Openwork fabric name. Transparent fabric: types and features

Reading time: 7 minutes

The dress is the epitome of femininity and elegance, as well as a versatile outfit - you can wear it to work, to a party or just for a walk. The main thing is to choose the right style, dress fabrics and color, so that it looks appropriate and emphasizes the dignity of the figure.

General approaches to classification

There are many classifications fabrics: types of suit and payable. They differ

• by type of raw material;
• season;
• finishing;
• type of weave;
• color;
• properties; purpose.

There is a big class different costume and dress fabrics for tailoring the entire range of men's, women's and children's clothing, including outerwear and special-purpose products (uniforms, overalls).
Its subclass is the dress group, which includes fabrics of various density and composition, intended for the manufacture of women's dresses. These tissues, in turn, are divided into smaller groups according to one of the signs, respectively. fabric density and the composition is determined what to sew. We'll see, what for types of fabrics for dresses happen, they names and characteristics with photo

Composition

Many properties of the material and finished products, as well as the rules for caring for them, depend on the composition. He can be

• natural;
• artificial;

• synthetic;
• mixed.

natural

More expensive natural dress fabrics have good hygienic properties, but have their drawbacks - most of them are very wrinkled and do not stretch well.

Linen

Natural canvas, characterized by strength, low stretch and good hygienic properties - hygroscopic, allows the skin to breathe, hypoallergenic, does not accumulate static electricity. Also a very important and unique property of flax is that it prevents the development of bacteria.

Simple everyday dresses are sewn from linen, which perfectly protect from the summer heat, and in the cold they will keep warm. Since linen does not stretch at all, it is better to choose loose styles. It is better not to use such material as office clothing, as wrinkled products look untidy.

The disadvantage of 100% linen is that when washed, it can shrink and also wrinkle a lot.

Cotton

Inexpensive cotton fabric for dress can be of different density, color and texture. Cotton dresses well absorb moisture, allow the skin to breathe, do not electrify. Summer and winter dresses are sewn from it. The disadvantage of products made from pure dress cotton is their low extensibility and high degree of crushing.

Silk

Very beautiful and expensive thin the cloth with brilliant surface for dress, made from silkworm cocoons. Lightweight fabric, perfectly drapes, has good hygienic properties - absorbs and evaporates moisture, passes air. In the heat it gives coolness, in the cold it warms.

From the flowing silk fabrics produce exquisite evening dresses to the floor and a free silhouette. It goes well with lace and is used when sewing bride's wedding dresses.
Ultraviolet rays have a detrimental effect - it loses color and strength.

Thin silk, very light and transparent. Chiffon airy dresses and sundresses are the personification of tenderness and femininity.

Silk and chiffon are very wrinkled, so they are rarely used in their pure form. Such products require delicate care and storage.

Wool

The disadvantage of pure wool fabrics is low wear resistance and a tendency to shrink.

artificial

Everyday dresses of any style are sewn from it.

Synthetics

In the production of synthetic fibers, natural raw materials are not used, but only polymers. They are highly durable, wrinkle a little, resistant to shrinkage and keep their shape well.

Polyester

For the production of dresses are widely used.

Outwardly, it is very similar to silk, but quite inexpensive. It drapes well, soft, durable, wear-resistant, does not wrinkle and does not require complex care. Dresses made of polyester can be of completely different styles and purposes.

100% polyester can cause allergies, is electrified, airtight, so it can be hot in summer, but the latter property depends on the type of weave of the fibers.

Mixed

To improve the performance of natural fabrics, synthetic fibers or other natural fibers are added to them in various proportions. In this case, some properties may be degraded.

Stretch cotton

Thanks to the addition of a small percentage of lycra to dress cotton, the fabric acquires new positive qualities - it wrinkles less and stretches well. Dresses from such fabrics are very comfortable, softly fit the figure and do not hinder movement.

Linen with lavsan

The addition of polyester fibers to linen allows you to sew not only very comfortable, but also practical dresses. They wrinkle much less, their wear resistance increases.

Wool with silk, viscose

When adding viscose and silk to coarse wool, the cost of the material decreases, it also becomes softer and more pleasant to the touch, looks better, and is easier to dye.
Adding viscose to fine wool, on the contrary, worsens its quality: softness and elasticity decrease, and wrinkling increases.

Wool with cotton

When cotton is added, the woolen fabric becomes more durable, but the appearance deteriorates, and it also wrinkles more and there is a possibility of shrinkage. The cost of the canvas is also significantly reduced.

By type of weave

The properties of the fabric depend not only on the type of raw material used, but also on the method of weaving the threads. The following classification of dress fabrics is based on their division on this basis.

Plain (smooth)

Linen

Sheath dresses are sewn from them, which will look appropriate both at a business meeting and at a party (especially if you pick up accessories). Such material does not require complex styles, as it is very original in itself.
Evening jacquard dresses can be of any length and style: floor-length, fitted, A-line, with or without sleeves. In combination with and from sew luxurious wedding dresses.

Complex

Pile

They consist of several systems of threads (two warps and one or two wefts), which form a one-and-a-half or two-layer weave. Pile fabrics belong to dress fabrics of this type. On the surface of such fabrics, a pile of various lengths is formed.

Pile fabrics (, , ) are soft, stretch well, wear-resistant, pleasant to the body, “breathe”. For their production, mainly viscose and cotton are used and festive and stage dresses are sewn from them.

Openwork

Openwork dress fabrics are extraordinarily beautiful and are used to make elegant dresses. In recent years, casual openwork products have also become popular. It goes well with all other types of fabrics, especially cotton and mesh.

Care

In many ways, the rules for caring for dresses depend on the raw materials used in the production of fabric. In order not to spoil the thing, you need to familiarize yourself with the composition and recommendations indicated on the label. Some things cannot be washed at all - they should be dry-cleaned. The main thing that should be observed when washing is the temperature regime:

• linen dyed dresses are washed at a water temperature not exceeding 30 degrees;
• unpainted - at any temperature;
• cotton - depending on the density;
• viscose is best washed at 30 degrees.

Openwork and thin dresses made of silk, chiffon, fine wool and satin deserve special attention and careful care. Delicate hand wash in warm water and liquid detergent are recommended.

Such things should be stored separately from the rest, best of all in special cases, since in contact with zippers, buttons or rhinestones, hooks can easily form on them.

Thanks to modern technologies, the range of dress fabrics is so wide that it allows you to choose a material that is beautiful and original in texture, which is suitable for any occasion, and at the same time will not necessarily be expensive.

Fabric of natural origin. It is obtained from the cocoon of an insect pupa, which is called the "silkworm". Nowadays, there is not only natural, but also artificial silk, as well as material with the addition of synthetics.

