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Physical properties of hair. Hair structure - hairdressing

The skin performs a variety of functions and plays an important role in the body. It protects internal organs from external influences, protects against mechanical damage, regulates body temperature, produces sebum, removes excess moisture and some protein breakdown products from the body, the accumulation of which in the body is unacceptable, protects the body from infections, accepts all kinds of external irritations, transmits them into the brain and brings to our consciousness.

Hair structure.
Hair is a filiform appendage of the skin, consisting of 80 ... 95% of a protein molecule - solid keratin. The composition of the hair includes water (10 ... 15%), lipoids, pigment and trace elements.

Humans have three types of hair:
vellus hair covering the entire human body (very thin and soft hair, most often without pigment);
bristly hair - short hair 1-2 cm long, these include eyebrows, eyelashes, beard and hair growing in the armpits;
long hair - thick hair of normal length.

Hair ultrastructure. The hair shaft, protruding above the skin surface, in cross section consists of three main parts. The top layer of the hair is called the cuticle, below it is the cortex (cortical substance), below it is the brain (medulla).

The cuticle consists of 6 ... 10 overlapping layers of rectangular cells with a scaly structure and resembles roof tiles, its edges are free and directed upwards, this shape is preserved along the entire length of the hair. The cuticle protects the cortex from moisture loss and mechanical damage when combing and styling hair. Intact smooth and shiny cells of the cuticle 1 (Fig. 1.2) are tightly pressed to the hair shaft and reflect light.

Table of contents
Chapter 1
1.1. Skin structure
1.2. hair structure
Chapter 2
2.1. Detergents
2.2. head washing operation
Chapter 3
3.1. General information
3.2. Basic massage movements
3.3. Anatomical features of the scalp
3.4. Massage technique
Chapter 4
4.1. Types of haircuts
4.2. Hair cutting operations
4.3. Haircut technique
Haircut "Half box"
Haircut "Boxing"
Haircut "Tennis"
Haircuts "Hedgehog", "Beaver", "Kare"
"Bob caret" in a men's haircut
Haircut "Garson"
Haircut "Ring"
Features of the haircut "Kare"
Haircut "Sesson"
Haircut cascade"
Layered haircut
Chapter 5
5.1. General information
5.2. Hairstyle elements
5.3. Cold styling
5.4. Performing waves in a cold way and their location on the head ....
5.5. Cold styling with curlers and clips
5.6. Blow dry
5.7. Laying with tongs
Chapter 6
6.1. Changing the shape of hair with a perm
6.2. Perm technique
Chapter 7
7.1. A bit of history
7.2. Chemistry of color
7.3. bleaching agents
7.4. Organic synthesis dyes
7.5. Tint dyes
7.6. Dyes of natural origin
Chapter 8
8.1. The influence of fashion on hairstyle modeling
8.2. Hairstyles and faces.

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From the point of view of biology and chemistry, hair is thin thread-like appendages of the skin, which consist of protein in the solid state (keratin), and also contain pigments, lipids, trace elements and water.

Fundamentals of hair structure

Conventionally, the hair can be divided into 2 parts - this is the visible zone, called the shaft and the root. The process of active hair growth occurs in the bulb, and the regrown part, from a scientific point of view, is dead matter.

The core, according to the scientific medulla, is a soft substance that consists of cells that are not completely keratinized;
Cortical layer - makes up 90% of the total mass of the hair;
The cuticle is a keratinized area.

If you look at the hair under a microscope, it resembles a bump that is filled with scales (cuticle). Under the influence of adverse factors, this protective layer is destroyed, the strands become dry, brittle, porous.

The follicle contains the root of the hair shaft. The hair grows as long as the hair papilla is preserved, which is riddled with nerves and small blood vessels. It is he who takes responsibility for the condition of the hairline.

In the root there are melancites that form the pigment melanin. As a result, in nature there are several tones of coloring strands - light, dark, red. Gray hair is filled with air bubbles, and therefore becomes dry and brittle.

In order for a novice master to master the art of hairdressing, you need to know the basic properties of curls, hair types in terms of shape, length, degree of health, and racial characteristics.

By its nature, hair has several properties:

hygroscopicity- the ability to retain and absorb moisture. In conditions of high humidity, the water content increases to 40%, just like in a dry room - the strands dry out, become brittle and thin. Also, hair can absorb other vapors, and therefore scientists use the hair as a kind of identifier.
Strength- the hair is able to resist under the influence of physical exertion. Wet strands are 50% weaker than dry ones, and therefore, after washing, it is forbidden to mechanically act on the hair - rub, squeeze with a towel, comb, etc. Also, the hair is able to stretch without breaking, changing its shape, for example, when forming curls.
Electrical conductivity- the hair is able to accumulate electricity, static is expressed in long, dry curls. This is especially evident when the strands come into contact with woolen things, synthetics.
Porosity - hair acquires voids after bleaching, coloring, curling, and therefore it is important to carefully monitor the hair so that this indicator is minimal.

