home › Health › History of development of physical culture in Russia. Domestic history of physical culture and sports Cultural and historical foundations of physical culture and sports

History of development of physical culture in Russia. Domestic history of physical culture and sports Cultural and historical foundations of physical culture and sports

It is impossible to determine the time of the birth of the first sprouts of physical culture, since the roots of culture go back to ancient times. But we can safely say that physical culture arose and developed simultaneously with universal human culture.

The development of physical culture in society was influenced by the production relations of people, the economic, political and ideological forms of struggle, the achievements of science, philosophy, and art. At the same time, physical culture has the same ancient history as society.

Physical culture not only fulfills the tasks of a person's physical development, but also develops social functions in the field of morality, ethics, education, ethics and aesthetics.

Historically, physical culture has developed under the influence of the real needs of society in the full physical preparation of the younger generation and the adult population for work. At the same time, as the education system and the upbringing system developed, physical culture became the basic factor in the formation of motor skills and abilities.

The prerequisites for the emergence of physical education can be observed since ancient times. Among the ancient Slavs, physical culture began to develop in the VI-IX centuries. The image of a harmoniously developed personality is perfectly revealed in epics, legends, fairy tales, legends, songs of that time. Capacious in content, revealing the ideal image of a smart and strong hero - a warrior personifying the entire Russian people, epics, legends, annals, songs, in essence, are the main sources for the development of physical culture in Rus'. The ancient Russian epic depicts the ideal image of a warrior hero. Who does not know the epic heroes Nikita Kozhemyaka, Mikula Selyaninovich, Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich. The hero appears before us not only as a physically developed and invincible person, but also as a person who has perfect knowledge of life experience and work skills, has mental superiority and ingenuity over his enemies. A person of that time needed physical strength so that he could protect not only himself and his family, but also his fellow tribesmen from external enemies, so that he could “stand up for the Russian land.” The achievement of physical perfection by the Slavs is carried out in competition. Games based on elements of labor activity are widely used among the Slavs. From ancient times, well-known games of that time, such as towns and rounders, have survived to this day. Towns are mentioned not only in folk tales, but even in chronicles. This valiant fun was spread throughout Rus'. Not a single festivities could do without the competitions of the city dwellers. More A.V. Suvorov, a military theorist, a great commander, wrote: “Playing towns develops an eye, speed, onslaught.

Parents taught their children horseback riding, archery, javelin throwing, swimming, wrestling and other forms of physical exercise. An important place in the education of young people was occupied by hunting and games. In the process of hunting, the qualities necessary in life and everyday life were acquired - strength, endurance, dexterity, courage, determination, ingenuity, skill.

The famous Russian historian S.M. Solovyov wrote about the military-physical qualities of the ancient Slavs: “... the Slavs were especially distinguished by the art of swimming and hiding in rivers, where they could stay much longer than people of another tribe. They kept under water, lying on their backs and holding in their mouths a cut reed, the top of which came out on top of the river and thus conducted air to the hidden swimmer. The armament of the Slavs consisted of two small spears, some had shields, hard and very heavy, they also used wooden bows and small arrows smeared with poison, very effective if a skilled doctor does not give an ambulance to the wounded.

Due to the fact that Rus' was forced to wage many wars, therefore, the main goal of physical education until the 18th century. It was military physical training.

The monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor, the author of the first ancient Russian chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years", first described ancient physical exercises, "about the games between villages, which converged almost all people, young and old." During the games, competitions were held in various competitions: jumping, wrestling, hand-to-hand combat, "bear wrestling", running games, archery, horse racing.

One of the mass folk forms of physical education in Rus' was fisticuffs. The most captivating and most widespread in Rus' were mass wall-to-wall fights, and among the ancient folk competitions they occupied a special place.

Folk forms of physical culture are especially manifested in such an estate in Rus' as the Cossacks. The Cossack is the defender of the Motherland. He should be the same as his ancestors were - glorious and powerful heroes who defended the Russian land. That is why each Cossack had to strive not only for his physical development, but also for his moral character. The upbringing of the future Cossack began in the family, where special attention was paid to physical training. The boy was put on a horse after the appearance of the first tooth, and by the age of seven, the Cossack proudly pranced on a horse.

At the heart of the ideological orientation of the Cossacks was the education of the Cossacks of devotion to their people, loyalty to their cause, love for their native land. Physical exercises were systematically included among the Cossacks in games, reviews, hunting, holidays, military campaigns. All types of physical exercises were a variety of forms of physical training among the Cossacks. The methods used in teaching military physical exercises were based on example, imitation, copying, and experience.

By the end of the XVII century. Russia has undergone significant changes in the development of the economy and culture. The first of the kings, who set the priority task of developing physical culture, was Peter I. It was during the era of his reign that skating, fencing, and horse riding became the most popular among hobbies.

In the context of the colossal transformations carried out in Russia since the time of Peter I, the need for educated and competent personnel is growing immeasurably. Special educational institutions are opening in the country. They train personnel for industry, the army, navy and public service. A school of mathematical and navigational sciences is opening in Moscow, in which physical training is introduced for the first time as a compulsory subject. The main means of physical education, depending on the conditions of the places of employment, the availability of teachers and the specifics of the educational institution, included fencing (“rapier science”), horseback riding, rowing, sailing, pistol shooting, dancing and games.

Military reforms of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. They played a significant role in shaping the system of military physical training in the Russian army. Peter I organizes the Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky amusing regiments. All military-physical training and exercises in the regiments are carried out in conditions close to combat. Significant time in physical training is devoted to mastering the bayonet fight.

At the end of the 30s of the XIX century. Physical training begins to stand out as an independent form of military training. The priority tasks are the physical development of soldiers and the strengthening of their health, as well as the ability to better master combat techniques with weapons.

Second half of the 19th century -- 1917 -- quite a significant period in the field of physical education, which played a significant role in the development of physical culture. During this period, pedagogical and natural-scientific layers of physical education are born, a system of physical education (education) is being created, modern sports are developing.

In Russia, the first experimental private schools for children appear, where an important paramount idea is education in the field of physical development of children. Great importance in the development of physical culture was given to the emergence of a new type of physical culture organizations - public physical culture and sports organizations that called for a healthy lifestyle, gymnastics, sports and tourism.

Many modern sports are born and begin their development, in which national championships are held for the first time, All-Russian sports organizations are being created. Russia begins to actively participate in the work of international sports associations.

By 1910, football, skating, skiing, and other leagues were created. For the first time, Russian athletes go to international competitions and have the opportunity to hold them in their own country, win the title of European and World champions. Russia is gradually becoming a sports power.

For the first time, Russian athletes participate in the Olympic Games in 1908 in London. Only five athletes come to the Games, and three of them win 3 medals - one gold and two silver. In 1912, 178 Russian athletes are already participating in the V Olympic Games.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917, the development of physical culture changed radically. The new Soviet state and the Communist Party begin to massively develop sports in the young country. The people's power makes physical culture and sports a common property, opens the way to it for everyone who strives for comprehensive physical development. An ideological culture is being formed in the country, and physical culture as its integral part. At factories and factories there are physical culture circles. Young people are drawn to sports. In 1920, the institute of physical culture was opened for the first time in the young Soviet Republic.

From the first years of Soviet power, state and physical culture and sports associations have been implementing a program for the mass development of physical culture and sports among the people. Track and field cross-country, cycling, skiing and other mass competitions are being held more and more often. For the first time in May 1920, a Sports Day is held in the country.

On August 17, 1928, the first All-Union Spartakiad opens on Red Square, which turns into a mass nationwide review of the achievements of the Soviet physical culture movement, becomes an important means of identifying physical abilities among young people and increasing the achievements of Soviet athletes.

The process of development of the scientific foundations of physical culture was largely hampered by their excessive ideologization and politicization. In the 30-50s. Soviet physical culture and sports become part of the ideology of the totalitarian regime, their methodological basis for proclaiming the philosophy of Marxism-Leninism. The main efforts of science in the USSR were aimed at the development of elite sports.

In 1931, the Soviet Union developed the TRP physical culture complex - “Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR”, which was based on program-evaluative standards and requirements for physical education of various age groups of the population. The TRP system was the basis of the Soviet system of physical education and was aimed at the comprehensive physical development of people, strengthening and maintaining their health, preparing for highly productive work and protecting the Motherland, and contributed to the formation of the spiritual and moral character of the Soviet person. First, the TRP complex includes stage I, which consists of 21 tests, 13 of which had specific standards. Then stage II is being developed, which already includes 24 types of tests, 19 of them are certain standards. For schoolchildren, the TRP complex was supplemented with the “Be Ready for Labor and Defense” (BGTO) step. In the period 1934-1988. the complex has been repeatedly changed, improved and adjusted in accordance with the spirit of the times, the tasks that confronted the country, and also in connection with the achievements of science in the field of physical education.

In the prewar years and the years of the Great Patriotic War, efforts in the development of physical culture were aimed at organizing military physical training and therapeutic physical culture. In 1939, a new TRP complex was approved. It includes such types of tests as throwing a bunch of grenades, high-speed hiking, overcoming water crossings, crawling, bayonet fighting. These norms became basic and obligatory for that time.

The country returned to the education of physical culture immediately after the end of the Great Patriotic War. Already in August 1945, the All-Union parade of athletes was held on Red Square in Moscow. The country is beginning to massively attract young people to the physical culture movement, the country's championships in various sports, sports festivals, sports days, and competitions are beginning to be held.

Sports games are especially popular in the USSR. Such sports as football, basketball, hockey and volleyball are beginning to develop especially successfully. Sports such as gymnastics and athletics are gaining popularity.

On October 23, 1974, the International Olympic Committee at its regular session in Vienna elects Moscow to host the XXII Olympic Games. In favor of our capital is the enormous prestige of Soviet sports, won by victories and achievements in the international arena, a significant contribution to the further development of the Olympic movement in the country.