Silk fibers were first produced in China. It was in the Celestial Empire that a special technology for manufacturing this wonderful material was discovered back in the 5th millennium BC. For a long time it was kept in the strictest confidence.

There are a huge number of types of silk fabrics. Their main differences are in the technology of weaving, which gives them unique features and appearance.

Atlas is a shiny and dense silk fabric. The surface of the satin is usually smooth, but the material can also be patterned. Atlas is distinguished by a characteristic luster, the front side resembles gloss. This effect is achieved using a special production technology.

The type of weaving of this fabric, like the raw silk itself, was invented in China. Together with the technique of producing material from silkworm cocoons, this knowledge first came to Central Asia, and then to Europe, where the material was widely used.

Gas (gas-illusion, gas-rice, gas-marabou, gas-crystal)

This is a translucent silk fabric, which is achieved by a large space between its threads. The gas is very light and soft. In the manufacture of different types of gas, patterned, smooth and diagonal weaving is used.

Illusion gas is the thinnest and almost transparent material resembling a light cobweb. Made from the finest silk yarn. Curtains, light scarves, elements of wedding decorations are made from it.

Gaz-rice is light, transparent and slightly rough. The texture is achieved through a special rice weave. Hence the name.

Gaz-marabou is a rather stiff golden raw silk material made from tightly twisted threads. It was widely distributed at the beginning of the 18th century. Used for tailoring lush women's dresses.

The gas-crystal is distinguished by its bright brilliance. In its production, multi-colored threads are used, which makes the surface shimmer like precious stones. In France, chic ball gowns were sewn from it.

Crepe

The name of the material is translated from French as "wavy", "rough". In the production of crepe, the threads are twisted left and right, alternating in a certain way.

This fabric is characterized by an uneven surface. The texture is somewhat like sand.

The crepe drapes well, lays down in beautiful waves, does not wrinkle. Things sewn from it are worn for a very long time.

In addition to silk crepe, it can be cotton, half-woolen, synthetic. Now it is used mainly for women's dresses.

Thin translucent lightweight fabric made of . It comes in matte and glossy. Patterns are embroidered on organza, original drawings are applied using printing. Costumes for oriental dance and curtains are often sewn from it.

Silk-Satin

Satin comes from the word "zaituni" - the Arabic name for the harbor of Quanzhou in China, the birthplace of this fabric. Silk satin has a smooth, dense surface, which is characterized by a beautiful sheen. Bed linen, men's shirts, lining are made from it.

Silk satin is made from two types of material - 100% cotton satin and pure silk. The weave density of this fabric is 170-220 threads per 1 sq. cm.

Important! Linen made of silk satin is very strong and durable. It withstands over 200 washes, does not rub, and is cheaper than silk. .

A fabric made from tightly twisted silk and cotton threads. Synthetic fibers are often used in the production. Taffeta is distinguished by high density and rigidity. Forms brittle folds, which allows you to achieve additional volume and splendor.

The toile is distinguished by its high density and delicate sheen. This fabric holds its shape excellently and is used as a lining, for sewing dresses and ties.

Chiffon

Very thin airy material made of tightly twisted silk threads. It is transparent, light and flows beautifully. Great for sewing summer blouses and light scarves.

Chesucha (wild silk)

Chesucha is a wild dense silk with an amazing texture. In production, threads of unequal thickness are used, which form such a surface. It is durable, drapes well, but requires delicacy in care. Chesucha is used in sewing curtains and various clothes.

Foulard is most often used as a finishing material. Thin and soft silk fabric, from which shawls, scarves and scarves are sewn. In the 20th century, dresses, curtains and lampshades were also sewn from the foulard.

Dense curtain fabric of medium stiffness, with a pleasant sheen. This exclusive fabric, almost entirely consisting of natural silk. Dupont made in India is especially appreciated. Wedding and evening dresses, accessories and expensive linens are sewn from it.

Silk fabric, in the manufacture of which crepe weaving is used. The front surface of crepe georgette is shiny and rough.

Important! The difference between crepe georgette and other varieties of crepe is the direction of weaving. During production, the warp and weft threads are twisted in different directions. This makes it dense, but light and elastic.

In the era of balls, fashionable women's toilets were sewn from crepe-georgette. Now this fabric is not so popular. Draped curtains are made from it, as well as some models of skirts, blouses and scarves.

Type of silk crepe fabric - h rough with crepe technology of torsion. It has a moderate sheen, dense and thin. Shawls, suits, blouses are sewn from crepe de chine.

Important! Soft flowing folds and draperies are a characteristic feature of this material.

Eponge (or eponge) distinguish between silk and cotton. The material has an uneven spongy surface with a decorative color pattern in the form of cells, stripes, melange.

Brocade has always been considered the fabric of nobles, royalty and church ministers. This heavy material is made from silk with a complex pattern made with a metal thread. Previously, the pattern was made with threads of gold and silver alloys. This explains the high cost of the material.

Nowadays, patterns on brocade are embroidered not only from hard metal threads. Use threads made of linen, silk or cotton.

Muslin is made from natural silk of increased winding. The material is transparent and thin. It is used for tailoring theatrical costumes and dresses.

Twill(Italian sargia, French serge; from Latin sericus - “silk”) - twill production technology - weaving threads diagonally. Each next thread shifts the intersection by 2 or more other threads. Twill is produced one-colored or printed. Used as a lining, technical or dress fabric, for tailoring workwear.

Excelsior, Excelsior

Plain weave silk fabric with a pronounced sheen, thin and transparent. In production, untwisted thread is used. The Excelsior drapes well. The fabric is very beautiful. It is used by designers working with batik, as well as creating silk flowers and decorative elements.

In thin transparent fabrics, mystery and openness, seductiveness and some audacity are especially striking. Transparent fabric is very convenient for sewing interesting models of clothes, as it drapes easily, wears pleasantly and does not hinder movement. What is the material with a translucent structure?

Features of work

Translucent fabrics require careful handling. Due to the tenderness of the canvases, it must be done especially carefully. So, when sewing, it is required to use thin long needles, and if the seams are made on the machine, this can be done using thin needles 70-80. Transparent fabric should be sewn with small stitches - a maximum of 0.2 cm. But it is worth remembering that you should not sew across the fibers, as this will lead to their strong tension, as a result of which the material may tear.

It is best to process cuts with a double seam, which is folded over with a closed cut. Processing using an oblique satin ribbon or piping is acceptable. Especially carefully you need to approach the processing of seams on the shoulders and the side of the product - in this case, you can not do without an overlock. If an extremely light transparent fabric is used in sewing, as a rule, darts can be dispensed with - draperies or folds are enough. Now consider the most popular translucent fabrics.

