Types of fabrics and their characteristics. Transparent fabric: types and features
High-quality, beautiful and fashionable fabric is the key to the success of every garment. Different types of fabrics are easily created due to some features of the raw materials and various weaves that determine their structure, properties, and appearance. What are the names of fabrics and their characteristics, as well as properties? All this will be discussed in this article.
It is possible to divide all types of fabrics according to the types of raw materials: natural, synthetic and artificial.
According to the color scheme, it is possible to divide the types of fabrics into multi-colored (melange, mulled, printed, multi-colored) and plain.
The centuries-old history of weaving has created a huge number of different types of fabrics that amaze with the choice of textures, surface effects, patterns.
Types of fabrics
Openwork is a fabric made of woolen, cotton or silk yarn, which has a through ornament.
Angora - made from warm wool of young angora goats and rabbits bred on farms in Italy, Japan, England, France.
Satin is a plain dyed fabric with a noticeably shiny surface.
Velvet is a soft cotton fabric with a slightly piled surface. It is either patterned or dyed.
Batiste is a dense and light, linen or cotton fabric, soft to the touch, with a wide plain weave.
Coarse calico is a dense linen or cotton fabric of the type of plain weave, which is produced from carded yarn.
Velveteen is a thick cotton fabric with an interesting split pile that has pile stripes.
Velor is the common name for materials that have a velvety, pile front surface. This includes not only fabrics (cotton, rayon, wool), but also felt and genuine leather. Some countries call velor such types of fabrics as velveteen and velvet.
Viscose is the name of an artificial fiber made from cellulose and a thin fabric based on it.
Veil - a transparent thin fabric made of cotton threads of plain weave.
Gabardine is a semi-woolen or all-wool fabric of a twill type of weave, on the surface of which there are noticeable diagonal scars. It has high water resistance and wear resistance due to the uniformity and density of the surface.
Guipure is a beautiful lace fabric made of thin silk or cotton threads, consisting of separate fragments connected by threads to each other.
Denim (i.e. denim) is a twill or plain weave cotton fabric that has a high level of density and strength.
Devoré is an interesting material on which the pattern is obtained by artificial burning (more precisely, chemical etching) of some of the fibers.
Drap is a woolen soft fabric with a very smooth surface, as a result of the roll, on which a kind of felt-like covering is formed, which closes the weaving.
Cashmere - semi-woolen or with a diagonal rib over the entire surface. Made from the wool of Himalayan goats.
Crepe satin is a thin double-sided fabric made of artificial silk threads: 1 side is satin, 2 is matte with a kind of crepe effect.
Linen is a fabric that is made from threads that are produced from flax stalks.
Organza is a transparent material, hard to the touch, made from chemical fibers or natural silk.
Brocade is a dense fabric of rather complex workmanship with beautiful patterns of silver and gold threads.
Twill - a fabric made of woolen or silk threads of a twill weave.
Satin is a fabric made of silk, cotton and woolen threads with a shiny surface.
Tweed is a woolen type of twill weave.
Cotton is a pure natural fiber that is made from a small cotton plant.
Silk is a beautiful lightweight fabric that is made from threads obtained mechanically from the cocoons of silkworms.
Wool is a warm material formed from natural fibers that are made from the wool of camels, goats, sheep.
Chiffon is a translucent delicate thin fabric made of threads of cotton, viscose, silk, or synthetic origin, formed in the process of crepe twisting.
A variety of fabrics for clothing allow designers, fashion designers and seamstresses to create more and more new images.
Gold or silver fabric with herbs and stains, dense and fleecy, like velvet. To withstand the weight of gold (or silver) threads, the fabric was formed from six threads - two warp threads and four weft threads. The pattern on the fabric was made using twisted gold thread.
B
- Bike - a soft, dense cotton or woolen fabric with a thick combed pile. Warm underwear, women's or children's clothes, pajamas, home clothes are sewn from cotton baize. The bike is also used to make light blankets. A woolen bike is used for sewing a demi-season coat.
- Barege - airy silk fabric on a cotton basis for scarves, veils, etc.
- Batiste is a cotton fabric that is soft, dense, light and delicate to the touch, which is produced by plain weaving from very fine combed yarn in the warp and weft. Baptiste is used to sew children's and lingerie, blouses, dresses; cambric is used on handkerchiefs.
- Supplex
- Buret is a silk one-color fabric, characterized by a rough, hard, uneven surface to the touch, without sheen, heavy, usually of a natural color. Women's suits, blouses, dresses, coats, sportswear are sewn from it.
AT
G
D
- Damascus (fabric) - Damascus fabric, more often Damascus silk. It was originally intended for church vestments and furniture upholstery. Then just some lighter types for clothes. Today, damask fabric is called silk, woolen or cotton fabric of linen or copier weave, sometimes in combination with satin with a characteristic pattern.
- Devoré - a fabric with a pattern obtained by burning (chemical etching) of a part of the fibers.
- Demikoton - a very dense and stiff fabric of double satin weave, for outerwear of the middle class
- Deryuga - coarse hemp linen fabric
- Denim, denim, (denim)
- Jersey - woolen (most often) knitted fabric.
- jute fabric
- Diagonal
- Diftin
- Dradedam - pile woolen fabric, cheap cloth
- Double
- Haze - transparent silk fabric
- Duchess
AND
- Jacquard is a dense fabric with a large pattern. With this woven weave technology, a relief pattern is woven into the warp. The number of threads of both the warp and the weft can reach several hundred, the fabric is made on special jacquard looms.