To facilitate the work of the master, it is important to consider the type of strand. Depending on this criterion, you can correctly calculate the contact time of the dye with the hair, style your hair after a haircut, and choose a hairstyle according to the type of face.

Strands to be straight, wavy, curly, short, medium, long. By thickness - thin, medium, thickened. According to the degree of greasiness - normal, dry, fatty, combined.

These factors can be either hereditary or acquired. It all depends on the correct care of the hair. And also on a racial basis - European, Asian, African.

It is difficult to keep the natural pigment and the health of the hair shaft. Under the influence of adverse factors, the bulbs lose nutrients, the hair becomes thinner, becomes lifeless.

Healthy strands are shiny, elastic, easy to comb and style. The specialist must know which queue of “tests” the hair went through before contacting the stylist. Only in this way will he be able to give the right recommendations for caring for weakened hair, as well as perform high-quality manipulations to improve curls.

It is difficult to change some properties of the hair, however, with the joint interaction of the hairdresser and the owner of the hair, you can screw the former beauty and health into the strands. It is important to regularly take time to nourish the hair at the cellular level.

It is important to choose high-quality hair care cosmetics, according to the type of strand. At home, carry out home applications using natural ingredients. Useful oil wraps, rinsing curls with herbs, natural collections.

It is important to avoid excessive action of thermal devices on the hair, minimize contact with styling and styling products, dry hair naturally, and when using a hair dryer, maintain an average mode.

Hair needs regular hydration and nourishment. It is important to monitor the humidity in the room. Protect hair from direct exposure to ultraviolet radiation, wear headgear according to the season, protect strands from chlorinated and sea water.

Hair care is a troublesome business, but this is the only way to avoid the destruction of the hair shaft and keep the curls healthy. And knowledge of the structure of the hair will help hairdressers create masterpieces with hair.

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Plan

Introduction

1. Creative part

1.1 Modern fashion trend in the field of Bob haircuts

1.2 Rationale for choosing a haircut model

2. Technological part

2.1 General technological sequence of cutting

2.3 Equipment, tools and fixtures for the designed work

2.4 Hair cutting

3. Organizational and economic part

Conclusion

Introduction

A haircut is a reflection of style, fashion, character, and often the mood of a person. A haircut can even be a business card by which others will judge you. To console fashionistas who follow the latest trends and not only in clothes, but also in cosmetics, haircuts and hairstyles, accessories.

In ancient Egypt, the haircut was distinguished by clear geometric lines, and the free population wore wigs. Hair was cut to shoulder level and most often neat, even pigtails were braided.

The ancient Greeks, great connoisseurs of human beauty, were distinguished by great art in cutting and styling hair. They used many different ways of curling and weaving curls. Blond hair, highly styled and luxuriantly curled, was especially popular. Short haircuts were usually decorated with ribbons or hoops.

In the Middle Ages, women's haircuts experienced a period of stagnation. Hairdressing services were banned because it was considered a sin for a woman to walk with her head uncovered. Married ladies even plucked their hair to keep it from falling out from under their headdress.

However, in the Renaissance, the history of haircuts and hairstyles flourished. Ornate hairstyles came into fashion, long hair was decorated with precious stones, feathers and ribbons. Lush curls and curls are back in fashion. Men wore bob haircuts with straight bangs.

When performing a haircut, it is imperative to use many different methods of hair treatment. haircut face

All haircuts can be divided into contrasting and non-contrasting.

Basically, haircuts are contrasting, in which they have different lengths of hair on different parts of the head.

With non-contrasting haircuts, the hair is left the same length on different parts of the head.

This topic is relevant, because modern haircuts are a way to express yourself to everyone. New trends dictate their own rules in fashion. For example, in modern haircuts, not only beauty is valued, but also the emphasis on individuality. Modern haircuts are suitable for different types of faces.

This topic is relevant in that fashionable haircuts for short hair can be used both in competitions and shows, and in everyday life.

The purpose of the course work is to develop a technology for performing a fashionable female haircut "Classic Kare"

1. Study fashionable women's haircuts for short hair and their direction.

2. Develop a technology for performing a haircut "Classic Kare"

3. Determine the purpose of the haircut.

Subject of research: fashionable women's haircuts for short hair.

The object of the study is the technological process of cutting "Classic Kare

1. creative part

1.1 Modern fashion trend in the regionhaircutsKare Bob

Haircut is one of the most difficult types of work in hairdressing. After all, the appearance of the future hairstyle depends on how well it will be performed. A haircut is a change in the length of hair through cutting objects. Now haircut is a whole art and science at the same time. What kind of haircut we want to see on our head is influenced by many factors. First of all, it's fashion. For the sake of fashion, we make any sacrifice: we cut bangs, mill hair, create asymmetric shapes, etc. The second factor is the structure of the hair.