Batiste

This material is distinguished by its lightness, tenderness, smooth surface with a translucent texture. According to the structure, we have dense weaves of fine matter, which are made by hand. This transparent paper fabric requires delicate handling. The smoothness and fineness of the surface is created due to the uniform structure of the material.

The positive features of the fabric include:

• naturalness and environmental friendliness;
• breathable structure;
• pleasant to the touch surface;
• preservation of the shape of products;
• ease of work;
• ease of care.

marquisette

This transparent fabric was created in France several centuries ago. Marquisette is a fabric of twisted yarn weaves, which is durable, but has a mesh structure. In addition to naturalness, the material has hygroscopicity, good air exchange, resistance to deformation, color fastness and ease of maintenance.

It is widely used by designers for tailoring light clothing - dresses, sundresses, children's outfits, as well as simple draped curtains or bed linen.

Veil

This transparent fabric was originally used to decorate hats and cover the girl's face, being rather a decorative detail of an accessory. Today, this weightless material based on cotton or polyester is used not only for decorating clothes, but also in everyday life, for example, for interior decoration. The distinctive features of the fabric include softness, moderate transparency, lightness and a variety of colors. Draperies on veils seem light and delicate, which is why they are often used in the decoration of rooms, dresses and as decorative elements of clothing.

This thin, sheer fabric is breathable while blocking out light. It is easy to work with, but the cut edges need to be processed with an inlay or a special braid. In washing, the veil is unpretentious.

Organza

Another popular material is organza. Both the appearance and the internal qualities of organza are so unique that it has become in high demand among designers. With subtlety and transparency, and even tough, it keeps its shape well, does not wrinkle. Modern factories offer organza with a matte or shiny surface in numerous colors, so you can sew the most extraordinary outfit. This light transparent fabric is used for sewing wedding and any other elegant dresses, gives a beautiful environment in the room, for example, when creating curtains from it. But working with the material requires painstaking work, as it is too thin, the seams crumble, and the cuts require processing.

Gas

This fabric is familiar to many of the books, when beauties appeared at balls in chic robes with gauze trim. In fact, gas is Arabic silk, which is made in numerous colors and consists of natural threads. Transparent structure and lightness made the material popular. Weaves in a gaseous fabric can be different:

• constant in a checkerboard pattern;
• satin with a smooth and shiny surface;
• twill, where the scar is pronounced diagonally.

The color of the material can also be any. For example, black transparent fabric can be used to trim a hat or an original skirt. Several varieties of gas are known: marabou, rice, illusion, tarlatan or crystal. Curtains, curtains, transparent bedspreads can be sewn from gas, or used to decorate chic and light outfits. Due to the transparency, the material does not have high strength, moreover, upon contact with an uneven surface, the threads can stretch. On the other hand, due to the naturalness, the composition is hygienic, hypoallergenic, and provides good air circulation.

Chiffon

This lightweight material has a mesh weave, thanks to which the texture becomes translucent. Silk-chiffon has the most beautiful sheen - with subtlety, it is a fairly dense transparent fabric. The features of the material include thinness, lightness, transparency and the ability to create draperies. Thanks to these qualities, chiffon is widely used in the creation of multi-layered clothing with a large number of decorative elements.

Lace

Lace fabric will appeal to those who appreciate complex patterns and weaves. This fabric is especially in demand in wedding fashion. Note that lace has a dense structure, although some varieties are very, very thin and require careful attention.

Among the most popular varieties of lace are:

• chantilly - a thin and elegant canvas based on silk and linen threads;
• guipure - fabric with a convex relief pattern;
• embroidered with beads, sequins lace.

It is also noteworthy that today lace is available not only in different ornaments, but also in different colors.

tulle

Transparent fabrics have recently been in great demand, especially in the form of mesh with large cells. Tulle is an elastic and transparent material that is often used by designers of wedding dresses. It is a grid, but based on fairly dense threads and small uniform cells in the form of honeycombs. The fabric, which appeared in the last century, remains in demand. The production of tulle is carried out from different thicknesses of threads. It is available in a variety of colors and finishes.

The salient features of the material include:

• the density and elasticity of the canvas, thanks to which it can be used to create lush frills, flounces, volumetric folds;
• crease resistance;
• resistance to various pollution.

The fabric is good because it is easy to cut, the edges do not crumble, and there is no need to iron it either.

PVC

Recently, transparent has gained popularity with strength, reliability and durability. It is used when creating curtains for verandas or gazebos, soft windows, awnings or hangars. Thanks to its elasticity, softness, high resistance to abrasion and ease of care, the fabric retains its aesthetic appearance for a long time.

Georgette

A simple georgette fabric is created from thin twisted threads through weaving. With translucency and lightness, the material is durable, its texture is also rigid and elastic, but the fabric retains its elasticity and keeps its shape. The most popular type of material is crepe georgette, which is a natural silk fabric with a rough but shiny surface.

The salient features of the material include:

• different directions of interweaving of threads, due to which elasticity is provided and;
• rough surface, which practically does not slip;
• the use of fabric to create draperies.

In most cases, georgette crepe is in demand when sewing women's dresses, curtains and curtains with draperies. Among the shortcomings of the fabric, slight shrinkage after washing, stretching and shedding during cutting and sewing can be noted.

Marlevka

Another material that we all use in everyday life is gauze. In it, the fibers rarely intertwine, due to which a light, soft, transparent texture and structure of the material is formed. Traditionally, the material is produced bleached, but its structure is such that any dyes quickly penetrate into its composition.

Textiles have high hygroscopicity, excellent air exchange and hypoallergenicity. But because of the structure, gauze can only be used for sewing light summer clothes. Gauze is well stretched, but under loads, the seams themselves can stretch. That is why it is advisable to use it when cutting free-form products.

Types of fabrics. From A to Z. Part 1

Textile- a textile fabric made on a loom by interlacing mutually perpendicular systems of threads. The system of threads running along the fabric is called the warp, and the system of threads located across the fabric is called the weft. Corresponding threads are called warp and weft. The interlacing of threads in a fabric is one of the main indicators of the structure of a fabric.

Fabrics differ from knitted fabrics produced by knitting, that is, the formation of interconnected loop rows, non-woven materials (which also include felt-felt and canvas-stitched materials).
In this figure, the warp threads are shown at number 1 and in red. Under the number 2 in blue - ducks.

