Formation of a healthy lifestyle in adolescents - a document. Thesis: Formation of a healthy lifestyle of adolescents on the example of high school students in Stoyba, Amur Region

Reminder for teenagers

TEN RULES OF A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE.

Dear Friend!

"People need to realize

that a healthy lifestyle is a personal success for everyone.” (V. Putin)

Not one normal person does not want to be sick, everyone wants to live a long and happy life.

According to statistics, a person's health is 50% determined by how healthy a lifestyle he leads, 20% by a genetic factor and heredity, another 20% are living conditions (ecology, climate, place of residence), 10% - health care.

Being healthy is great, but not easy. This is a whole science and one of its areas is the formation of a healthy lifestyle. Installation on life and health, perfection physical, spiritual, social - it's fashionable!

Follow the 10 rules of a healthy lifestyle!

BE FASHIONABLE!

1. exercise3-5 times a week, without overstraining the body with intense physical activity. Be sure to find a way of physical activity for yourself.
2. Follow the diet.Don't overeat and don't starve. Eat 4-5 times a day, eating the amount of proteins, vitamins and minerals necessary for a growing body, limiting yourself to animal fats and sweets.

1. Don't overworkmental work. Get satisfaction from learning activities.

1. In your free time, be creative. Take an active part in organizing school events, attend circles, sections.
2. Know and follow the rules of communication.- Be kind to people. (Speak polite words more often, always tell the truth, because a lie does not paint a person, do not interrupt elders, do not pollute your speech with obscene words.) - Before entering into a conflict situation, think about what result you want to get. – In a conflict, recognize not only your own interests, but also the interests of another person. This will allow you to maintain normal mental health. Remember! Communication is daily work!
3. Maintain a sleep and wake schedule.Develop, taking into account your individual characteristics of character, a way to go to sleep, allowing you to quickly fall asleep and fully restore your strength.
4. Follow the rules of personal hygiene and safe behavior.Dress strictly for the weather. Observe safety precautions during physical labor, doing a variety, when using sports equipment.
5. Take care of your eyesight. Do not spend a lot of time at the computer and TV!
6. Engage in hardening of the bodyand find ways for yourself to help beat a cold.

1. Don't let others, those who pretend to be your "experienced" friendlure you into a trap.Learn not to give in when you are offered to try a cigarette or alcohol, narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances and their analogues and other intoxicating substances. If an uncomfortable feeling arises - do not be shy - firmly declare your attitude to this, say a resolute and unequivocal NO! Do not let others do something against their will!

Making the right choice is difficult, but it will make you more confident, stronger and more successful!

A healthy lifestyle for teenagers is not just important, but vital if a young person and his parents want him to achieve success, be healthy and purposeful. Today we will try to figure out why such a healthy model of behavior is better, the components and benefits of its implementation. Let's also take a look at environmental factors that can interfere with the natural development of a person.

A healthy lifestyle of a teenager includes a number of various social and domestic moments. It is easy to include the solution of medical problems, the presence of certain necessary housing conditions, material well-being, the rational use of free time, the conscious decision to abandon bad habits, physical activity, control over the problem of drug abuse, the presence of successful interpersonal relationships. In general, this list can be continued further, but we will focus only on a few important aspects that, one way or another, concern every parent.

Water procedures are an excellent hardening tool

This includes daily activities for:
- hardening by air, sun, water;
- hygiene;
- ensuring motor activity;
- the presence of a balanced diet;
- creating a harmonious psycho-emotional state;
— implementation of the principles of environmental protection.

It is quite easy to place natural and full development if there are the following unfavorable factors in the life of a teenager:
- insufficient amount of physical activity;
- irrationally composed baby food with excess salt and fat;
- stress;
- the presence of bad habits;
- Inadequate, disturbed sleep.
However, there are many more environmental factors that have a harmful effect on humans. By the way, WHO allocates about two hundred.

Leisure and physical activity: the benefits and necessity of developing your body

The formation of a healthy lifestyle in adolescents is inextricably linked with the presence of a good rest. The tasks that young men and women solve during this period, related to study, the choice of a future profession, as well as the formation of a mature organism, require dynamism and intensity from a person. Leisure must be directed to replenishing the spent forces, as well as to identifying and developing existing abilities.

Physical culture is an essential element of a healthy lifestyle

It is extremely difficult to overestimate the formation of a healthy lifestyle by means of physical culture. Movement in general is one of the most important signs of life. For adolescents, the presence of physical activity means increased efficiency and, of course, health promotion. The sad moment is that a rather small percentage of the population is purposefully engaged in physical education.

As a result, physical inactivity (lack of movement) is the cause of various diseases of the cardiovascular, respiratory system, musculoskeletal system and other organs of the human body.

Scientists have conducted interesting studies that have shown that with a lack of physical activity, mental activity is sharply reduced. Already on the next day of the experiment, work efficiency reaches only 50%, nervous tension sharply increases, irritability grows, concentration of attention decreases, and the time to complete tasks increases. In general, the result is not the most rosy. That is why at least a small, but regular exercise is so necessary!

The influence of physical activity on thought processes

The importance of physical activity turns out to be extremely important for our mental activity. This happens because our brain uses only 10% of nerve cells in the process of mental activity. All the rest regulate the work of our body.

For mental activity, it is extremely important that signals-impulses come from the periphery. If the brain ceases to receive such stimulation, then its activity gradually fades and the person wants to sleep. From all of the above, the conclusion follows that muscle tension is one of the necessary conditions for mental activity.

Each of us who has experienced fatigue after a hard day at work can now realize that this fatigue is the result of fatigue of the cerebral cortex, a decrease in the amount of oxygen and glucose in the blood, as well as the accumulation of metabolic metabolic products.

It is worth figuring out how to remove these negative consequences in order to fully lead a healthy lifestyle for young people. So, there are several ways to solve this problem. Firstly, you can rest passively, and secondly, you can use medications that increase the efficiency of brain cells. The first option is not particularly effective, and the second leads to nervous exhaustion.

There is a third way, which is also safe. This requires any physical tension of the muscles and the body as a whole. Any sports activity is suitable: running, swimming, yoga, gymnastics, etc. Hardening will help to enhance the effect, which stimulates the protective properties of the body, improves local immunity.

The importance of good nutrition for well-being and academic success

Proper nutrition for teenagers is important from many points of view. It is during this period of life that a variety of diseases are actively laid, which are associated with malnutrition. And this, by the way, includes not only diseases of the stomach, intestines, but also of the nervous, endocrine and other systems, since the processes of removing harmful substances are disrupted. A growing organism quickly enough adapts to overloads and nutritional deficiencies, this can create the illusion that everything is fine. Here lies the prerequisite for the appearance of overweight or underweight.

Irregular nutrition in schoolchildren occurs due to the heavy workload of the educational process, lack of time. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that insufficient levels of trace elements come with food. Proper nutrition is the basis of full-fledged mental and physical activity, health, performance, life expectancy.

Rational nutrition is the basis of health

Proper nutrition for teenagers menu includes about 50 different components. A person needs all nutrients, and it is necessary that they enter in certain proportions. Those are determined taking into account the gender of the person, his age and other factors.

The educational process for a teenager is largely associated with stress. During such periods of time, it must be remembered that the body more than ever needs proteins, B vitamins, pantothenic acid, vitamins A, E, choline, since each of these elements is involved in the production of pituitary and adrenal hormones. It would seem that what these hormones have to do with it, but the ability of our body to withstand stress largely depends on them.

A healthy lifestyle for teenagers is not just words. It helps a person not only feel full, but also is a kind of choice of life position. Boys and girls, already almost adults, decide for themselves what is good and what they want to avoid. If parents believe that they can control every step of their child, then they are deeply mistaken. That is why it is important that the principles of a healthy lifestyle are a conscious choice of the teenager himself, then these rules take root, are used and benefit.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

BASHKIR STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY

REPRESENTATION IN THE CITY OF BELORETSK

SOCIAL AND HUMANITARIAN FACULTY

Department of Social Pedagogy

Course work

HEALTHY LIFESTYLES AS A CONDITION FOR THE COMPLETE DEVELOPMENT OF A TEENAGER

Introduction

The concept of a healthy lifestyle

The state of health of the modern teenager

Ways to introduce a teenager to a healthy lifestyle

Conclusion

Literature

Annex 1

Annex 2

Annex 3

Introduction

Relevance of the topic. A healthy lifestyle does not yet occupy the first place in the hierarchy of needs and values ​​of a teenager. But if we teach a teenager to appreciate, protect and strengthen their health, if we demonstrate a healthy lifestyle by personal example, then only in this case we can hope that future generations will be healthier and developed not only personally, intellectually, spiritually, but also physically . If earlier they used to say: “In a healthy body there is a healthy mind”, then those who say that without the spiritual there can be no healthy mind will not be mistaken.

Numerous studies in recent years show that during the period of schooling, the number of healthy adolescents decreases by four times. One of the most common pathologies in adolescents is impaired visual acuity, which in some regions of Russia is up to 30-40%.

At present, a special direction in pedagogy has arisen: “pedagogy of recovery”. Health improvement is based on the idea of ​​a healthy child, which is a practically achievable norm of child development and is considered as an integral body-spiritual organism.

A.A. Nikolskaya identified general provisions on the main features of child development:

Development takes place gradually and sequentially;

Between spiritual and physical development there is the same inseparable connection as between mental, emotional and volitional activity, and the correct organization of education and training provides for harmonious all-round development;

Different aspects of mental activity do not participate in the process of development simultaneously, and the speed of their development and energy are not the same; development can go in the middle course, or take root, depending on various reasons;

It is impossible to artificially force children's development, it is important to let each age period "outlive itself."

Preparing for a healthy lifestyle of a teenager based on health-saving technologies should become a priority in the activities of every educational institution for children of any age.

The purpose of this study: to consider the theoretical issues of the influence of a healthy lifestyle on the development of a teenager.

Object of study: the process of full development of a teenager.

Subject of study: a healthy lifestyle as a condition for the full development of a teenager.

Based on the purpose, object and subject of the study, it is possible to determine the objectives of the study:

open the concept of a healthy lifestyle;

consider the state of health of a modern teenager;

identify ways to introduce a teenager to a healthy lifestyle.

The following methods are: theoretical (analysis of scientific literature, comparative, modeling);

The structure of the work: the course work consists of an introduction, three paragraphs, a conclusion, a list of references, an application.

Practical significance. Develop a program on a healthy lifestyle, as a condition for the full development of a teenager.

Healthy lifestyle concept

Health is the pinnacle

you have to climb all the time.

folk proverb

The state of health of the younger generation is the most important indicator of the well-being of society and the state, reflecting not only the present situation, but also giving an accurate forecast for the future. The labor resources of the country, its security, political stability, economic well-being and the moral level of the population directly depend on the state of health of children, adolescents, and youth.

The problem of adolescent health today is more relevant than ever. At present, it is safe to say that it is the teacher, the teacher who is able to do more for the health of the student than the doctor. This does not mean that the teacher should fulfill the duties of a medical worker. It's just that the teacher should work in such a way that teaching children at school does not harm the health of schoolchildren.

Trying to establish the relationship between the attitude of a teacher to his health, his need for a healthy lifestyle and the implementation of an appropriate educational impact on his students, in practice we are faced with the fact that the teachers themselves openly say that they cannot be an example in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. lifestyle for their students. The lower the level of literacy of a teacher in matters of maintaining and promoting health, the less effective the pedagogical impact on students.

Of course, among many human values, health occupies one of the first places. Out of the ten most important factors necessary for a full human life, UN experts put it in first place.

The health of the entire population and every person is an invaluable wealth of our country.

The health of both an individual and the population of our planet as a whole depends on a complex of various factors: social, economic, climatic, etc. And yet it is established that more than 50% of health is determined by the way of life of the person himself, by the human factor.