After the 1980 Olympics, physical culture and sports continue to lead the world arenas - they become a powerful tool in educating young people in the spirit of patriotism, as worthy citizens and defenders of their homeland. After all, it is the youth that is the future of the country, and the way they are brought up will directly affect the further development and prosperity of the state.

No matter how we now feel about the totalitarian regime in which our country has been for more than 70 years, we cannot ignore the fact that the Soviet ideology has done a lot for the physical education of a person. This is natural: an ideology based on materialism and extolling physical labor should pay attention to physical education.

So it was while there was the Soviet Union. Then comes the crisis of power, which instantly affects both physical culture and physical education. During the crisis, physical education fades into the background. Financing from the state is being reduced and, as a result, sports schools and sections, children's and youth sports organizations and schools of the Olympic reserve are being closed, physical education and industrial gymnastics, so popular in Soviet times, are disappearing into oblivion. Gradually, a significant part of the sporting events held by the state in those days is forgotten. Mercantile and money-grubbing comes to replace. The importance of mass sports in the public consciousness of the people is drastically falling.

The new state system of physical education begins with the signing of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the establishment of the State Committee for Physical Culture and Tourism. In 1999, the President of the Russian Federation signs the law "On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation", which clearly establishes the legal, organizational, economic and social foundations for the activities of physical culture and sports organizations, determines the principles of state policy in the field of physical culture and sports and the Olympic movement in Russia.

In the conditions of socio-economic and political transformations in modern Russia, the development of physical culture and sports in the country, the strengthening of physical and moral spirit, the spiritual health of a person, and the formation of a healthy lifestyle are given a special place. Strengthening people's health, preserving the country's gene pool, bringing up a comprehensively harmonious personality, professional preparation for choosing a future profession - these are some of the main functions of physical education in our modern society.

physical culture emergence history

Universities of the Russian Federation - 4 hours.

Education in medical and pharmaceutical

Physical culture and sport in Russia. Physical

Selection of a local dosage form

The nature of the skin lesion	Localization of lesions	Local dosage form
Acute inflammation	Smooth skin	Lotions
(hyperemia + edema +
+ wetting) ___________________________________	Hairy areas _____________________________	Lotions, aerosols ____________________
Subacute wake up	restricted areas	Pastes
leniya (hyper-	on smooth skin
mia + edema)	Disseminated you-	agitated
	rashes on smooth skin	suspension
	hairy areas,	Powders
________	Folds
Chronic re-	Any localization	Creams, ointments
burning (hyperemia + infiltration)	Limited areas Nails	Occlusive dressings, plasters Lucky

Brief history of physical culture and sports. Basic concepts of the system of physical education, physical culture, physical training, physical condition, sports. Social needs in the emergence of physical culture. Fundamentals of legislation in the field of physical culture and sports. State and public forms of management of physical culture and sports in Russia. Government decisions on the development of physical culture and sports in the country. Goals and objectives of physical education in medical school. Organization and management of physical education. Building a course of physical education. Organization and content of the educational process in educational departments. Test requirements and responsibilities of students. Physical-improving and sports-mass work. Sports club activity. Organizational forms of work. Sports movements and traditions of the university. Sport in medical universities of the country. The role of graduates of medical universities in the development of the mass physical culture movement in the country. Professional feature of physical education in medical universities.

After studying the topic, the student must:

Have an idea about the social essence of physical culture and sports.

Own basic concepts in the field of physical culture and sports.

Know the main forms of physical culture and their purpose, the role of physical culture in the structure of vocational education.

Physical Culture- an organic part of human culture, its independent special area, at the same time it is a specific process and result of human activity, a means and method of physical improvement of the individual

Physical culture as a social phenomenon has occupied an important place in human life throughout its history. Along with the change in social relations, the essence and nature of physical culture changed. For example, in a classless primitive society, f / c was of a classless nature and was used in order to accumulate labor experience. and transmission of rational everyday movements from one generation to another.

Ritual dances, games and various competitions were used to train dexterous hunters, strong and enduring warriors. Physical exercise was not only public, but mandatory for everyone.

It is possible to speak about the appearance of physical exercises as such only when they are separated from labor activity. Physical labor, for example, aims to produce a certain product. Of course, many labor operations affect the physical condition of a person, but this influence largely depends on the characteristics of the content and conditions of production and can be very different, including negative. (overload)

Physical culture classes differ from other types of activity (including labor) primarily in that they are aimed at developing our own physical conditions, i.e. motor skills, physical qualities, functionality, etc.

The main goal of physical culture is a positive impact on the vital functions of the human body. This is one of the main reasons that our ancestors came to understand that by improving their motor abilities, one can not only work more successfully, hunt and fight, but also physically develop oneself. This circumstance was a significant impetus to the emergence of physical culture in the ancient world.

An objective biological premise also played an important role in the emergence of physical exercises - motor activity is a natural human need. The physical exercises of an ancient man were part of his daily life - in the form of ritual dances, initiations, games imitating labor, military and other actions. Through them, the transfer of experience in the performance of certain movements was carried out, and this is the emergence of elements of physical education.

Physical education as a specific sphere of social activity, isolated from physical labor, arose about 8 thousand years ago BC.

For many millennia, man has been in a "competition" in strength, speed, agility and endurance with many types of animals. Hunting, gathering, fishing developed physical stamina, reduced sensitivity to injuries, developed observation skills, and replenished practical knowledge. The manufacture and use of hunting tools also required the proper physical development of a person, certain motor skills.

However, only the need for good physical development could not yet lead to the emergence of physical exercises. In ancient man, unlike animals, there was a social way of transferring experience (people kept tools and passed on from generation to generation the skills of their manufacture and use). This is what led the ancient man to pay attention to the phenomenon of exercise in the labor process.

Physical exercises were not only a means of preparing for the upcoming activity, but were also aimed at coordinating motor acts, cooperation, and developing a plan for joint actions. The ability to think allowed a person to establish a connection between preliminary preparation and the results of hunting. People learned certain activities in the process of improving their movements, in the course of communicating with each other, as well as when entering into certain relationships with the outside world.

The transfer of experience and its use in the process of communication is education - in this case - physical education.

In a tribal society, a new form of social organization arises, expressed in the conduct of a common economy, in a clear division of labor between the sexes. In addition to labor, military affairs also influence education, although there is still no permanent armed force, and clashes between tribes are unsystematic. In the tribal society, F.V. had a high level of development. According to ethnographic data, it is represented even among the most primitive peoples. The manufacture and use of hunting tools required strength, dexterity, and physical endurance. Their hunting system was perfect thanks to the accumulated experience. Dances, which had a variety of motor content, were also the subject of training.

Games were one of the main forms of this education. Unusually strong motor games were developed, numbering dozens of types. They were held with the participation of hundreds of players for several days. Indian dances (dances) were also numerous and multifunctional, they required strength and endurance from the participants and were a kind of sports exercises. Dances not only trained people, but also rallied them into a team.

Endurance tests were common in many American tribes (initiates ran long distances over rough terrain, dug holes, etc.), as well as various pain tests, which were considered a test of strength and spirit, necessary in an independent working life.

A common feature of F.V. of all the tribes of the tribal society is that the exercises were aimed not only at developing physical qualities, but also at educating stamina and will, so running, wrestling, various jumps, throwing, weight training, ball games became widespread. The content of physical education was also influenced by the geographical environment and natural conditions.

In a slave-owning society, physical culture acquired a class character and a military orientation. It was used to suppress the discontent of the exploited masses within the state and to wage wars of conquest. For the first time, systems of physical education and special educational institutions were created. The profession of physical education teacher appeared. Physical exercises were regarded on a par with classes in poetry, dramaturgy, music. The participants of the ancient Greek Olympic Games were: Hippocrates (medic), Socrates (philosopher), Sophocles (playwright), etc.

In the era of feudalism, the physical development of peoples was carried out in the process of labor activity, outdoor games, household, cultural and military nature.

During the period of capitalism, physical culture was placed at the service of strengthening the foundations of its political domination by the ruling class.

A feature of the development of physical culture in the period of capitalism is that the ruling class is forced to deal with the issues of physical education of the masses. This was primarily due to the intensification of labor, as well as constant wars for colonies, markets, which required the creation of mass armies well physically prepared for warfare.

During the period of the establishment of capitalism, a sports and gymnastics movement was born, circles and sections (clubs) for individual sports appeared.

During the existence of the USSR, the main social function of physical education was the formation of physically perfect, socially active, morally stable, extremely devoted to this system of healthy people.

Archeology and ethnography have made it possible to trace the development of man, and consequently, of physical culture, since ancient times. The results of scientific research allow us to conclude that physical culture emerged from labor movements, vital actions into an almost independent type of human activity in the period from 40 to 25 millennia BC. The appearance of throwing weapons, and later the bow, contributed to the need to prepare food foragers, warriors, to develop and improve even then, in the Stone Age, the physical education systems that appeared, motor qualities as a guarantee of successful hunting, protection from the enemy, etc.

It is also of interest that many peoples have traditions and customs of using physical culture, its educational component in initiation rituals when moving from one age group to another. For example, young men were not allowed to marry until certain tests were completed - tests, and girls were not allowed to marry until they proved their fitness for independent living.

So, on one of the islands of the New Hybrids archipelago, holidays were held annually, culminating in “jumping from a tower” on land (L. Kuhn). A participant in this competition, to whose ankles a fixed rope of vines was tied, flies headfirst from a height of 30 m. When the head almost touches the ground, elastic vines contract and throw the person up, and he lands smoothly on his feet. In those distant times, those who did not pass this test were not allowed to the initiation ceremony, could not appear in public.

The physical culture of the primitive period, developing stamina, strong will, physical training of each member of the tribe, brought up among the tribesmen a sense of community in protecting their interests.