For the manufacture of any fabric, some kind of raw material is needed. Depending on its origin, all tissues can be divided into three main groups:
1. Natural fabrics (linen, cotton, silk, wool) - they are made from natural raw materials of animal or vegetable origin.
2. Artificial (acetate, viscose, lurex fabrics) - obtained from natural materials of organic (protein, cellulose) and inorganic origin (glass, metal).
3. Synthetic fabrics (polyvinyl, polyester, polyamide fabrics) - are created from artificially obtained polymer threads.

But the final characteristics and the final appearance of a particular fabric depends not only on what raw materials were used in its manufacture. In many ways, the special properties of the fabric determines the type of weaving.

[AND]
Openwork- This is a kind of fabric with a through ornament. It can be made from various types of yarn (silk, cotton, wool), by hand or on a loom. The most popular openwork was in the first half of the 19th century.


Today openwork is very actively used in the manufacture of wedding dresses.

It can also be some small details of clothing.


And in general, today openwork fabrics have not lost their relevance. They can be very often found as decoration.

Acrylic- synthetic fiber, often mixed with other fibers to make the fabric warmer.
Aksamit- gold or silver fabric with herbs and stains, dense and fleecy, like velvet. To withstand the weight of gold (or silver) threads, the fabric was formed from six threads - two warp threads and four weft threads. The pattern on the fabric was made using twisted gold thread.

Alpaca- this type of fabric is made from the wool of the animals of the same name living in Peru and Bolivia. Their wool is very valuable, and the alpacas themselves are insanely cute animals.


The fabric made from this wool is very light, soft and thin, and has a slight natural sheen.

From 100% alpaca or from a mixture of it with other types of wool or synthetic fibers, warm clothes, outerwear, wool are made, from which beautiful pottery is obtained.

They also make wonderful soft blankets.


Altabas- dense silk fabric with ornaments or a background of gold or silver thread, a kind of brocade. Altabas was valued very highly and was used for the needs of the royal court, the church.

Angora (angora wool)- this fabric is made from the wool of angora rabbits and goats, which are carefully bred on farms in Europe, Japan and other countries.


This coat is very very soft, delicate and silky. Often it is used in the manufacture of children's clothing, as well as various knitted products. Its natural color is white, although it is often dyed.


Atlas- fabric with a very shiny surface of a special type of weave. The fabric is smooth, like a lining, sometimes satin is also used for lining, satin mentenon - flowers are woven on a dark or light background, as if embroidered; trianon - background and pattern in a contrasting color, pattern on the fabric - leaves with bouquets of carnations, pompadour - satin of dark shades with woven garlands of golden color.

Acetate- chemically obtained fiber, can be added to other materials to obtain silkiness. This is a great support fabric. May dissolve in acetone. This property of the fabric is used for finishing products.
Acetate silk- silk from artificial fiber, first obtained in the USA by chemists Celanese Corp. of America in 1925.

[B]
bike- soft woolen or paper fabric with a long nap. Initially, the woolen bike was dyed chestnut, later they began to make it in a wide variety of colors and even in a cage. Since the second half of the 19th century, mainly cotton baize of different grades and colors has been made.

Baratea- originally woolen fabric with an admixture of silk or cotton. Very smooth, often ribbed.
barege- fabric in the technique of gas weaving from silk, wool, cotton. Named after the town of Barege in France. It was very popular in Russia in the first half of the 19th century. The fabric is very impractical to wear. It fell into disuse in the 20th century.

Velvet(velor is the French name for velvet) is thin and shiny (for example, panne velvet), matte, thick or plush. In any case, pile standing in a certain direction is typical for him. There are also textured or patterned velvets in cotton or rayon. Ribbed velvet is a ribbed fabric. Boiled velvet is a short pile soft ribbed velvet that can be washed and ironed. Woolen velor fabrics on both sides have a rough pile surface. In the 17th century, velvet began to be produced in Moscow. They already knew paper velvet - velvet (later it was called plush).

Its main distinguishing feature is the pile. It can be of different lengths, matte or shiny, but it is always smooth. Velvet is made from cotton, silk and synthetic fibers.


Today, velvet is often used not for making clothes, but for finishing various products, such as caskets, cases, etc.


Velvet clothing is difficult to care for, but nevertheless, fashion designers sometimes use velvet to create their collections, both for women and men.

Batiste- soft, thin cotton fabric with a plain weave of threads. Batiste is made from natural and artificial fibers. Batiste is linen and cotton. Linen is higher quality, from long even fibers.

This fabric first appeared in Cambrai, where it was created by the Flemish weaver Baptiste. The fabric is truly amazing. It is at the same time very light, even a little transparent, and at the same time quite dense, delicate to the touch.


A lot of different items of clothing are sewn from batiste, and light dresses, and blouses, and children's clothes, as well as handkerchiefs and underwear.

Belset- microfiber fabric with a fluffy and soft peach-skin-like surface. Imitation velor leather.
Bologna- kapron raincoat fabric with one-sided waterproof coating. The fabric is named after the Italian city of Bologna, where this fabric was first made.

Boston- dense pure wool fabric of twill weave, in two or more threads. It is named after the breed of Boston sheep bred in England. Usually boston is a fabric of dark, thick tones - blue, black, sometimes brown, with double-sided dressing. It was relevant until the end of the 60s of the XX century.

Tarpaulin- coarse, dense, linen or cotton fabric, impregnated with a waterproof and anti-rotten composition. It is applied to overalls, covers.
Brocat- a type of silk fabric, as a rule, heavy and dense, the distinguishing feature of which is a pattern - embroidered or woven with gold or silver threads. Sometimes colored threads are added.


Brocatel- light and elegant silk fabric with small gold or silver bouquets, sometimes tinted with colored threads. The fabric was fashionable at the end of the 17th century; a summer dress was sewn from it.

Boucle- woolen fabric with a knotted surface and irregularly spaced eyelets. The yarn of a shaped jacket is introduced into the woolen fabric of a simple weave, which causes loops and knots to form on its surface. Coats and suits are sewn from a thick boucle, a thin one goes on a dress.

Bumazeya- soft paper fabric of twill, less often plain weave with combed pile on the wrong side. The original name of the fabric is paper. From this fabric sew underwear, children's things. Unlike the bike, it was produced painted, with ornaments.

Bufmuslin- cotton fabric, very thin, almost transparent, a kind of muslin. This fabric was especially valued in the 17th - early 19th centuries. Later, only young girls wore dresses made of this fabric, and ladies used boufmueline for home clothes.

Coarse calico- paper durable, rather coarse fabric, a kind of thick calico. Wide calico is called "canvas". It is mainly used for the manufacture of bed linen. Coarse calico was used for lining caftans, fly (shawls). There were two varieties: simple - shilya; the best, thinner, with subsequent bleaching - khanagai.