And one more important factor is the shape of the face, the shape of the head, the structure and parameters of the body. All this plays a huge role in choosing a haircut. All haircuts are divided into: Classic bob and Creative bob. The classic bob is cut step by step, focusing on the previously trimmed strand. And the hair in this haircut flows smoothly into various lengths. Creative haircuts are cut using the technique of non-flattened zones. The hair on the head is divided into separate zones, the shape and size of which corresponds to the planned haircut, and they are cut independently of each other.

At first glance, creating the effect of clumsily cut hair. But (with the right approach), if the master knows all the technical nuances of such haircuts, then such haircuts look just great and very fashionable. And one more nuance in favor of creative haircuts is that they are bob haircuts. This means that, with different hair combing, such a haircut can take on a different look: glamorous, casual, official, etc.

1.2 Aboutreasons for choosing a haircut model

Developed haircut, suitable for girls from 16 to 40 years old.

The model's name is Seda, she has a proportional figure, beautiful, thin, smooth hair. Face and details - oval face, large brown eyes, medium nose, bow lips, skin color - fair, hair appearance - dark, medium length straight, well-groomed hair, normal hair type.

The character of the overall image is classic, the model prefers haircuts: bob, ladders.

Height 157 cm, bust 76 cm, waist 68, hips 95 cm, body weight 57-60 cm. This square is suitable for girls with straight and obedient hair who prefer a more extravagant style. The haircut requires care, so it is preferable to choose it for those who are used to daily styling. To always look spectacular, a bob with lengthening requires indispensable everyday styling. It will definitely require a gel or varnish of medium fixation, but still the most optimal option is foam. In order for the styling to be perfectly preserved throughout the day, you first need to straighten your hair with an iron, and then, using a round comb and a hair dryer, slightly bend the ends to the inside.

2. Technological part

2.1 General technological footprintovality of haircut

To get started, you need to complete the preparatory steps. First you need to wipe the dressing table and chair, prepare tools, disinfect combs and scissors. Next, we invite the client to a chair, look at the texture of the hair, skin, whether there are moles or damage to the skin, while talking with the client about what types of work will be performed. Next, we invite the client to the sink, cover the client's shoulders with a towel and proceed to wash the hair. We apply the shampoo and rinse thoroughly with running water, then apply the balm and also rinse, then squeeze the hair and cover the client’s head with a towel and introduce the client to the chair, fasten the collar on the neck, cover the client with a peignoir, proceed to the haircut:

comb moistened clean hair, separate the upper part and stab at the crown;

to perform the work, the popular "strand by strand" technique is used;

begin work with the selection of a control strand, which is combed on the neck along the growth line;

while continuing to work, we comb the strand at the back of the head by making partings horizontally at a distance of 1 cm;

the occipital region is cut with a zero guy;

the cut angle in the temporal zone goes to lengthening;

now you can release the upper strands and comb the strand on the forehead. When determining the cut line, you need to remember that when drying, the strands will become shorter by about a centimeter;

further strands are isolated by making requisitions horizontally, but when cutting in this area, the strands are raised at a right angle to the head, due to this, graduation is obtained;

to make the haircut look natural, you need to ensure that the transition from the upper zone to the lower one is imperceptible. To do this, you will need to comb the strands vertically and cut corners;

now you need to carefully comb your hair and complete the edging, removing minor flaws if they are revealed;

it is further recommended to profile the hair using a sliding technique. You can perform thinning on all sides of the haircut. The degree of thinning is determined individually. So, if the hair does not differ in density, then you need to do basal thinning, especially in the back of the head.

In conclusion, we perform coloring or styling based on what the client wants, then we take the client to the administrator while the client pays, write recommendations for hair care, say goodbye and invite the client again.

2.3 Equipment, tools and fixtures for projectedworks

Comb with a uniform arrangement of teeth.	on its working surface there are only frequent or only rare teeth. Such combs are used when combing hair and cutting in the women's room.
Comb Brushing.	Used for curling and adding volume.
Thinning scissors.	are used to perform thinning and shading hair. They are of two types: one-sided and bilateral. Bilateral thinning scissors have teeth on two working blades, and one-sided thinning scissors have teeth on only one blade. When working with thinning scissors, the hair that falls between the teeth remains long, and the hair that falls on the teeth is cut off. Therefore, single-sided scissors cut more hair than double-sided scissors.
Straight scissors.	designed for cutting hair, beards and mustaches, as well as for some types of thinning.
spray	Used to wet hair with water when cutting.
	Used for styling hair.
tassel	Used for hair coloring.
	Used for more comfortable hair coloring.
Gloves	It is used to prevent the skin of the hands from getting dirty with hair dye.
	Used to keep the client's clothes from getting dirty.
	For fixing hair during styling, haircuts, hairstyles.

2.4 Haircut

Bob haircut is quite popular among owners of medium and short hair. It is quite versatile, suitable for almost any oval face and any hair except curly. In the classic version, the main differences between bob and bob haircuts are considered to be that the first one is performed without bangs, and the bob with bangs. However, modern trends blur clear boundaries between different haircuts, so we will talk about a bob-car. One of its types, when the strands near the face are longer relative to the back of the head, is a bean with lengthening. This is a classic and elegant hairstyle that can decorate a woman, both in everyday life and at a gala event. It is especially shown to those who want to hide too protruding cheekbones or chubby cheeks. She will also carefully emphasize the line of the neck and highlight the profile.

There are many varieties of this square, the main ones are:

1. An elongated bob with bangs will suit girls with a narrow face and a wide forehead. This hairstyle is best done on thick hair;

2. Bob. This type of hairstyle is somewhat different from the usual long bob, because it is done without bangs. For this haircut, the back of the head is cut much shorter than the side hair. They should be much longer than the rest of the strands. A square with a zigzag parting looks very original. This hairstyle can be done for girls with a round face. Also, this hairstyle is suitable for girls with an oval face. Hair must be perfectly straight;

3. Kare with elongated strands. This hairstyle will help to hide rather wide cheekbones, revealing all the advantages of the face. The back of the head is cut short. This hairstyle looks perfect on both thick and thin hair. It should be chosen by girls with a round face. It will help visually narrow it;

4. Graduated caret. Hair with such a hairstyle is cut with a "ladder". This technique allows you to make the haircut more delicate and feminine. In addition, such a caret will give additional volume to the hair (it is recommended to do it on thin hair). This hairstyle will hide a short neck and an inexpressive chin. This square is suitable for girls with an oval face, if there is a bang. For a round face, a hairstyle is suitable if the side strands are elongated and trimmed in a chaotic manner (uneven length), asymmetric bangs. For a square face, it is suitable if the bangs are torn. In order to give volume to thin hair, the back of the head is cut, as with a bob. On the bottom line of the hairstyle, it is better to make the ends torn. Owners of a diamond-shaped face should focus on oblique and torn bangs and complete asymmetry of the strands.

Partings are: horizontal, vertical, diagonal, radial.

Horizontal partings - located parallel to the floor, they give a horizontal line in shape.

Vertical partings - directed perpendicular to the floor line.

Diagonal partings - run at an angle of 45° to a vertical parting or horizontal parting, they give the maximum increase in hair when cutting.

Radial partings - partings come out from one point.

2.5 Painting duringlos

The first group of dyes refers to brightening dyes. Bleaching is allowed only with a healthy hair structure, and emaciated and sick can lose their vitality. Black hair is very difficult to bleach without severe damage.

The second group of dyes refers to chemical dyes. Which react with the keratin of the hair. Dyes of the second group paint over gray hair by 100%. The second group dyes 3% 6% 9% 12%.

Dyes of the third (physical) group are used in hairdressing salons as a means to give a light shade. Hair coloring with physical dyes is due to the fact that particles of the coloring composition penetrate through the pores into the deep layers of the hair cuticle, filling the existing density.

Dyes of the fourth group (natural) they give the hair not only a shade, but also have a high biological activity. Enhance metabolism, accelerate hair growth and promote wound healing.

Dyes of the fifth group (metal-containing) this group includes: salts, metal, iron, silver, copper. As a result of dyeing, the hair gets a dull, matte color and gives several natural shades.

Initial color 7/1 desired color 7/3, paint with 6% oxidant. Exposure time 30-40 minutes.

Dyeing technology - for the beginning, the client is covered with a peignoir, and then we proceed to dyeing, we divide the hair into 4 zones: from ear to ear and from the marginal hairline to the lower occipital zone. From the beginning, we paint over the hair roots all over the head, then we proceed to coloring the strands along the length. I start staining from the back of the head, highlighting with diagonal partings, painting over the length, and so on throughout the head, strand by strand, without affecting the roots, since they are already dyed. Then rinse with water, apply shampoo for colored hair, and rinse again, apply balm and rinse. At the end, dry your hair, do hair styling.

hair stylingWith.

Hair styling is giving volume and variety of lines to the haircut. Depending on the direction of fashion, the volume of the hair is located on different parts of the head and the nature of the hairstyle lines changes. For long hair, volume is created over the entire surface of the head or at the back of the head. To increase the shape of the hairstyle, bouffant is made. If you want to create volume at the back and sides of the head, then wind half a strand from the middle to the ends.

1. Long hair is heavy hair. To create long-term styling, various fixing agents are used.

2. The styled hair is fixed with varnish.

3. Styling for medium hair.

Using a hair dryer and a round brush, you can make a voluminous air styling with lines directed away from the face or on the face. Point the ends of the hair up or down.

Curling irons (tongs)

Women with such a gift of fate strive to straighten unruly hair, by all means. What can not be said about the owners of straight hair. Almost all of them resort to the help of curling irons (tongs) for hair when creating one or another hairstyle. It can be either a barely noticeable zest, or a fully twisted lush mane. To achieve the effect of curly hair, they use hair curlers, thermal curlers, special nozzles for a hair dryer and turn to the masters for help. If you resort to the history of fashion, then these magical devices that make life easier and more beautiful appeared relatively recently.

The straightener is a device that will help you quickly and easily change the image. A flat iron is a must if you want to straighten your hair (even very curly ones), but you should also try it for curling curls

Curlers differ in the material from which they are made, in size, shape, method of use, etc.

Thermal curlers - This type of curler has become a clear favorite among ladies who are experiencing a severe shortage of time. The main advantages of thermal curlers are speed and simplicity! Curling medium length hair with hot rollers takes ten to twenty minutes. These curlers must be heated in boiling water before use. Thermal curlers are perfect for ladies with short hair and medium length hair. For long-haired beauties, their warmth may simply not be enough.

Velcro curlers - Using these curlers, you can create not only soft curls, but give your hair a basal volume. Velcro curlers are very easy to use, they can significantly reduce the drying time of the hair. To give the hairstyle the required volume, you can wind only the top layer of hair or the hair at the crown.

Flexible curlers (boomerangs) - Curls created with the help of such curlers are resilient and elastic. And using boomerang curlers is not only very convenient, but also safe. They do not harm the hair. Very often these curlers are called boomerangs.

Shampoo selection. When choosing a shampoo, it is necessary to correctly determine the type of hair. Shampoos for damaged hair should contain substances that improve the appearance of hair. If the hair is oily, choose a special shampoo. The opinion that frequent washing of hair increases their fat content is incorrect. Very oily hair can be washed every day with a daily shampoo.

According to the purpose, all shampoos can be divided into four types: ordinary, special, including "2 in 1" - shampoo and conditioner, therapeutic and special.

Ordinary shampoos most often require the use of other cosmetics.

Special shampoos are usually mild and can be used every day. They improve the structure of the hair, do not irritate the scalp, as they have a neutral level.

Medicated shampoos are designed for "problem" hair, for especially sensitive and damaged hair. They are injected with special medications.

Special purpose shampoos are used before or after perm or hair coloring. They neutralize the remnants of the oxidizing agent, strengthen and give strength to the hair, close the cuticle scales, etc.

My model's hair care tips. shampoo for restoring the structure of the hair, ideal for porous, damaged, colored hair with permanent dyes, gently cleanses and protects the hair from harmful environmental influences. Suitable for daily use.

The conditioner for restoring the hair structure was created according to the hydrocontrol system. Moisturizes nourishes, softens, conditions and smoothes the surface of the hair. Suitable for daily use.

Revitalizing serum with flax seed extract. Suitable for all hair types. Levels the surface, smoothing the cuticular layer, prevents the split ends of the hair. Conditions chemically treated hair, makes it easier to comb, giving vitality and intense healthy shine.

Intensive mask for restoring hair structure. An amazing revitalizing mask for dry, bleached, bleached, permed and tired hair that has lost its vitality. The action of the mask is based on the strength of active ingredients and plant extracts.

Spray-conditioner moisturizing. Ideal for daily moisturizing and smoothing the hair structure. Facilitates combing, increases volume and adds shine to hair.

Head massage.

Restores blood circulation of the scalp, helps hair to acquire a healthy look and shine. Under the action of a head massage, the skin: is cleansed of the horny scales of the epidermis; the secretory function of the sweat and sebaceous glands improves; there is a significant relaxation of the constantly tense muscles of the head. The procedure gives a calming effect that brings sound sleep and good mood, improves memory and helps to restore working capacity.

Head massage goals:

1. Improve hair condition, enhance hair growth

2. Improve blood circulation

3. Get rid of dandruff

4. Strengthen hair roots

5. Improve the work of the sebaceous glands

3. Organizational economic part

To develop the economic part of the project, the cost of materials spent on the implementation of one model is calculated. The calculations are presented in table 3.

Calculation of the cost of material costs for the performance of work.

Means for executing the main model.	The number of packaging in products.	Packing price.	Consumption rate.	Cost for one model rub.
Shampoo for colored hair.
A stabilizing hair mask.
Oxidizing emulsion 6%
Cream - Paint Londa Professional
Disposable gloves.
Styling foam.
Hair fixation spray.

Today, there are no boundaries for hairdressing. Short and long haircuts, straight and twisted hair are in fashion. A distinctive feature of modern haircuts is convenience and simplicity, no one will waste time building a hair tower. Today, bob, lush bouffant, bob haircut with straight or curled hair, asymmetrical bangs, cascade haircut are back in fashion.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we summarize the main results of the research work.

In the process of writing a research paper, I studied the basic operations of cutting hair and, directly, the technology for performing a Bob haircut with lengthening.

In my opinion, taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of the client's face, you can choose a haircut for him using any of the described haircut operations. And this haircut will delight him with its novelty and originality. Haircut "Kare" from time immemorial to the present has occupied one of the leading places. On the basis of "Kare" a large number of different hairstyles are performed. This haircut is found in ancient Egypt. Hair was specially combed, smeared with wax and incense and put into a hairstyle. The elongated "Kare" has become, as it were, the hallmark of Egypt. This is reflected in the drawings, inscriptions, hieroglyphs.