- Georgette is a woolen, light, very thin, translucent fabric, harsh to the touch. It is produced by plain weave (in the warp, the thread density is much higher than in the weft). Available in plain dyed and printed. This fabric is similar to crepe georgette. Women's elegant dresses and blouses are sewn from georgette.
W
- Zarbaf, isorbaf
- Zephyr is a cotton fabric with characteristic narrow longitudinal stripes, called prosnovki, which are formed by thickened warp threads or colored threads.
And
- Izgrebina - a coarse fabric made from the remains of tow or linen
To
- Kazinet - cotton or wool plain fabric for inexpensive outerwear, cheap uniforms
- Camlot - old thick dark woolen or cotton fabric, coarse, diagonal weave
- Kanafas (linen) - cotton fabric, finely patterned at the base, usually light blue, pink, yellow, green and pale purple. The fabric is made with a jacquard weave. From it sew bed linen, underwear, clothes.
- Worsted - Worsted fabrics (combed fabrics) - woolen and half-woolen fabrics made from combed (worsted) yarn.
- Keper - cotton or linen coarse fabric; the texture of the material is diagonal stripes (like gabardine or velveteen cord).
- Kisei (muslin) - extremely light, transparent paper fabric of plain weave
- China (fabric) - blue cotton fabric
- Cloquet - woolen or silk fabric, one-colored, with an uneven fleecy surface. The fabric is easily wrinkled, which contributes to its rapid wear and deformation. Elegant dresses, ladies' summer coats are sewn from this fabric. Silk cloque is recommended for elegant women's dresses, evening dresses for special occasions for young girls.
- Calico - plain weave cotton fabric, for linen, decoration, lining
- Kolomyanka - woolen motley homespun fabric; or one-color linen factory, usually a light shade.
- Cord - woolen fabric, medium-heavy, dense to the touch, durable. The surface of the fabric is slightly fleecy, a clearly expressed weaving in the form of scars. It is produced from thin carded twisted yarn (such as floss). Women's suits, raincoats, men's clothing are sewn from this fabric.
- Cordura (CORDURA®) - synthetic, wear-resistant, water-repellent material.
- Crepe is a silk fabric, usually plain. Thanks to a special dressing, it has a rough surface, as if with tubercles.
- Crepe de chine is a silk fabric with a moderate sheen, the surface is fine-grained due to the use of left and right twist crepe alternately in the weft. A plain weave fabric is produced from raw silk in the warp and crepe in the weft; it can be dyed and printed. Blouses, dresses, shawls are made from crepe de chine.
- Crepe georgette - silk fabric, thin, translucent, more shiny than crepe de chine. It is produced by plain weave, from crepe in the warp and weft, it is distinguished by rigidity, elasticity, flowability. Dresses, blouses are sewn from this fabric, used for decoration.
- Crepe chiffon is a fabric belonging to the crepe subgroup of a group of fabrics made from natural silk threads, produced by plain weave from twisted crepe silk in the warp and weft (surface density - 25 g / m²). Crepe chiffon has a matte finish.
- Crepe satin is a silk fabric belonging to the group of fabrics made of artificial threads and is a satin weave fabric with a smooth shiny front side and a matte back side with a crepe effect (surface density - 250 g / m²). Both sides can be used as front.
- Cretonne is a cotton fabric made of threads dyed in different colors, giving a geometric pattern. Went to upholstery, draperies.
- Krul - woolen, medium-heavy fabric, soft to the touch; the texture of the fabric is embossed, with knots, spirals. Women's suits and raincoats are sewn from this fabric.
- Crash (Krinkle) - crinkled fabric. Long-lasting folds, wrinkles and creases that are created on the fabric due to the long-term impact of the press. For the manufacture of crash fabrics, thin or synthetic materials are used. On such fabrics, the creases are kept for a long time and do not straighten.
- Kumach - red cotton fabric
- Cupro - viscose with copper-ammonia fibers. It is made chemically from natural raw materials - wood and cotton. The fabric has a silky sheen, drapes beautifully, absorbs moisture well and lets air through.
L
- Lycra is a highly extensible (up to 400%) fiber, the use of which in a mixture with others provides high extensibility and elasticity of the fabric. It has found wide application in the production of fabrics used for products that tightly fit the human figure - swimsuits, sportswear, dresses, trousers, etc.
- Lacquer is a type of finishing of silk range fabrics, as a result of which the surface of the fabric becomes shiny and smooth, like satin.
- Loden - woolen fabric, heavy or medium heavy, rough to the touch. The surface of the fabric is felted, the covering covers the weaving. Usually the tissue is reclaimed. Sports raincoats and one-piece overalls are sewn from it.
- Lustrin - woolen or half-woolen glossy fabric.
M
H
- Nanka - coarse, dense, yellowish or gray, very cheap cotton fabric
- Nate is a woolen and silk fabric with a characteristic plastic surface. It is made from a thick warp and a thin weft yarn, thanks to which an evenly repeating pattern is formed. Women's coats, raincoats and suits are sewn from woolen nate, women's dresses are made from silk fabric.
O
P
- Panama - cotton or wool dyed fabric, soft to the touch, shiny. It is produced by double or triple weaving (the so-called gunny), as a result of which alternating rectangles are formed on the surface of the fabric from the main and weft overlaps arranged in a checkerboard pattern. Cotton panama is used for women's dresses and blouses. Women's dresses and suits are sewn from wool panama.