[AT]
Batting- knitted fabric with one-sided and two-sided fleece, worked out using soft thick threads; a layer of fibers interconnected in a certain way, for example, knitted-stitched. Used for warming clothes.

Velveteen- a fabric created on the basis of cotton and viscose silk. A typical development is with a rib with different pile heights on the front side. Velvet is very durable.

The fabric has many different names. For example, Manchester corduroy, wide-ribbed corduroy, narrow-ribbed corduroy, velvety corduroy, cotton corduroy, ornamental corduroy, stretch corduroy. Velveteen cord has wide scars (about 5 mm) and a high pile. Corduroy rib with narrow ribs (2-3 mm) and low pile. Velveteen shaped has a pattern consisting of combinations of a smooth and tufted surface.

Velveton (or monkey skin) is a strong, dense, windproof cotton fabric, which is usually used for sportswear. It has a velvety surface, with a combed, smoothed pile on the front side. Reminds me of suede.
Being a kind of velvet, velveteen entered the everyday life of Russians from the second half of the 19th century under a borrowed name.

Velours- the general name for materials whose surface is fleecy and somewhat reminiscent of velvet. This includes not only fabrics (cotton, wool, rayon), but also felt, leather. In some countries, velor is called velvet and corduroy.

Velor is a fabric with a velvety surface formed by a soft pile. There are several varieties. Velor velvet - soft velvet with pile of viscose silk on a canvas of crepe fabric of natural silk. Drap-velor is a pure wool fine-knit fabric with a thick, short-cut, combed pile on the front side.

Camel's wool- undercoat or down of a one-humped camel. Camel hair is often processed without dyeing and used to make coat fabrics. Undyed wool has a light brown color.

Vigogne- soft material or yarn from the wool of animals of the llama genus, common in some countries of Latin America. The wool of this type of llama is very difficult to obtain (the animal only needs to be combed out, not cut). Therefore, vigonya is usually called a fabric made from cotton waste mixed with wool. The resemblance of vigoni to vicuña (a type of llama) wool fabric is only external: the color is brown or brown, the front surface is slightly fluffy due to the inclusion of woolen threads. But, unlike high-quality wool fibers, it is not wearable. In the 20th century, fabric is rare, and vigon yarn is widespread.

Viscose- artificial fiber from cellulose, as well as fabric based on it. Often viscose is included in blended fabrics, for example with linen or silk. On the basis of viscose with the addition of natural fibers, different types of fabrics were obtained, for example, staple. Viscose in its pure form has many disadvantages: shrinks when wetted, loses strength.

Vichy- The name of this checkered fabric comes from the French city of Vichy, where it was created in 1850. Previously, the pattern in a small cell was made only in red or blue with white. Now other colors are combined with white. Most often, this pattern is found on cotton fabrics. Once upon a time, the fabric was used for bed linen and clothing for rural residents. Now men's shirts, dresses in folklore style, as well as curtains, tablecloths and napkins are sewn from it.

Veil- a transparent fabric of plain weave, most often made of cotton.

[G]
Gaba- very dense white cloth, used for the manufacture of outerwear. Differed in high water-repellent properties.

Gabardine- a very densely woven fabric with a special interweaving of cotton and wool or artificial fibre. Due to its durability, gabardine is often used for women's and men's suits and coats. Modern gabardines are made with a special water-repellent impregnation. The color of the fabric is mostly gray, rarely blue. On the front surface of the gabardine, you can see pronounced diagonal scars.


Gabardine is very dense, but at the same time quite light. It has important properties in its own way - good wear resistance and some water resistance. For its qualities, gabardine is often used in the manufacture of women's and men's suits, outerwear, tight women's dresses.

In the photo above, white men's trousers from Marc Jacobs.
And gabardine is often used in tailoring professional clothing.

Gas- light, thin, transparent silk or cotton fabric of a special gas weave, in which the weft and warp threads retain space. The method of weaving determined the grade of gas. It could be satin, twill or linen.


The gas can be of cotton and silk origin. Due to the thinness, the gas can be used independently in a multi-layered form, for example for such a skirt.

Today, gas is often used in tailoring wedding dresses.


Worsted- a kind of woolen fabric, named after the city of Arras in Flanders, where it was originally produced.

Guipure- lace fabric, made up of fragments sewn with a needle or woven on bobbins, which are interconnected by thin ligaments. In general, it is similar to lace, because it is also a kind of lace. Previously, guipure was made on bobbins, now a machine method is used to make it.

Guipure is made from very thin threads (thinner than in openwork), which can be silk, cotton, with the addition of synthetic fibers or lurex. Guipure is difficult to use on its own and as the main fabric in clothing, although this does not stop some designers.

Just like openwork, guipure is often used in wedding fashion, but mainly for the manufacture of accessories - veils, gloves.

Glazet- from the French word - "glossy". Brocade with a colored silk base and gold and silver patterns woven on it. For example, elegant camisoles (XVIII-XIX centuries) were sewn from the eyelet.
Glencheck- woolen or blended fabric with a special pattern (a cage consisting of a main square and a square on top of it).

Tapestry- artistic and decorative fabric, manufactured by machine. The fabric is named after the French royal manufactory, established in 1662 in Paris on the Rue de la Gobelins - craftsmen, yarn dyers. Then they produced the tapestry by hand. Currently, the fabric is used for furniture upholstery, for curtains, as well as for jackets and bags. Dresses, ties and scarves are sewn from thinner tapestry. The material is not bright, the fibers are dyed with natural dyes.

Grisette- in the old days, light cheap fabric, gray dress. The material is silk or woolen one-color with a woven pattern. At first it was only gray, but in the 19th century it was also made in red, green, and blue.

Gridelin- fabric of gray color with small stripes, more often in black, sometimes in white. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the name referred only to woolen fabrics. Business trousers were sewn from gridelin. Now the name of the fabric has disappeared from use, although similar materials continue to be produced.
Gro- in the old days the name of silk, the most dense fabrics: gro-gro, grodenapl, grodetur.

[D]
Lady- dense one-color fabric with a woven pattern from any raw material. The term goes back to the Syrian city of Damascus, where they began to produce this type of fabric. Usually all fabrics of the lady type were double-sided, they could be used both on one side and on the other.

Damascus- silk, woolen or cotton fabric of plain or crepe weave, sometimes in combination with satin. Cotton Damascus is used for the manufacture of lingerie, for decorative purposes, silk - mainly for decorating products.
damask- a brocade-like fabric with a satin background and golden flowers.

Damascus- translated from French - "patterned". Plastic, usually silk fabric, on the shiny surface of which there is a matte pattern. Damascene, like other jacquard fabrics, has traditionally been used for lining, upholstery, but has recently been increasingly used to make elegant blouses and dresses.