In the development of physical culture, Ancient Greece played a very important role not only in the time of the ancient Greek states, but in subsequent eras, up to our time, a lot is borrowed from the physical culture of Ancient Greece. Starting from physical exercises and up to the organization of competitions, including the Olympic Games.

Of particular interest is the physical culture of Ancient Greece, where “those who could not read, write and swim were considered illiterate” (Ageevets V.U., 1983), physical education in the ancient Greek states of Sparta and Athens, where gymnastics, fencing, horse riding were taught , swimming, running from the age of 7, wrestling and fisticuffs - from the age of 15.

An example characterizing the level of development of physical culture in these states was the organization and holding of the Olympic Games.

The world-famous great people of antiquity were also great athletes: the philosopher Plato - a fist fighter, the mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras - an Olympic champion, Hippocrates - a swimmer, a wrestler.

All peoples had mythical heroes with supernatural physical and spiritual abilities: Hercules and Achilles - among the Greeks, Gilgames - among the Babylonians, Samson - among the Jews, Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich - among the Slavs. People, exalting their exploits, victories in competitions, the fight against evil and the forces of nature, strove to be healthy, strong, skillful and hardworking themselves, which, of course, was reflected in the characteristics of education, physical education, and physical culture.

It makes sense to emphasize the importance of physical culture for the Greeks in the words of the great Aristotle: "Nothing exhausts and destroys a person like prolonged physical inactivity."

Military physical education is characteristic of the Middle Ages. The warrior-knight had to master the seven knightly virtues: horseback riding, fencing, archery, swimming, hunting, playing chess and the ability to compose poetry.

Sports as an integral part of physical culture have reached the greatest development in capitalist society.

Various forms of physical exercise have long been known to the Russian people. Games, swimming, skiing, wrestling, fisticuffs, horseback riding and hunting were widespread already in Ancient Rus'. Various games were also widely used: bast shoes, towns, grandmas, leapfrog and many others.

The physical culture of the Russian people was distinguished by great originality and originality. In physical exercises common among Russians in the XIII-XVI centuries. their military and paramilitary character was clearly expressed. Horseback riding, archery, and hurdling were popular folk pastimes in Rus'. Fisticuffs were also widespread, for a long time (until the beginning of the 20th century) they played an important role as one of the main folk original forms of physical education.

Cross-country skiing, skating and sledding, etc., were very popular among Russians. One of the original means of physical education was hunting, which served not only for fishing purposes, but also to show one's dexterity and fearlessness (for example, hunting a bear with a horn).

Hardening was carried out in an extremely peculiar way in Rus'. It is a well-known Russian custom to douse yourself with cold water or wipe yourself with snow immediately after a stay in a hot bath. Valuable original types of physical exercises were also distributed among other peoples that became part of the multinational Russian state created later.

The emergence and strengthening of the noble empire of Peter I (XVIII century) also affected to a certain extent the state influence on the development of physical culture. This affected, first of all, the combat training of troops, physical education in educational institutions, and partly the education of the nobility.

It was in the era of the reforms of Peter I that physical exercises began to be used for the first time in Russia in the system of training soldiers and officers. At the same time, physical exercises, mainly fencing and horseback riding, were introduced as an academic discipline at the Moscow School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701), at the Naval Academy and other educational institutions. Under Peter I, physical exercises were also introduced in civil gymnasiums, and rowing and sailing classes were organized for young people. These measures were the first steps taken by the state to lead the cause of physical culture.

In the future, physical exercises are increasingly used in educational institutions, and especially in the system of military education. Much credit for this belongs to the great Russian commander A.V. Suvorov.

In the second half of the XIX century. among young people, modern sports begin to develop in the form of sports circles and clubs. The first gymnastic and sports societies and clubs appear. In 1897, the first football team was created in St. Petersburg, and in 1911 the All-Russian Football Union was organized, uniting 52 clubs.

At the beginning of the XX century. in St. Petersburg, sports societies arose: "Mayak", "Bogatyr". By 1917, various sports organizations and clubs united a fairly large number of amateur athletes. However, there were no conditions for the development of mass sports. Therefore, in the conditions of pre-revolutionary Russia, individual athletes managed to show world-class results only thanks to natural data and the perseverance with which they trained. These are well-known - Poddubny, Zaikin, Eliseev and others.

With the advent of Soviet power, in pursuit of the goal of mass military training of workers and the education of physically hardened army soldiers, in April 1918 a Decree on the organization of universal military training (Vseobucha) was adopted. In a short time, 2 thousand sports grounds were built. In 1918, the country's first IFC was organized in Moscow and Leningrad. The question arose of strengthening the state forms of management of physical culture and sports work in the country. On July 27, 1923, the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR on the organization of scientific, educational and organizational work in physical education was issued.

The resolution of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) “On the tasks of the party in the field of physical culture”, adopted on July 13, 1925, was a program for the development of the physical culture movement in the new conditions of a socialist society. The resolution defined the essence of physical culture and its place in the Soviet state, emphasized its educational value, indicated the need to involve the broad masses of workers, peasants, and students in the physical culture movement.

In honor of the 10th anniversary of physical culture in the USSR (counting from the moment of the organization of Vseobuch) in 1928, the All-Union Spartakiad was held, which attracted over 7 thousand participants.

In 1931-1932. the sports complex “Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR” developed by a special commission of the All-Union Council of Physical Culture under the Central Executive Committee of the USSR is introduced. Over the years of the complex's existence, more than 2.5 million people passed its norms. In 1939, a new improved TRP complex was introduced, and in the same year an annual holiday was established - the All-Union Day of the Athlete. The policy of the state was also aimed at the development of mass tourism. Sections of tourism, mountaineering - rock climbing and later orienteering were in the post-war years in almost every educational institution, at enterprises and factories. The club system began to develop. Tourist clubs have become methodological and educational centers. The clubs trained instructors, coaches, section leaders. It should be said that the first tourist club in the USSR was organized in the city of Rostov-on-Don in 1937. It was a universal club that brought together lovers of all types of travel.

In 1957, there were more than 1,500 stadiums, over 5,000 sports grounds, about 7,000 gymnasiums; IN AND. Lenin in Luzhniki, etc.

After 1948, athletes of the USSR over 5 thousand times updated all-Union records in almost a thousand times - world records. The Spartakiads of the peoples of the USSR played an important role.

Every year, international relations in sports are expanding. We are members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Council for Physical Education and Sports (CIEPS), the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) and many others, members of the International Federation for 63 sports.

They take (begin) their history from 776. BC. They were held in honor of the conclusion of a truce between Hellas and Sparta. Competitions were held in different places in Greece - in Olympia (Olympic Games) in Delphi (Pythian Games), etc.

The ancient Olympic Games were held until 394. BC. in total they were held (there were 293. The games were held in Olympia on the banks of the Alpheus River.

Only free-born Greeks, slaves and women, as well as barbarians (foreigners) were not allowed to participate in the Olympic Games. The name of the winners was engraved on a marble column. The first winner of Koreb from Hellas is a cook.

The modern Summer Olympic Games arose at the end of the 19th century. In 1894, 1500 years after the ban at the suggestion of the Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin;

(1863 - 1937), who convened the International Sports Congress, the International Olympic Committee was created, whose president was Coubertin (1895 - 1925). The text of the Oath of the Olympic Charter was approved at the congress. The motto of the Olympic Games “Faster, Higher, Stronger” The emblem of the Games 5 intertwined rings - the unity of the continents.

In 1914 In Paris, in honor of the twentieth anniversary of the games, the flag of the Olympics was raised for the first time.

At the first games there were 13 countries competing in 9 sports. There were already 20 countries and 18 sports at the II Games.

The main dates characterizing the development of physical culture and sports in our country in the last century: in 1908, eight Russian athletes took part in the fourth Olympic Games. The first Russian Olympic champion - figure skater Nikolai Panin - Kolomenkin; 1913 - the first All-Russian Olympics; 1929 - By the decision of the Council of People's Commissars, compulsory physical education classes were introduced in universities; 1952 - the debut of athletes of the USSR at the XU Summer Olympic Games in Helsinki (medals: gold - 22, silver - 30, bronze - 19). Second team place after USA); 1956 - the debut of athletes of the USSR at the UP of the Winter Olympic Games in Cortino - village "Ampezzo" (medals: gold - 7, silver - 3, bronze -6; first team place); 1980 - XXII Summer Olympic Games in Moscow. Student of the Faculty of Technology Igor Sokolov - Olympic

shooting champion.

The last Summer Olympic Games (XXVIII) were held in 2004 in Athens, winter (XX-s) - in 2006 in Turin. The following will take place: summer - in Beijing in 2008, winter - in Vancouver (Canada) in 2010.
The Russian Student Sports Union (RSSU) was established in 1993. Currently, the RSSU is recognized as a single body for the management of student sports in the Russian Federation in higher education. Ministries and departments that have higher educational institutions in their jurisdiction, the Russian State Committee for Physical Culture and Tourism, RSCC actively cooperate with the Russian Olympic Committee, being its member, with government bodies, various youth organizations. RSSS joined the International University Sports Federation (FISU), takes an active part in all its events.

RSSS unites sports clubs, various physical culture organizations of more than 600 higher and 2500 secondary specialized educational institutions of the country. In the structure of the RSSS, regional bodies for managing student sports have been created. For sports, gyms, stadiums, swimming pools, ski bases, sports grounds of higher and secondary educational institutions are at the disposal of students. 290 sports and recreation camps operate in universities to organize summer holidays. About 10 thousand specialists conduct regular classes in physical culture and sports with students. More than 50 sports are cultivated in Russian higher educational institutions, the most popular of which are basketball, athletics, cross-country skiing, volleyball, football, table tennis, tourism, chess, and orienteering.