It is important to emphasize that, until recently, health care and medical science have focused on the sick, falling ill, i.e. those who need medical assistance - treatment and restoration of the working capacity of a weakened body. For a new stage in the development of health care in our country, when the annual medical examination of the entire population is gradually introduced, not only health protection is characteristic, but also its strengthening, improvement, and build-up. Primary prevention is becoming a priority in Russian health care. In this regard, along with a deep study of the factors of the disease and a sick person, a new problem arose - a comprehensive study of the factors of a healthy lifestyle.

But it is necessary to give an interpretation to a number of fundamental concepts - health, lifestyle, disease, prevention. This is necessary in order to know what meaning underlies this or that definition.

It should be noted that none of the above concepts can be interpreted unambiguously. Each of them has a large list of meanings that differ significantly from each other. Such diversity in understanding the essence of the phenomenon and biological processes occurring in the human body is a reflection of the ambiguity of the person himself.

The process of cognition of human nature is more than 2 thousand years old. It continues today. However, the more science accumulates knowledge about man, the more evidence of his diverse nature.

So, the term health cannot be formulated unambiguously. Currently, there are more than 60 definitions of this concept. None of them can reveal it in full. This is understandable. Because the person himself is ambiguous not only externally, but also internally. His behavior, perception, views, thoughts, misdeeds, reactions to this or that influence are ambiguous. Different people reflect reality in completely different ways. BUT, perhaps the most interesting thing is that the same impact at different times reacts completely differently.

In very remote times, health was defined as the absence of disease. We proceeded from such an alternative: if a person is not sick, then he is healthy. However, life does not stand still. She is improving and changing. Times are changing, and we are changing with them. Our views and concepts are changing. Modern man is no longer satisfied with only the absence of only the absence of disease, which in itself is already good. The concept of health has been transformed into a broader idea of ​​a person as a more social being than a biological one. It was enriched with such a concept as "well-being". It turns out that in the modern world it is not enough not to have a disease, one must also be prosperous in various respects.

A new definition of "health" was first formulated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1940. It sounds like this: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease.” True in meaning, the definition, however, does not reflect all possible states of a person. It is quite endowed with an obvious abstraction. The most serious shortcoming of this definition is the absence in it of any mention of a person's worldview, his attitude to himself, to the surrounding reality and the place of a person in it. The worldview is formed on the basis of the knowledge, skills and abilities that a person receives in early childhood. It is knowledge that forms the worldview, and it, in turn, forms the culture of a person. Of course, in this case, it is a medical, or rather, a hygienic culture, as an element of universal human culture. Thus, human health is not only the absence of disease and well-being, it is no less the presence of a hygienic worldview and a hygienic culture. It can be said without exaggeration that human culture begins, first of all, with maintaining the purity of one's body, spirit and home.

It is the worldview, i.e. certain set of knowledge. Assimilated cultural values, initially determines the behavior of a person, his medical or hygienic activity, aimed at maintaining and strengthening health at various stages of his growth and development. It is the worldview that determines the need for good health. Concern for health and its strengthening is a natural need of a cultured person, an integral element of his personality.

All this taken together determines the motivation of human behavior aimed at maintaining health as an invaluable gift of nature itself. In recent years, the pragmatic value of health has increased. This is due to a change in social attitudes in society, a revision of value orientations. Gradually comes the understanding that health is an essential condition in any area of ​​human activity - material or spiritual. You can often hear: "It would be health, and the rest will follow." It is difficult to disagree with this statement. The general culture of a person largely shapes his way of life.

The interpretation of the concept of "well-being" affects all aspects of human life. A person is in a state of complete well-being, when the physical, social, mental (intellectual), spiritual, emotional components of his life are harmoniously combined, when his career growth is successful. Each individually and collectively they have the most significant impact on the health and well-being of a person, on the full value of his life.

A lifestyle should be understood as such human behavior, which is aimed at maintaining and strengthening health and is based on hygiene standards, requirements and rules. A way of life is a kind of system of views that a person develops in the process of life under the influence of various factors on the problem of health, not as some kind of abstraction, but as a concrete expression of a person’s capabilities in achieving any goal.

One of the most important factors or elements of the external environment is education and enlightenment in their concrete expression, i.e. in the system of hygienic knowledge, skills and abilities aimed at maintaining and strengthening health. From what will be laid down in a person from early childhood, his worldview, culture and way of life will largely depend. Education is closely related to upbringing. These are debts and a difficult process of pedagogical influence on a person throughout his growth and development, the formation of his personality, and the education of character. From the direction in which the development of a person will take place, including the development of universal and national culture, value orientation and norms of social life, his attitude to himself, his life and position in society will subsequently depend.

What is a disease? To give an exhaustive definition of the disease is completely hopeless. To do this, it is necessary, first of all, to understand what the doctor is repelling from, making his conclusion: “You are completely healthy!” or, on the contrary: "You are completely sick!". The doctor's judgments are based on the concept of "norm". The norm is a completely defined system of indicators of the state of the human body: its structure, structure, functions, which are within specified limits and reflect the well-being of a person as good. When we get sick, we usually say that we don't feel well. An objective reflection of our state is the indicators of the internal environment in qualitative or quantitative terms.

The physical and chemical state of the internal environment of the body, the dimensions of the body and its individual parts, any functional functions have a completely definite quantitative or qualitative expression. This is a kind of standard with which the doctor compares the results of his observations, laboratory or instrumental studies of vital functions obtained during the examination of the patient. This standard was obtained on the basis of generalization, including statistical data of centuries-old observations of doctors around the world. It can be concluded that the concept of the norm, as a reflection of the internal environment of the body, is not absolute, but relative. Therefore, the lower the level of destruction, the more difficult it is to make a diagnosis.

Structural model of biological system organization

Levels of organization of a biological system	Levels of damaging effects, diseases.
Organismic (whole organism)	Electromagnetic fields, different wavelength ranges
Organ and organ system	Atherosclerosis
Tissue	Systemic diseases: rheumatism, lupus erythematosus
Cellular	Chlamydia, malaria
Subcellular
Molecular	Radiation, chemicals
Submolecular	Radiation

Any influence of the external environment on the human body causes its response. A feature of the external environment is its constant variability and the simultaneous influence of many factors that differ from each other in quantitative and qualitative terms. In real life, at any given time, a person is directly affected by a large number of factors at the same time. Consequently, the response of the body is ambiguous.

Nevertheless, a disease is a violation of the normal functioning of the body, due to functional or morphological (structural) changes (possibly both at the same time) that occur as a result of exposure to endogenous, i.e. located in the human body, or exogenous, located in the external environment, factors. It is possible, however, that the functional disorders of the body's activity are nothing more than structural (morphological) changes at a fairly low level of organization of the biological system, which are difficult to study even with the help of the most modern research methods.

One of the most important areas in medicine since the time of Hippocrates (about 460 - 370 BC), Avicenna (Abu Ali ibn Sina about 980 - 1037), is the prevention of disease. Translated from Greek, prevention means the prevention of certain diseases, the preservation of health and the prolongation of human life. In recent years, prevention has become of great importance and has a special meaning due to the fact that the treatment of a disease is a very expensive pleasure and preventing a disease, doing everything to preserve human health for many years, is easier, simpler and more reliable than curing a disease.

What should be understood by the term "prevention"? Prevention is a system of measures (collective or individual) aimed at preventing or eliminating the causes of the disease, which differ in nature. Diseases arise as a result of exposure to certain factors of the external or internal environment that exceed the adaptive-compensatory capabilities of the body, and are also transmitted from a sick person, a bacillus carrier, or a sick animal to a healthy one.

Throughout life, a person is influenced by a wide variety of factors of the external and internal environment of the body:

There are so many factors that it is probably impossible to list them all, to determine exactly which factor is completely harmless and which is very harmful to a person. Apparently a lot depends on the measure of influence. However, despite such a wide variety of factors, factors can be ranked in order of their importance for health not only for an individual, but for humanity as a whole.

According to Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Yu.P. Lisitsyn, who is a recognized authority in the field of preventive medicine, among the factors that determine human health, environmental accounts for about 20-25% of all impacts; 20% are biological (hereditary) factors; 10% - development of medicine and organization of the healthcare system. The main factor, the impact of which on health is estimated at 50-55%, is lifestyle. These data testify to the priority role of education in the preservation and formation of health, since it helps a person to build a correct lifestyle and competently take care of his health.

Over the past ten years, the ministries of health and education have carried out some work to form a regulatory framework that makes it possible to more effectively take care of the health of the younger generation.

And yet, everything depends on the person himself, on his way of life, so everyone should learn a simple and clear idea: health is in our own hands. In many ways, our performance, endurance, and longevity depend on us. In a word, to know yourself is to train yourself.

Thus, a healthy lifestyle is a person's behavior that reflects a certain life position aimed at maintaining and strengthening health and based on the implementation of norms, rules and the requirement of personal and general hygiene.

2. The state of health of the modern teenager

“We shorten our lives by our intemperance, by our helplessness, by our ugly treatment of our own organism.”

V. Mayakovsky

Health statistics, which are widely published in special and popular publications, must be treated with caution. The results significantly depend on the base on which the studies were conducted, therefore, in different regions of the country, the indicators differ markedly. But to an even greater extent, the conclusions of scientists are determined by research methods and evaluation criteria. To be convinced of this, it is enough to compare the conclusions about the state of health of recruits made by the doctors of the draft board and the specialists of the medical center equipped with modern equipment.

As the most representative study of the health of schoolchildren can be considered conducted in 2002. Ministry of Health prophylactic medical examination. According to preliminary data, about 60% of students suffer from one or another chronic disease, often several, i.e. almost 2/3 of our school desks are sick children! But the remaining third of schoolchildren can hardly be classified as healthy. The absence of a medical diagnosis is not yet evidence of health. Let us recall a well-known joke (in which, unfortunately, there is only a fraction of a joke): "A healthy person is an insufficiently examined person."

Among students who do not have chronic diseases, more than half are those who are "between health and illness", in the so-called "third state". These are a variety of functional disorders that have not reached the level of the disease, but testify to the tension of the body's adaptive resources (disadaptation disorders), an increased risk of a clinically pronounced pathology. Failure to comply with additional requirements for conditions and lifestyle, the nature of the load, determined by this risk group, inevitably leads to the transition of a person from this group to the group of patients in chronic or acute forms.

Thus, according to averaged data obtained by various specialists in recent years, no more than 10% of current schoolchildren can be considered practically healthy. Pediatricians, parents, teachers and educators, daily faced with the problems of children's health problems, do not always act competently, helping the child to cope with his painful condition. Children, adolescents, young men and women themselves are trying to get used to living in conditions of limited freedom (“illness is a life constrained in their freedom”) and are in great need of understanding and constructive help from adults.

The assessment of the health status of the child population, the definition of criteria that characterize and determine it, are built taking into account the so-called "defining signs of health", which include:

the absence of any disease at the time of the examination;

harmonious and age-appropriate development (physical and mental);

normal level of functions;

no tendency to disease.

For the gradation of children's health, its qualitative characteristics are used. Children, based on the results of medical examinations, are divided into 5 "health groups":

I - healthy, normally developing, without functional
deviations;

II - healthy, in the presence of functional or small
morphological deviations;

Patients in a compensated state;

Patients in a subcompensated state;

V - patients in a decompensated state.

The first group consists of schoolchildren who do not have chronic diseases, who did not get sick or rarely got sick during the observation period and have normal, age-appropriate physical and neuropsychic development (healthy, without deviations).

The second group consists of children and adolescents who do not suffer from chronic diseases, but have some functional and morphological abnormalities, as well as often (4 or more times a year) or long-term (more than 25 days for one disease) sick. Clarification of the composition of this group is especially important, since functional deviations in one way or another prevent such children from exercising their social functions.