Damask- white cotton fabric with a shiny floral pattern on a matte background. Usually used for making tablecloths, bed linen, etc.

Devore- mysterious fabric! The only thing I can tell about it is that in its manufacture, chemical etching (burning out) of a part of the fabric fibers is used, due to which patterns appear on it. I have not been able to find a description of the essence of this process.


Devore fabric is quite thin, transparent, and it is often used when sewing curtains.


And sometimes the devoré technique is used on other types of fabric. For example, in the photo below, a young man is wearing a batiste devoré shirt.

Denim- very strong, dense cotton fabric for jeans. Known since the end of the last century, then its name arose, which in French means "from Nimes". Nimes is the city in France where this workwear fabric was created.


Initially, denim was intended as clothing for workers. After all, denim is distinguished by high density, strength, good wear resistance.


Today, denim can have a variety of characteristics, be dense or thin, plain or patterned. And they use it to make all kinds of clothes for people of both sexes of all ages.


Jersey- the name of a group of dress fabrics made of viscous thin woolen knitwear, as well as knitted woolen or silk fabric and products from it. The fabric was not in demand. She was considered tough, unaesthetic, the beige color in which she was painted was called poor.

It is soft, smooth, well-stretched, wrinkled a little, does not require complex care, and falls beautifully when draped.


Jersey fabric gained popularity thanks to the courage of Coco Chanel. When this fabric first appeared on the island of Jersey (Channel Islands), Chanel was not afraid to take a chance and buy the fabric from its inventor. Back then, jersey was not very popular. But after Chanel sewed the first coat out of it, and then a shirt dress, everyone started talking about jersey.


Currently, women's dresses, skirts, jackets, cardigans and other wardrobe items are sewn from jersey fabric.

Gingham- two-ton paper fabric in a strip or a cage. Used for tailoring and needlework.
Diagonal- woolen or cotton fabric of twill weave with a characteristic woven pattern - oblique convex scars. In the 20th century, dark blue or khaki fabric was used mainly for sewing uniforms.

Dradedam- a very light cloth of plain weave, usually light, sometimes with a striped ornament. In the 19th century, it was in demand among the urban poor - clothes and scarves were sewn from fabric. In the 20th century, the fabric fell into disuse.

Drap- a very thick and soft woolen or wool blend fabric with a fleecy back and a smooth front surface. Drap is both dense and soft, quite warm and durable. On its front surface there is a so-called felt-like covering, thanks to which the weave of the warp and weft fibers is not visible on the fabric, but the surface of the fabric remains quite smooth. Drap can also be double-faced, then both sides hide the weave.


From the drape, women's and men's coats are most often sewn, which do not have complex details, as well as suits, or separately skirts, trousers, jackets and jackets.

Duvetin- satin weave fabric made of cotton or viscose with thicker weft threads. After dyeing, the fabric is combed, and it becomes rough. Duvetin is also called fake velvet.
Duchess- a noble, very shiny, smooth fabric made of silk or artificial fibers, which is used for evening dresses or as a lining for high-quality women's clothing.
[Yo]
Herringbone, herringbone fabric - the pattern on the fabric resembles Christmas trees. Interlacing of fibers - along the scar and diagonally.

[AND]
Jacquard- a fabric named after the French inventor J. M. Jacquard. Around 1800, he created a machine for producing coarsely patterned fabrics by separately controlling each warp thread. The resulting patterns were named after him.

Georgette and crepe georgette- a fabric made of strongly twisted crepe-twisted threads has an uneven, finely structured surface. The fabric is soft, flowing, similar to chiffon, to the touch - sandy.

[B]
Suede leather- soft leather, tanned and impregnated with fats from the skins of calves, goats and deer. Has a velvety look. How fabric is used to make outerwear.

Distinguish between artificial suede, lederin (artificial leather) and leather. Products made from these materials do not require careful finishing, allowances are not processed. The volume is reduced due to allowances: 3 mm is left on one, 6 mm on the other. When cutting, use weights, it is better not to use pins - they leave marks on the fabric. If the presser foot sticks to the skin, change to a Teflon foot.

Zephyr- thin delicate cotton fabric from bleached twisted yarn in the form of small cells, as well as woolen fabric from the best breeds of sheep's wool. It seems soft and flowy. Shirts and blouses are sewn from fabric.

[TO]
Kalamkar- hand-printed chintz.
Worsted fabrics- thin woolen fabrics made from combed yarn, with a smooth fluffy surface, not very durable.

Damask- bilateral patterned silk thin fabric. The combination of satin and plain weave created a special optical effect. In the 16th-17th centuries fur coats, caftans, padded jackets, hats, sleeves, sashes, trousers, stockings, pillowcases, blankets were sewn from damask. From the 18th century, damask began to be called damask. In the 19th century, the name of the fabric fell into disuse.

Camlet- dense woolen or semi-woolen fabric, usually dark in color. Known in Russia since the 18th century, camel hair served as raw material for it. Only wealthy people could afford camlot clothes. Today, camlot is forgotten, although similar camel wool fabrics continue to be produced.

Kamchatka- patterned linen fabric for table linen, towels.
canifas- dense cotton fabric with a relief woven pattern in the form of stripes.
Kapron- synthetic fiber, used for the production of fabrics, knitwear. Differs in high wear resistance, elasticity, indelibility.

Astrakhan- skins of a lamb at the age of 1-3 days of the Karakul breed, valuable fur, is distinguished by a very elastic, dense, silky, shiny hairline, forming curls of various shapes.
Karakulcha - skins of premature lambs (fetal development 4.5-5.5 months) of the Karakul breed of sheep. Valuable fur, characterized by a low, shiny, silky hairline with a more or less pronounced moiré pattern.

Kashgora- a noble fabric made from the wool of the Kashgori goat, bred in New Zealand. The fabric has the sheen and lightness of cashmere and is very durable.

Cashmere- a thin, light woolen or wool blend fabric with a diagonal rib on the surface, which appears due to the diagonal weave. School uniform dresses and aprons are sewn from dark cashmere. Printed cashmere is used for scarves, shawls, dresses. Cashmere coats are very popular.

Real cashmere is made from the wool of tiny Himalayan goat lambs (it is also called cashmere).


Cashmere is quite soft and light fabric.


Not only coats are sewn from cashmere, but also dresses, blouses, cardigans and other women's and men's clothing.



Kisei- a thin rare fabric, currently cotton Kisei was produced in color, embroidered with silk or other colored threads.