Kare is rightfully considered one of the most common and elegant haircuts. It combines simplicity and elegance at the same time. Girls and women can safely choose this hairstyle for themselves, regardless of the features of the face, age and status. The versatility of this haircut has been tested by many fashionistas, who, meanwhile, remained unique and original.

Thanks to the emerging new silhouettes and forms of haircuts, hairstyles, a person gains hope to meet the criteria of modern fashion.

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What are hair?

Throughout life, body hair is completely replaced, and their growth depends on many factors. In the fetus during its development and growth in utero, the entire body is completely covered with fluff. After birth and up to the age of two, they gradually change, remaining on the trunk and limbs. The soft fluff on the head acquires an intermediate or intermediate nature of the structure of the hairs and their pattern. In color and density, they may differ from the thermal hair that appears during puberty during puberty of the child.

The structure of the hair in babies is different from the structure of the hair of an adult.

In adults, hair is divided into 3 types:

cannon, whose length is 1–1.5 mm, they cover the entire human body;
bristly - these are cilia and eyebrows;
long (terminal) - beard, on the head, chest and genitals of a person.

The external structure of the hair

What is the structure of the hair? The chemical composition of the hair contains protein-keratin, water and residual traces of vitamins and minerals contained in the human body and involved in the metabolic processes of the skin.

The hair itself is not solid, as many are accustomed to imagine, but consists of many small horny plates. This can be judged by the enlarged photo.
The hair itself has a root located in a capsule - a hair follicle hidden under the skin, and a shaft - what we see.

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The structure of the rod has a three-layer structure: the medulla is the medulla, covered with the main cortical layer - the cortex and a porous, scaly layer - the cuticle.

Sectioned hair shaft

To the surface of the scalp, each hair and its pattern is located at different angles. Many factors influence this.

What is the structure of the hair shaft?

The medulla is the base of the hair shaft. It is not only in the cannon. Contains soft cells interspersed with air bubbles, which later become keratinized. It is this layer that is responsible for the thermal conductivity of the hair. Their chemical participation in the processes is excluded.
The cortex is actually the basis of each hair and occupies up to 80% of the total volume. This layer is made up of many keratin fibers intertwined together. They can be compared to a thread connected together from thin components. These "threads", intertwined with each other in a spiral, form the protofibrils of the hair and the large fibers of the macrofibril that make up the cortical layer.
The outer layer (cuticle) is necessary for protection and consists of several layers superimposed one on top of the other according to the principle of tree rings, outwardly resembling a pine cone. Scales are located in proportion to the growth of the hair from its root and consist of a mixture of sulfur, amino acids and nitrogen. This can be judged by the enlarged photo.
When the hair is healthy, these scales fit snugly, giving softness. But from improper care or exposure to paint and the sun, the hair becomes like a “hedgehog”, causing the scales to bristle. From this, the curls get confused, become brittle, lose their luster and protective functions. Their growth and development are slower.

The scheme of the internal structure of the hair

The internal structure of the hair is no less complex than the external one. It consists of a follicle - a sac created from connective tissue (in the lower part) and epithelial scalp, which contains the hair root - bulb and ducts of the sebaceous and sweat glands.

On the skin, it is noticeable in the form of a small expansion. A tiny papilla is attached to the hair follicle, which nourishes the entire hair and is responsible for the growth and development of a new one. If it dies, then the hair falls out without being renewed, and a new one does not grow in place of the follicle.

The outer and middle layers are composed of collagen bundles and elastic fibers. Argentophiles are necessary for the membrane surrounding the hair capsule and are adjacent to the epithelium. Inside, slightly above the onion, there is a thin vitreous thin layer that refracts light and is responsible for the shine. It depends on the natural processes of secretion of fatty lubricant from the follicle duct, which includes an antiseptic that helps in the fight against foreign microorganisms.
Epithelial consists of skin, gradually passing into the stratum corneum. It is here that the active process of cell division and their change takes place, which determine the rate of hair growth.

The skin and hair have smooth muscles resembling a ribbon. They are attached to the scalp and follicle area, below the sebaceous glands, with the help of a short tendon. When contracting, the muscle presses on the gland, thereby lifting the hair on which the secret falls. This process is familiar to everyone, when a person is seized by fear, then the hairs on the whole body rise.

How do hairs grow?

In nature, it is customary to divide growth into several stages, each of which has its own time periods.