The third group includes those who have chronic diseases or congenital pathology in a state of compensation with rare and mild exacerbations of a chronic disease, without a pronounced violation of the general condition and well-being (patients in a state of compensation).

The fourth group includes students with chronic diseases, congenital malformations in a state of subcompensation with impaired general condition and well-being after an exacerbation, with a protracted period of convalescence after acute diseases (patients in a state of subcompensation).

The fifth group includes patients with severe chronic diseases in a state of decompensation and with significantly reduced functionality (patients in a state of decompensation). As a rule, such patients do not attend general institutions for children and adolescents and are observed according to individual schemes.

Children are divided into health groups by doctors, but this should be taken into account by school teachers, especially those who carry out targeted work to preserve the health of students. This account allows you to:

obtain statistical slices of health indicators and the number of relevant health groups to assess the overall picture of the health of students in a given educational institution, district or city in order to plan recreational work;

evaluate the effectiveness of treatment and preventive work carried out in an educational institution;

identify risk factors affecting the collective health of children;

determine the need for specialized activities and personnel.

Usually about 20-25% of students fall into the first group. This indicator has remained virtually unchanged over the past 50 years, but the qualitative characteristics of this contingent have changed. A significant part of today's "healthy" children are those who have not been given a medical diagnosis, but whose condition is characterized by reduced adaptive capabilities and actually belongs to the "third state" according to the classification of I.I. Brekhman,

CM. Grombakh (1981) proposed another grouping of the population, which, based on the state of health of each individual, reflects the possibility of carrying out the basic social functions inherent in him. It takes into account the specifics of the contingent of students to a greater extent and also includes 5 groups:

I- free, unlimited exercise of social functions;

II - partial, in a narrow direction, limited implementation of their social functions;

Limited implementation of social functions;

Sharply limited implementation of social functions;

V - the impossibility of carrying out the social functions inherent in this person.

According to Professor Grombach, the main social function of school-age children is the fulfillment of all the requirements of school education, including the development of general education subjects, labor training, and physical education. Therefore, children and adolescents who fully meet these requirements should be assigned to group I. As for persons who, due to health reasons, cannot fully exercise their social function and, therefore, do not fall into group I, their assignment to one of the other groups is based on the severity of deviations in their health status and the corresponding restrictions in the performance of social functions.

Belonging to one or another social and hygienic group of health is determined not by the actual fulfillment by the individual of his social function, but by the state of health that allows this fulfillment without extreme strain on the body's compensatory mechanisms. Thus, the "price" of health is determined by the implementation of a particular activity. At the same time, this grouping does not cancel, but only supplements the grouping of children according to medical health groups. The foregoing can be clearly illustrated by sampling statistical data on the main medical indicator of the state of health of the population - morbidity over the past 5 years, the primary incidence of children in Moscow has increased by 12%, adolescents - by 35%; the frequency of oncological diseases increased by 14%; diseases of the endocrine system - by 29.8%, blood diseases - by 36.2%, asthma - by 43%, diseases of the digestive system - by 22.6%. For the first time in 40 years, doctors faced the problem of malnutrition in adolescent boys. The dystrophy of recruits has become one of the leading causes of dropouts at recruiting stations. At the same time, the number of overweight adolescents has also increased. Thus, there are significantly fewer recruits who have a body weight within the normal range. Today's teenagers have indicators in height, chest circumference, dynamometry that are much worse than their peers 10-15 years ago.

Comparative analysis of the parameters of the physical development of high school students who studied in 1996-1999. and 1985-1987, indicates a decrease in the average population indicator of body weight, an increase by 10-13% in the number of people with asthenic physique, a decrease in height by 0.5-1.5 cm, chest circumference - by 4.5- 8.5 cm. A regression of power capabilities according to the dynamometry of the right hand by 2.7-4.9 kg was established. This reflects a certain physical degradation of the younger generation over the past few years.

The health of schoolgirls is deteriorating at a very rapid pace. Over the past 10 years, the number of healthy female graduates has decreased from 28.3% to 6.3%, i.e. more than Zraza. The number of girls with chronic diseases has increased from 40% to 75%. According to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, out of 6 million adolescents aged 15-17 who underwent preventive examinations, 94.5% had various diseases. At the same time, a third of diseases limit the choice of a future profession. Nearly 40% of young men are not medically fit to serve in the Armed Forces, and those who are found fit are rarely in good health. During the period of military service, the course of many chronic diseases becomes more complicated, the possibility of their cure in the future becomes unlikely.

According to B.C. Likhoded et al. (2000), only 9.5% of urban and 3% of rural students were practically healthy. Screening testing revealed the presence of neuropsychiatric disorders in 65.1% of rural schoolchildren, pulmonological, cardio-rheumatological, ENT diseases - in 7.8%, 4.8%, 5.8%, respectively. For urban schoolchildren, the corresponding figures are 58.3%, respectively; 12.3%; 14.3%; 0.7%.

I.P. Egorova and co-authors, note the annual growth trend of chronic morbidity in schoolchildren with an average annual rate of 5.84%. During the period of study, the number of healthy children decreases by 4 times, the number of myopic children increases from 1st grade to graduation from 3.9 to 12.3%, with neuropsychiatric disorders - from 5.6 to 16.4%, posture disorders - from 1.9 to 16.8%. During the study period, the incidence of the cardiovascular system increased by 2.8 times, and the lack of catering at school led to an increase in chronic diseases of the digestive system by 2.8 times, blood diseases - by 3.3 times: from 0.26% to 0 .78%.

One of the most common pathologies in schoolchildren is impaired visual acuity, which in a number of regions of Russia is up to 30-40%. (In the USA, the average figures are 18%; in Germany - 13%; in Poland - 21%.) In Moscow, the decrease in visual acuity at school (23.3-25.5%) is higher than the city average (21.8 %). Myopia occupies a leading place in this pathology and is one of the causes of disability and restrictions in the choice of profession. The percentage of children with myopia increases towards the end of education. With age, the degree of myopia also progresses. Thus, high degrees of myopia (6.0 D and above) in middle and older age are 2 times more common than in primary school age. Therefore, the protection of the student's vision should be aimed not only at preventing myopia, but also at curbing its progression.

The main medical group is assigned with visual acuity of 0.5 and above (with and without correction) and the degree of refractive error up to ± 3.0 D; preparatory group - with visual acuity below 0.5 (with correction) and the degree of refractive error up to ± 3.0 D and regardless of visual acuity - with the degree of refractive error from 4.0 D to 6.0 D. Starting from 7.0 D, regardless of the degree of visual acuity reduction, breathing exercises are advisable. In the presence of changes in the fundus of the eye, regardless of the degree of decrease in visual acuity, the admission to physical education classes is decided by the ophthalmologist.

Pathology of the musculoskeletal system (postural disorders and curvature of the spine) is more common in debilitated children who have had illnesses, especially those associated with impaired salt metabolism. Of the concomitant diseases that affect the formation of bad postures, the development of deformities, there are eye diseases, malformations of the spine, feet, diseases of the lungs, heart, etc. The prevalence of posture disorders and scoliosis in Moscow schoolchildren is significantly higher than the average for the city (10% vs. 4.9% and 6.5% versus 0.4%, respectively).

Among the most common forms of pathology in schoolchildren are diseases of the cardiovascular system (abnormalities in blood pressure, vegetative-vascular dystonia, etc.), digestive system (caries, gastritis, cholecystitis, colitis, etc.), and allergic manifestations. The latter, as well as the pathology of the respiratory system, are especially pronounced in children living in ecologically unfavorable regions and having impaired immunity, a decrease in the body's defenses.

A special place in the structure of children's pathology is occupied by diseases of the nervous system and mental sphere. With the general high prevalence of these diseases in the population, children with obvious mental disorders do not study in general schools. Therefore, among the students, those who have neuropsychiatric disorders are of a borderline nature predominate. Usually these are astheno-neurotic and other maladaptive states, as well as neurotic and pathocharacterological deviations. According to a number of researchers (Smirnov N.K., 1998; Gromov M.Yu., 1999; Kuleev I.S., 2001; Kuznetsova M.L. et al., 2000, etc.), children and adolescents with such disorders are up to 80% of students in secondary schools. This allows us to consider the problem of mental health of the younger generation as extremely relevant. It is no coincidence that in recent years thousands of studies and several major conferences in our country and abroad have been devoted to it, the participants of which note a noticeable disadvantage in this area of ​​health protection associated with school problems.

So, L.II. Velikanova (1998) notes an increased level of students' anxiety as an indicator of a pre-morbid condition, suggesting using it as a marker of risk groups; during screening.

Filed by N.O. Belyashina and others, only 40 to 65% of students cope with the school curriculum. O.M. Filkina et al. in the same study found that adolescents aged 15-17 years with deteriorating somatic health have inadequate self-esteem in 50% of cases, high anxiety - in 89%, irritability - in 78%, emotional lability - in 67%, low self-control - in 73%. 87% of these schoolchildren have an increased level of neuroticism.

I.S. Dronov et al. (1998). In particular, the factor of insufficient experience of novice teachers is emphasized.

It should be taken into account that data on the level of mental pathology of the younger generation are one of the important indicators of the quality of the country's labor resources, its security, and therefore are not always published in the open press. Of particular importance to these issues is the fact that it is on the psyche of the child that the main burden falls in educational institutions. Under the influence of the total school load, all functional deviations in students become more frequent, especially asthenic and neurotic manifestations, arterial hypotension, predemia, a decrease in the immunological resistance of the adaptive function of the adrenal glands, which is often associated with chronic stress.

The growth of pathology among students is a characteristic trend of the last decade. So, according to V.R. Kuchma (2001), over the past 10 years, the prevalence of functional disorders and chronic diseases of the cardiovascular system among high school students has increased from 10.3% to 17.8%, the digestive system - from 6.6% to 12.5%, the spine - from 4.3% to 15.7%, ENT organs - from 6.7% to 10.5%, endocrine-metabolic disorders - from 2.4% to 7.3%. At the same time, the growth of pathology among students of new types of schools is especially noted.

According to specialists from the Research Institute of Hygiene and Health Protection of Children and Adolescents, the following negative trends have been noticeable in recent years:

a significant decrease in the number of absolutely healthy children (there are no more than 10-12% of them);

the rapid growth in the number of functional disorders and chronic diseases, which are registered in more than 50-60% of schoolchildren;

a sharp increase in the proportion of pathology of the digestive system, musculoskeletal system, kidneys and urinary tract;

an increase in the number of schoolchildren with several diagnoses (20% of high school students have a history of 5 or more diagnoses).

The health status of rural schoolchildren is better in a number of indicators than urban ones: the frequency of functional disorders of the nervous system, high blood pressure, biliary dyskinesia, obesity, dental caries, flat feet and scoliosis is lower. However, in comparison with the average data for Russia, rural schoolchildren have sharply higher rates of injuries (27% vs. 8%), ENT diseases (15% vs. 3%), myopia (18% vs. 9%), allergies (4% vs. 2.8%).

The need for increased attention specifically to the functional deviations of children and adolescents assigned to health group I is determined by the fact that they are observed by doctors to a lesser extent than those assigned to health groups III-V, but it is in them (in 46.5% of cases) a chronic pathology is formed, which subsequently fixes such children in groups of patients for a long time. These data confirm the advantages of primary prevention over therapeutic measures and necessitate a differentiated approach to the treatment of children, taking into account the totality of socio-hygienic and biomedical factors that significantly affect the outcome of deviations in health.

In a study of the health of tenth graders, conducted by employees of the Center for Education and Health under the guidance of M.M. Bezrukikh (2002), the following results were obtained. Caries is the most common (40.1% of adolescents), which indicates the low effectiveness of measures for the sanitation of the oral cavity. The second place in terms of prevalence is occupied by postural disorders and other disorders of the musculoskeletal system (28.8%). A decrease in visual acuity was revealed according to class passports in 23.3%. Diseases of the endocrine system (pathology of the thyroid gland, etc.) have the same distribution, which the authors explain by the influence of factors during puberty. Pathology of the cardiovascular system was detected in 16% of students. ENT diseases (15.7%) and functional digestive disorders (14.4%) are next on the list of the most common health disorders. Next come respiratory diseases (12.2%), allergic diseases (10.8%), disorders of the nervous system (10.0%).

The distribution by health groups also fixes the difference between schoolchildren living in urban and rural areas. Thus, 24.3% of girls and 33.7% of boys from the city and 36.0% and 38.2% of rural schoolchildren, respectively, are assigned to health group I. To the II group of health - girls from the city - 49.7%, boys - 46.7%, and from the village - 42.8% and 43.8%, respectively. Group III includes 25.7% of urban girls and 18.8% of urban boys (20.4% of rural girls and 17.5% of rural boys).

The reduced health level of high school students is also reflected in the acute morbidity rates, of which 48% account for respiratory viral infections, 17% for influenza, and 12% for tonsillitis of the total number of colds. The surge of these diseases occurs in October and February.

The assessment of the health status of schoolchildren through the eyes of their mentors is presented in the results of a survey of a representative group of teachers (more than 450 people), which showed that 65% assess the health status of students as "satisfactory", 26.3% - as "poor", 8.4% - as “good” and only 0.7% as “very good”.

Thus, the above data, which make up only an insignificant part of the materials published recently, testify to the pronounced unfavorable health of students in our schools. The impact of the learning process and its intensification on the health of students. Many scientists and practicing teachers have come to the conclusion that training and education inevitably have an adverse effect on health. Moreover, even Catherine the Great said that it is necessary not to load with knowledge, but to cultivate interest in learning. In the 50-60s. In the 19th century, medical observations established a high prevalence among schoolchildren of myopia, posture disorders (mainly scoliosis), neurasthenia, and anemia. Their predominant distribution among students compared to non-student peers was so obvious and naturally increasing from class to class that the appearance of such ailments was considered an inevitable consequence of schooling, as a result of which they received the name "school diseases". This definition was given in 1870 by R. Virchow in his work “On Some Influences of the School Harmful to Health”. In 1891, the founder of hygiene F. Erisman wrote that "hygiene should require the simplification and reduction of curricula."

An analysis of the causes of "school illnesses" led doctors to conclude that the organization of education was unsatisfactory, leading to health problems. These shortcomings of education, in particular, include:

insufficient illumination of classes;

bad air in school buildings;

irregular shape and size of school tables;

study overload.

In the modern school, all these shortcomings have been preserved, but many others have been added to them. Thus, computerization is increasingly entering the school, creating an additional burden on the eyesight and psyche of students. The work of children with video displays is accompanied by a pronounced impact on vision. Workers experience discomfort, defined as a manifestation of asthenopia - functional disorders accompanied by unpleasant sensations in the eye area (stinging, burning, feeling of "sand", redness of the eyeballs, blurred vision, etc.) that occur after intense visual work.

Physiological and hygienic studies indicate a large variability in the sensitivity of users when working with a video monitor: fatigue occurs earlier and is more pronounced in children, especially with health disorders (nearsightedness, diseases of the nervous system) - with low quality monitors, adverse environmental conditions, disturbances in daily routine and work. The use of low-quality displays can contribute, according to WHO experts, to the development of myopia at a rate of 1 D per year. At the same time, controlled and regulated computer training did not have a negative impact on the growth, development and health of first graders.

The severity of complaints and the well-being of students after working on the display are mainly determined by the level of their neuropsychic health and emotional and mental attitude to this form of education. However, the final decision on the relationship between work on displays and the state of health of students is possible with a longer observation of the same contingent of schoolchildren, starting from primary school.

Deterioration of neuropsychic health in the senior class, as a rule, is associated with general high academic loads, unpreparedness of the student's body for them. Thus, a noticeable deterioration in health indicators is observed among schoolchildren who, in high school, additionally studied at preparatory courses at universities or with teachers.

Many other factors also influence the health of schoolchildren. Thus, studies in large-capacity schools have found that these schools have a higher acute incidence and a high index of absenteeism, 2-5 times higher than the incidence of colds. Exceeding the design capacity by 1.5-2.5 times increases the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections in schoolchildren, and the indicators of some forms of violations during second shift training increase by 2.5-3 times. Compared with the reasons for the adverse impact of the education process on health, noted in the century before last, the role of "intra-school factors" has increased in modern conditions. This includes the intensification of learning, including the use of technical teaching aids, and the transition to new forms of learning. A long school week, and educational stress, which is experienced by up to 80% of students, and a decrease in motor activity, even more pronounced hypokinesia of schoolchildren. That is, the learning process, as a rule, is organized without taking into account the impact on the health of students. The material and technical base of many educational institutions today does not allow for the preservation and strengthening of children's health.

Thus, it can be reasonably concluded that school education in Russia in the last decade has had an adverse effect on the health of students. This is also evidenced by a comparison of the number of practically healthy children who came to school (about 12-15%) with the number of healthy graduates, which are about 5%. From the first to the eighth grades, the number of healthy children decreases by 4 times; the number of children with myopia increases from 3 to 30%; the number of children with disorders of the musculoskeletal system increases by 1.5-2 times, with allergic diseases - by 3 times, with blood diseases - by 2.5 times, with nervous diseases - by 2 times.

This trend is also confirmed by the increase in the number of teenagers and young people who smoke, abuse alcohol, and use drugs, as well as the decrease in the age of initiation of these bad habits. And, although all these trends are due not only to the impact of the school, its role should not be underestimated. It is enough to look at the state of schoolchildren in the last lessons, to get acquainted with the results of medical, physiological and psychological studies conducted in schools in different regions of the country, to hear the opinions of parents and the students themselves.

Many researchers pay special attention to the unfavorable health situation of students in new types of schools: gymnasiums, colleges, etc. Increased workload does not go unnoticed. Up to 50% of high school students finish the school day with signs of severe and pronounced overwork. In secondary schools, the proportion of such children does not exceed 20-30%. By the end of the academic year, the frequency of hypertonic reactions in gymnasium students doubled, and the total number of adverse changes in blood pressure reached 90%. Manifestations of heightened neuroticism were found in the majority (up to 80%) of students in schools of the new type. The functional reserves of the body by the end of the school week are reduced in 30% of younger students, in 24% of students in grades 5-9 and in 20% of high school students.

V.T. Manchuk et al. (1998) came to the conclusion that higher than in a regular school, loads during developmental education (according to the Davydov-Elkonin, Zankov system) negatively affect the psycho-emotional state of students, increase their level of fatigue and neuroticism.

V.G. Maimulov et al. (2000) showed that 97% of 14-15-year-old adolescents who started their education in biomedical profile classes already have some or other deviations in their state of health, while 44% have chronic diseases and 53% - pathological deviations of a functional nature. Posture disorders were found in 84% of schoolchildren, decreased visual acuity - in 35.5%, dysfunction of the cardiovascular system - in 81%, of which 32% were vegetative-vascular disorders. Pathological damage among children of innovative institutions (56.2%) also exceeds similar indicators of students in regular schools (73.9%). An analysis of the absenteeism index showed that students tend to attend classes even at the expense of their own health, not wanting to lag behind their peers.

By the end of elementary school, the number of harmoniously developed children in progymnasiums is halved and amounts to 34%, while in secondary schools teaching according to a standard program, there are 64% of such children. In 10% of students of progymnasiums, a sharp disharmony of development is noted as a result of excess body weight and low functional indicators (A.Yu. Makarova, 2001).

The actual school load (according to the Institute of Developmental Physiology of the Russian Academy of Education, the Scientific Center for the Health of Children and Adolescents of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and a number of regional institutes), especially in lyceums and gymnasiums, in gymnasium classes, in classes with in-depth study of a number of subjects, averages 6 in elementary school .2-6.7 hours a day; in basic school - 7.2-8.3 hours a day; in secondary school - 8.6-9.2 hours a day. Together with the preparation of homework, the working day of a modern student is: 9-10 hours in primary, 10-12 in basic, 13-15 in secondary school. A significant increase in the teaching load in such educational institutions and classes does not go unnoticed: these children often have a high prevalence, severity of neuropsychiatric disorders, greater fatigue, accompanied by immune and hormonal dysfunctions, lower resistance to diseases and other disorders. Among the students of these schools, there are 1.2-2 times more children with a reduced functional reserve, underweight, pathology of the organs of vision, and chronic pathology than in a general education school (although not everything is safe in such a school). In most studies, there is a clear dependence of the growth of deviations in the state of health on the volume and intensity of the training load.

The intensification of the educational process goes in different ways. The first is an increase in the number of study hours (lessons, extracurricular activities, electives, etc.). Another option is a real reduction in the number of teaching hours while maintaining or increasing the volume of educational material. According to the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, over the past 50 years in primary school, the number of hours for educational areas has sharply decreased: philology (by 49%), mathematics (by 62%), but the content and volume of educational material in neither one nor the other area over these the years have not diminished. Such a sharp reduction in the number of hours inevitably had to lead to an increase in homework and intensification of the educational process.

Thus, the study load of up to 20% of schoolchildren in the 1st grade and from 20 to 40% of schoolchildren in the 10th grade significantly exceeds the existing hygienic and physiological standards, which leads to functional overload, disruption of the work and rest regime and can adversely affect the state of health (M.M. Bezrukikh).

The organization of the educational process, based on its intensification and the predominance of static loads, contributes to an artificial reduction in the volume of physical activity of students. Physical inactivity is not compensated by the existing organization of physical education at school. As a result, the natural resistance of the child's body decreases, development processes are disrupted. These impacts are exacerbated by the negative impact on the state of health of mass computerization of educational activities.

Unfortunately, the forecast of changes in the state of children's health in the coming years is also disappointing. Thus, deterioration in nutrition will lead to an increase in cases of underweight, stunted growth, sexual development, which will increase the retardation of development, and will also contribute to an increase in the prevalence of anemia, a decrease in nonspecific resistance and, as a result, an increase in both acute and chronic diseases.

Due to the unfavorable environmental and hygienic situation in many regions, an increase in both acute and chronic diseases, especially allergic ones, should be expected. In connection with the growth of stressful influences, one can expect a deterioration in neuropsychic health, immunity, an increase in gastroenterological diseases, vegetovascular dystonia, and a lack of body weight.

Of course, it is wrong to blame only the school for the deterioration in the health of adolescents: over 10-11 years of education, hundreds of factors unrelated to the influence on the body, the psyche of the student have; school and learning process. But, firstly, the contribution of the school to this complex negative (pathogenic) impact is very high; secondly, the school is a state institution that fulfills the requirements set by the state and society, among which, along with the task of providing all children with high-quality educational services, there is the task of ensuring the preservation of the health of citizens of our country, and, first of all, of the children's population (the constitutional right to health, the Law on Education, etc.). It is no coincidence that schools and other educational institutions hire only specialists, and not everyone who simply would like to educate and educate children. Accordingly, the requirements for such specialists include the need to take care of the health of their pupils, the requirements not to allow education to be accompanied by a loss of their health.

Unfortunately, there is still no federal strategy for protecting the health of the population, primarily for children. Accordingly, the division of tasks, areas of main activity, powers, responsibilities between the departments of health care, education and families of students is not spelled out. All this does not allow us to count on the elimination of the impact of negative factors of education on the health of schoolchildren.

Summarizing the review of the causes of problems in the health of students directly related to the work of the school, the entire system of our education, we agree with the conclusions of the majority of domestic experts in the field of student health (M.M. Bezrukikh, L.V. Bal, A.G. Ilyin, L M. Kuznetsova, V. R. Kuch-ml, M. I. Stepanova, A. G. Sukharev, L. M. Sukhareva, L. F. Tikhomirova and others) that among the most important causes of health problems Students should name the following:

stressogenic (didactogenic) technologies for conducting a lesson and assessing students' knowledge;

lack of physical activity of students, leading to physical inactivity and other health disorders of schoolchildren;

overload of curricula with factual information and excessive intensification of the educational process, causing overwork and distress in students;

improper catering for students at school (in particular, the lack of hot meals for children); the impossibility (inability) of many teachers in the conditions of the modern organization of the educational process to implement an individual approach to students in the process of educational work, taking into account psychological, physiological characteristics and health status.

Thus, every teacher, school director must take into account that a child present at a lesson in an ordinary school, as a rule, is not healthy. Ignoring this fact, conducting classes as if none of the students had health problems, is the wrong and unprofessional position of the teacher. Assessment of a condition that often interferes with the working mood of the child, his psychophysiological well-being, and also makes it difficult for the teacher to conduct a lesson, belongs to the professional competence of the teacher. The task is not to make a medical diagnosis (this will be done by a doctor if necessary), but to understand the child’s condition, the causes of its occurrence, which will allow us to build effective pedagogical tactics: if necessary, reduce the study load, provide psychological support, calm, switch attention, etc. This is the only way to help a child cope with his psychological problems in the classroom, to prevent or eliminate the stress of adaptation mechanisms that manifest themselves in disadaptation states.

3. Ways to involve a teenagerto a healthy lifestyle

Being healthy, young and beautiful is a talent! And everyone who understands that maintaining health is the work of the person himself has it.

F.L. Dolenko

Among the numerous factors that affect the health of a modern person, there are more and more those that threaten health or even life. In Russia, about 35,000 people die each year due to "unnatural" causes; the level of aggressiveness of the environment, both natural and social, is increasing. Analyzing the possibilities of protecting the health of students and teachers from these effects, it should be noted that their designation as "out-of-school" often leads to an underestimation of their role.

Many teachers believe that since these dangers threaten the child mainly outside the school, then the state, the parents of adolescents, should worry about this.

However, the most important task of the school is to help the teenager competently take care of himself and his health not only at school, but also after school, turning to specialists if necessary. The solution of these issues also requires the effectiveness of health-saving educational technologies.

What is Health Saving Technologies (HST)? This -

a systematically organized set of programs, techniques, methods of organizing the educational process that does not harm the health of its participants;

qualitative characteristics of pedagogical technologies in terms of their impact on the health of the student and teachers;

technological basis of health-saving technology.

Health-saving technologies at school is a systematically organized activity aimed at teachers, physicians and other school specialists, protecting the health of students and their own from the adverse effects of factors associated with the educational process and stay at school.

The main goal of using health-saving technologies is the health of schoolchildren, but without concern for the health of the teacher, this goal is difficult to achieve. The point is not only that an unhealthy teacher cannot provide the level of attention to the student that is necessary for effective care of his health, but also in the educational impact of the teacher. A full-fledged upbringing is also the formation of a culture of health, including by personal example. Therefore, it is very important to note the inextricable link between the health of the child and the health of the teacher.

The attitude of teachers to factors that negatively affect the health of their students, but are not directly related to the work of the school, can manifest itself in three different forms:

An indifferent attitude, ignoring their influences on the principle of “this is not envy from me”, which inevitably leads to a sharp increase in the risk to the health and life of the child.

A hyper-protective (anxious-paternalistic) attitude, in which a threat is seen in all manifestations of the surrounding world, and the student is perceived as a completely defenseless being. In an effort to protect the child from any dangers, such teachers, doctors and parents overdo it, not caring about the development of his own body forces, forming in the child the same anxious and distrustful attitude towards the world.

A constructive attitude that takes into account the child's own strengths, corresponding to the well-known position: "Change what you can, and change your attitude towards what you cannot change."

This is a flexible combination of two tactics of adaptation - adaptation and adaptation. It is this attitude that can be considered as optimal, educating its manifestation among both teachers and parents.

Of course, adolescence is an important stage in individual development, which is subject to all the general rules and patterns that are characteristic of a growing organism. At the same time, there is a lot of peculiar distinctiveness in it, peculiar only to this age period.

Preparing teenagers for life and work is one of the main goals of physical education. A teenager who leads a healthy lifestyle and receives great moral satisfaction himself.

Coming into contact with a teenager, the teacher must take into account his age, psyche, individual abilities and interests, relationships with parents, elders and comrades. The greater the moral experience of a teenager, the more strictly you need to treat him. At the same time, the moral activity of the teacher is aimed at educating adolescents, organizing their life experience and moral self-education, stimulating positive and inhibiting negative deeds. The means and methods of moral education of teenagers serve these purposes. The former help the teacher solve the moral problems of educating adolescents. These include all types of labor, study, social work, as well as playing, reading books, visiting cinema and theater, amateur art and technical creativity, physical culture and sports.

The most valuable means of educating teenagers is an outdoor game, where the rules are not as strict as in sports games, and in which you can participate without prior preparation. It helps shape the personality and character of a young person.

Reading, collecting, playing sports, watching movies and plays, etc. form the spiritual world of a teenager. This side of moral education should in no case be left to chance and take place spontaneously.

A typical mistake is when, relying on one or another means of education, teachers think. That it automatically forms character traits. Not a single means of education in itself can contribute to the education of the morality of a teenager. So physical culture and sports become true sources of influence only when they are carried out not for the sake of personal, selfish interests, but are aimed at the common good.

A teenager grows up in a team and cannot, is indifferent to the opinions of friends. The public opinion of the team is an effective means of correcting the behavior of a teenager.

Great is the power of the human word. But only then does it become a regulator of teenagers' behavior. When directed to feelings and will. When the teacher knows how they live and what worries them. Moralizing, reading notation, addressing only the consciousness of a young person, as a rule, does not give an educational effect.

The inspiration and interest of the teacher are instantly transferred to teenagers, forcing them to take what has been said seriously. The indifferent tone of the conversation makes it completely useless. Indifference, disrespect for the teacher causes not only his indifferent, but also instructive tone, as well as speech stamps, worn out phrases. Smiles appear on the faces of teenagers when the coach lives up to their expectations and instead of “champion” says “golden guy”, adds the epithet “courageous”, calls boxing “the sport of the brave”.

Positive habits are one of the conditions for a happy life. An act that previously required reflection, sometimes self-order, having become a habit, is performed without hesitation and volitional effort. Negative habits are detrimental to a person, bring misfortune to his loved ones and those around him.

The development of positive habits in a teenager begins with teaching him discipline and strict order. Physical education and sports will help in this. After all, a pedagogically correctly organized sports activity is a school of moral experience for young people.

The organization of moral experience through the systematic and regular performance of certain actions, the commission of certain actions, which allows you to temper the will, form positive habits and skills, is an effective way to educate and introduce a teenager to a healthy lifestyle.

So in 1992, a joint order of the two ministries was issued, which is often called "revolutionary" and according to which the system for diagnosing the state of health of schoolchildren has significantly improved. In 1995, the specialty "Valeology" was introduced, after which appropriate specialists appeared in schools, who were responsible for the work of preserving and strengthening the health of students. In 2000, by Order No. 241, the Ministry of Health approved the "Child's Medical Card" for an educational institution. A year later, order No. 371 “On regular normative medical personnel ...” was issued, according to which one rate of a school doctor is calculated for 1200 students, and the rate of a nurse is for 500.

Since 2003, within the framework of the Federal Target Program "Children of Russia", the "Healthy Child" program has been put into operation. In 2002, a joint order of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health No. 176/2017 “On measures to improve the health of children in the Russian Federation” appeared, which outlined a number of specific measures to intensify the work of schools to protect and promote the health of students, and recorded the personal responsibility of the director schools for the results of this work.

According to a number of reputable scientists (Yu.T. Lisitsyn, V.P. Petlenko, etc.), the share of environmental factors is 154 - 20% of all factors that determine human health. In the atmosphere of large cities, oxygen remains 5-10 times less than outside the city. These problems are especially relevant for our country, up to 70% of the territory of which has become a zone of ecological trouble or even disaster.

The teenage organism reacts to ecological disharmony especially sharply. It is impossible to fully protect oneself from the adverse health effects of polluted air, water, radioactive radiation, and plant foods that absorb poisons from the earth. It remains to the extent possible to neutralize these effects, and help the body fight their consequences (activate sanogenic processes).

Therefore, the task of the school to protect the health of adolescents from adverse environmental factors and introduce them to a healthy lifestyle includes:

Information and educational work with adolescents - increasing their level of literacy in matters of protection from environmental factors harmful to health (at the lessons of biology, ecology, valeology by integrating these issues into the subject content of other courses);

Educational work on the formation of the ecological culture of adolescents (work at the school site, landscaping and cleaning the territory, during camping trips, special actions to protect nature, etc.);

Increasing the level of adaptive capabilities, "building up" the protective resources of the body, allowing to resist pathogenic influences (vitamin prophylaxis, intake of antioxidants, hardening, etc.);

Creation in an educational institution of a condition that at least partially neutralizes the pathogenic effects of environmental factors (additional water purification for the catering unit, air purification in classrooms, competent landscaping of the territory and school premises).

This work is integral with sanitary and hygienic measures.

In terms of the level of injuries of the population, our country is far ahead of all developed countries. But even without emergencies, man-made causes of health deterioration are among the most important (leaky and rusty pipelines, through which drinking water is enriched with poisonous "inclusions").

On these issues about health, as well as about a healthy lifestyle, adolescents at school should be told and taught by both teachers of life safety, valeology, and heads of educational institutions.

The general situation in the country cannot but directly or indirectly affect citizens, and even more so teenagers. Much more significant. That this creates prerequisites for feelings of resentment and deprivation in adolescents, which affects their health (a state of frustration, depression, neuroses) and contributes to the manifestation of dependence and despondency, which even the church considers to be among the most destructive.

All this can be prevented by forming a hierarchy of values ​​in a teenager in advance, in which material goods would not occupy a dominant position. Therefore, the issues of medical and psychological prevention and education of a culture of health are closely intertwined with many sections of courses in civics, law, school economics, which confirms the expediency of conducting integrated classes and at the same time introducing adolescents to a healthy lifestyle. Also engaged in the formation of a hierarchy of personal values, increasing the subjective value of health, one cannot but touch upon the issues of the meaning and goals of life, the ways in which these goals are achieved.

The problem of choosing means to achieve goals is interdisciplinary and primarily educational. It is important that adolescents understand that even with a modest family budget, spending on health promotion, disease prevention, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle should be a priority. Someone from the wise said that a person is much better characterized not by how he earns money, but by how he spends it. The fortunes earned by criminal means do not bring joy, but sow fear, grief, disappointment and death around. Properly assimilated by adolescents, this position will allow them to avoid the desire to acquire "seed capital" by any means. These educational tasks can also be solved within the framework of the formation of a culture of health, using the natural interest for each teenager in their health.

It is possible to help teenagers develop in the context of a real culture, including a communicative one, to protect their personality, psyche from deformation and destruction, if we replace the existing priority of educating teenagers with the priority of educating them in the process of getting an education, and built on modern psychological and pedagogical technologies, alternative to moralizing. One of the elements of such a transformation of the school may be the introduction of an educational and developmental course of culture and psychology of health.

A teenager is greatly harmed by the situation when he mindlessly listens to programs replacing each other on the screen for several hours in a row. One of the most traumatic factors influencing television viewing on the mental and physical health of adolescents is the content of what they watch. Thus, the time spent in front of the screen and the content of the programs watched are the criteria by which the magnitude of the risk of adverse effects of television viewing on mental health should be assessed. Physical health is also affected by viewing conditions - posture, distance from the screen and the duration of the viewing itself. Adolescents should be helped to distinguish high-quality films and programs from "telemusic", make a choice in favor of the former, and educate them in good artistic taste. Experts recommend that parents of teenagers not only limit TV viewing and time spent at the computer, but also monitor the content of what their child sees on the screen.