- Brocade is an artistic and decorative fabric with a silk base, containing metal threads (gold, silver, etc.) in the weft or less often in the base. It has been known since ancient times, is currently made in small quantities and is used mainly in historical theatrical costumes.
- Pepita - fabric in a small cell (squares, rhombuses, rectangles), located in a checkerboard pattern; usually two-tone or multicolored, with one thread always white.
- Percale is a dense cotton fabric made from untwisted threads. Depending on the thickness, it is used in aviation, industry, the manufacture of bed linen (does not let down, feathers), women's blouses.
- Motley - homespun fabric from the remnants of yarn of different quality (linen, wool) or different colors. It had a slightly rough surface and a characteristically variegated color, sometimes in a small cell.
- Pique is a dense fabric made of silk or cotton. The surface is covered with small scars. Went for trim and vests
- Plis - cotton velvet with a relatively long pile. It was used in expensive clothes by peasants, in ladies' shoes
- Plush - a pile fabric, differs from velvet in a higher (up to 6 mm) and less dense pile. Depending on the type of pile, P. is distinguished as cut and continuous (looped), and on the basis of the method of production and finishing - smooth or patterned, embossed, etc. Plush is used for tailoring and finishing clothes, upholstery, making bedspreads, curtains, etc. P.
- Polyamide (nylon) is a synthetic fiber with exceptional tensile strength and high wear resistance.
- Polycotton - a fabric consisting of a mixture of polyester and cotton in different proportions.
- Polyester is a synthetic material of a new generation. It is breathable, soft and easy to care for.
- Semi-velvet is a cotton fabric with a vertical pile on its surface, which is obtained due to weft-pile weave. Fabric of increased weft density, medium-heavy, pile of good density, low, evenly covering the entire surface of the fabric. Semi-velvet has a spectacular appearance, is produced multi-colored, plain-dyed (dyed in finished form, in a piece) or printed (colored).
- Ponitok - semi-cloth made of hemp or linen warp and wool duck.
- Scrap - cheap homespun fabric made from hemp fiber, rough and undyed.
- Poplin - cotton, silk or woolen fabric (so-called false rep or ribbed), dense, shiny, smooth, soft. Produced by plain weave. Due to the fact that the weft threads are straightened, and the density of the warp threads is greater than that of the weft threads, the front side and the wrong side of the fabric are created from warp threads that form a small transverse scar. Poplin can be bleached, dyed, printed and multicolored. Men's shirts, pajamas, ladies' dresses and blouses are sewn from it. Elegant dresses are made from silk poplin.
R
- Ravenduk is a thick rough canvas for technical needs. In the XVIII century. from hemp, in the XIX century. from flax.
- Ratin - woolen fabric. On the front side, a slightly wavy pile, processed in a special way by rollers.
- Redinka - the same as serpyanka
FROM
- Sarpinka is a plain weave cotton fabric, striped or checkered, made from fine (60-80), pre-dyed yarn. Manufactured mainly by the Volga German colonists.
- Sermyaga - coarse homespun undyed and unbleached gray or brown cloth.
- Serpyanka - rare loose linen fabric
- Chenille is a velor fabric made from a special chenille thread.
- Chintz is a light cotton one-colored or printed fabric obtained as a result of a special finish of a harsh calico.
- Stamed is a woolen fabric with a diagonal weave. Red, went to the lining, usually uniform.
T
- Tarlatan - an inexpensive soft sparse weave cotton fabric such as kisei, was used for dresses
- Taffeta - thin and dense silk or cotton fabric
- Thermolama - a very dense thick silk fabric of golden color; expensive, went to dressing gowns
- Terno is an expensive diagonal weave made of high-quality mountain goat wool, used for shawls and women's dresses.
- Tibet - double-sided woolen fabric of a diagonal weave from the wool of a mountain goat, used for shawls
- Teak is a rough, dense linen or cotton fabric of plain weave with stripes of red or blue. For work clothes, furniture upholstery.
- Tricotine
- Trip - Utrecht velvet, woolen fabric with pile on the front side. It was used for outerwear, hats, upholstery or carriages.
F
- Fai - rips weave silk fabric.
- Flamingo - silk, usually one-colored, sometimes printed (printed), on the surface of the fabric there are convex scars of the rep weave type. The fabric is produced by twill weave. Summer women's dresses, dresses for girls are sewn from it.
- Fleece is one of the few materials of synthetic origin, which, due to its properties, has gained immense popularity in the production of clothing for children.
- Flush - woolen, soft to the touch fabric with a long, partially lying pile. It is medium heavy, rarely melange. Women's and men's coats are sewn from this fabric.
- Fresco - woolen elastic porous fabric, hard to the touch, prickly; the structure of this fabric, produced by plain weave, is rare, clearly visible if this fabric is superimposed on another material of a brighter color. This fabric is recommended for home wear, sports blouses, shirts.
- Frieze - cheap coarse woolen fabric with a slightly curly pile.
- Foulard - a light silk fabric, very soft, one-color or with an ornament. Used for scarves, scarves.
- footer
X
H
- Chesucha - dense silk fabric, usually yellowish-sandy in color
W
- Shalon - double-sided lightweight wool fabric with a diagonal weave for outerwear
- Shanzhan - cotton fabric, multi-colored, medium-heavy, with a contrasting warp and weft texture. Using differently colored threads for the warp and weft in the production of smooth fabrics, an iridescent color effect is obtained, the so-called. effect "shanzhan". Women's coats, dresses, sports blouses, jackets, summer men's clothing are sewn from this fabric.