Anagen - growth lasts from 2 to 5 years. In the follicle zone, it occurs most actively, taking part and creating the preconditions for rapid cell division and hair growth. If a person is healthy, then more than 85% of the hair has this age.
Catagen - growth from a crescent to 20 days. During this period, the function of the follicle is less active, gradually tearing away from the papilla that feeds it. Up to 1% of all body hair is in this stage.
Telogen - growth from 3 to 4 months. The cells stop dividing and the hair falls out of the follicle along with the bulb. They are changing. In a free place, if the papilla is not damaged, a new hair begins to grow, breaking through the skin layer, carrying the same functions as the previous one.

hair types

Despite the similar structure, hair types differ. This is due to many factors and the individual characteristics of the body of each person.
Hairdressing - know these subtleties when choosing hairstyles and haircut options. Hair is:

Normal - they perfectly reflect light, are elastic, and there are no traces of section on them. Like a picture from a glossy magazine. After combing, they retain their shape for a long time and do not get confused. Does not require frequent shampooing.
Dry - hair is dull and brittle. They look unhealthy, resembling overdried grass. To improve the condition, it is recommended to use a professional hairdressing tool, which the master will talk about in the salon.
Oily - this condition is determined by excessive secretion from the sebaceous glands of the scalp. This happens for two reasons: genetic predisposition or malnutrition. Such hair quickly becomes dull and appears untidy a short time after washing.
Mixed type - inherent in long hair. At the roots of the head they are greasy, and their tips are brittle. This happens because of their length, when the secreted fat from the skin is not enough to distribute to the very tips.

What is responsible for hair color?

different hair colors

In the subcutaneous part of the head near the follicle there is a certain pigment responsible for the color of human hair - melanin, consisting of iron, nitrogen and arsenic. Melanin is usually divided into eumelanin and pheomelanin. They are similar in composition with the only difference that they have a different shape and carry certain color sets. And if the first is presented in the form of slightly elongated granules, then the second is oval.

Eumelanin is a brown dye consisting of three color tones: red, yellow and blue. Pheomelanin is a rich yellow.

Completely in all hair, both of these compounds are present, which are responsible for what hair color a person will have. It is generally accepted that in nature there are only three colors of human hair: blond, red and black, but the predominance of one over the second predetermines the emergence of many shades.

If there are a lot of air capsules in the hair coming from the follicle, then it does not stain naturally and gray hair appears.

A lot of myths and mysterious knowledge, as is commonly believed in many religions of the world, is hidden in our hair. Previously, it was believed that a woman should not cut her hair, this will destroy her connection with the cosmos and her children will be unhappy. In our time of technology and progress, there are many interesting discoveries that many did not even know about. Microscopic photos allow us to learn everything about hair. If a person decides to study hairdressing, then everyone will have to know about this in more detail.

The hairdresser must know everything about hair

Scientists have proven that the rate of human hair growth is affected by their length. For owners of short haircuts, they grow up to 1 cm per month, while for long-haired women - only 5 mm, or even completely stop their growth. Want to have long, beautiful hair - visit a hairdresser and cut the ends. Then the matter of a few minutes spent in the master's chair will give beautiful curls.

In women, the hair is much thinner than in the representatives of the strong half of humanity.

It is most problematic to dye natural red hair in other colors. Due to the carbon content, paint does not adhere well to them.

The first hairs appear in a child in the mother's tummy, at 4 months of pregnancy, and their growth is proportional to the development of the baby.

Experts who perfectly know the hairdressing business advise choosing only natural cosmetics for hair, devoid of chemical elements.

Hair is a rather complex thing both in structure and in chemical composition. But for a hairdresser it is important to know not only this. They have a number of physical properties, on which the quality of the hairstyle directly depends.

Basic properties of hair

hygroscopicity- this is the property of hair to absorb and retain water vapor from the air inside. It has been established that in dry air, human hair contains 18 percent water. In conditions of high humidity, the water content in the hair increases to 30-40 percent. The ends of the hair absorb moisture faster and more than the roots. The higher the hygroscopicity of the hair, the worse they lend themselves to styling. By the way, hair can absorb not only moisture, but also some other substances, which allows scientists to use them as an identifier.

Strength- the ability of hair to resist under the influence of physical exertion. Wet hair is 60 percent weaker than dry hair, so after washing it should be combed especially carefully. But in a dry state, hair is comparable in strength to aluminum, one hair is able to withstand a load of 100 to 200 grams! Elasticity - the ability of hair to stretch, change its shape without breaking. Healthy hair can be stretched to 1/5 of its length, after which it will calmly return to its previous state.

Electrical conductivity- the ability of hair to accumulate static electricity. As a rule, it is more pronounced in long, dry hair.

Porosity- the number of air voids in the hair shaft. It can be low, normal and excessive. Porosity increases with hair coloring and bleaching.

Moisture return- the property of hair to give moisture to the environment when heated, blow-dryed and naturally dried. It directly depends on the porosity of the hair - the more voids, the faster the hair loses moisture. However, knowledge of the properties of hair is not everything. To facilitate the work of a hairdresser, a hair classification was created that takes into account other equally important parameters.

hair types

The classification of hair types is quite wide. For example, trichologists - specialists in the health of the hair and scalp - adhere to the division according to the following parameters:

in the form:

smooth straight lines
wavy,
curly;

by type:

length (long, medium, short);
by thickness (thick, medium, thin);
by fat content (fatty, normal, dry, mixed type);
elasticity (elastic, porous);
according to the degree of health (healthy, emaciated);

by race:

European;
Asian;
African.