Cloquet- a two-layer fabric with a bubble surface, woven on two bases, which are located one above the other. It is made from wool, cotton or artificial fibres. The underside of the fabric is smooth, stretched, and the top has a convex, bubble pattern. Jackets and dresses are made from it. Cotton fabrics are also produced with the cloque effect - they are subjected to special processing in order to achieve the effect of tightness, roughness. Cloquet cannot be ironed.

Covercoat- dense fabric of twill weave with characteristic small dots on a dark background, very similar to gabardine. Woolen, semi-woolen, staple and paper carpets are produced. Fabric appeared in Russia at the end of the 19th century. In the middle of the 20th century, the fabric was considered prestigious; respectable Soviet employees wore clothes from it in combination with a velor hat.

Leather- dressed animal skin. Already in ancient Greece, shoes were made of leather. In the 8th century BC, gloves were made from it. In the 18th century, both shoes and hats and pants were made from leather. Later it was used even more widely. The first motorists and aviators were dressed in leather from head to toe. In 1965, Pierre Cardin widely used this material for his products.

goat- the skin of kids up to 1 month old, as well as baby goats of various breeds of goats. The fur skin has a thin hair, soft, glossy, rather low, with a moire pattern or smooth.

Calico- cheap paper fabric such as thick calico, white or one-color. Calico was very widespread in the 18th-19th centuries. At the end of the 20th century it was used as linen fabric.
Crackle(translated from French - cracked). The surface of this fabric resembles crepe and has a bubble structure. It is a fabric made of cotton or artificial fibers, so it is well suited for blouses and dresses.

Krashenina- rough painted canvas. In the 19th century, peasant shirts were sewn from krashenina.
Crepes- the name of a very large group of fabrics that are made from different fibers, but they all have a finely rough surface. The crepe effect is achieved, firstly, due to the very strong twist of the fibers; and secondly, the irregular crossing of threads. The family of crepes includes: crepe georgette, crepe de chine, crepe satin, crepe maroquin.

They are widely used in general purpose clothing. It is easy to sew clothes from this fabric, because. it is moderately elastic, has a clear edge line, which is convenient for cutting. The fabric is also used as reinforcing pieces. It is more shiny and transparent than crepe de chine.


For example, georgette crepe is often used in women's dresses.

Crepe de chine- a delicate silk fabric that acquires its typical matte look when using a special type of weave. Georgette crepe is usually a very thin and transparent silk fabric that has common features with chiffon and crepe de chine. But crepe georgette is denser and grainy to the touch. Woolen fabric obtained by this type of weaving is also called georgette. Crepe Chinese - silk, stuffed crepe. Crepon - woolen crepe. Crepe morokhen - silk, dense and soft, plain or patterned crepe. Rachel crepe - golden crepe. Crepe satin - silk crepe, soft, usually plain, characterized by a combination of a rough surface on one side and a smooth, shiny surface on the other.

Distinctive features of crepe de chine are a matte and slightly shiny surface and fine graininess on the front surface.


Crepe de chine is used for sewing mainly women's clothing: blouses, dresses, as well as for scarves and shawls.

Crepe de chine was quite popular in the 60s, so you can find a lot of vintage crepe de chine dresses.

And this kind of silk is often used for painting on fabric using the batik technique.

Cretonne- plain weave cotton fabric (the weft thread is somewhat thinner than the warp thread). Made of pre-dyed yarn, with a textile pattern in the form of checks or stripes. In the 19th century, it was used very widely for the clothes of less wealthy people, as well as for furniture upholstery.

Krinkle, crash- crinkled fabrics. The folds are often wrinkled in the lobar direction and more or less pronounced.

Crimplen- one of the synthetic fabrics. Volumetric, plastic, soft. Doesn't wrinkle, easy to wash. At first it enjoyed incredible popularity, but in recent years it has given way to all kinds of mixed fabrics, which are more reminiscent of natural fabrics.

Lace- a strip or piece of textile obtained by sewing, knitting or weaving. Lace appeared in Europe at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries. The first lace was sewn with a needle, it was called "stitch in the air". In Russia, the first lace was made of metal, made of gold and silver threads - they trimmed the clothes of the nobility. In 1837, a machine for making lace was invented. They became cheaper and went to the finishing of women's underwear.
Lace fabric - a transparent openwork fabric with a pattern formed by combining compacted and discharged places with holes, which are obtained by estimating the interlacing of threads.

Kumach- paper fabric, usually bright red (from the Arabic "kumash"). In the old days, there was blue and other colors of kumach.

The body of many living organisms is made up of tissues. Exceptions are all unicellular, as well as some multicellular, for example, which include algae, as well as lichens. In this article, we will look at the types of fabrics. Biology studies this topic, namely its section - histology. The name of this branch comes from the Greek words "cloth" and "knowledge". There are many types of fabrics. Biology studies both plants and animals. They have significant differences. biology has been studied for a long time. For the first time they were described even by such ancient scientists as Aristotle and Avicenna. Biology continues to study tissues and types of tissues further - in the 19th century they were studied by such famous scientists as Moldengauer, Mirbel, Hartig and others. With their participation, new types of cell aggregates were discovered and their functions were studied.

Types of tissues - biology

First of all, it should be noted that the tissues that are characteristic of plants are not characteristic of animals. Therefore, biology can divide the types of tissues into two large groups: plant and animal. Both combine a large number of varieties. We will consider them further.

Types of animal tissues

Let's start with what is closer to us. Since we belong to the Animal kingdom, our body consists precisely of tissues, the varieties of which will now be described. Types of animal tissues can be combined into four large groups: epithelial, muscle, connective and nervous. The first three are subdivided into many varieties. Only the last group is represented by only one type. Next, we consider all types of tissues, the structure and functions that are characteristic of them, in order.

nervous tissue

Since it comes in only one variety, let's start with it. The cells in this tissue are called neurons. Each of them consists of a body, an axon and dendrites. The latter are processes along which an electrical impulse is transmitted from cell to cell. A neuron has one axon - it is a long process, there are several dendrites, they are smaller than the first one. The cell body contains the nucleus. In addition, the so-called Nissl bodies are located in the cytoplasm - an analogue of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria that produce energy, as well as neurotubules that are involved in conducting an impulse from one cell to another.

Depending on their functions, neurons are divided into several types. The first type is sensory, or afferent. They conduct impulses from the sense organs to the brain. The second type of neurons are associative, or switching. They analyze the information that came from the senses, and develop a response impulse. These types of neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord. The last variety is motor, or afferent. They conduct an impulse from associative neurons to organs. Also in the nervous tissue there is an intercellular substance. It performs very important functions, namely, it provides a fixed arrangement of neurons in space, participates in the removal of unnecessary substances from the cell.

epithelial

These are types of tissues, the cells of which are tightly adjacent to each other. They can have a variety of shapes, but are always close. All different types of tissues of this group are similar in that there is little intercellular substance in them. It is mainly presented in the form of a liquid, in some cases it may not be. These are types of body tissues that provide its protection, and also perform a secretory function.

This group includes several varieties. This is a flat, cylindrical, cubic, sensory, ciliated and glandular epithelium. From the name of each one can understand what form of cells they consist of. Different types of epithelial tissues differ in their location in the body. So, flat lines the cavities of the upper organs of the digestive tract - the oral cavity and esophagus. Cylindrical epithelium is found in the stomach and intestines. Cubic can be found in the renal tubules. The sensory one lines the nasal cavity; there are special villi on it that provide the perception of odors. The cells of the ciliated epithelium, as its name implies, have cytoplasmic cilia. This type of tissue lines the airways below the nasal cavity. The cilia that each cell has perform a cleansing function - they to some extent filter the air that passes through the organs covered by this type of epithelium. And the last type of this group of tissues is the glandular epithelium. Its cells perform a secretory function. They are found in the glands, as well as in the cavity of some organs, such as the stomach. The cells of this type of epithelium produce hormones, gastric juice, milk, sebum and many other substances.

Muscle tissues

This group is divided into three types. The muscle is smooth, striated and cardiac. All muscle tissues are similar in that they consist of long cells - fibers, they contain a very large number of mitochondria, since they need a lot of energy to move. lines the cavities of internal organs. We cannot control the contraction of such muscles ourselves, since they are innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

Cells of striated muscle tissue differ in that they contain more mitochondria than the first. This is because they require more energy. Striated muscles can contract much faster than smooth muscles. It is made up of skeletal muscles. They are innervated by the somatic nervous system, so we can consciously control them. Muscular heart tissue combines some of the characteristics of the first two. It is able to contract just as actively and quickly as the striated one, but it is innervated by the autonomic nervous system, just like the smooth one.

Connective tissues and their functions

All tissues of this group are characterized by a large amount of intercellular substance. In some cases, it appears in a liquid state of aggregation, in some - in a liquid, sometimes - in the form of an amorphous mass. Seven types belong to this group. It is dense and loose fibrous, bone, cartilaginous, reticular, fatty, blood. In the first variety, fibers predominate. It is located around the internal organs. Its functions are to give them elasticity and protect them. In loose fibrous tissue, the amorphous mass predominates over the fibers themselves. It completely fills the gaps between the internal organs, while the dense fibrous forms only peculiar shells around the latter. She also plays a protective role.

Bone and form the skeleton. It performs a supporting function in the body and partly protective. Phosphates and calcium compounds predominate in the cells and intercellular substance of the bone tissue. The exchange of these substances between the skeleton and blood is regulated by hormones such as calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. The first maintains the normal state of the bones, participating in the conversion of phosphorus and calcium ions into organic compounds stored in the skeleton. And the second, on the contrary, with a lack of these ions in the blood, provokes their receipt from the tissues of the skeleton.

Blood contains a lot of liquid intercellular substance, it is called plasma. Her cells are quite peculiar. They are divided into three types: platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes. The former are responsible for blood clotting. During this process, a small blood clot is formed, which prevents further blood loss. Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body and providing it to all tissues and organs. They may contain agglutinogens, which exist in two types - A and B. In the blood plasma, the content of alpha or beta agglutinins is possible. They are antibodies to agglutinogens. These substances are used to determine the blood group. In the first group, agglutinogens are not observed on erythrocytes, and agglutinins of two types are present in the plasma at once. The second group has agglutinogen A and agglutinin beta. The third is B and alpha. There are no agglutinins in the plasma of the fourth, but both A and B agglutinogens are on the erythrocytes. If A meets alpha or B with beta, the so-called agglutination reaction occurs, as a result of which the erythrocytes die and blood clots form. This can happen if you transfuse the wrong type of blood. Considering that only erythrocytes are used during transfusion (plasma is screened out at one of the stages of processing donor blood), then a person with the first group can only be transfused with the blood of his own group, with the second - the blood of the first and second groups, with the third - the first and third groups, from the fourth - any group.

Also, erythrocytes may contain antigens D, which determines the Rh factor, if present, the latter is positive, if absent, it is negative. Lymphocytes are responsible for immunity. They are divided into two main groups: B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. The first are produced in the bone marrow, the second - in the thymus (a gland located behind the sternum). T-lymphocytes are divided into T-inducers, T-helpers and T-suppressors. Reticular connective tissue consists of a large amount of intercellular substance and stem cells. They form blood cells. This tissue forms the basis of the bone marrow and other hematopoietic organs. There are also cells which contain lipids. It performs a spare, heat-insulating and sometimes protective function.

How are plants arranged?

These organisms, like animals, consist of sets of cells and intercellular substance. We will describe the types of plant tissues further. All of them are divided into several large groups. These are educational, integumentary, conductive, mechanical and basic. The types of plant tissues are numerous, since several belong to each group.

Educational

These include apical, lateral, intercalary and wound. Their main function is to ensure plant growth. They are made up of small cells that actively divide and then differentiate to form any other type of tissue. The apical ones are located at the tips of the stems and roots, the lateral ones are inside the stem, under the integumentary ones, the intercalary ones are at the bases of the internodes, the wound ones are at the site of damage.

coverslips

They are characterized by thick cell walls made of cellulose. They play a protective role. There are three types: epidermis, crust, cork. The first covers all parts of the plant. It may have a protective wax coating, it also has hairs, stomata, cuticles, and pores. The crust differs in that it has no pores, in all other characteristics it is similar to the epidermis. Cork is the dead covering tissue that forms the bark of trees.

Conductive

These tissues come in two varieties: xylem and phloem. Their function is the transport of substances dissolved in water from the root to other organs and vice versa. Xylem is formed from vessels formed by dead cells with hard shells, there are no transverse membranes. They transport fluid upwards.

Phloem - sieve tubes - living cells in which there are no nuclei. The transverse membranes have large pores. With the help of this type of plant tissue, substances dissolved in water are transported down.

Mechanical

They also come in two types: and sclerenchyma. Their main task is to ensure the strength of all organs. Collenchyma is represented by living cells with lignified shells that fit tightly to each other. Sclerenchyma consists of elongated dead cells with hard shells.

Main

As their name implies, they form the basis of all plant organs. They are assimilation and reserve. The first are found in the leaves and the green part of the stem. Their cells contain chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis. Organic matter accumulates in the storage tissue, in most cases it is starch.