Openwork: woven or knitted material with thin, lace-like see-through patterns.
Velvet: fabric with a thick, long (2-3 mm), straight pile. Velvet is often cut against the pile.
Batiste: Lightweight plain weave fabric made from fine-stapled cotton, linen, wool or viscose.
Belset: microfibre fabric with peach skin-like fleecy and soft surface, velor leather look.
Boucle: fabric with an uneven, knotted surface, which forms a yarn with thickenings.
Velsoft: polyester knitted fabric with a soft brushed side, mainly used for sewing home clothes (robes, pajamas), as well as for bed linen, blankets, etc. Also called microfiber.
Corduroy, velvet ribbed: the collective name for velvet fabrics with longitudinal scars of different widths, from very narrow to wide.
Velours: the collective name for soft fleecy fabrics with a thick short pile.
Vichy: two-tone fabric in a contrasting rectangular check, in cotton or mixed fibres.
Pile elastic: Fine jersey with a brushed, velvet-like surface.
Veil: a transparent plain weave fabric, most often made of cotton.
Knitted fabric: material imitating hand knitting.
Gabardine: dense fabric made of cotton, wool or man-made fibers with a pronounced small diagonal rib on the front side, always going from bottom to top to right. The rib gives the gabardine a striped effect.
Glencheck: tissue with a pattern of superimposed cells. Cells may vary in color or be tonwton.
Tapestry: variegated patterned fabric of muted colors with blurry transitions from one color to another.
Double sided fabric: the collective name for fabrics that have two different faces.
Denim: denim with only the warp thread dyed. Weft thread - white. Due to this weave, the front side is most often blue or black, and the wrong side is white.
Jersey: the collective name for a variety of knitted materials, from light jersey polo to thick wool jersey.
Denim: fabrics are predominantly cotton, often with a small nap. Pre-washed for a slightly worn denim look.
Drap: soft voluminous fabrics with a long pile.
Duvetin: the so-called fake velvet is a satin weave fabric made of cotton or viscose with thickened weft threads. After dyeing, the fabric is combed, and it becomes rough.
Duchess: very shiny high-quality satin made of silk or man-made fibres.
Jacquard: the collective name of all fabrics, in the pattern of which different types of interweaving of threads alternate. The use of different warp and weft threads (for example, matte and shiny, light and dark) enhances this effect.
Georgette and Crepe Georgette: a fabric made of highly twisted crepe-twisted threads has an uneven, finely structured surface. The fabric is soft, flowing to the touch - "sandy".
Faux fur: a collective name for fabrics or knitted fabrics covered with a thick pile, which imitate natural furs well and are very variable in pile length and color.
Cloquet: crepe two-layer fabric with a "bubbly" surface. During the finishing process, the lower layer of the fabric is pulled together, and the upper layer forms uneven swellings. Cloquet cannot be ironed.
Leather: natural animal skins. There are nappa leather (like) with a smooth surface and velor leather (suede) with a fleecy surface.
Crepe: the collective name for fabrics with a grainy, knotted surface, acquired through crepe twisting of yarn, weaving threads or embossing on the fabric.
Crepe with longitudinal folds: artificial crepe with a surface resembling tree bark.
Crepe de chine: A thin, uneven-surfaced crepe-twist fabric with a plain weave that has a grainy surface.
Krinkle, crash: wrinkled fabrics. The folds are often wrinkled in the lobar direction and more or less pronounced.
Lace: There are many varieties of lace: embroidered (Plauen), woven (machine), woven on bobbins (Valenciennes) or crocheted (bass).
Lavable: washable, light, crepe-like, flowing fabric, with a smooth surface, made of silk or man-made fibres.
Lame: shiny, iridescent fabric with metallic and other shiny showy threads.
Loden: medium to heavy woolen fabrics, very dense due to felting, and very wearable. Fleecy loden is a fabric covered with a long pile adjacent to one side, cloth-loden is a fabric with a matte, lint-free surface resembling felt. Loden is often confused with boiled wool: knitwear, felted on one side, optically reminiscent of loden. (They are confused, most likely, because it is so often designated in stores.) It differs from loden in a looser structure and, of course, it is not so heavy and dense.
Matlasse: double fabric with a relief, as if "quilted" pattern.
Terry cloth: bulky soft fabric made of loopy yarn.
Wet silk: a silk fabric that, after washing and rubbing, has acquired a slightly fluffy "peach" surface. Wet silk is not washed, but dry-cleaned.
Moire: rep weave fabric with thin warp threads. It has a wavy pattern, which is applied during embossing (calendering).
Muslin: light and loose fabric of plain weave, mostly cotton or wool.
Organza: sheer rigid plain weave fabric.
Pallet: fabric or knitted material with sewn on sparkling metal plates.
Panne: very shiny pressed pile velvet fabric.
Papillon: wool poplin with a small transverse rib.
Pepita: fabric in a small light-dark check.
Percale: thin, but dense cotton fabric with a plain weave. Silky, soft, batiste-like. It is mainly used for sewing bed linen, ideal for printing and dyeing with textile dyes.
Piqué: fabric with an embossed pattern resembling a machine stitch.
Thick taffeta: medium weight plain weave cotton fabric.
Lining twill: fabric, in which both sides are "front": one surface is crepe, matte, and the other is shiny, smooth.
Poplin: rep weave fabric, which is formed by very thin warp threads and thicker weft threads.
Reps: fabric with pronounced scars, most often transverse.
"Roman jersey": heavy low-elastic double-sided knitwear, most often made of high-quality natural wool, with facial loops on both sides.
Twill: coarse cotton fabric with a diagonal effect.
Satin: very smooth, softly falling fabric with a shiny surface.
Seersucker: a fabric in which the entire surface or individual stripes resemble tree bark. In a real fabric with this name, the effect is achieved due to a special weave of threads, in a “fake seersucker” - due to the finishing (chemical treatment) of the fabric.
Cloth: Woolen fabric with a plain weave, which, thanks to felting and final napping, acquires a felt-like surface.
Knitwear with terry/brushed wrong side:
canvas made of cotton or a mixture of cotton with other fibers.
Taffeta:
fabric made of natural silk or chemical fibers. Rigidity
acquired during the finishing process (chemical treatment), and therefore the taffeta is heavily wrinkled.
Tweed: a fabric of coarse knotted wool, with a hand-finished appearance. Warp and weft often come in different colors.
Thermovelour: fluffy fabric with double-sided pile, very warm, breathable.
Herringbone fabric: twill fabric with pronounced diagonal stripes.
Fabric "chicken foot": fabric with a small pattern resembling a cage. The tissue is characterized by denticles at the corners of the cells.
Rib jersey: elastic material with alternating front and back loops.
Tulle: transparent mesh fabric, often with a honeycomb structure.
Shaped: fabric with a small pattern, which is formed by changing the type of weave. Most often with a matte-shiny effect.
Fil-a-fil: fabric with a stepped fine pattern, which is formed by alternating light and dark warp and weft threads.
Flannel: the collective name for fabrics made of cotton, viscose or wool, with one- or two-sided fleece.
Fleece: see thermovelour.
Chinz: polished cotton fabric, the surface of which gives the impression of being waxed. Thanks to the impregnation, it does not get dirty and is not wetted by water.
Shanzhan: fabric with multi-colored warp and weft threads that create an iridescent effect.
Silk brocade: jacquard fabric, often made of polished yarn. Another name "brokat" - Italian, means "embroidered".
Chenille: heavy, velvet-like fabric with double-sided pile.
Chiffon: very thin, delicate flowing fabric made of crepe twisted yarn, consisting of silk or synthetic fibers. Chiffon has an uneven surface to the touch, reminiscent of "sandy".
Photo: Jan Schmidel ; getti images (4), dpa, clip dealer.
The material was prepared by Elena Karpova
The modern world offers a lot of opportunities - entertainment, family, career, travel. In a short period of time, equal to twenty-four hours, I want to fit everything in the world and a little more. Household appliances have reduced manual labor to nothing: even in order to wash clothes, it is enough to load things into the machine and press a button.
The fabric that needs to be ironed is now called capricious and demanding. No one wants to waste their time on a routine that can be avoided. That is why wrinkle-resistant fabrics that do not require additional care are so popular.
natural fabrics
Ironing is one of the household chores Natural materials are safe, environmentally friendly and pleasantly attached to the body. However, it is natural fabrics, unlike synthetics, that wear out quickly. Natural, linen and wool cannot be categorized as wrinkle-resistant materials. However, due to manufacturing technology or special weaving, some types of textiles are very easy to care for, keep their shape well and practically do not crumple.
Denim
Denim is the material from which the famous blue trousers are sewn. All varieties contain organic cotton. In the manufacture of fabric, the fibers are well twisted on special ring-spinning machines, and the threads are connected with a very strong twill weave. It is easy to recognize the material by the painted front side and the pale inside.
From denim sew:
- trousers, shorts, overalls;
- jackets, jackets and vests;
- skirts and dresses.
Denim is a very dense, wear-resistant fabric that allows air to pass through and absorbs moisture well. The material with the addition is called stretch and not only does not wrinkle, but stretches elastically and fits the figure tightly.
Cotton terry (frote)
Mahra almost does not require ironing Terry cloth looks very interesting - its entire surface is covered with soft pile, which consists of elongated loops, it looks like fur. The pile is one-sided, two-sided, and also differs in density and length. There are varieties with a relief pattern resembling an imprint, as well as sheared terry. The fabric is made from natural cotton, as well as from bamboo and.
What is sewn from terry:
- towels and bedspreads;
- bathrobes;
- mattresses and pillows.
Mahra is knitwear, that is, a knitted fabric consisting of loops. After crumpling, the threads elastically return to their places, it is enough just to straighten and smooth the material. Pile is good for health, because it easily massages the skin.
Blended fabrics
Blended materials have the advantages of natural and synthetic fabrics With the invention of synthetic fibers, which are produced chemically, appeared. The material is a combination of natural and synthetic threads, which allows you to create textiles that have the advantages of both groups. Blended fabrics are versatile, suitable for creating clothes, various special uniforms, . The combination of dissimilar fibers allows you to create a durable wear-resistant and practical fabric.
Most often, cotton is used as the basis - natural fibers of plant origin. Cotton in the composition is usually less, up to 40%. A bright representative of wrinkle-resistant blended fabrics - used to create bed linen (more on this fabric will be discussed below).
It is thanks to the synthetic component that mixed textiles practically do not wrinkle, hold their shape well, do not deform, do not shrink, and in most cases are very elastic.
There are also fully synthetic materials consisting of several varieties of chemical fibers (for example,).