Some aspects of hair classification are especially important for successful blonding, and therefore it is worth talking about them in more detail.

Length, thickness, shape

It is interesting that, speaking of the shape of the hair, we again have to return to the specifics of the structure of the hair. The fact is that the shape of the hair depends on the shape of the follicle: straight hair grows from a round follicle, slightly curly hair from an oval follicle, and curly hair from a kidney follicle.

Thickness is a constant parameter, which cannot be changed by any tricks. By thickness, the hair is divided into thin (less than 0.05 mm in diameter), medium (0.05-0.07 mm) and thick or thickened (more than 0.07 mm).

Fine hair tends to be soft and weak. Regardless of the condition, fine hair always lacks volume. Hair of medium thickness usually does not cause problems, which cannot be said about thick hair - as a rule, straight, coarse, heavy, lacking elasticity, characterized by difficulty in styling.
By the way, red-haired people have much less hair than brunettes and blondes, but they are much thicker - there is still justice in the world!

Parameters such as thickness and shape are strongly associated with "racial" characteristics. It is known that the inhabitants of the northern countries are dominated by straight thin hair, soft to the touch. Europeans and residents of the middle lane have straight or wavy hair of medium hardness and medium thickness. The hair of the representatives of the Negroid race is dark, curly, moderately hard. They are extremely unstable to mechanical, physical and chemical influences. Asian hair is completely straight, coarse and usually has a lot of strength. They can withstand loads up to 140 grams (one hair)! For comparison: European-type hair can withstand a weight of no more than 111 grams, and African-type hair - only 70 grams.

1. Healthy hair. Keratin scales resemble neatly laid tiles

2. Damaged hair with raised scales.

3. Hair with split ends.

According to oiliness, hair is divided into the following types: oily, normal, mixed and dry. It is noticed that the degree of oiliness of the hair corresponds to the type of skin. Therefore, the concepts of "oily hair" or "dry hair" are not entirely correct: oil is produced by the sebaceous glands, and only then it enters the hair. However, these terms have taken root in practice, and when choosing a shampoo or balm, we are looking for products just for oily, dry, normal or mixed hair.

Of these types, only normal hair does not cause inconvenience - shiny, elastic, without split ends. Taking care of them is a pleasure.

Washing them once every 2-3 days is enough, it is recommended to use masks periodically (this is especially useful for tips that tend to dry out). Such hair lends itself well to styling, has a natural shine, rarely electrified.

Owners of normal hair can afford any experiments with style - from dyeing to perm. But, of course, within reason.

But oily hair sticks together, looks untidy within a few hours after washing, is characterized by a dull greasy sheen and often “pairs” with oily dandruff. An excessive amount of fat produced by the sebaceous glands can provoke an improper diet, ineptly selected cosmetics, or a genetic predisposition.

Such hair should be washed frequently, but with a special shampoo. You should not get carried away with masks - for all their benefits, they can increase the oiliness of the hair.
Coloring and perm will come in very handy - these procedures slightly "dry" the hair, helping to get rid of the aesthetic problems associated with high fat content.

Dry hair is dull, brittle and inelastic, easily tangled and split. Causes of dryness - insufficient activity of the sebaceous glands, improper care, prolonged exposure to the sun or drying with a hot hair dryer. Such hair is highly electrified and “scatters” in any attempt to build a styling out of them.

To improve the condition of dry hair, you need to wash it with a moisturizing shampoo and use caring masks. It is better to postpone coloring and waving until better times - chemical procedures will only exacerbate the problematic nature of dry hair.

Mixed hair - oily at the roots and dry at the ends - requires corrective care. To wash such hair, it is worth alternating shampoo for frequent use with shampoo for oily hair. You need to apply special creams and serums to the tips, as well as regularly cut off the ends that are “not subject to restoration”.

It is not difficult to distinguish healthy hair: they are shiny, elastic, easy to comb and style, do not split.

Depleted hair does not have these characteristics, it needs nourishment and treatment. Particular cases of depletion are brittleness, when the hair breaks when combed, and porosity, when the hair rapidly loses moisture, and with it healthy elasticity. These sad phenomena may be the result of improper care, chemical exposure, or adverse environmental conditions.

Therefore, it is important for the hairdresser to know what the client's hair had to "go through" before he came to the salon. Whether the hair was subjected to blonding, whether a perm was carried out, and so on. Only in this way will he be able to give his client the right recommendations and improve the aesthetic appearance of the hair.

Of course, hair is something that is given to us by nature, genetically laid down and some of their properties cannot be changed by any force. But any hairdresser knows - there are no bad hair. There is hair to work with and take care of. And this means that the beauty of hair is not so much a natural gift as a matter of professionalism.

In the Turkish city of Avanos there is a Hair Museum. It is a collection of hair from over 16,000 different people.

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