The Russian Student Sports Union annually holds national and regional championships in sports included in the programs of the World Universiade and World Student Championships. In many sports, students make up the majority of Russian national teams and take part in the European and World Championships and the Olympic Games. RSSS is the successor of the abolished student DSO "Petrel", continues its idea and traditions. In the near future, it is planned to hold winter and summer All-Russian Universiades, the regular publication of its own printed organ, the creation of a fund for the development of student sports, the release of student sports lotteries and other events aimed at implementing the statutory tasks.

Increasing role of physical culture in modern society.

Physical culture has played an important role at all stages of the development of human society. Its role has increased significantly in modern society. This is due to the fact that today the proportion of hard physical labor has significantly decreased. If a hundred years ago 98% of the energy needed for material production was created by the muscular movements of humans and domestic animals, today this figure is
2-3%.
In everyday life and in production, manual labor was replaced by mechanisms and machines. Modern civilization with its many benefits has basically eliminated physical labor and physical activity - the main condition for the life and development of each individual in the centuries-old human history.
Lack of motor activity (hypokinesia and hypodynamia) led to the emergence of new, previously unknown diseases (endocrine and oncological) and more acute manifestation of such diseases as diseases of the cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal and digestive systems. There is a sharp increase in neuropsychiatric diseases. Experts attribute this primarily to the fact that with a significant reduction in physical activity, the neuro-emotional component of life has increased significantly.

Elements of physical culture took place at the earliest stage of human civilization. The living conditions of members of a primitive society were largely determined by the ability to protect themselves and their relatives from wild animals and animals, to overcome natural obstacles and long distances in search of prey. In this sense, a person's ability to be strong, dexterous and hardy became vital.

The creation of physical culture, as a specific sphere of social activity, isolated from the acquisition of material goods necessary for existence, occurred at the stage of ancient history (80,000 years BC).

Characteristic systems of physical culture of the era of slavery are Spartan and ancient Greek (5-4 thousand years BC). Children in Sparta up to 7 years old were brought up in a family. Then they were given to special public houses, in which a harsh upbringing was practiced. Great importance was attached to physical exercises. At the age of 18, young men were tested, after which they were given weapons, and they became warriors. The task of women was to give birth to a healthy, strong heritage. Before marriage, young Spartan women practiced running, wrestling, and various kinds of throwing.

Education in Athens was more harmonious. The idea of the harmonious development of personality was expressed by the ancient Hellenes in the formula - they said about an uncultured person: "He can neither read nor swim." The ancient Greeks are the founders of the Olympic Games. Every 1417 days, starting from 776 BC, competitions were held in running, throwing, jumping, fisticuffs and chariot races. The most difficult and at the same time the most popular was the pentathlon - pentathlon.

Many great philosophers of that time (Plato, Aristotle, Democritus, Epicurus, etc.) were participants and winners of the ancient Olympiads. Only Greeks by origin had the right to participate in them, and only free people (not slaves) and only men. On the eve of the Games, the Olympic Truce was announced - ekekhiriya. All strife and wars had to stop. No one had the right to enter the territory of Olympia with weapons. Participation in the Olympic Games was considered an honor and required no less responsibility. The athlete had to train at home for ten months and train hard at Olympia for another month. In churches, before the opening of the Games, all participants took the Olympic oath. “I prepared honestly and hard, and I will compete honestly with my rivals!” The winners of the competitions - Olympionists were awarded with an olive branch or a laurel wreath. Immortal glory awaited them, not only in their hometown, but throughout the Greek world.

In 394 BC. The Roman emperor Theodosius banned the first Olympic competitions. A distinctive feature of physical culture in feudal society was the preparation and participation in jousting tournaments. In a capitalist society, after a 15-century break (at the initiative of Pierre de Coubertin in 1896) the first modern Olympic Games, which were held in Athens, are being resumed, and the development of modern sports has begun.

The main dates characterizing the development of physical culture and sports in our country in the last century:

1908 - eight Russian athletes took part in the fourth Olympic Games. The first Russian Olympic champion - figure skater Nikolai Panin-Kolomenkin;

1913 - the first All-Russian Olympiad;

1929 - By the decision of the Council of People's Commissars, compulsory physical education classes were introduced in universities;

1952 - the debut of Soviet athletes at the XV Summer Olympic Games in Helsinki (medals: gold - 22, silver - 30, bronze - 19 - the second team place after the USA);

1956 - the debut of athletes of the USSR at the VII Winter Olympic Games in "Cortino - village of Ampezzo" (medals: gold - 7, silver - 3, bronze -6; first team place);

1980 - XXII Summer Olympic Games in Moscow. Igor Sokolov, a student of the Faculty of Technology, is an Olympic champion in shooting.

In 2013 Kazan hosted the competitions of the World Summer Universiade.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Federal Agency for Education

Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University

them. K. D. Ushinsky

Faculty of Foreign Languages

By discipline: "Physical education"

On the topic: "History of physical culture"

Executed by Afanasyeva E.N.

Student gr. 41 g

Yaroslavl 2010

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

Physical culture is part of the general culture of society, one of the areas of social activity aimed at improving health, developing the physical abilities of a person and using them in accordance with the needs of social practice. The main indicators of the state of physical culture in society: the level of health and physical development of people; the degree of use of physical culture in the field of upbringing and education, in production, everyday life, the structure of free time; the nature of the system of physical education, the development of mass sports, the highest sports achievements, etc.

The physical culture of the people is part of its history. Its formation, subsequent development is closely connected with the same historical factors that influence the formation and development of the country's economy, its statehood, political and spiritual life of society.

Sport is an integral part of physical culture, as well as a means and method of physical education, a system for organizing and conducting competitions in various complexes of physical exercises and preparatory training sessions. Historically, it has developed as a special area for identifying and unified comparison of people's achievements in certain types of physical exercises, their level of physical development.

Various elements of human activity have historically entered the sphere of sports. Sports, which have a centuries-old history, have developed from original physical exercises, forms of labor and military activity, used by man for the purpose of physical education in ancient times.

1. History of the development of physical culture

The term "culture", which appeared in the period of the emergence of human society, is far from unambiguous, closely related to such concepts; as "cultivation", "processing", "education", "education", "development", "reverence". This term in modern society covers a wide range of transformative activities and its results in the form of relevant values, in particular, "the transformation of one's own nature."

Physical culture is a part (subsystem) of the general culture of mankind, which is a creative activity to master the past and create new values, mainly in the field of development, health improvement and education of people.

In order to develop, educate and improve a person, physical culture uses the capabilities of the individual, the natural forces of nature, the achievements of the human sciences, specific scientific results and attitudes of medicine, hygiene, anatomy, physiology, psychology, pedagogy, military affairs, etc. Physical culture, organically intertwining in the professional-production, economic, social relations of people, has a significant impact on them, fulfilling a humanistic and cultural-creative mission, which today, in the period of higher education reforms and the revision of the essence of previous concepts, is especially valuable and significant.

Academician N.I. Ponomarev, relying on the results of a study of extensive material, came to the conclusion that became fundamental for the history of the emergence and initial development of physical education, that “man became a man not only in the course of the development of labor tools, but also in the course of constant improvement of the human body itself. The human body as the main productive force. In this development, hunting, as a form of work, played a decisive role. It was during this period that a person appreciated the benefits of new skills, vital movements, qualities of strength, endurance, speed.

It is also of interest that many peoples have traditions and customs of using physical culture, its educational component in initiation rituals when moving from one age group to another. For example, boys were not allowed to marry until certain tests were completed - tests, and girls were not allowed to marry until they proved their fitness for independent living.

Of particular interest is the physical culture of Ancient Greece, where "those who could not read, write and swim were considered illiterate", physical education in the ancient Greek states of Sparta and Athens, where gymnastics, fencing, horseback riding, swimming, running from the age of 7 were taught. , wrestling and fisticuffs - from the age of 15.

An example characterizing the level of development of physical culture in these states was the organization and holding of the Olympic Games.

The world-famous great people of antiquity were also great athletes: the philosopher Plato was a fist fighter, the mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras was an Olympic champion, Hippocrates was a swimmer and wrestler.

A distinctive feature of the ancient Greeks was agon, i.e. competitive start. Noble aristocrats in Homer's poems compete in strength, dexterity and perseverance, victory brings glory and honor, not material wealth. Gradually, the idea of winning the competition as the highest value, glorifying the winner and bringing him honor and respect in society, is being affirmed in society. The formation of ideas about the agon gave rise to various games that were of an aristocratic nature. The oldest and most important games were first held in 776 BC. in honor of Olympian Zeus and since then repeated every four years. They lasted five days and during this time the sacred peace was proclaimed throughout Greece. The only reward for the winner was an olive branch. An athlete who won the games three times (“olympionist”) received the right to install his statue in the sacred grove of the temple of Olympian Zeus. Athletes competed in running, fisticuffs, chariot races. Later, the Pythian Games in Delphi (in honor of Apollo) were added to the Olympic Games - the award was a laurel wreath, the Isthmian (in honor of the god Poseidon) on the Isthmus of Corinth, where the award was a wreath of pine branches, and, finally, the Nemean Games (in honor of Zeus) . The participants of all the games performed naked, so women, under pain of death, were forbidden to attend the games. The beautiful naked body of an athlete has become one of the most common motifs in ancient Greek art.

Just as in Greece, from early times, various festivities and performances played an important role in the social life of Rome. At first, public performances were also religious ceremonies; they were an indispensable part of religious holidays.

In the VI century. BC e. they began to arrange performances of a secular (not religious) nature, and not priests, but officials began to be responsible for their conduct. The venue for such performances was no longer the altar of one or another god, but a circus located in a lowland between the Palatine and Aventine hills.

The earliest Roman civil holiday was the feast of the Roman Games. For several centuries it was the only civil holiday of the Romans. From the 3rd century BC. new representations are established. The Plebeian Games are of great importance. At the end of III - beginning of II century. BC e. the Apollo Games were also established, games in honor of the Great Mother of the Gods - the Megalen Games, as well as florals - in honor of the goddess Flora. These games were annual and regular, but in addition to them, extraordinary games could also be arranged depending on a successful war, deliverance from an invasion, a given vow, or simply the desire of a magistrate.