Wrinkle-resistant fabrics for bed linen
Bed linen used daily Sleeping sets are used very often, daily. Lingerie should not only be beautiful and pleasant to the touch, but also very practical in order to save time on caring for it. The most popular are smooth, wear-resistant fabrics that do not shrink, rub or shed. Of course, crease-resistant materials should be preferred in the first place, because ironing double sheets and duvet covers is another test and pleasure.
Percale
This material can be classified as natural fabrics. are made from non-twisted cotton threads of increased strength. Sails and skins for the first types of aircraft were made from this material. Percale is a smooth, wear-resistant, hygroscopic and dimensionally stable fabric. Dense texture protects textiles from creasing.
In addition to bed linen, percale is used to make:
- dresses, shirts and;
- children's walking envelopes;
- tents, parachutes and sails.
The fabric is very easy to care for, does not require special operating conditions, does not electrify during use and perfectly retains color.
Polycotton
Polycotton is a blended fabric consisting of polyester and cotton, hence the name (poly + cotton). The composition of the material is different, it differs in the percentage of cotton and synthetics. The most affordable fabrics contain fewer natural fibers.
Polycotton is made from:
- bed sets (pillowcases, duvet covers, sheets, bedspreads);
- covers for blankets and pillows.
Polycotton is a very durable and strong material, it practically does not wrinkle and does not require additional care. The fabric does not stretch or shrink, all dirt is easily washed off, and products, no matter how voluminous they are, dry quickly.
Poplin
The material is a soft double-sided fabric with a fine ribbed texture. Originally made from pure silk, poplin is now popular in cotton and synthetics, as well as a combination of warp and wool weft. Matter is with patterns, one-color, and also multi-colored.
In addition to bed linen, poplin is made of:
- blouses, shirts, dresses;
- T-shirts and T-shirts;
- , home clothes.
The fabric does not cause allergies, retains heat and absorbs moisture, perfectly retains its shape and color, and is inexpensive. Poplin practically does not wrinkle, is not demanding in care.
satin
A great option for delicate, soft bedding. - a delicate, glossy fabric with a smooth horizontal weave pattern (the weaving method is called satin). Traditionally, the fabric is made from silk, but economical cotton variations are also found.
Also sew from satin:
- dresses, blouses, skirts, sundresses;
- Men's shirts.
Despite the subtlety and apparent decorativeness, satin is a very durable material, it practically does not wrinkle due to the elasticity of the fibers and can withstand more than 300 washes before it starts to fade slightly.
Synthetic fabrics
Synthetic fabrics have significant advantages over natural counterparts. Often, at the sight of a 100% synthetic composition on the label of a thing, buyers wince with a sigh: “Synthetics! Chemistry!". However, the only fault of synthetic materials is that they were created by man with the help of science and modern technology, and not processed from organic materials, like cotton or wool.
With proper product quality, synthetics are absolutely safe, and in terms of properties not only are they not inferior to natural fabrics, but also often surpass them in terms of wear resistance and strength.
Lycra
It is an elastic, stretchy material. Sometimes, meaning lycra, such fabrics are called or elastane. They are not synonymous, but also not different fabrics - just a synthetic stretchy type of textile that different companies make and give them their own names.
Lycra: application and colors Lycra stretches and does not tear due to its special texture - synthetic fibers resemble segments interconnected by thin "bridges".
From lycra sew:
- turtlenecks, dresses, leggings;
- sportswear;
- underwear;
- socks and stockings.
In addition to the fact that lycra does not wrinkle and stretches perfectly, the fabric is moisture resistant, durable, light and pleasant to the touch.
Nylon
As a result of research by the chemical company DuPont, a durable chemical material was invented, which was called nylon. The fabric consists of polyamides, which, after a chemical reaction, are transformed into fine fibers.
A huge number of things are made from nylon:
- underwear;
- hosiery;
- casual clothes (t-shirts, pants, sweaters, dresses);
- tourist, sportswear;
- uniforms.
In addition to the fact that the fabric does not require ironing, it is very wear-resistant, lightweight and durable. Nylon protects from cold and wind, looks attractive and is affordable.
Polyester
Synthetic material that looks like natural wool, but the characteristics and properties coincide with cotton. Fibers are obtained from oil refining.
From the material sew:
- underwear;
- dresses, sweaters, skirts, suits;
- outerwear.
Polyester is very durable, retains its shape, practically does not wrinkle, is very easy to wash and absolutely does not require special care conditions, as well as ironing.
Taffet
Blended synthetic fabric, composed of nylon and polyester. Taffeta is a light, practical thin fabric with a glossy surface, it is a synthetic analogue of silk or cotton taffeta.
From taffeta are made:
- flags, interior decor;
- raincoats and down jackets;
- tracksuits;
- special and tourist clothing.
Taffeta is quite rigid and dimensionally stable, and therefore does not wrinkle.
Microfiber (microfiber)
The main feature of the material is the thinnest fibers with a diameter of about 0.06 mm. Microfiber is also called dissected - it is treated with a special compound that divides the material into equal segments, actually cuts it.
Here's how microfiber differs from regular filament This material is used to make:
- bed linen and;
- children's clothing;
- everyday and household items;
- elements of outerwear.
Microfiber perfectly absorbs moisture, it is very light, does not shrink, does not wrinkle and dries instantly after washing.
Meryl
It is a trademark, a kind of microfiber. The fabric is smooth, shiny and matte, made on the basis of nylon. From the measure they make:
- sports underwear;
- T-shirts and other types of clothing that are worn directly on the naked body.
Meryl is a flowing silky fabric, it does not accumulate static electricity, does not roll, covers the body like a second skin, and also does not wrinkle due to its elasticity.
Taktel
Another type of microfiber, also a trademark. The material is made from polyamide. Taktel is produced in several varieties - ultra-thin fabric, soft, radiant, melange. Sew from a taktel:
- underwear and bed linen;
- elements of sportswear;
- things adjacent to the body (shirts, t-shirts).
The material is very durable, aesthetic and durable. The main feature is incredible softness, although the fabric may look dense and rough, as well as resistance to the formation of wrinkles and folds.
reaper
curtain header Among the list of crease-resistant fabrics, one cannot but name a material that is also not afraid of folds, because the fabric is already a crumpled canvas. It's about the reaper. This is an original matter that retains its interesting appearance after washing, drying, and long-term storage in a straightened form. The reaper is not ironed.
The material is made from a variety of fibers:
- wool;
- silk;
- cotton;
- synthetics.
In fact, the harvester is a kind of decoration of a textile fabric. To achieve a wrinkled effect, the finished fabric is folded and twisted, and then the material is heat-treated and pressed with a press. The result is persistent creases and wrinkles that are not smoothed out under the weight of the fabric. Most often, densely twisted fibers are used to create the material.
There are the following types of harvester:
- natural fabric;
- artificial (from viscose);
- synthetic;
- mixed.
Dresses, shirts, blouses, skirts, bed linen are sewn from the harvester. The material is not capricious, it is not necessary to iron it, but it is washed according to the information on the label, because the composition of the fabric is different and each specific product requires an individual approach.
findings
There are a huge number of wrinkle-resistant fabrics. There are natural, synthetic, blended options, as well as a unique variety of header fabric that makes the list because it doesn't need to be ironed.
Wrinkle-resistant fabrics are very practical, while they have a lot of other positive properties - from hygroscopicity to color fastness, and also have a wide range of applications. Warp-resistant materials are used for bedding, casual wear and specialized suits.
The body of many living organisms is made up of tissues. Exceptions are all unicellular, as well as some multicellular, for example, which include algae, as well as lichens. In this article, we will look at the types of fabrics. Biology studies this topic, namely its section - histology. The name of this branch comes from the Greek words "cloth" and "knowledge". There are many types of fabrics. Biology studies both plants and animals. They have significant differences. biology has been studied for a long time. For the first time they were described even by such ancient scientists as Aristotle and Avicenna. Biology continues to study tissues and types of tissues further - in the 19th century they were studied by such famous scientists as Moldengauer, Mirbel, Hartig and others. With their participation, new types of cell aggregates were discovered and their functions were studied.
Types of tissues - biology
First of all, it should be noted that the tissues that are characteristic of plants are not characteristic of animals. Therefore, biology can divide the types of tissues into two large groups: plant and animal. Both combine a large number of varieties. We will consider them further.
Types of animal tissues
Let's start with what is closer to us. Since we belong to the Animal kingdom, our body consists precisely of tissues, the varieties of which will now be described. Types of animal tissues can be combined into four large groups: epithelial, muscle, connective and nervous. The first three are subdivided into many varieties. Only the last group is represented by only one type. Next, we consider all types of tissues, the structure and functions that are characteristic of them, in order.
nervous tissue
Since it comes in only one variety, let's start with it. The cells in this tissue are called neurons. Each of them consists of a body, an axon and dendrites. The latter are processes along which an electrical impulse is transmitted from cell to cell. A neuron has one axon - it is a long process, there are several dendrites, they are smaller than the first one. The cell body contains the nucleus. In addition, the so-called Nissl bodies are located in the cytoplasm - an analogue of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria that produce energy, as well as neurotubules that are involved in conducting an impulse from one cell to another.
Depending on their functions, neurons are divided into several types. The first type is sensory, or afferent. They conduct impulses from the sense organs to the brain. The second type of neurons are associative, or switching. They analyze the information that came from the senses, and develop a response impulse. These types of neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord. The last variety is motor, or afferent. They conduct an impulse from associative neurons to organs. Also in the nervous tissue there is an intercellular substance. It performs very important functions, namely, it provides a fixed arrangement of neurons in space, participates in the removal of unnecessary substances from the cell.
epithelial
These are types of tissues, the cells of which are tightly adjacent to each other. They can have a variety of shapes, but are always close. All different types of tissues of this group are similar in that there is little intercellular substance in them. It is mainly presented in the form of a liquid, in some cases it may not be. These are types of body tissues that provide its protection, and also perform a secretory function.
This group includes several varieties. This is a flat, cylindrical, cubic, sensory, ciliated and glandular epithelium. From the name of each one can understand what form of cells they consist of. Different types of epithelial tissues differ in their location in the body. So, flat lines the cavities of the upper organs of the digestive tract - the oral cavity and esophagus. Cylindrical epithelium is found in the stomach and intestines. Cubic can be found in the renal tubules. The sensory one lines the nasal cavity; there are special villi on it that provide the perception of odors. The cells of the ciliated epithelium, as its name implies, have cytoplasmic cilia. This type of tissue lines the airways below the nasal cavity. The cilia that each cell has perform a cleansing function - they to some extent filter the air that passes through the organs covered by this type of epithelium. And the last type of this group of tissues is the glandular epithelium. Its cells perform a secretory function. They are found in the glands, as well as in the cavity of some organs, such as the stomach. The cells of this type of epithelium produce hormones, gastric juice, milk, sebum and many other substances.
Muscle tissues
This group is divided into three types. The muscle is smooth, striated and cardiac. All muscle tissues are similar in that they consist of long cells - fibers, they contain a very large number of mitochondria, since they need a lot of energy to move. lines the cavities of internal organs. We cannot control the contraction of such muscles ourselves, since they are innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
Cells of striated muscle tissue differ in that they contain more mitochondria than the first. This is because they require more energy. Striated muscles can contract much faster than smooth muscles. It is made up of skeletal muscles. They are innervated by the somatic nervous system, so we can consciously control them. Muscular heart tissue combines some of the characteristics of the first two. It is able to contract just as actively and quickly as the striated one, but it is innervated by the autonomic nervous system, just like the smooth one.
Connective tissues and their functions
All tissues of this group are characterized by a large amount of intercellular substance. In some cases, it appears in a liquid state of aggregation, in some - in a liquid, sometimes - in the form of an amorphous mass. Seven types belong to this group. It is dense and loose fibrous, bone, cartilaginous, reticular, fatty, blood. In the first variety, fibers predominate. It is located around the internal organs. Its functions are to give them elasticity and protect them. In loose fibrous tissue, the amorphous mass predominates over the fibers themselves. It completely fills the gaps between the internal organs, while the dense fibrous forms only peculiar shells around the latter. She also plays a protective role.
Bone and form the skeleton. It performs a supporting function in the body and partly protective. Phosphates and calcium compounds predominate in the cells and intercellular substance of the bone tissue. The exchange of these substances between the skeleton and blood is regulated by hormones such as calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. The first maintains the normal state of the bones, participating in the conversion of phosphorus and calcium ions into organic compounds stored in the skeleton. And the second, on the contrary, with a lack of these ions in the blood, provokes their receipt from the tissues of the skeleton.
Blood contains a lot of liquid intercellular substance, it is called plasma. Her cells are quite peculiar. They are divided into three types: platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes. The former are responsible for blood clotting. During this process, a small blood clot is formed, which prevents further blood loss. Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body and providing it to all tissues and organs. They may contain agglutinogens, which exist in two types - A and B. In the blood plasma, the content of alpha or beta agglutinins is possible. They are antibodies to agglutinogens. These substances are used to determine the blood type. In the first group, agglutinogens are not observed on erythrocytes, and agglutinins of two types are present in the plasma at once. The second group has agglutinogen A and agglutinin beta. The third is B and alpha. There are no agglutinins in the plasma of the fourth, but both A and B agglutinogens are on the erythrocytes. If A meets alpha or B with beta, the so-called agglutination reaction occurs, as a result of which the erythrocytes die and blood clots form. This can happen if you transfuse the wrong type of blood. Considering that only erythrocytes are used during transfusion (plasma is screened out at one of the stages of processing donor blood), then a person with the first group can only be transfused with the blood of his own group, with the second - the blood of the first and second groups, with the third - the first and third groups, from the fourth - any group.
Also, erythrocytes may contain antigens D, which determines the Rh factor, if present, the latter is positive, if absent, it is negative. Lymphocytes are responsible for immunity. They are divided into two main groups: B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. The first are produced in the bone marrow, the second - in the thymus (a gland located behind the sternum). T-lymphocytes are divided into T-inducers, T-helpers and T-suppressors. Reticular connective tissue consists of a large amount of intercellular substance and stem cells. They form blood cells. This tissue forms the basis of the bone marrow and other hematopoietic organs. There are also cells which contain lipids. It performs a spare, heat-insulating and sometimes protective function.
How are plants arranged?
These organisms, like animals, consist of sets of cells and intercellular substance. We will describe the types of plant tissues further. All of them are divided into several large groups. These are educational, integumentary, conductive, mechanical and basic. The types of plant tissues are numerous, since several belong to each group.
Educational
These include apical, lateral, intercalary and wound. Their main function is to ensure plant growth. They are made up of small cells that actively divide and then differentiate to form any other type of tissue. The apical ones are located at the tips of the stems and roots, the lateral ones are inside the stem, under the integumentary ones, the intercalary ones are at the bases of the internodes, the wound ones are at the site of damage.
coverslips
They are characterized by thick cell walls made of cellulose. They play a protective role. There are three types: epidermis, crust, cork. The first covers all parts of the plant. It may have a protective wax coating, it also has hairs, stomata, cuticles, and pores. The crust differs in that it has no pores, in all other characteristics it is similar to the epidermis. Cork is the dead covering tissue that forms the bark of trees.
Conductive
These tissues come in two varieties: xylem and phloem. Their function is the transport of substances dissolved in water from the root to other organs and vice versa. Xylem is formed from vessels formed by dead cells with hard shells, there are no transverse membranes. They transport fluid upwards.
Phloem - sieve tubes - living cells in which there are no nuclei. The transverse membranes have large pores. With the help of this type of plant tissue, substances dissolved in water are transported down.
Mechanical
They also come in two types: and sclerenchyma. Their main task is to ensure the strength of all organs. Collenchyma is represented by living cells with lignified shells that fit tightly to each other. Sclerenchyma consists of elongated dead cells with hard shells.
Main
As their name implies, they form the basis of all plant organs. They are assimilation and reserve. The first are found in the leaves and the green part of the stem. Their cells contain chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis. Organic matter accumulates in the storage tissue, in most cases it is starch.