Despite the fact that most experts adhere to the definition of health given by WHO, when speaking about health, they often mean its physical component, forgetting about the socio-psychological and spiritual and moral component of this concept.

Unfortunately, at present, a comprehensive system for assessing the level of adolescent health has not yet been developed, covering all its components. To solve this problem, the coordinated work of physicians, physiologists, psychologists, sociologists, teachers, and unbiased representatives of the church is necessary.

According to many sociological surveys, it is the immediate environment of a teenager: his friends, buddies, neighbors - usually constitute a reference group that is more significant for him than parents and teachers, and has a strong influence on the formation of personality, attitudes, the adoption of certain decisions, the choice of forms leisure activities, the formation of habits, including harmful ones. Only the establishment of a trusting relationship in the family allows parents to be aware of the affairs of their child and really influence his decision, to prevent mistakes.

The school is not always able to significantly influence the lifestyle of its pupils. This is largely due to her inability to perceive the new realities of life. During the period of change of one generation by another (20-25 years), a person's life has changed dramatically, and the recommendations of teachers, psychologists, hygienists of the Soviet era in our time are increasingly "failing". Almost half of a teenager's health depends on his lifestyle, so the various factors that characterize a student's life outside of school, the impact he is exposed to, should be recorded and taken into account by the school in order to obtain objective monitoring results and to improve the efficiency of work with adolescents and their parents. This information is of particular importance if a teenager is at risk, if his deviations are directly dependent on lifestyle. Therefore, in the map of individual indicators of the student (KIPU) there should be appropriate columns that should be taken into account when developing psychological, pedagogical and valeological support for a teenager.

The variety of "out-of-school" factors that threaten the health and personal development of a teenager can create a feeling of hopelessness, despondency. But we must strive not to “incite despair”, but to help mobilize them to resist this wave of influences that create a real threat to the gene pool of the nation, our future. Society and the education system have enough forces - you just need to be able to gather them together and competently dispose of them. And the main thing is to lead a healthy lifestyle to the whole society, then teenagers will also have someone to look up to.

Conclusion

I have done research work on a healthy lifestyle as a condition for the full development of a teenager.

And I came to the conclusion that it is necessary to develop a program to introduce a teenager to a healthy lifestyle, i.e. determine the requirements of society that a teenager should protect, value and strengthen his health.

And this means that if we study the health problems of adolescents, study the experience of working with them and develop new ways and methods of introducing adolescents to a healthy lifestyle, then we will determine the sequence of work on a healthy lifestyle as a condition for the full development of a teenager.

To do this, one must clearly understand the state of health of modern adolescents at the scientific level, as well as the impact on them of social, biological, physical and chemical factors.

Requires "pedagogy of recovery", which is based on the concept of a healthy child, which is a practically achievable norm of child development and is considered as an integral bodily-spiritual organism.

Now we are talking about the health of not a single teenager, not individual citizens, but the world as a whole, which cannot consider itself safe until this new and really difficult problem is solved for us.

Yes, a healthy lifestyle does not yet occupy the first place in the hierarchy of human needs and values ​​in our society. But if we demonstrate a healthy lifestyle by personal example, then only in this case can we hope that future generations will be healthier and developed not only personally, intellectually, spiritually, but also physically.

Well, I will finish my research work with a poem by Zinaida Yurchikova, which is called “Having passed through hell, remain a man”:

After going through hell, stay human

And don't lose your kindness.

Do not hide behind time and age

And do not ruin the bright dreams.

All endure loss and separation,

Find lost faith

Overcome the pain of the body, the heart of flour.

You need to go through life, do not crawl.

When tears wash the soul around

Don't be ashamed of your momentary weakness,

In the world of fate, there are different ...

Yours is difficult. Win! Fight!

Carry proudly the name of a man!

Don't forget to hope and love.

Live the dream of the next century

And believe, then you can win!

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Annex 1

We are for a healthy lifestyle

The sports festival "Freshman-2005", held within the framework of the college-wide action "We are for a healthy lifestyle", dedicated to the Year of prevention of drug addiction, alcoholism and smoking, gathered all the students of the new enrollment on September 16 at the stadium of the Ufa Trade and Economic College.

The holiday opened with a demonstration performance of the guests: wushu club "NIBI" (headed by A. Afanasiev) and taekwondo (M. Mansurov). There was a place to show strength, dexterity and skills to a freshman! If such types of competitions as volleyball and tug of war required the cohesion of the team, then athletics, chess, table tennis revealed the winner in the individual championship.

The sports festival did not leave any student indifferent, as evidenced by the sonorous names of the teams, bright emblems, battle slogans and mottos.

Opening the holiday, the director of the college T. Yakimova noted: “... I am sure that this holiday will reveal such true values ​​of our students as nobility, justice, generosity in achieving goals and victorious peaks. Only by respecting the dignity of others, you can become a real winner.

From the middle of the stadium multi-colored balloons flew up into the sky - this is a signal of the beginning of a big sports festival for college students, where there is no and cannot be a place for bad habits. The baton of the action was picked up and the thematic week was continued by extra-curricular activities: excursions to the museum of the Ufa State Medical University, the aviary of the forest park, to the ethnographic museum; watching films; class hours "Alcohol and offspring", "Right to life", "Cigarette and woman", oral magazines "There is something to think about", "Bad habits are a threat to life." The final event of the week was the talk show “We are for a healthy lifestyle”, in which specialists from the Republican Center for Social and Psychological Assistance to Families, Children, Youth and the Ufa Department of Internal Affairs took part. percent of boys and girls smoke cigarettes and 35 percent do not smoke. When asked about their smoking history, 55 percent said they had been smoking for three years, 25 percent for five years, five percent for 6-7 years, and two percent for 8 years. It turns out that children start smoking at the age of 8-9. Surprisingly, according to the survey, 50 percent of parents know that their minor son or daughter smokes, 18 percent guess and 22 percent do not know anything. 43 percent of those surveyed smoke "for the company", 23 percent in order to relieve tension, 7 percent for boredom, 18 percent for interest and 2 percent just for fun. 87 percent of girls and boys drink alcohol frequently, 10 percent rarely, and only 3 percent never. Moreover, 80 percent prefer beer, 15 percent wine and five percent - different drinks.

These are the results of a sociological survey on the talk show “Use of Psychoactive Substances: Myths and Reality” announced by third-year students of the faculty of “Hotel Service” Ksenia Yakhnenko and Karina Batyrshina. The results are, of course, horrendous. Young people drink beer almost every day, smoke two packs of cigarettes a day, and yet they do not consider themselves smokers and alcoholics...

Talk show hosts Guzel Minnikhanova, a teacher of ecology, environmental management and life safety, and student Ksenia Yakhnenko were able to captivate both students and invited guests with their sharp questions. And the children’s questions were answered by a psychiatrist, psychotherapist, head of the department of the Republican Psychiatric Hospital Zinaida Berezina, narcologist of the teenage narcological office of the Kirovsky district of Ufa Olga Barmina, pedagogue-psychologist of the Republican Center for Social and Psychological Assistance to Families, Children, Youth Alena Zakharkina and a representative of the Department of Internal Affairs Ufa Galina Sultanova. Students boldly asked questions: who should be considered smokers, alcoholics and drug addicts, what is the difference between addiction and a healthy independent person, and if it is a disease, is a complete cure possible? Experts gave specific examples of how smoking, alcohol and drugs destroy the human body, affect the psyche and even the gene set. After all, it is not for nothing that people say that the grandfather drinks away the liver of his grandson. In the hall, no one remained indifferent. The guys talked about their bad habits, about how their friends who are addicted to nasvay and drugs suffer.

The talk show participants managed to combine all human habits into two categories: useful and harmful. The first includes the regime of the day, physical education, hygiene. They give health and mood. Harmful ones, which include smoking, destroy the body, because foreign substances, the so-called xenobiotics, interfere with its work. The end result of addiction is disease: alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse. The guys did not forget to ask the experts about passive smokers. It turns out that passive smoking is just as dangerous. Olga Barmina emphasized that if we take the total harm contained in cigarette smoke as 100 percent, then 50 percent goes to the one who is nearby. Therefore, there is a great reason to be friends with good habits, never grieve or go into depression.

According to the director of the college, Tatiana Yakimova, they often hold such events. Children are interested in analyzing their lifestyle, their habits and weaknesses. And it is not surprising that after such a heated discussion, some students completely quit smoking, and someone starts smoking less, completely refuses alcoholic beverages. They begin to understand that only by giving up their harmful addictions, they have a chance to have healthy children in the future.

Annex 2

Together is great

On August 8, in the Zvezdochka children's health center in the Ufa region, two shifts began as part of the republican youth camp: the fifth profile shift of healthy lifestyle promoters “Together is great” and the profile cultural and linguistic shift “Dialogue of cultures”.

Republican youth camp "Together is great" is represented by 130 children from 26 districts and cities aged 12 to 16 years. It should be noted that this camp has been meeting annually for the past five years. As for the movement itself, it has its branches in 42 cities and districts of the republic. Throughout the year, local activists campaign for peers to join people who have chosen a healthy future for themselves. In the summer, volunteers get together to conduct classes, trainings that contribute to the formation of leadership qualities aimed at promoting a healthy lifestyle. Their senior comrades work with the children - curators, faithfully devoted to the cause of building a healthy future. Despite such serious tasks, the organizers do not forget about the rest of young activists, for which the counselors of the Republican center for training counselors "Perspektiva" named after Ekaterina Pospelova, which operates on the basis of the Belarusian State Pedagogical University, are responsible.

50 people take part in the “Dialogue of Cultures” shift, 15 of which are guests of the republic who came from the Almenevsky district of the Kurgan region. Their leader Kamilla Khamzina often comes to Bashkortostan. Together with children, they study the history and culture of the Bashkir people. The organizers were very attentive to the rest of the guests. The leader of the Dialogue of Cultures shift, Zilya Kalkamanova, assured:

We will do our best to ensure that the children have a good experience. An interesting program has been prepared related to the folklore and customs of the Bashkir people. They will also have an excursion trip to the capital of Bashkortostan, in the village. Klyashevo and Kara-Yakupovo, Chishminsky district.

On August 9, the solemn opening of the race took place, which was attended by guests from Ufa: Yulai Ilyasov, Chairman of the State Committee of the Republic of Bashkortostan for Youth Policy, Railya Vakhitova and Elena Bakieva, specialists from the Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The participants of the shifts, guests, counselors and camp workers gathered at the opening ceremony. The guests made a welcoming speech, in which they wished the children a fun holiday, be sure to gain health and impressions, and presented the “Dialogue of Cultures” shift with books in the Bashkir language.

The anthem of the republican youth movement sounded, the flag was raised, and the official ceremony ended. Then all those present were waiting for a concert organized by the guys. Despite the fact that they gathered in the camp only a day ago, the talents were identified and competently arranged into a concert program - the counselors did their best. And they themselves did not stand aside, performing with several STEMs. The national flavor was demonstrated by the second and third detachments, performing Bashkir dances. By the way, many teams presented dance numbers to the audience. Guests from Kurgan also performed, delighting them with playing the Bashkir national instruments - kurai and kubyz.

The opening took place. The guys were waiting for dinner, after which they hurried to a festive disco. By the way, vacationers will not have a free minute in the camp - a very dense and rich program. Young proactive counselors are full of energy and are ready to help their wards to make friends, actively relax and get positive impressions.

Annex 3

"Cross of the Nation" - a race to health

On September 18, a sports festival of the All-Russian Running Day was held in Ufa, dedicated to the fight against drug addiction._ On this gloomy and rainy morning on September 18, looking out the window, to be honest, I thought that the cross-country would “wash away” with rain. The event will be canceled - the participants will go home. However, long before the launch site, I realized that I was greatly mistaken. Cross-country participants began to meet already on the way to the "origins" of Salavat Yulaev Avenue. The main transport artery of the capital was blocked that day, and the surprised drivers drove around, remembering the roundabout ways.

Having reached the place, I caught myself thinking that I had never seen such a huge crowd of people in one place in my life (later I checked with the organizers that more than 20 thousand people took part in the cross-country race). He looked from the bridge at the sea of ​​people churning below: both old and young gathered, many came with their whole families, obviously not counting on victory. I myself wanted to throw off my leather jacket, throw an umbrella and take off from the start along with everyone else.

However, enough lyrics, first things first. On September 18, a sports festival of the All-Russian Running Day dedicated to the fight against drug addiction took place in Ufa. According to the organizers, up to half a million people - residents of our country - should have participated in these starts. Not having data on Russia as a whole, I repeat that more than 20 thousand gathered in Ufa. Ufimtsy, Sterlitamaktsy, Oktyabrtsy... Cross-country itself was properly organized. Salavat Avenue looked like a show ground: it was painted with flags, music was playing... Welcoming the runners, a detachment of Ufa bikers on their steel horses rushed in front of the main column.

So, the start ... Although for most runners the motto of the competition was "The main thing is not to win, but to participate", one cannot but mention the champions. They were in various nominations: Eduard Kozhevnikov (Chelyabinsk), Tatyana Tespenko (Chelyabinsk region) (VIP race).

In the most massive three-kilometer race, Gleb Sharipov, Guzel Ibatullina, Evgenia Khaliullina, Eldar Akhtamianov (5 kilometers), Grigory Andreev (a participant in the Olympic marathon in Athens), became the winners, in women two champions ran leg to leg - Elza Kireeva and Regina Rakhimkulova ( 10 kilometers).

In a word, the holiday was a success. It brought fame and well-deserved awards to the winners, and a charge of vivacity and good mood to the participants.

udk 372

Formation of a healthy lifestyleteenagers

Abramenkova Yu.V.

Scientific adviser Byshevskaya A.V.

Smolensk State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism,

Smolensk, Russia

Own health today is not a paramount task of modern youth. And every year the percentage of healthy children is steadily declining. The most important factors in the formationhealthylifestyleare education and upbringing carried out by parents, educators and teachers. From what will be laid in a person from the veryearlychildhood, will largely depend on his worldview, culture and lifestyle.

Healthy lifestyle; upbringing; education; teacher's work; parental influence.

Formation a healthy lifestyle

teenagers

Yulia Abramenkova

SmolenskState Academyof Physical Culture,

Sports and Physical Recreation,

Smolensk, Russian Federation

Nowadays the youths don't put their health on the first place. The percentage of healthy children comes down from year to year. The main factors of forming a healthy lifestyle are education and upbringing realizing by parents and teachers. A person's mentality, culture and lifestyle will be mainly dependent upon these factors.

Healthy lifestyle, upbringing, enlightenment, a teacher "s work, parents" influence.

At the present time, we can observe that health is not the primary concern of today's youth. A sedentary lifestyle, heavy dependence on the computer, irregular snacks and poor sleep - all this directly affects health. Statistics confirm that every year the percentage of healthy children is steadily declining. The number of young people who are not fit for military service for health reasons is also increasing. The incidence of gastritis, bronchitis and other common diseases associated with unfavorable environmental conditions and an unhealthy lifestyle is on the rise. And every year this situation tends to worsen. Research conducted by the Ministry of Health and Social Development last year shows that teenagers now have more freedom to choose their own lifestyle. According to their data, today only 14% of schoolchildren are completely healthy, 50% have functional abnormalities, and 35-40% have chronic diseases. Thus, among adolescents 12-15 years old, over the past five years, the frequency of visual impairment and posture disorders has increased five times, the number of neuropsychiatric disorders has increased four times, and the presence of deviations in the health of the digestive organs has increased three times.

As you know, it is much more difficult to wean an adult from bad habits than a child. Therefore, the answer to the question “when it is necessary to form knowledge about a healthy lifestyle” is simple: as early as possible.

The most important factors in the formation of a healthy lifestyle are education and enlightenment in the system of hygienic knowledge, skills and abilities aimed at maintaining and strengthening health. This is also upbringing- a long and difficult process of pedagogical influence on a person throughout his growth and development, the formation of his personality, character, including the formation of a healthy lifestyle. From what will be laid down in a person from early childhood, his worldview, culture and way of life will largely depend.

The most effective way to form the value of health and a healthy lifestyle is independent work directed and organized by adults (teacher, parents), which develops the ability to understand one’s condition, know the ways and options for the rational organization of the daily routine and physical activity, nutrition, personal hygiene rules. However, only knowledge of the basics of a healthy lifestyle does not ensure and does not guarantee their use, if this does not become a necessary condition for the daily life of a child in a family and an educational institution. It is during the period of a child's education at school that the foundations of the physical, mental and social health of children are formed, which subsequently determine his healthy and safe lifestyle. And it is teachers who are responsible for teaching children and instilling in them elementary knowledge about their bodies.

The teacher must remember that in the process of personality formation, many factors influence the child: nature, communication in the family and school, the media, the child's lifestyle, his plans, aspirations. Adolescence is a time when a child learns to be independent and responsible, learns to make decisions and make choices. During this period, a healthy lifestyle should be presented in the form of a game, in a comparative form, and not in dry formulations. The personal example of parents in this matter is very important. Parents need to encourage their child to an active lifestyle, physical education, sports, tourism, gymnastics, hiking, etc. And take an active part in it.

To form the interest of parents in the problem of a healthy lifestyle, teachers use a variety of forms of work, such as:

Questioning.

Parent meetings (round table, debate, watching video, organizing meetings with social service specialists), in order to inform about joint work and stimulate their active participation in it.

Survey of children on the topic of safety for the design of newspapers and for individual conversations with parents.

Design and conduct of individual and group consultations.

Collection of photographic materials on the topic “Dangerous places and household items”.

Design of handwritten books.

A healthy lifestyle is not just the sum of acquired knowledge, but a lifestyle, adequate behavior in various situations, children can find themselves in unexpected situations on the street and at home, so the main task is to develop their independence and responsibility. Everything we teach children, they must apply in real life. Particular attention should be paid to the following components:

Physical education, walks. Scientists have conducted interesting studies that have shown that with a lack of physical activity, mental activity is sharply reduced.

Balanced diet. It is during this period of life that a variety of diseases are actively laid, which are associated with malnutrition. A growing organism quickly enough adapts to overloads and nutritional deficiencies, this can create the illusion that everything is fine. Here lies the prerequisite for the appearance of overweight or underweight. Proper nutrition is the basis of full-fledged mental and physical activity, health, performance, life expectancy).

Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene: hardening, creating conditions for good sleep

Respect for the environment and nature

Medical education (timely visits to the doctor, annual medical examination of children - by narrow specialists (dentist, surgeon, ENT, ophthalmologist)).

Formation of the concept of "do not harm yourself."

A healthy lifestyle for teenagers is not just words. It helps a person not only feel full, but also is a kind of choice of life position. Boys and girls, already almost adults, decide for themselves what is good and what they want to avoid. That is why it is important that the principles of a healthy lifestyle be a conscious choice of the teenager himself, then these rules take root, are used and benefit.

Safety Pedagogy: Science and Education: materials of the international scientific conference, Yekaterinburg, November 14, 2014 / comp. and general ed. A. N. Pavlova; FGBOU VPO "UrSPU". - Yekaterinburg, 2014. - 190 p.

FORMING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE IN ADOLESCENTS

Happiness is impossible without health

V. G. Belinsky

Form of holding: parent meeting.

Purpose: to attract the attention of parents to the problems of educating a healthy lifestyle in adolescents.

Objectives: to draw the attention of parents to the problem of children's health; discuss the risk factors for the health of modern children, introduce the main recommendations for maintaining the health of the child and educating the rules of a healthy lifestyle.

Meeting progress:

Teacher: First, let me tell you a parable:

A man lived in a house. Together with him lived his wife, an elderly sick mother and his daughter - an adult girl. Late one evening, when everyone was already asleep, someone knocked on the door. The owner got up and opened the door. There were three people on the doorstep. "What is your name?" the owner asked. They answered him: "We are called Health, Wealth and Love, Let us into your house." The man thought, “You know,” he said, “we have only one free place in the house, and there are three of you. I will go and consult with the household, which of you we can accept in our house. The sick mother offered to let Health in, the young daughter wanted to let Love in, and the wife insisted that Wealth enter the house. The women argued among themselves for a very long time. When the man opened the door, there was no one else outside.

I really wish something like this didn't happen in your house. And Health, and hence Love with Wealth will find shelter in your home. (I think everyone agrees that these components of human happiness should be placed in this order.) What do you parents need to know about a teenager and his health? What should you pay attention to? We will now try to answer these questions.

Every parent wants to see their child healthy and happy, living in harmony with themselves and the world around them. But many do not know what should be the key to the well-being of their children. The answer is simple - a healthy lifestyle that includes:

Maintaining physical health

absence of bad habits,

proper nutrition,

an altruistic attitude towards people,

joyful feeling of being in this world.

A healthy lifestyle forms in adolescents not only physical, but also moral health, develops emotional and volitional qualities of a person. It is no coincidence that people say: "A healthy mind in a healthy body."

Psychologists have found that the most favorable age for the formation of good habits are preschool and school. During this period, the child spends a significant part of the time in the family, at school, among relatives, educators, teachers, peers, whose lifestyle, behavior stereotypes become the strongest factors in shaping their ideas about life. The most difficult period is adolescence. Let me remind you of the main signs of this age:

- Intensive growth. With the exception of the first two years of life, a person never grows so fast again. Body length increases by 5-8 cm per year. Girls grow most actively at the age of 11-12 years (height during this period can increase by 10 cm per year), increased growth of boys is noted at 13-14 years old. (After 15 years, boys overtake girls in height). The characterization of the “long-legged teenager” is very accurate: the increase in growth is mainly due to the tubular bones of the limbs.

- The musculoskeletal system is rebuilt: the degree of ossification increases, muscle strength increases. The sensory and motor endings of the neuromuscular apparatus reach full development. These changes are manifested even outwardly: there is an abundance of unnecessary movements, awkwardness, “angularity” of a teenager. Parents should be aware that at this age, mastering the technique of complex movements may be most successful. A teenager can achieve a virtuoso technique of playing a musical instrument, master the most complex elements of special sports exercises. Some researchers believe that people who do not develop the necessary motor skills in adolescence remain more awkward than they could be throughout their lives.

- A teenager develops the chest and respiratory muscles. The number of breaths is reduced by half, that is, the teenager breathes less often, but deeper. The body needs oxygen. It is noted that a teenager endures its lack (hypoxia) much harder than an adult.

- The heart grows rapidly. Its volume increases by about a quarter. Vessels grow, but do not keep up with the heart. Therefore, adolescents often have high blood pressure, sometimes there is juvenile hypertension. It is transient, but requires special care when dosing physical activity. Not only physical activity is adversely reflected, but also negative emotions.

– Changes in the state of the nervous system. As a result, in the behavior of adolescents there is increased nervousness, incontinence, and instability of emotional reactions. With the right upbringing, these phenomena are overcome by the teenager himself, with the wrong upbringing, they can become the basis of stable traits.

Adolescence is the age of self-affirmation, and the main task of a teacher working with a teenager is to help them understand what are the main values ​​in life. Children are trying to assert themselves, to take their place in this world, in the family, at school, in the class team and on the street.

The task of the school and parents is to explain to the teenager that beauty (and each of them wants to be beautiful and loved) is physical, spiritual beauty, it is health. To our great regret, medical examinations of children, conducted annually at school, reveal more and more diseases in adolescents. Our children, who are just starting to live, often already have a whole “bouquet” of fairly serious chronic diseases.

According to scientists, human health is 50% - his way of life, 20% - heredity, another 20% - the environment and only 10% - health care.

What are the most pressing health issues in adolescents? What do you need to know and what to pay attention to?

1. The problem of healthy eating.

Boys have three times the food budget of girls.

- boys consume on average 55.5% more calories than girls;

- 20% of boys are found to be overweight compared to the norm. This is observed all over the world.

Parents need to know that teens, especially boys, often experience unreasonable muscle weakness during the months of rapid growth. Sometimes they get tired very quickly after sports activities, complain of pain in the heart area. Cardiologists believe that this is due to a lack of carnitine, a substance that ensures the delivery of “fuel” to the energy systems of cells. In adolescents, carnitine production lags behind the needs of rapidly growing tissues. There is an increase in fatigue, low performance. Carnitine is found in beef and veal. Lots of it in milk. If a teenager eats enough meat, he may not notice the growth of his heart - he will be moderately cheerful and energetic.

2. Passion for teenagers diets.

Studies show that 73% of girls say they have been on a diet in the past 12 months. However, most of these girls are not overweight. Meanwhile, parents need to be aware that diets are dangerous for teenagers. Particular attention should be paid to parents whose daughters, from the age of 15, begin to torture themselves with various diets, trying to look like real fashion models. Interesting facts were discovered by scientists of the University of Missouri. They concluded that those children who eat less with their parents and watch TV more often get overweight more often.

3. Physical inactivity is a problem of modern teenagers.

Lack of physical activity and excessive caloric intake have led to the fact that the weight of the average modern child is noticeably more than a few generations ago. If the heart is not loaded, it will not become hardy. The heart muscle, like any other, requires training. Nature created this organ for a person who spends all day in motion. American experts have come to the conclusion that if at least 15 minutes a day devotes to outdoor games, this reduces the risk of developing obesity by 50%. Even walking at a fast pace and then gives a positive result.

4. Stress and its impact on a teenager.

Stress is a universal phenomenon in the lives of today's teenagers, affecting their health and well-being. Parents of teenagers should be aware of the possibility of stress and behave appropriately in these conditions. Perhaps sometimes it is advisable to lower the bar for the child requirements.

Many parents put a lot of pressure, both direct and indirect, on their teenagers, both in terms of physical development and academic performance. In some cases, teenage stress symptoms may be a reaction to parental pressure. A teenage athlete who competes from an early age may be tired of the competition, but he cannot express it to his parents. He may experience fear that his parents will be disappointed.

Peer support is important during this period. Adolescents who feel socially isolated or who have difficulty relating to peers are more vulnerable to stress-related psychosomatic problems.

Family support can also change the impact of stress on an adolescent's health. It just needs to be properly organized. It is wrong to respond to the problems of a teenager by attracting special attention and providing some kind of privileges.

With such behavior of parents, children will use their painful symptoms as a way to avoid a problematic situation (for example, exams or competitions).

5. Bad habits.

Disturbing Facts:

Currently, the average age of onset of alcohol consumption is 12-13 years. In the age group 11-24, more than 70% of young people consume alcohol. At the same time, girls consume almost on a par with boys.

– On average, 35.6% of boys under 15 and 25% of girls smoke. And at the age of 16 - 17 years, this ratio looks like 45% to 18%.

– More than a quarter of girls and more than half of boys have tried drugs at least once by the age of 16.

Talking to teenagers about the dangers of smoking is very difficult. They don't believe. But it is necessary to tell what happens to a person when he smokes, and what this habit threatens him in the future. Therefore, I want to introduce you to some arguments.

At the moment of puffing, tobacco and tissue paper are sublimated, and about 200 harmful substances are formed, including carbon monoxide, soot, benzopyrene, formic and hydrocyanic acids, arsenic, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, acetylene, and radioactive elements.

Smoking one cigarette is equivalent to being on a busy highway for 36 hours.

Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) has the ability to bind the respiratory pigment of the blood - hemoglobin, as a result, the processes of tissue respiration are disrupted. Smoking a pack of cigarettes, a person injects over 400 milliliters of carbon monoxide into the body, as a result, all organs and systems of a smoker are constantly sitting on starvation oxygen rations.

Passing through the respiratory tract, tobacco smoke causes irritation and inflammation of the mucous membranes - the pharynx, nasopharynx, bronchi, and pulmonary alveoli. Constant irritation of the bronchial mucosa can provoke the development of bronchial asthma. A chronic inflammation of the upper respiratory tract - chronic bronchitis, which is accompanied by a debilitating cough. A relationship has also been established between smoking and the incidence of cancer of the lips, tongue, larynx, and trachea.

The heart of a smoker makes 12-15 thousand more contractions per day than the heart of a non-smoker.

Nicotine and other components of tobacco also affect the digestive organs.

Long-term smoking contributes to the occurrence of stomach and duodenal ulcers.

Smoking has a bad effect on the hearing apparatus of a person. Even 20 cigarettes smoked a day weaken the perception of colloquial speech.

Smoking negatively affects mental activity. Two smoked cigarettes reduce the speed of memorization and the amount of memorized material by 5-6%.

Reasons for girls

- French scientists have found that smoking affects the appearance of a woman more negatively than the appearance of a man. In the fair sex, the skin on the face quickly ages, loses elasticity, and deep wrinkles appear in the corners of the mouth and eyes.

– Women who smoke are more likely than non-smokers to give birth to children with heart disease and developmental defects.

From numerous surveys it follows: there is not a single boy who would like to have a smoking wife.

Reasons for boys.

- Smokers are twice as likely to become impotent as non-smokers, because smoking narrows the blood vessels in the genitals.

- Children of non-smoking parents are one and a half times more likely to remain non-smokers than children whose parents smoke.

6. Mode for a teenager.

During the period of important and global changes in the body, attention to the daily routine of a teenager should become especially close.

Sleep is the most important factor in health. The need for sleep in a child of 7-12 years old is, depending on biorhythms, approximately 9-10 hours; at 13-14 years old - 9-9.5 hours; at 15-17 years old - 8.5-9 hours. Lack of sleep can make your child obese.

The daily routine of a student should be built taking into account the peculiarities of his biorhythms. People are divided into "owls", "larks", "pigeons". During the day, the activity, performance, mood of each of us changes.

Without normal sleep, high performance is impossible, and lack of sleep is dangerous - it affects the child's psyche (distracted, easily distracted, inadequately responds to comments, easily excitable), so it is important that the child not only sleeps enough hours, but also that his sleep is deep , calm. If the performance is reduced and with a well-established daily routine, then it is possible that he fell ill. Even a mild cold impairs attention, perseverance, that is, the overall performance of children for several weeks, the child quickly gets tired. And more serious diseases are unsettling for a longer time, in which case a sparing regimen is needed, strengthening the immune system, and of course, understanding of adults.

Final part.

Dear parents, before you is a portrait of a healthy child. Check the boxes for the traits that your child has and draw conclusions about what needs to be worked on:

PORTRAIT OF A HEALTHY CHILD

Cheerful;

active;

Kindly treats the people around him - adults and children;

Positive emotional impressions predominate in his life, while negative experiences are endured by him with firmness and without harmful consequences;

The development of his physical, primarily motor, qualities proceeds harmoniously;

Sufficiently fast, agile and strong;

The daily regimen of his life corresponds to individual biorhythmological and age characteristics: this is the optimal ratio of wakefulness and sleep, periods of ups and downs in activity;

Unfavorable weather conditions, their abrupt change are not terrible for a healthy child, as he is hardened, his thermoregulation system is well trained.

He doesn't need any medication;

Has no excess body weight.

To help a child be healthy, parental love, a desire to help children, their reasonable exactingness and everyday healthy lifestyle as a model for children to follow are needed. We wish you success in the difficult and noble cause of family upbringing of your child, may he bring you joy and happiness!

"Reminder to Parents"

1. A family is a material and spiritual cell for raising children, for marital happiness and joy. The basis, the core of the family is marital love, mutual care and respect. The child should be a member of the family, but not its center. When a child becomes the center of seven, and parents sacrifice themselves to him, he grows up as an egoist with high self-esteem, he believes that "everything should be for him." For such reckless love for himself, he often repays evil - neglect of parents, family, people.

No less harmful, of course, is an indifferent, all the more neglectful attitude towards a child. Avoid extremes in love for a child.

2. The main law of the family: everyone takes care of each member of the family, and each member of the family, to the best of his ability, takes care of the whole family. Your child must firmly grasp this law.

3. Raising a child in a family is a worthy, continuous acquisition of useful, valuable life experience in the process of living in a family. The main means of raising a child is the example of the parents, their behavior, their activities, this is the child's interested participation in the life of the family, in its worries and joys, this is work and conscientious fulfillment of your instructions. Words are an aid. The child must perform certain household chores, which become more complicated as they grow older, for themselves, for the whole family.

4. The development of a child is the development of his independence. Therefore, do not patronize him, do not do for him what he can and should do for himself. Help him in acquiring skills and abilities, let him learn to do everything that you can do. It’s not scary if he does something wrong: the experience of mistakes and failures is useful to him. Explain to him his mistakes, discuss them with him, but do not punish for them. Give him the opportunity to try his hand at different things to determine his abilities, interests and inclinations.

5. The basis of a child's behavior is his habits. See to it that good, good habits are formed in him and that bad habits do not arise. Teach him to distinguish between good and evil. Explain the harm of smoking, alcohol, drugs, promiscuity, materialism, lies. Teach him to love his home, his family, kind people, his land.

The most important habit for him should be the observance of the daily routine. Develop a reasonable daily routine with him and strictly monitor its implementation.

6. Contradictions in the demands of parents are very harmful for the upbringing of a child. Coordinate them with each other. Even more harmful are the contradictions between your demands and those of the school and teachers. If you do not agree with our requirements or you do not understand them, come to us and we will discuss the problems together.

7. It is very important to create a calm, friendly climate in the family, when no one yells at anyone, when even mistakes and misconduct are discussed without scolding and hysteria. The mental development of the child, the formation of his personality to a large extent depends on the style of family education. The normal style is democratic, when children are given a certain independence, when they are treated with warmth and respect for their personality. Of course, some control over the behavior and teaching of the child is necessary in order to help him in difficult situations. But it is more important to contribute in every possible way to the development of self-control, self-analysis and self-regulation of their activities and behavior.

Do not insult the child with your suspicions, trust him. Your trust, based on knowledge, will bring up personal responsibility in him. Do not punish the child for the truth if he confessed his mistakes himself.

8. Teach your child to take care of the younger and older in the family. Let the boy give way to the girl, this is the beginning of the upbringing of future fathers and mothers, the preparation of a happy marriage.

9. Keep track of your child's health. Teach him to take care of his own health and physical development. Remember that over the years of study on the scale, the child experiences age-related crises in one form or another: at 6-7 years old, when the child develops an internal position, awareness of his feelings and experiences; the crisis of puberty, which usually passes in girls 2 years earlier than in boys; and youthful crisis of finding one's place in life. Be attentive to the child during these crisis periods, change the style of your attitude towards him as you move from one age period to another.

10. A family is a house, and like any house, it can deteriorate over time and need to be repaired and updated. Be sure to check from time to time to see if your family home needs updating and refurbishment.

Literature and sources of information

Kadashnikova N.Yu. We educate the individual and the citizen. 5-11 grades: class and club hours, themed evenings, parent meetings / N.Yu. Kadashnikov. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2009. - 221 p.