Games lasted from 14 - 15 days (Roman and Plebeian Games) to 6 - 7 days (Floralia). The total duration of all the holidays of these games (ordinary) reached 76 days a year.

Gladiator fights are developing unusually in Rome. Gladiator fights have been held in Etruscan cities since the 6th century BC. BC e. From the Etruscans they entered Rome. For the first time in 264, a battle of three pairs of gladiators was arranged in Rome. Over the next century and a half, gladiator games were held at the wake of noble persons, were called funeral games and were of the nature of a private performance. Gradually, the popularity of gladiator fights is growing.

In 105 BC. e. gladiatorial fights were declared part of the public spectacles and magistrates began to take care of their organization. Along with the magistrates, private individuals also had the right to fight. To give a performance of a gladiator fight meant to gain popularity among the Roman citizens and be elected to public office. And since there were many who wanted to get a magistrate's position, the number of gladiator fights is growing. Several tens and even hundreds of pairs of gladiators worth several hundred thousand sesterces are already being brought into the arena. Gladiator fights become a favorite spectacle not only in the city of Rome, but also in all Italian, and later in provincial cities. They were so popular that Roman architects created a special, previously unknown type of building - an amphitheater, where gladiatorial fights and baiting of animals were held. The amphitheaters were designed for several tens of thousands of spectators and exceeded the capacity of theater buildings by several times.

The number of performances, both private and public, in Rome and other cities and their duration constantly increased, and their importance grew more and more. At the end of the Republic, magistrates and statesmen considered holding public performances an important part of their state activities. Under the conditions of an aristocratic republic, where all power was concentrated in the hands of a narrow elite of the slave-owning class, the ruling group considered the organization of public performances one of the means to divert the broad masses of Roman citizenship from active state activity. Not surprisingly, the growth of public performances was accompanied by a decline in the importance of popular assemblies and their political role.

In 394 AD e. The Roman emperor Theodosius 1 issued a decree prohibiting the further holding of the Olympic Games. The emperor converted to Christianity and decided to eradicate anti-Christian games glorifying pagan gods. And one and a half thousand years the games were not played. In the following centuries, sport lost the democratic significance that was attached to it in ancient Greece.

Around the knights, whom some call fearless warriors, devoted vassals, defenders of the weak, noble servants of beautiful ladies, gallant cavaliers, in essence, the history of the European Middle Ages revolved, because in those days they were the only real power. The strength that everyone needed: kings, churches; smaller lords, peasants.

But it is not enough to pick up a weapon - you need to be able to use it perfectly. This requires relentless, tiring training from a very young age. No wonder boys from knightly families were taught to wear armor from childhood - complete sets for 6-8-year-old children are known. Therefore, a heavily armed rider must be a wealthy man with time. Large rulers could only keep a very small number of such warriors at court. Where to get the rest? After all, a strong peasant, even if he has 45 cows, will not give them away for a pile of iron and a beautiful horse, but not suitable for farming. There was a way out: the king obliged small landowners to work for a certain time for a large one, to supply him with the right amount of food and handicrafts, and he had to be ready for a certain number of days a year to serve the king as a heavily armed horseman.

A knight is an individual fighter, a privileged warrior. He is a professional from birth and in military affairs is equal to any of his class up to the king. In battle, he depends only on himself and stands out, he can be the first only by showing his courage, the quality factor of his armor and the agility of his horse. And he showed it with all his might. From the end of the 11th century, during the Crusades, spiritual and chivalric orders began to emerge with strict regulations governing military operations.

With the advent of the Renaissance, which restored interest in the art of Ancient Greece, they remembered the Olympic Games. At the beginning of the 19th century sport received universal recognition in Europe and there was a desire to organize something similar to the Olympic Games. Local games organized in Greece in 1859, 1870, 1875 and 1879 left some trace in history. Although they did not give tangible practical results in the development of the international Olympic movement, they served as an impetus for the formation of the Olympic Games of our time, which owe their revival to the French public figure, teacher, historian Pierre De Coubertin. The growth of economic and cultural communication between states that arose at the end of the 18th century, the emergence of modern modes of transport, paved the way for the revival of the Olympic Games on an international scale. That is why the call of Pierre De Coubertin: "We need to make sport international, we need to revive the Olympic Games!", found a proper response in many countries.

On June 23, 1894, in Paris, in the Great Hall of the Sorbonne, a commission for the revival of the Olympic Games met. Pierre de Coubertin became its general secretary. Then the International Olympic Committee (IOC) took shape, which included the most authoritative and independent citizens of different countries.

By decision of the IOC, the games of the first Olympiad were held in April 1896 in the Greek capital at the Panathini Stadium.

2. Development of physical culture in Russia

Cross-country skiing, skating and sledding, etc., were very popular among Russians. One of the original means of physical education was hunting, which served not only for commercial purposes, but also to show one's dexterity and fearlessness (for example, hunting a bear with a horn).

The emergence and strengthening of the noble empire of Peter I (XVIII century) affected, to a certain extent, the state influence on the development of physical culture. This affected, first of all, the combat training of troops, physical education in educational institutions, and partly the education of the nobility.

During the Great Patriotic War, Soviet athletes contributed to the victory over the enemy. A number of athletes were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Skiers and swimmers provided invaluable assistance to the Soviet Army.

In 1957, there were more than 1,500 stadiums, over 5,000 sports grounds, about 7,000 gymnasiums; IN AND. Lenin in Luzhniki, etc.

After 1948, athletes of the USSR over 5 thousand times updated all-Union records and almost a thousand times - world records. The Spartakiads of the peoples of the USSR played an important role.

The Russian Student Sports Union (RSSU) was established in 1993. Currently, the RSSU is recognized as a single body for the management of student sports in the Russian Federation in higher education. Ministries and departments that have higher educational institutions in their jurisdiction, the Russian State Committee for Physical Culture and Tourism, RSCC actively cooperate with the Russian Olympic Committee, being its member, with government bodies, various youth organizations. RSSS joined the International University Sports Federation (FISU), takes an active part in all its activities.

RSSS unites sports clubs, various physical culture organizations of more than 600 higher and 2500 secondary specialized educational institutions of the country.

Conclusion

The harmonious combination of intellect, physical and spiritual forces was highly valued by man throughout his development and improvement. Great men in their writings emphasized the need for the comprehensive development of young people, without highlighting the priority of physical or spiritual education, deeply understanding how overestimation, the accentuated formation of any qualities lead to a violation of the harmonious development of the individual.

In this paper, the path that physical culture has made over a long time of its existence is considered. In particular, attention is paid to the Olympic movement, which has overcome many obstacles, oblivion and alienation. But despite everything, the Olympic Games are alive to this day. Today, the Olympic Games are one of the biggest events in the world. At the same time, it is worth remembering that professional sports are unthinkable without practicing the basics of physical culture.

At the present stage, the task of turning the mass physical culture movement into a nationwide one based on a scientifically based system of physical education, which covers all social strata of society, is being solved. There are state systems of program-assessment standards and requirements for physical development and preparedness of various age groups of the population.

Compulsory physical education classes under state programs are held in preschool institutions, in all types of educational institutions, in the army.

List of used literature

1. Amosov N.M. Reflections on health. M, 1987.

2. Weinbaum Ya. S. Hygiene of physical education: Proc. allowance for students of the faculty. physical resp. honey. institutions. M., 1986.

3. Evseev Yu. I. Physical culture (textbook for university students). Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2004

4. Kuhn L. "General history of physical culture and sports"; Moscow 1987.

5. Krushilo Yu.S. “Anthology on the history of the ancient world”, Moscow, 1980.

6. Olivova V. People and games. At the origins of modern sports. - M.: FiS, 1985.

7. Stolbov V.V. History of physical culture and sports. - M.: FiS, 1975.

8. Theory and methods of physical culture: Proc. allowance / Ed. Yu. F. Kuramshina, V. I. Popova. St. Petersburg, 1999. - 324 p.

9. Physical culture: Textbook for preparing for exams / Ed. V. Yu. Volkov and V. I. Zagoruiko. St. Petersburg: Piter, 2004. - 224 p.

10. Kholodov Zh. K., Kuznetsov V. S. Theory and methods of physical education and sports: Proc. allowance. M.: Academy, 2001. - 479 p.

Similar Documents

The role of physical culture among the Ancient Slavs and in the Christian era of the country. Sport as a dominant form of manifestation of physical culture. Features of physical culture in the USSR and in modern Russia. The importance of mass sports in the public mind.

abstract, added 09/06/2009

Physical culture and sport as a part of universal culture. The value of sports for preparing for professional activities, for organizing leisure. Physical culture of the individual as an integral part of the general culture, its specific functions.

abstract, added 05/17/2016

Physical culture and sport as social phenomena of society. The influence of physical culture on the spiritual sphere of a person as an effective means of intellectual, moral, aesthetic education. Effective aspect of physical culture.

test, added 08/08/2009

The emergence of physical exercises among the Eastern Slavs. Sport as a component of physical culture. Stages of development of physical culture in Russia. Soviet system of physical education. State system of management of physical culture and sports.

abstract, added 07/25/2010

Physical culture as a part of general culture, its social nature and functions. Uncovering the potential of a person. Influence of sports and physical culture on intellectual development. The unity of practical and mental activity of a person.

abstract, added 05/11/2009

Consideration of problems, concepts and social functions of physical culture, its influence on the formation of personality culture. General cultural, educational and specific functions of physical culture, its position at the present stage of society development.

abstract, added 02/17/2012

The origin of modern sports and physical culture. Development of physical culture as a social factor. Development of physical culture in Russia. Sports victory and its creator. Sports promotion. The crisis of modern sports.

abstract, added 11/20/2006

The concepts of the theory of physical culture as a kind of general culture, part of the culture of the individual. Social functions of student youth physical culture. The main provisions and requirements of the curriculum, the purpose, objectives and forms of organization of physical education.

abstract, added 02/15/2010

The role and main indicators of the state of physical culture and sports in society. Physical culture as a social phenomenon. Influence of physical culture on the formation of personality properties and qualities. The content of the program of physical education in schools.

term paper, added 01/10/2014

Forms of competitions, systems of physical education, sports ideals of different eras. Achievements of mankind in the field of physical culture in different periods. Physical culture in different eras as the embodiment of the aspirations of classes and groups of society.

S.G. Urazova

Domestic history of physical culture and sports

Textbook for students of the Faculty of Physical Education

Kostroma

Reviewers:

CM. Nurtdinov - Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Theoretical Foundations of Physical Education, KSU named after. ON THE. Nekrasov.

Urazova S.G. Domestic history of physical culture and sports: a textbook for students of the Faculty of Physical Culture. - Kostroma: KSU im. ON THE. Nekrasova, 2008. - 68 p.

The textbook was prepared by the Associate Professor of the Department of Theoretical Foundations of Physical Education of KSU named after. ON THE. Nekrasova Urazova S.G. and is a course of 6 topics, each of which ends with questions for self-control of students' knowledge.

This work is intended for full-time and part-time students of the Faculty of Physical Education. It can also be useful for teachers of specialized colleges, teachers of physical education.

Physical culture in Russia from ancient times (from the 6th century) to the second half of the 19th century. ……………..…………………………………..…….. 4

Physical culture and sports in Russia in VP XIX - n. 20th century ……... 16

Formation and development of the Soviet system of physical education and sports (1917-1941). ………………….……………………….….….…. 42

Physical culture and sports in the USSR in 1941-1961. …….….……. 49

The development of physical culture and sports in the USSR in the 60-80s. ….…… 55

Physical culture and sport in the Russian Federation. …………… 59

Literature …………………………………………………….…………… 69

Physical culture in Russia since ancient times

(from the VI century) to v.p. 19th century

Folk forms of FV.

The history of the development of the FCS in our country can be divided into three stages: from ancient times to 1917, the development of the FCS in the USSR and the development of the FCS in the Russian Federation after 1991.

The emergence of FU among the Eastern Slavs took place in almost the same way as in other regions of the world. The practice of PV began to take shape among them in the VI-IX centuries.

In primitive society upbringing was carried out mainly in the process of including children in specific activities. There were also special forms of education, which eventually turned into rituals (for example, initiations).

In primitive tribal communities, education was social in nature. Boys were trained mainly for masculine activities (hunting, making tools), and girls for women's activities (picking plants, cooking, housekeeping, caring for children).

As the tribal community collapses, educational functions are transferred to the family.

In the VI-IX centuries. the Eastern Slavs formed four social strata: communal farmers, artisans, tribal feudal nobility and pagan priesthood. For each social group, the general orientation of education was associated with the image of the ideal hero. This image embodied, as it were, the highest goal of education. Each period of historical development had its own image of a hero-hero. The ideal image of a hero-warrior is shown by ancient Russian epics and fairy tales (Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich, Nikita Kozhemyaki, Ivan the peasant son, etc.). The hero appears not only as a physically invincible person, but also as a person who is fluent in labor skills, possessing mental superiority over his enemies. According to the description of the fights of the heroes, one can judge the arsenal of their military skills. They mastered the techniques of both wrestling and hand-to-hand combat, skillfully used edged weapons, knew how to shoot from a bow, and play chess. There are descriptions of the established dynamics of the fight. First, the rivals fight on horseback: they fight with spears, blades, clubs, and then the duel continues in hand-to-hand wrestling.

In their development, some peoples passed the slave-owning period and passed from the primitive communal to the feudal. Which largely predetermined the peculiar way of development of FC.

Raising children in early feudal period carried out in the family.

By the age of 3-4, the child began to do the work that was possible for him, helping the elders, mainly the mother. Senior members of the family encouraged games that develop children's dexterity, strength, ingenuity, and form the skills necessary for future work.

From the age of 7, a new period began in the life of the child, a new stage in his upbringing. The boys moved into the age group of youths. Among the Eastern Slavs, the word "lad" meant a boy of 7-14 years old. They helped their fathers in the performance of "male" types of work, primarily in agricultural work: agriculture, animal husbandry. Girls mastered “women’s” types of work: they learned how to run a household, spin, weave, etc.

Along with labor education, adolescents learned the rules of conduct and worldview of the community. The ideological basis of education in Rus' was the pagan, and then the Christian religion. Christianity has shaped the whole life of man. In the hands of the church was the judiciary, education, social life (every act required an obligatory church blessing). The interests of church and state were practically the same.

Upon reaching the age of 14, adolescents became full members of the family. At this age, they received the military training necessary for every man.

Professional warriors in the ancient Russian early feudal state were trained in special squads. The combatants represented a social group of professional warriors, already in the 7th century. living in special fortified camps. From the age of 12, future combatants underwent military training in special grid houses. The training of combatants was the only currently known organized form of military physical education among the Eastern Slavs in the 6th-9th centuries. It was carried out mainly directly during military campaigns or in the course of hostilities.

The famous Russian historian S.M. Solovyov wrote about the military-physical qualities of the ancient Slavs: "... the Slavs were especially distinguished by the art of swimming and hiding in rivers ... The armament of the Slavs consisted of two small spears, some had shields, they also used wooden bows and small arrows smeared with poison."

The first written source that speaks of ancient physical exercises is the first ancient Russian chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years". Its author is the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor. This book (it was written at the beginning of the 12th century) says that the ancestors of the Russians - Radimichi, Vyatichi and Northerners - lived in the forests, but in their free time they “... arranged games between the villages, which converged almost all people from young to old. During the games, competitions were held in various jumps, wrestling, hand-to-hand combat, "bear wrestling", running games, archery, horse racing, etc.

The main characters of the ancient Slavic chronicles were the princes. In their images, the authors saw the ideal to which a person should strive in life.

The first image of a wrestling fight dates back to 1197, when the Dmitrovsky Cathedral was built in Vladimir. It has a bas-relief depicting a scene of a struggle. Experts in wrestling, having studied this image, confidently assert that at that time there were already such types of wrestling as “girth” and “belt” wrestling, in which throws with the help of the legs were prohibited.

The mass folk form of physical education in Rus' was fisticuffs . The demarcation of the fight against fisticuffs took place for a long time. As a result, the ban on strikes in wrestling has become a common practice. As a result of this “softening”, wrestling, on the one hand, lost something in the applied combat relation, on the other hand, opened up wider ways for its development in the sports direction, for improving already purely wrestling techniques and tactics.

The traditions of fisticuffs have existed on our land since ancient times. And if written evidence speaks of the existence of fisticuffs in our country in the 10th century, then there is other information - that they were an indispensable part of ancient games. Over time, the custom of fisticuffs disappeared among the Western and Southern Slavs.

Fisticuffs were practiced in three varieties: one-on-one (“one-on-one”), “wall-to-wall” and “clutch-dump”.

The “one-on-one” fight was close to the old English bare-knuckle boxing, but differed from it in less cruelty. Before starting the fight, the rivals hugged and kissed each other three times, demonstrating the absence of any enmity between them. With the fall of one of the fighters, the fight stopped, while in English boxing the beating of the lying one continued (it was forbidden only in 1743).

However, the most beloved and most widespread in Rus' were mass wall-to-wall battles.

"Coupling-dump" - massive and mischievous a kind of battle where everyone fought for himself and against everyone else. It ceased to exist a very long time ago.

The rules of fisticuffs have been formed for a long time. The first important step was the complete disengagement with stick fighting. Fist fighting has become an exclusively unarmed fight. Further, kicks and the use of legs for throws were prohibited. Many localities had their own peculiarities in the rules, but over time they became the same for all of Russia. One of the rules of fisticuffs has even become a proverb, symbolizing Russian nobility in battle: “They don’t beat the recumbent.” There was a rule according to which a fighter, usually one who received too strong a blow, could squat down, and no one dared to touch him, as if he was lying down. The rule of fighting only with fists, without any metal "bookmarks", was very strictly observed. Those convicted of this were punished mercilessly: they were severely beaten not only by strangers, but also by their own.

At the same time, in the upper strata of society, a negative and contemptuous attitude towards fisticuffs was established. Most of the Russian tsars tried to ban them, but all attempts were in vain. There were objective reasons for this.

For the XIII first half of the XV centuries. Rus' withstood more than 160 wars. In the XVIII century. she fought for 60 years. Therefore, military orientation prevailed in physical training, in particular fisticuffs.

The Russian Orthodox Church opposed folk games and FU. From s. 16th century (1551) fisticuffs were prohibited by church laws, and in the village. 17th century (1648), they were also banned by secular authorities, when Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (father of Peter I), under pressure from the clergy, issued a decree banning folk games and amusements.

But the people carefully kept and passed on from generation to generation their national traditions, games, exercises. A number of our first boxers, before joining this sport, already had some experience in "wall" fisticuffs.

Equestrian and foot competitions, martial arts formed moral traits and developed motor qualities. The people especially appreciated courage and determination, physical strength when lifting weights. There were special rules for armwrestling while sitting, standing and various types of wrestling. Entertainment was an integral part of all holidays, and those who wanted to participate in a fistfight for entertainment chose among themselves “main ones” who were supposed to appear at the police, where their names were recorded and places for fights were indicated. And only in these places, under the supervision of “those sotsk, fifties and tenths”, battles could be fought. Thus, the noble monarchy, represented by Catherine I, who issued a decree "On fisticuffs" (1726), sought to regulate popular martial arts. However, this decree was not supported by an appropriate control and financing mechanism and in fact did not always work.

Elizaveta Petrovna also tried to improve the "regulations" of Peter I in the Neva Flotilla, but, unfortunately, the regulation of rowing and sailing, boxing in Russia failed.

The inventions of folk craftsmen contributed to the accelerated development of applied, technical sports.

The peoples of Russia highly valued games that reveal prudence and sharpness of mind, receptivity and curiosity, honesty and truthfulness, respect for elders and hospitality - “wolves and sheep”, “geese-swans”, “kite”, “cauldron”, “balloons” and etc.

Folk forms of physical education are especially interesting for such an estate in Rus' as Cossacks . It can be considered a system of applied physical training. At the heart of the ideological orientation was the education of the Cossacks of devotion to their army, love for their native land. The system had a clearly defined applied goal - preparation for military and labor activity. The system was universal: it covered the entire male population from childhood to old age. Military physical exercises were systematically included among the Cossacks in games, reviews, hunting, holidays, military campaigns, i.e. a variety of forms and means of physical training was presented. The methods used in teaching military physical exercises were based on an empirical approach - an example, imitation, copying, experience.

The Cossacks as a military estate in Russia began to take shape from the 14th century, they were free people who worked for hire and carried out military service in the border regions. The tsarist government sought to use the Cossacks to protect their borders and in wars. In the XVIII century. it subjugated the Cossacks, turning them into a privileged military class. By the beginning of the twentieth century. in the Russian Empire there were 11 Cossack troops (territories) .

The military physical education of the Cossacks (for example, in the Don Cossack army) began from birth, when military symbols were presented to the baby - an arrow, gunpowder, a bow, a gun, etc. When his teeth erupted, his parents put him on a horse and took him to church to serve a prayer service so that their son would become a brave Cossack. Three-year-old children themselves rode horses around the yard, and at five they galloped through the streets and participated in children's military games. Nineteen-year-old guys (youngsters) were recorded in the service Cossacks. The military ataman appointed a place where chieftains with old men and all youngsters gathered from 20-30 or more villages on the best thoroughbred horses, in full armament: with pikes, long guns, sabers, bows, etc. He settled there for two weeks to a month a review of young Cossacks, during which the agility of horses in a race was tested, the ability to shoot at a target at full gallop, gallop at full speed with a saber or a gun, pick up a coin or whip from the ground at full gallop. There were also tests in duels between two Cossacks on horseback in a fight with whips, as well as mass crossings of riders across the river in full armor. Distinguished young Cossacks were awarded by the military ataman with bridles, weapons, etc., which was considered very honorable. By evening, fistfights were usually arranged.

On holidays, the Cossacks organized wrestling competitions, various types of running, ball games, leapfrog, grandmother, etc., but shooting and horse racing were especially popular. The favorite pastimes of the Cossacks were hunting and fishing.

No one specially dealt with the PV of girls and Cossack girls. They acquired the necessary hardening and dexterity by working around the house, as well as in games (kremeshki, blind man's buff, bast shoes).

Folk games were the main means of introducing the children of peoples North to hunting, fishing, reindeer herding, gathering, housekeeping. Often girls also participated in these games.

Thus, with the practically absent state forms of PE in feudal Russia, folk forms played a decisive role in the physical preparation of the population. Among them are national types of wrestling, fisticuffs, military-physical training of the Russian Cossacks, national games and entertainment related to motor activity. The content of folk FU was due to regional characteristics, living and working conditions, and traditions. Almost all the nationalities that inhabited our country cultivated their folk types of FU, which could not be destroyed either by the prohibitions of the clergy or the decrees of the tsarist government.

In v.p. XIX - n. 20th century

Out-of-school PV of students.

After the first Russian revolution (1905-1907), the government, frightened by the revolutionary movement in the country and the active participation of Russian youth in it, began to strive to create youth sports organizations in order to best contribute to the formation of political views among students. The created organizations could be divided into the following types:

For elementary school students (mainly children of workers and peasants) - organizations of "amusing";

For students of secondary educational institutions (children of privileged segments of the population) - organizations of "Boy Scouts";

Various sports and gymnastic organizations and societies for the promotion of physical education of young people.

"Funny" engaged in the study of the military system and gymnastics. They were held mainly by retired non-commissioned officers and were not of interest to all children. In addition, the approaching war forced the government to think first of all about the military training of adults, not children, so in 1912 the last royal reviews of "amusing organizations" took place.

In the "Boy Scout" units (since 1910), much attention was paid to ideological and political education in combination with physical exercises and training, and great importance was attached to encouraging the activity and independence of children. The goals of the scout organizations were: to train the commanders of the reserve of the armed forces, to divert them from the revolutionary struggle, to create support among the student youth and to instill active patriotic sentiments among the intelligentsia. Scout organizations used "Sokol" gymnastics, athletics and outdoor games. Some organizations used swimming, sports games, rowing, fencing, cycling, military-applied exercises, unarmed defense and attack techniques, and horseback riding. Various competitions were often held within such organizations.

Along with the groups of "amusing" and scouts, other gymnastic and sports organizations encouraged by the government began to be created. Circles of "Sokol" gymnastics spread faster than others. The Ministry of National Education encouraged these circles in every possible way; supplied expensive equipment, arranged gymnastic falconry holidays for students, invited experienced leaders from abroad. Gymnastics competitions were organized among students, the programs of which, in addition to floor exercises, vaults and exercises on shells, also included 100-meter running, long and high jumps, javelin throwing, squeezing weights for the number of times and other types.

Thus, progressive ideas in the field of physical activity of children have found their application in the practice of advanced activities for the end of the XIX-n.XX centuries. experienced private schools in Russia. And although there were few such schools for Russia, much of this rich heritage has not lost its value and significance even today.

In general, despite the implementation of a number of reforms, the formulation of PE in the educational institutions of Russia during this period was extremely unsatisfactory. The activities of public physical culture and sports organizations did not differ in mass character. Shortcomings in the PE of young people closed the prospects for sports passion before her.

Formation of the Russian Olympic Committee. Russian Olympiads 1913 and 1914

In 1894, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was established in Paris. It also included a representative of Russia - General Alexey Dmitrievich Butovsky (1838-1917).

Butovsky began his service as an educational officer in one of the military gymnasiums in St. Petersburg, where, on his own initiative, he organizes classes with students outside the curriculum in fencing, gymnastics, outdoor games and other types of physical exercises, organizes courses in the physical education of officers. Gradually, the name of Butovsky becomes widely known in Russia as a recognized authority in the field of physical education. This prompted the military leadership to invite him to work in the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions of the Ministry of War (GUVUZ) as an official for special assignments. In 1885-1890. he was sent to European countries to study the experience of organizing physical education.

In 1888, Butovsky was appointed a member of the commission under the Ministry of Education to develop the issue of teaching military gymnastics as an academic discipline in civilian educational institutions.

In 1890, Butovsky was instructed to organize "temporary summer courses" for the training of officers-educators of the cadet corps to lead physical education. He directed these courses for 16 years, lectured on the history, theory and methodology of bodily exercises. But Butovsky understood that the system of training physical education teachers needed to be improved; create an educational institution in Russia to train such specialists. In 1909, the Main Gymnastics and Fencing School was opened in St. Petersburg. In it, Butovsky acted both as an organizer of the creation and as a teacher (he lectured on the history and theory and methods of physical education).

Butovsky's personal acquaintance with Pierre de Coubertin took place in 1892 in France, where he studied the teaching of gymnastic and athletic disciplines in educational institutions in Germany, France and Sweden. Coubertin's ideas about the revival of the Olympic Games turned out to be close to Butovsky. Despite the fact that Butovsky was 25 years older than Coubertin, they easily found mutual understanding on the key issues to which they devoted their lives. A correspondence began between them. It is no coincidence that General Butovsky was among those invited to the International Athletic Congress in Paris. Despite the fact that circumstances did not allow Butovsky to come to Paris, his candidacy was included in the list of the first 13 members of the IOC.

Butovsky sought to ensure that the National Olympic Committee was created by the opening of the Games of the First Olympiad in Russia. But this did not happen during Butovsky's stay as a member of the IOC until 1900. The reasons for this: the lack of serious state support, lack of finances, the weakness and disunity of sports unions, as well as the mistrust of many skeptics.

The Games of the First Olympiad made such a strong impression on General Butovsky that when he returned home, he wrote an essay "Athens in the Spring of 1896", in which he depicted the events of the First Olympiad. The Russian Review magazine (Moscow) published the essay as a separate pamphlet. In this work, Butovsky concludes that the Olympic Games were a success.

Returning from Athens to St. Petersburg, Butovsky became an even more active propagandist of the Olympic ideas, proving the need for Russia's participation in the international Olympic movement and the creation of the NOC.

Despite clear progress, Russian athletes were unable to participate in the 1900 and 1904 Olympic Games.

Only in 1908, at the initiative of Russian sports clubs and unions, Russian athletes went to the Games in London. A small group could not be considered the official team of the country. The Russian Olympic Committee was created only in 1911, and the first official performance of the Russian team at the Olympic Games took place in 1912 in Sweden. But even before that, Russia's participation in the IOC did not stop.

Nikolai Alexandrovich Kolomenkin (1872-1956) is known as one of the most outstanding Russian sportsmen of the XX century. He forever went down in the history of the Olympic movement as the only representative of Russian sports who was awarded the gold Olympic award in the pre-revolutionary period. It happened in London in 1908. Being a government official, N. Kolomenkin, given the ambiguous attitude to sports in Russia on the part of the bureaucracy, decided to perform under the pseudonym "Panin". It was under this name that he became widely known as one of the most outstanding athletes of pre-revolutionary Russia.

It is noteworthy that Nikolai Panin managed to achieve excellent results in sports such as tennis, football, rowing, sailing. The athlete achieved particular success in shooting and figure skating. Panin-Kolomenkin is a 12-time champion of Russia in pistol shooting and 11-time champion in combat revolver shooting.

In 1908, for the first time, the names of Russian athletes appeared in the protocols of the Olympic competitions. In the application sent to the Organizing Committee of the IV Olympiad, 8 people were represented: figure skater N. Panin-Kolomenkin, classical style wrestlers Nikolai Orlov and A. Petrov, Evgeny Zamotin and Georgy Demin. The debut was successful: three athletes won Olympic medals. The gold medal was won by Nikolai Panin, the silver medals were awarded to wrestlers: lightweight Nikolai Orlov and heavyweight Alexander Petrov.

The successful debut of Russian athletes at the London Olympics caused a positive response in Russia, especially among young people: in 1908, youth competitions called the Yalta Olympic Games were held in Yalta, and in 1913 the Odessa Olympic Games were held.

But the need to create a National Olympic Committee was also revealed.

The Russian Olympic Committee (ROC) was created at the constituent assembly of sports societies in St. Petersburg May 16, 1911., but its Charter was approved only a year later.

The membership of the ROC included 13 people. The chairmen of 31 Russian sports and gymnastic societies and institutions unanimously elected V.I. Sreznevsky as the Acting Chairman of the ROK.

Social and pedagogical activity Vyacheslav Izmailovich Sreznevsky (1849-1937) began in the "Petersburg Society of Skating Fans" (1877) and continued in Russia until 1923. From childhood he was a fan of speed skating and figure skating, speaking at competitions in Russia and abroad.

In 1883, he was among the judges at international competitions in Helsingfors, where the outstanding Russian athlete A.P. became the winner. Lebedev.

Sreznevsky supported talented skaters A.N. Panshina, A.P. Lebedeva, N.A. Panin-Kolomenkina and others. He did a lot to improve the system of figure skating. This work was subsequently completed by Panin-Kolomenkin, publishing in 1910 the first book not only in Russia, but also in the world on the theory of figure skating.

IN AND. Sreznevsky remained the permanent Chairman and Honorary Member of the society until 1917. He actively participated in international skating congresses, was an indispensable member of the judiciary boards and permanent secretary of the general meetings of members of the society.

After the formation of the ROC, its local branches are created: the St. Petersburg, Kiev, Odessa and Baltic Olympic Committees.

The Russian team, which officially performed for the first time in Stockholm at the Games of the V Olympiad, performed unsuccessfully. One of the two silver medals of the Russian team was won in the wrestling competition by Martin Klein. The second silver Olympic award for Russia was won by the shooting team. The representative of Russia, Harry Blau, took third place in the competition in shooting from a gun at flying targets - "pigeons". The bronze medal was also won by Russian yachtsmen in the 10 m class. The strongest saber fighter in Russia, Captain V. Andreev, was awarded a special diploma from the Swedish Olympic Committee for excellent saber fights.

In order to prepare Russian athletes for international competitions, it was decided to hold Russian Olympiads annually.

The program, rules and scoring system, the procedure for awarding the winners at these complex all-Russian competitions were approximately the same as at the Olympic Games. The holding of such competitions became possible after the formation of the Russian Olympic Committee.

The first step towards the implementation of the idea of organizing the Russian Olympics was the decision to organize the "International Amateur Olympic Games of the All-Russian Exhibition of 1913" After negotiations with the ROC, it was decided to hold the Games in Kyiv. honorary chairman First Russian Olympiad(as it was decided to call her) became Major General V.N. Voeikov. The Organizing Committee as honorary members included: V.I. Sreznevsky, G.A. Duperron, V.I. Sarnavsky. A.K. was appointed Chairman of the Organizing Committee. Anokhin is a well-known writer and propagandist of physical culture and sports, doctor.

The Russian Olympics was supported by the government (they were allocated 20 thousand rubles for the Games in Kyiv), a number of patrons. In the spring of 1913, the estimate, program and rules of the Games were approved. At the same time, the Kiev Olympic Committee arose, which was entrusted with a lot of organizational work.

The grand opening of the Olympics took place on August 20 on the main field of the new stadium for 10,000 spectators. The Olympics took place over 5 days. The prizes of the Games were contested by 579 athletes from 15 unions, clubs and military units of nine Russian cities.

The competition program of the gymnasts who competed on the stadium field included a horizontal bar, parallel bars, horse and rings. Representatives of the St. Petersburg Main Military Gymnastics and Fencing School won the group competitions, and the St. Petersburg gymnast, lieutenant Waterkampf won the singles competition.

Swimming competitions were held on the Dnieper under the program of the Olympic Games. The winners were: representatives of the Shuvalov school, headed by an instructor from the water rescue society N. Sukhikh, with new Russian records: 100 m - V. Kolpakov - 1.23.5; 100 m backstroke - Hameläinen - 1.51.5; 200 m - N. Proselkin-Gorshukov - 3.44. They also led the way in diving.

According to the composition of the participants, weightlifting competitions were numerous. The program included a right hand pull, a one hand push, a two hand pull, and a two hand push. In the overall standings, the victory went to Jan Krause, a heavyweight from the Riga Athletic Society, who set the All-Russian record in the clean and jerk with one hand - 230 pounds. He was the best in both the two-handed snatch (250 pounds), the bench press (233 pounds) and the two-handed clean and jerk (320 pounds).

In equestrian dressage competitions, the Cup of Honor and the gold medal of the Games were won by Staff Captain Pozharsky from the Moscow Cavalry Officer School.

The competition of equestrians on combat horses was won by captain Reznikov. Program: steeple chase for 4 versts, run for 30 versts, dressage.

174 people participated in athletics competitions. With new Russian records - (12 m 90 cm) the competition in the triple jump was won by V. Romanov from St. Petersburg; in the high jump competition (145 cm) – G. Ganvarg from St. Petersburg; in "length without run-up" (3 m 02 cm) - from Kiev B. Balanevich; relay races 4x100 m (46.2) and 4x400 m (3.54.4) - runners of the Kyiv circle "Sport".

Muscovite A. Chistyakov excelled in hammer throwing, who improved his skills with the help of a film shot at the Olympic Games in Stockholm in 1912.

On the last day of the Games, women took part in the athletics program. For the first time women athletes performed at the Olympic Games in Amsterdam in 1928. This was ambiguously accepted in society, most of which considered it indecent and even ridiculous. The heroine was N. Popova. She first took part in the "women's rapier fight", then set the All-Russian record in the 100 m with a score of 13.1 (exceeding the world achievement by 0.7 s.). She was also the first with the All-Russian record in the long jump without a run-up - 2 m 70 cm.

For the first time in history, competitions were held for marathon runners who covered 38 versts 56 sazhens (≈40 km 200 m) between Kiev and Chernigov. Of the 15 starters, 11 finished. N. Maksimov from St. Petersburg won the race with a result of 3 hours and 3 minutes. (the first highest achievement of Russian athletes).

Wrestlers, football players, cyclists also competed, and in addition, fencing with rapiers, swords and espadrons, tennis, shooting, rowing and sailing races.

In addition to medals and tokens, the winners of the Games were also awarded special prizes named after Nicholas II, the Grand Dukes and ministers. The organizers and participants of the Games received a silver badge, the sketch of which was personally approved by Nicholas II.

In general, the results of the First Russian Olympics became a real reflection of Russian sports, which then clearly lagged behind the advanced European countries in development: the results of these Games were lower than those shown by the best athletes at the Olympic Games in Stockholm.

Second Russian Olympiad, organized by the Baltic Olympic Committee, took place from 6 to 20 July 1914 in Riga. Dr. A. Lindemuth was elected Chairman of the Organizing Committee. Honorary members of the Organizing Committee were V.N. Voeikov, V.I. Sreznevsky, Count G.I. Ribopierre, G.A. Duperron.

Only Russian citizens could compete in the competition. Foreign nationals and natives of Finland, who represented organizations that were not members of the All-Russian Unions, were not allowed. It was also necessary to comply with the status of an amateur athlete. According to the rules, “an amateur is not considered a person who goes in for sports with the aim of deriving monetary benefits from this activity, as well as a person who knowingly and without protest takes part in a public and paid competition with professionals; paid teachers and instructors in certain parts of the sport are not considered amateurs only in the part of the sport they teach.”

Athletes from 50 organizations and military units from 24 cities of the Russian Empire gathered in Riga.

The program of the Second Russian Olympiad included gymnastics, athletics, cycling, fencing, wrestling, swimming, lawn tennis, motorcycle racing, football, weightlifting, equestrianism, and shooting.

Such a variety of sports programs attracted an unprecedented number of participants - 1000 people. Riga was represented best of all - about 300 athletes. Then came St. Petersburg - 200 participants, Kyiv - 150, Moscow - 70. Other cities sent small teams.

As in Kyiv, the gymnasts of the Main Military Gymnastics and Fencing School from St. Petersburg won in all types of gymnastics. For the second time, the team was awarded the challenge cup of General Voeikov.

All-Russian records were set in the athletics competitions, which took place over 6 days. Muscovite V. Arkhipov ran 100 m in 10.8 s.

The best results at the Olympics were achieved in javelin throw - 52 m 98 cm (Shvedrevits, Riga), high jump - 180 cm (Abrams, Revel), discus throw - 41 m 15 cm (Sukatnek, Vindava) - all these are country records.

The low level of organization of competitions was reflected in the marathon run. Instead of 4 pm it started at 9.30 pm. Of the 19 runners who started, 12 finished the competition. The winner was Kapmal from Riga with a time of 2 hours 59 minutes 20 seconds (distance 40 km 200 m).

Revel runner Williamsen showed a time of 2.2.2 s at a distance of 800 m.

The Riga Olympics has become a significant step in the development of Olympic ideas in Russia. In 1914-1916. in its various regions, competitions with Olympic symbols were held.

It was planned to hold both the III Olympiad - in St. Petersburg, and the IV - in Moscow. However, the outbreak of the First World War did not allow these intentions to be realized.

Popular in category: