this independence.

(20) Gradually we calmed down, calmed down, and Anna Nikolaevna again began to explain.

- (21) In writing! (22) Guarantee! (23) Mom should write! (24)What in the case! (25)Loss! (26) Books! (27) She! (28) Reimburse! (29) Loss! (30) Tenfold! (31)Size!

- (32) Now do you understand your responsibility? she asked in her usual calm voice.

(33) It was possible not to ask. (34) Without any doubt, a tenfold fine for a lost book looked like a monstrous punishment. (35) It turned out that we would read books and lose them, if we had a chance, we would also have them, but mothers would have to suffer because of this, as if they didn’t get enough anyway.

(36) Yes, we grew up in the strictness of the wartime. (37) But we lived as people always live, only from childhood we knew: there is a strict line there and there, and Anna Nikolaevna simply warned about this line. (38) She inspired us, second-graders, with an important truth, according to which both young and old are dependent on each other, and if you forget about it, you will forget that you need to take care of the book, and you will lose it due to absent-mindedness or some other, even if good reason, then your mother will have to answer for you, cry, collect ten times the ruble money.

(39) Having sighed, having hacked a cruel amount of responsibility on our noses and one more rule, according to which mother should come with you herself, while capturing a passport, we flew out into the wild, rejoicing and pushing again.

(According to A.A. Likhanov)*

∗ Albert Anatolyevich Likhanov (born in 1935) – writer, journalist, chairman of the Russian Children's Fund. In his works, the writer pays special attention to the role of the family and the school in the upbringing of the child, in shaping his character.

ESSAY

The tender and selfless attitude of a mother towards her children is motherly love. It is, in my opinion, the most beautiful feeling in the world. It can work miracles, bring back to life and save in difficult times.

M. Ageev's text tells how the boy was ashamed of his poor mother. When she brought him a forgotten envelope with money to the gymnasium, he "objected in a hating whisper that these veal tendernesses are not for us, that if she brought the money, then let her pay herself." Despite the humiliation and rudeness, the mother was not offended by her son, because she loved him.

I believe that the hero of M. Ageev needs to remember the words of the poet Viktor Gin:

Don't hurt mothers

Don't be offended by mothers.

Before parting at the door

Say goodbye to them gently.

Thus, a mother is always ready to understand and forgive her children, to give them everything she has, without expecting rewards for her selfless love in return.

SOURCE TEXT

1) One day at the beginning of October, early in the morning, leaving for the gymnasium, I forgot the envelope with money prepared by my mother since the evening. (2) They had to be paid for tuition in the first half of the year.

(3) When a big break began, when all of us, on the occasion of cold, but dry and sunny weather, were let out into the courtyard and on the bottom landing of the stairs I saw my mother, only then I remembered the envelope and realized that she, apparently, could not stand it and brought him herself.

(4) Mother, however, stood aside in her bald fur coat, in a ridiculous bonnet, under which gray hairs hung, and with noticeable excitement, somehow intensifying her miserable appearance even more, she looked helplessly at the horde of schoolboys running past, who, laughing, they looked back at her and said something to each other.

(5) Approaching, I stopped and wanted to slip unnoticed, but my mother, seeing me and immediately lit up with an affectionate smile, waved her hand, and although I was terribly ashamed in front of my comrades, I went up to her.

- (6) Vadichka, boy, - she spoke in an old man's muffled voice, handing me an envelope left at home and with a yellow handle timidly, as if she burned herself, touching the button of my overcoat, - you forgot the money, but I think - she will be frightened, so - she brought it.

(7) Having said this, she looked at me as if she was asking for alms, but, in a rage for the shame caused to me, I objected in a hating whisper that these veal tendernesses are not for us at court, that if she brought the money, then let her pay herself.

(8) Mother stood quietly, listened in silence, guiltily and sadly lowering her old affectionate eyes. (9) I ran down the already empty stairs and, opening the tight, noisily sucking air door, looked back and looked at my mother. (10) But I did this not at all because I felt sorry for her, but only out of fear that she would burst into tears in such an inappropriate place.

(11) Mother still stood on the site and, sadly bowing her head, looked after me. (12) Noticing that I was looking at her, she waved her hand with an envelope the way they do at the station, and this movement, so young and cheerful, only showed even more how old, tattered and miserable she is.

(13) Several comrades approached me in the yard and one asked what kind of jester in a pea skirt with whom I had just talked. (14) I, laughing merrily, answered that this was an impoverished governess and that she had come to me with written recommendations.

(15) When, having paid the money, the mother came out and, without looking at anyone, hunched over, as if trying to become even smaller, quickly tapping her worn, completely crooked heels, walked along the asphalt path to the iron gate, I felt that I was in pain heart for her.

(16) This pain, which so hotly burned me in the first moment, did not last long, however.

(According to M. Ageev)*

* Mikhail Ageev (Mark Lazarevich Levy) (1898-1973) - Russian writer.

ESSAY

Happiness, according to the definition of S.I. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary, is a feeling and a state of complete, supreme satisfaction. In my opinion, happiness is a warm relationship with family members and people close to us.

So, in the text of N. Aksenova it is said about the happiness of a father who, in order to see his little daughter, came with an accordion to all morning performances in kindergarten and school. The daughter, embarrassed by her father, “looked at his face shining with happiness” and “carried the heavy cross of her father’s absurdity.” The girl's attitude towards her father will change when he performs a heroic deed, saving his daughter.

The famous Russian writer M.Yu. Lermontov said: "Believe me - happiness is only where they love us, where they believe us." And, indeed, I feel truly happy only in the circle of people who love me.

Thus, happiness is when your loved ones are always there.

SOURCE TEXT

1) As a child, I hated matinees, because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, chirped on his accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher strictly told him: “Valery Petrovich, higher!” (3) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose always had a beet red color, like that of a clown. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”

(6) And at first in the kindergarten, and then at school, I carried the heavy cross of my father's absurdity. (7) Everything would be fine (you never know who has any fathers!), But it was not clear to me why he, an ordinary locksmith, went to our matinees with his stupid harmonica. (8) I would play at home and not dishonor myself or my daughter! (9) Often straying, he sighed thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. (10) I was ready to sink into the ground with shame and behaved emphatically coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous person with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

(11) I was in the third grade when I had a bad cold. (12) I have otitis media. (13) In pain, I screamed and pounded my head with my palms. (14) Mom called an ambulance and at night we went to the district hospital. (15) On the way we got into a terrible snowstorm, the car got stuck, and the driver shrillly, like a woman, began to shout that now we will all freeze. (16) He screamed piercingly, almost cried, and I thought that his ears probably also hurt. (17) The father asked how much was left to the regional center. (18) But the driver, covering his face with his hands, repeated: “What a fool I am!” (19) The father thought and quietly said to his mother: “We will need all the courage!” (20) I remembered these words for the rest of my life, although wild pain circled me like a snowflake blizzard. (21) He opened the car door and went out into the roaring night. (22) The door slammed behind him, and it seemed to me that a huge monster, with a clanging jaw, swallowed my father. (23) The car was rocked by gusts of wind, snow was falling on the frosted glass with a rustle. (24) I cried, my mother kissed me with cold lips, the young nurse looked doomed into the impenetrable darkness, and the driver shook his head in exhaustion.

(25) I don’t know how much time has passed, but suddenly the night was lit up with bright headlights, and a long shadow of some giant fell on my face. (26) I closed my eyes and through my eyelashes I saw my father. (27) He took me in his arms and pressed me to him. (28) In a whisper, he told his mother that he had reached the regional center, raised everyone to their feet and returned with an all-terrain vehicle.

(29) I dozed in his arms and through my sleep I heard him coughing. (30) Then they did not attach any importance to this. (31) And for a long time later he was ill with bilateral pneumonia. (32) This night turned my idea of ​​\u200b\u200bmy father upside down.

(33) ... My children wonder why, when decorating a Christmas tree, I always cry. (34) From the darkness of the past, a father comes to me, he sits under the tree and puts his head on the button accordion, as if stealthily wants to see his daughter among the dressed up crowd of children and smile at her cheerfully. (35) I look at his face shining with happiness and also want to smile at him, but instead I start to cry. (According to N. Aksenova)*

* Aksyonova Nina is a modern children's poet and prose writer.

ESSAY

Mutual assistance is mutual assistance in any business, support. To manifest it, in my opinion, neither orders from above, nor teams of leaders of a campaign or expedition are needed. This is the inner desire of one person to help another.

In the text of T. Mikheeva, we observe a situation where the detachment, out of spite, did not want to help the newcomer win the beauty contest. About mutual assistance is not even a question! When nominating Alena for the competition, each member of the squad understood that “if you are three times beautiful, you can’t complete a single task without the support of the squad and spectacular numbers. But only she should stand on the stage, shame, whistling and hooting of the audience should also be accepted by her alone! " This is what the detachment wanted ... And only Masha, having learned about this, entered the battle for Alena. She understood that she needed to help the girl, "we must cope at all costs."

This will never happen in our class, because the principle: "Die yourself, but help your comrade out" is in the first place. Whatever it may concern, but helping classmates is above all! We help each other in studies, in sports, on long hikes in the mountains of Arkhyz. We help without asking for anything in return.

Thus, mutual assistance is the disinterested, gratuitous help of one person to another.

SOURCE TEXT

- (1) Mash, Mash, and we have chosen a new one ...

– (2) Where did you choose? - (3) She has been in the detachment for a week, and everything is “new” ...

- (4) Participate in a beauty contest! - (5) The simple joyful Herka presented me with the news, like a cake on a silver platter.

(6) I grabbed my heart and looked at Romka standing next to me.

- (7) Roma ... (8) Well, why are you so?

- (9) So she needs it! (10) Let it not be asked!

(11) I rushed to Antonina Markovna and Oleg.

- (12) Well, how could you allow it? (13) Where did you look?

- (14) Masha, I don’t understand ... - Antonina Markovna was confused. - (15) At the planning meeting they said to choose one girl from the detachment, that this is the main competition ...

- (16) That's it!

- (17) We began to choose, and they all in unison: (18) “Alena, Alena! (19) She is the most beautiful! (20) I would not say, but since they think so ...

(21) I vividly imagined how they scream, what malicious, evil eyes they have. (22) In our squad, almost all old-timers, they know what a beauty contest is! (23) If you are three times beautiful, you cannot complete a single task without the support of the detachment and spectacular numbers. (24) But only she should stand on the stage, shame, whistling and hooting of the audience should also be accepted by her alone. (25) Become famous at once for the whole camp! (26) As the most "cool" girl or as the most ... you know.

- (27) If a participant does not have support, she will look ... well, like a complete fool! (28) And do you think ours will support her? (29) Framed the girl!

- (30) But, Masha, she herself agreed! (31) She was silent for a minute, looked around at everyone in turn and says calmly like this: “I agree.”

(32) I can imagine with what eyes she “looked at everyone”! (33) But I could refuse! (34) Easy! (35) But she understood everything, the proud girl Alena Akinirova, and in spite of them she did not refuse.

- (36) So, so, - I said decisively. - (37) It is clear that we will not get help from the guys - they will harm her in every possible way. (38) Therefore, we must make every effort to help a person.

- (39) Yes, Masha, - said Antonina Markovna obediently.

- (40) Okay, Mash, - Oleg nodded seriously.

(41) Peonies slowly withered on the table in a glass jar.

- (42) She probably thinks that she is so irresistible, - the girls giggled, - she will go on stage and conquer everyone with her beauty!

- (43) Everyone hits at once and will give her first place!

- (44) She doesn’t think anything like that, - Vaska suddenly stood up for Alyonka. - (45) And in general ... (46) Maybe she doesn’t even know that she needs to prepare a number, and a dance, and a support group? (47) She is the first time in the camp.

(48) After this overheard conversation, I tried to explain to Alyonka what a beauty contest is in our camp, what is required of her, but she listened impatiently and absent-mindedly and finally said:

- (49) Masha, do you want to put someone else? (50) Well, please, I don't care ...

(51) But putting another means supporting the boycott.

(52) Then suddenly Alyonka's eyes filled with tears, and she said angrily, with a challenge:

- (53) Do you think I can't cope without them? (54) It is very necessary! (55) I can manage without them! (56) You'll see.

(57) And I realized: we must cope at all costs.

(According to T. Mikheeva)*

* Mikheeva Tamara (born in 1979) is a modern writer, laureate of literary awards.

ESSAY

Human inner world- this is his spiritual world, consisting of feelings, emotions, thoughts, experiences, ideas about the environment. Does the outer world always correspond to the external appearance of a person? No not always. Sometimes a vulnerable nature is hidden under a formidable appearance. And vice versa. I will prove my point of view with examples from fiction.

The hero of Ostromir's text is a stern and fearless biker, "an uncle with a big beard and tattoos." In the perception of many people, bikers are crazy guys prone to risk, rage and aggression. But the story about the toy, told by the hero himself, convinces us that a sentimental nature can be hidden under the mask of a rebel. This is evidenced by the attitude of the hero to his favorite childhood toy - a bear cub. Unpleasant dreams forced the narrator not only to find the bear cub in an abandoned dacha, but also to put it in order and give it a new life. Moreover, the childhood toy has since become a talisman for the biker. Would a tough person do this?

And now let's remember the heroine of A.S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" Masha Mironova. Who would have thought that this outwardly fragile and weak girl has inner strength and determination? After all, not everyone would dare to go to the queen herself in order to save her beloved!

Thus, the appearance of a person is not always a reflection of his inner world.

SOURCE TEXT

1) As a child, I had a favorite soft toy about the size of a small sofa cushion. (2) It was a bear. (3) I dragged him everywhere and even in the crib did not part with him. (4) Of all the toddler toys, the bear was the last to be forgotten. (5) In general, I grew up, became an uncle with a big beard and tattoos, and instead of teddy bears, I fell in love with motorcycles.

(6) And then one day I dreamed of a teddy bear from childhood. (7) The dream was unpleasant: the teddy bear stood in the center of an empty room, in the flickering light of a light bulb, and a hurricane seemed to be gathering outside the window. (8) The bear looked at me point-blank and pulled his paw towards me, as if he was pointing at something behind me, as if he was warning me about something.

(9) I did not attach importance to sleep. (10) However, the next day I was driving to a motorcycle club, and the "nine" cut me so that I flew over the handlebars and landed on a hedge planted along the road. (11) It was she who saved me. (12) I got bruises, a slight dislocation of my shoulder, and the motorcycle was seriously damaged and required expensive repairs.

(13) A week later, everything happened again. (14) All in the same room with flickering light and an impending hurricane. (15) Only the toy itself looked dirty and shabby, and in some places it was cut, and cotton wool stuck out from there. (16) The bear cub was still persistently pointing at me with its paw.

(17) I decided to go to the dacha, which was practically abandoned, and find a bear cub among the junk in the attics-basements. (18) Breaking everything upside down there, I found a toy in the farthest corner in a dusty potato sack.

(19) First, I took out the head of the teddy bear, torn off "with meat", then - the body with cotton wool half crawled out through the torn holes. (20) I spent another hour to find the missing ball of the eye in the small debris at the bottom of the bag, but I never found it.

(21) I took the bear home and repaired it myself, although, of course, I didn’t have such a skill. (22) I washed it, stuffed it with new cotton wool, carefully sewed it up and even slightly ironed it, in place of the lost eye I attached a black bandage, like a pirate's. (23) And later, with the help of a friend from the atelier, the bear dressed in a leather jacket with small rivets.

(24) From now on, the bear sits in my garage in the most visible place, and sometimes I install it on a motorcycle fork, and we ride around the city or in motorcycle columns. (25) Companions from the club laughed at first, and then they got used to it, and the toy even in some way became our talisman. (26) I had a dream for a long time - my own club for bikers, and I will open it. (27) I even came up with a name for him - “One-Eyed Bear”.

(According to Ostromir) *

* Ostromir is a modern young blogger.

9. ART - this is a creative reflection of reality in artistic images. Real art is like a powerful force that can awaken strong feelings in a person, evoke emotions, make you think about serious life issues. Works of real art are national property, the most important spiritual values ​​that must be passed on to other generations.

ART - this is a creative reflection of reality in artistic images. The contact of a person with works of art contributes to his spiritual enrichment. Real art is like a powerful force that can awaken strong feelings in a person, evoke emotions, make you think about serious life issues.

ART - this is a creative reflection of reality in artistic images. Real art excites the soul, gives a feeling of happiness. It can distract a person from everyday life, transfer dreams and fantasies to the world, instill faith in miracles.

ART - this is a creative reflection of reality in artistic images. Real art is not only able to awaken strong feelings and emotions in a person, distract from the gray everyday life for a while, give pleasure, but also fill life with meaning, find the key to oneself.

to the OGE in literature 2019.

Part 2 (tasks 2.1-2.4)

"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"

1. What is the author's attitude towards Prince Igor? (According to the story "The Tale of Igor's Campaign").
2. Why does the poem, which tells about the defeat of Igor in the battle with the Polovtsians, end with the glorification of the prince? (According to the story "The Tale of Igor's Campaign").
3. How is the patriotic theme revealed in The Tale of Igor's Campaign?
4. What are the civic and moral lessons of The Tale of Igor's Campaign?
5. The image of the author in "The Tale of Igor's Campaign".

M.V. Lomonosov

1. As in the "Ode on the day of the accession to the All-Russian throne of Her Majesty the Empress Empress Elisaveta Petrovna, 1747", the representation of M.V. Lomonosov about an ideal historical figure?
2. What values ​​are affirmed by M.V. Lomonosov in the “Ode on the day of the accession to the All-Russian throne of Her Majesty Empress Elisaveta Petrovna, 1747”?

G.R. Derzhavin

1. What are the views of G.R. Derzhavin about the essence of poetic creativity?
2. What “lessons” do rulers give in their poems M.V. Lomonosov and G.R. Derzhavin? (On the example of one poem by each of the poets).
3. What philosophical questions does the poetry of G.R. Derzhavin? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).
4. What problems does the poetry of G.R. Derzhavin?
5. What, from your point of view, is the originality of G.R. Derzhavin as a poet? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).

DI. Fonvizin

1. The meaning of the name of the comedy D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth".
2. Can Starodum be considered a spokesman for the author's ideas? (According to D.I. Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth").
3. As in the comedy D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth" reveals the theme of education?
4. What are the goals and means of satire in D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth"?
5. What is the role of positive characters in D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth"?
6. What qualities unite Skotinin, Prostakova and Mitrofan? (According to D.I. Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth").
7. What could give rise to the writer V.F. Odoevsky to call the play "Undergrowth" a "tragedy"? (According to D.I. Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth").
8. What is the significance of the last phenomenon in D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth"?

N.M. Karamzin

1. What makes it possible to attribute the story to N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza" to sentimentalism?
2. Why is the story of N.M. Karamzin is called "Poor Lisa"?
3. What moral problems does N.M. Karamzin in the story "Poor Lisa"?
4. As in the story of N.M. Karamzin "Poor Lisa" reveals the theme of social inequality?
5. What is the author's attitude towards Lisa? (According to the story of N.M. Karamzin "Poor Lisa").
6. What is the attitude of the author of the story to Erast (Based on the story by N.M. Karamzin “Poor Liza”).

V.A. Zhukovsky

1. What are the main themes and motives of V.A. Zhukovsky?
2. As the plot of the ballad V.A. Zhukovsky "Svetlana" is connected with its main idea - "faith in Providence"?
3. Romantic motifs in V.A. Zhukovsky (On the example of one of the ballads of your choice).

A.S. Griboyedov

1. Why A.S. Griboyedov replaced the original title of his comedy Woe to Wit with Woe from Wit?
2. The modern sound of A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".
3. What are the reasons for the clash between Famusov and Chatsky? (According to the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”).
4. Against what and in the name of what is Chatsky fighting? (According to the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”).
5. In what way is Chatsky fundamentally opposed to Molchalin? (According to the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”).

6. What is the essence of the opposition between Chatsky and Repetilov? (According to the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”).
7. The value of female images in the comedy of A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".
8. Features of the moral ideal in the image of Sophia (Based on the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”).
9. As in the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" reveals the theme of the family?
10. What content is put into the concept of "mind" by the heroes of the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
11. What unites representatives of the Famus society? (According to the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”).
12. Features of the language of comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".

I.A. Krylov

1. Mastery of I.A. Krylova in creating fable images. (On the example of at least two fables of your choice).
2. Who and for what does I.A. make fun of? Krylov in his fables? (On the example of at least two fables of your choice).
3. What moral vices are denounced in the fables of I.A. Krylov? (On the example of at least two fables of your choice).
4. As in the fables of I.A. Krylov reflects folk wisdom? (On the example of at least two fables of your choice).

A. S. Pushkin

1. The theme of love in the poem by A.S. Pushkin "Gypsies".
2. Features of the conflict in the poem by A.S. Pushkin "Gypsies".
3. What are the opposite positions of Aleko and the old gypsy? (Based on the poem by A.S. Pushkin "Gypsies").
4. As in the work of A.S. Pushkin, the parting of the poet with romanticism was displayed? (On the example of at least two works of your choice).
5. The theme of the poet and poetry in the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin (On the example of 2-3 works of your choice).
6. The theme of love in the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin (On the example of 2-3 works of your choice).
7. The world of nature and the world of man in the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin (On the example of 2-3 works of your choice).
8. As in the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin, the theme of friendship is revealed? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).
9. What philosophical questions does the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).
10. As in the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin develops the theme of freedom? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).
11. What moral values ​​are affirmed in the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).
12. How is the theme of love revealed in Belkin's Tales? (According to one of the stories from the cycle of A.S. Pushkin "Belkin's Tales").
13. As in the story of A.S. Pushkin's "The Stationmaster" reveals the theme of the "little man"?
14. What is the strength and weakness of the character of Samson Vyrin? (According to the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Stationmaster").
15 . What author's ideals are reflected in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
16. Why is the Russian rebellion in the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is called "meaningless" and "merciless"?
17. What is interesting about the personality of Pugachev to the author and main character of the novel "The Captain's Daughter"?
18. The role of female images in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
19. Common and different in the family ways of the Mironovs and Grinevs (based on the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter").
20. Differences in the worldview of Pyotr Grinev and Alexei Shvabrin (based on the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter").
21. What allowed V.G. Belinsky to name the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" "an encyclopedia of Russian life"?
22. What is the opposite of the natures of Onegin and Lensky? (Based on the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin").
23. Why did the friendship of Onegin and Lensky lead to a tragic denouement? (Based on the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin").
24. What is the peculiarity of the author's attitude towards Onegin and Lensky? (Based on the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin")
25. Why V.G. Belinsky called Eugene Onegin "willy-nilly selfish"? (Based on the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin").
26. How does the main character of A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
27. Why A.S. Pushkin calls Tatyana his "sweet ideal"? (Based on the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin").
28. Why is the relationship between Tatyana and Onegin developing dramatically? (Based on the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin").
29. As in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" reveals the problem of unrealized possibilities of the individual?

M.Yu. Lermontov

1. Mastery of M.Yu. Lermontov in the image of nature. (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).
2. As in the lyrics of M.Yu. Lermontov shows the attitude of the poet to God? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).
3. As in the lyrics of M.Yu. Lermontov, the theme of love and the motive of loneliness are connected? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).
4. As in the lyrics of M.Yu. Lermontov, the theme of the purpose of the poet and poetry is revealed? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).
5. As in the lyrics of M.Yu. Lermontov, the tragedy of his worldview is manifested? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).
7. As in the works of M.Yu. Lermontov, the theme of Russian history is revealed? (On the example of the poem "Borodino" and the poem "Song about ... the merchant Kalashnikov").
8. The image of the king in the "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov."
9. As in the “Song about ... the merchant Kalashnikov” M.Yu. Lermontov, the theme of honor and dignity of a person is revealed?
10. What is the attitude of the author of the poem towards Kalashnikov and Kiribeevich? (According to the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov “The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov”).
11. As the meaning of the epigraph to the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri" is associated with the image of the protagonist?
12. "Three days of freedom" (based on the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri").
13. As in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Mtsyri" show the most important features of romanticism?
14. What is the meaning of M.Yu. Lermontov in the title of his novel "A Hero of Our Time"?
15. What role in the novel M.Yu. Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time" play the author's preface?
16. Why is Pechorin lonely and unhappy? (Based on the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time").
17. The theme of friendship and the peculiarities of its sound in the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time".
18. Why was the duel between Pechorin and Grushnitsky inevitable? (Based on the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time").
19. Why do many of Pechorin's entourage call him "strange"? (Based on the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time").
20. Why M.Yu. Lermontov violates the chronological sequence in the arrangement of the chapters of the novel "A Hero of Our Time"?
21. What role in the novel M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time" play female images?
22. How is the theme of fate revealed in the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"

N.V. Gogol

1. Why is the story of N.V. Gogol is called "The Overcoat"?
2. The image of the "little man" and the theme of compassion in the story of N.V. Gogol's "Overcoat".

3. As in the story of N.V. Gogol's "The Overcoat" correlate reality and fantasy?
4. How does N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" provincial town?
5. Satirical depiction of officials in the poem by N.V. Gogol's Dead Souls.
6. Why was the frivolous braggart Khlestakov not exposed by an experienced mayor? (According to N.V. Gogol's comedy "The Government Inspector").
7. The role of female images in N.V. Gogol's "Inspector".
8. Khlestakov and his servant Osip in the comedy N.V. Gogol's "Inspector".
9. How do you understand the words of N.V. Gogol that laughter is the only "honest, noble person who acted" in the comedy "The Government Inspector".
10. Why "Dead Souls" N.V. Gogol called a poem?
11. The role of author's digressions in the poem by N.V. Gogol's Dead Souls.
12. What human vices does N.V. Gogol in the poem "Dead Souls"?
13. As in the poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" reveals the inner essence of Chichikov?
14. How does the character of Chichikov manifest itself in communication with the landowner Korobochka? (Based on the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls").
15. Why can the landlords visited by Chichikov be called "dead souls"? (Based on the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls").
16. The image of Plyushkin and his role in the poem by N.V. Gogol's Dead Souls.
17. Why did Chichikov's scam end with exposure? (Based on the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls").
18. How "The Tale of Captain Kopeikin" is connected with the general problems of the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
19. The theme of the road in the poem by N.V. Gogol's Dead Souls.
20. As in the poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" is the principle of "laughter through tears" realized?

F.I. Tyutchev

1. What embodiment in the lyrics of F.I. Tyutcheva got the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe "universal animation of nature"? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).
2. What philosophical questions does F.I. Tyutchev in his works? (On the example of 2-3 poems of your choice).
3. Why F.I. Tyutchev is usually called a "poet of thought"? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).
4. Why F.I. Tyutchev is called a romantic poet? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).

A.A. Fet

1. How is the relationship between the world of man and the world of nature shown in the lyrics of A.A. Feta? (On the example of 2-3 poems of your choice).
2. Why A.A. Fet can be called a poet-philosopher? (On the example of 2-3 poems of your choice).
3. How are the themes of love and nature connected in A.A. Feta? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).
4. Why A.A. Fet is called the poet of the moment? (On the example of at least two poems by a poet of your choice).

ON. Nekrasov

1. What is the Muse in the lyrics of N.A. Nekrasov? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).
2. As in the poetry of N.A. Nekrasov, the theme of the suffering of the people is revealed? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).
3. What is the meaning of the dispute about the people in the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Railway"
4. What is the meaning of the image of the road in the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Railway"
5. Social problems of lyrics by N.A. Nekrasov. (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).

L.N. Tolstoy

1. As in the works of L.N. Tolstoy, the theme of the spiritual growth of the individual is revealed? (On the example of one work of your choice).
2. What does L.N. Tolstoy? (On the example of one work of your choice).
3. What is the moral issue of L.N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"
4. When and why did Ivan Vasilyevich's love for Varenka "wane"? (According to the story of L.N. Tolstoy “After the Ball”).
5. How are moral and social problems related in L.N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"
6. What is the role of L.N. Tolstoy's "After the Ball" plays a contrast technique?

F.M. Dostoevsky

1. What problems does F.M. Dostoevsky? (On the example of one work of your choice).
2. What is the inner world of the prose hero F.M. Dostoevsky? (On the example of one work of your choice).

M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

1. What vices does M.E. denounce in his satirical tales? Saltykov-Shchedrin? (On the example of one or two fairy tales of your choice).
2. What are the main satirical techniques used in M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin? (On the example of one or two fairy tales of your choice).
3. What is the image of the people in the fairy tales of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin? (On the example of one or two fairy tales of your choice).
4. The meaning of the finale of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Wild Landowner".
5. Who and for what does M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in "The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals"?
6. What is the philosophical meaning of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The wise scribbler"?

I.S. Turgenev

1. How does the world of the human soul appear in the prose of I.S. Turgenev? (On the example of one of the stories of your choice).
2. What role in the stories of I.S. Turgenev play descriptions of nature? (On the example of one of the stories of your choice).
3. What problems does I.S. Turgenev? (On the example of one of the stories of your choice).
4. How is the theme of love revealed in the works of I.S. Turgenev? (On the example of one of the stories of your choice).

A.P. Chekhov

1. What and who is A.P. laughing at? Chekhov? (On the example of one or two works of your choice).
2. As in the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Chameleon" combine funny and sad?
3. Why A.P. Chekhov is called a master of artistic detail? (On the example of one work of your choice).
4. Man and environment in the stories of A.P. Chekhov (On the example of one or two stories of your choice).
5. How does the “little man” appear in the works of A.P. Chekhov? (On the example of one of the works of your choice).
6. Why the story of A.P. Chekhov is called "The Death of an Official"?
7. As in the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Tosca" reveals the theme of loneliness?

A.A. Block

1. What attracts you in the poetry of A.A. Blok? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).
2. The lyrical hero of A.A. Blok. (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).

S.A. Yesenin

1. Folklore traditions in the poetry of S.A. Yesenin (On the example of 2-3 poems of your choice).
2. What are the features of the image of nature in the lyrics of S.A. Yesenin? (On the example of at least two works of your choice).
3. What is the Motherland in the poems of S.A. Yesenin "Birch", "Powder", "Goy you, Rus', my dear ..."?
4. How does the inner world of the lyrical hero appear in the poems of S.A. Yesenin? (On the example of at least two works of your choice).

I.A. Bunin

1. What problems are posed in Bunin's prose? (On the example of one of the works of your choice).
2. Why is the prose of I.A. Bunin is called lyrical? (On the example of one of the works of your choice).
3. The world of the human soul in the story of I.A. Bunin "Tanka".
4. How the world is seen by the main character of the story, I.A. Bunin "Tanka"
5. What is the image of the native land in the story of I.A. Bunin "Mowers"?

V.V. Mayakovsky

1. The theme of the poet and poetry in the lyrics of V.V. Mayakovsky.
2. How does the lyrical hero of V.V. Mayakovsky?
3. What values ​​are affirmed in the poetry of V.V. Mayakovsky? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).
4. What is the meaning of the title of the poem by V.V. Mayakovsky's "Seated"?
5. How do the real and the fantastic correlate in the poem by V.V. Mayakovsky "An Extraordinary Adventure ..."?

A.T. Tvardovsky

1. What made Vasily Terkin a truly folk hero? (Based on the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin").
2. What qualities of the national character are embodied in the image of Vasily Terkin? (Based on the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin").
3. Depiction of the people's feat in the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin".
4. What is the meaning of comparing Terkin with an old soldier? (Based on the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin", chapter "Two Soldiers").
5. What character traits of Terkin are opposed to the destructive power of war? (Based on the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin")
6. What role in the poem "Vasily Terkin" A.T. Tvardovsky is played by the image of military everyday life?

IN AND. Shukshin

1. The meaning of the title of the story by V.M. Shukshin "Cut off".
2. What is the author's attitude to the main character of the story by V.M. Shukshin "Freak"?
3. What is the relationship between Vasily Knyazev and the people around him and why? (According to the story of V.M. Shukshin "Freak").
4. In what way do you see the features of the heroes of the stories of V.M. Shukshin? (On the example of one or two works of your choice).

M. Sholokhov

1. Why is the story of M.A. Sholokhov called "The Fate of Man"?
2. The theme of achievement in M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man".
3. How does Andrey Sokolov manifest himself in a situation of moral choice? (According to the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man").
4. What helps Andrei Sokolov to endure the trials of fate? (According to the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man").
5. What role did the meeting with Vanya play in the fate of Andrei Sokolov? (According to the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man").

A.I. Solzhenitsyn

1. What is the meaning of the title of the story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
2. What is the meaning of A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the concept of "righteous"? (According to the story "Matryonin Dvor").
3. What features of the national character does the image of Matryona embody? (According to the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor").
4. What are the moral problems posed by A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the story "Matryonin Dvor" are relevant today?
5. How is the problem of material and spiritual values ​​revealed in the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
6. The image of the narrator in the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor".

Poetry, prose, dramaturgy of the second half of the 20th century

1. How the relationship between man and nature is comprehended in Russian prose of the 20th century. (On the example of one of the works of your choice).
2. How are its tragic and heroic aspects revealed in the literature of the 20th century about war? (On the example of one of the works of your choice).
3. Creativity of which poet of the second half of the 20th century is interesting to you and why? (On the example of at least two poems by one of the poets of your choice).
4. How is the value of the human person affirmed in the works of Russian literature of the 20th century? (On the example of one of the works of your choice).
5. The theme of spiritual disinterestedness in Russian literature of the second half of the 20th century. (On the example of one of the works of your choice).
6. How is the theme of human moral duty revealed in Russian prose of the second half of the 20th century? (On the example of one of the works of your choice).
7. The theme of the native land in Russian literature of the second half of the 20th century. (On the example of one of the works of your choice).
8. What makes modern prose think about? (On the example of one of the works of your choice).
9. The theme of heroism in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. (On the example of one of the prose works of your choice).
10. War in the lyrics of Russian poets of the second half of the 20th century. (On the example of one of the poets of your choice).
11. What social problems are revealed in Russian prose of the second half of the 20th century? (On the example of one of the works of your choice).
12. How is the theme of love revealed in the lyrics of one of the poets of the second half of the 20th century? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice).