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Viking female names and their meanings. What Russian names did the Vikings give us? Famous Viking names

Modern names from different countries differ in origin, cultural and historical heritage, and the influence of various religions. In countries such as Denmark and Norway, Sweden and Iceland, as well as Finland, children are called by modern names, but a larger number of these names have their origins in ancient Scandinavia. Some of which go back to legends and myths, some are a reflection of Germanic and biblical names. The rich history is reflected in the variety of female and male Scandinavian names.

Features of Scandinavian group names

The names of the Scandinavian group, like those of other peoples, reflected the characteristics of a person’s character and described his remarkable aspects. But an interesting fact is that the name was not given to a person for life, but could change during his life, even more than once. The reason for changing the name could be the commission of an act that left an imprint on the attitude towards its bearer, or the emergence of new qualities as a result of growing up.

History has left its mark on Scandinavian women's names, which reflect the warlike events of the rich past. It is noteworthy that the interpretation and meaning of female and male names are almost the same. The character traits of the conqueror were passed down from generation to generation, and strength and courage, bravery and courage, revered at all times, were embodied in the names of girls. For example, Vigdis is the “goddess of war”, Gudhild is the “good battle”, Svanhild is the “battle of the swans”, Brynhild is the “warlike woman”.

It is also noteworthy that two-part Scandinavian female names are used, and their meaning is intended to define objects and abstract concepts, reflect distinctive features of appearance and character traits: “peace-loving ruler” - Fredrika, “battle of the defenders” - Ragnhild.

How was a name given in a Scandinavian family in ancient times?

The peoples of Scandinavia had their own traditions in naming, which everyone followed without exception.

Only the father gave the name to the girl and boy. This was equated to the baby gaining the right to life, because the head of the family could recognize or reject its new member. When naming a child, tribute was paid to the glorious ancestors, who were supposed to be reborn in a new body when choosing the name of the descendant. Scandinavian female names were given to girls in honor of deceased relatives. These names were intended to strengthen the strength of the clan, which came from all the ancestors who bore this name.

Ancient Scandinavian names and modern ones. What is the difference?

The culture of glorious wars and battles left its mark on the names of girls in Scandinavia. In ancient times there were no particular differences between male and female names. Girls were named in honor of military events and battles, patrons of war and battles, peace and victories. In the old days, the names of heroes sung in legends and epic works were popular. It was customary to call girls by the names of goddesses and heroines of legends.

In the modern world, choice is made according to a different principle. Nowadays they prefer beautiful Scandinavian female names, which are the embodiment of femininity, tenderness, are distinguished by the beauty of their sound and grace, and glorify the best qualities and virtues of representatives of the fair half of humanity. For example: Ingrid – “beautiful” and Inga – “the only one”, Christina – “follower of Christ” and Letitia – “happy”, Sonja – “wise” and Henrika – “housekeeper”, Aideen – “slender” and Katarina – “pure” .

Mythological roots of Scandinavian names

The mythology of the Angles and Normans, Danes and Saxons, formed before the adoption of Christianity, from the 5th century. BC, is reflected in the names of the Scandinavian countries. German-Scandinavian mythology was basically a worship of the forces of nature, so a number of names corresponded to the names of animals that were especially revered by the Vikings.

Female names in Scandinavian mythology are represented by such options as “Bear” - Ulf or “god of fertility” - Freir. The names of sacred ravens were also popular, which were especially revered by the Vikings and personified military success: “thought, soul” - Huginn and “memory” - Muginn. The forces of nature are reflected in the names: “rock” - Stein, “protected by Thor” - Torborg, “soul” - Hugi.

Simple and complex names among Scandinavians

Scandinavian names are divided into two main groups: one- and two-part. If the first group includes descriptions of character traits or belonging to a certain tribe and clan: “spiritualized” - Aud, “strong” - Gerda, “foreigner” - Barbro, then two-part Scandinavian female names and their meaning have their own characteristics.

Two-syllable and two-part names reflect the components of the names of the two parents or the qualities that they want to endow the baby with: “stone, protect” - Steinbjorg, “battle of the elves” - Alfhild, “divine runes” - Gudrun.

Having absorbed the culture of neighboring peoples who professed the Lutheran and Catholic faith, they began to give the child two names at baptism, which are designed to protect him throughout his life. In everyday life, only one name is used, and they try to keep the second in the shadows. And in difficult life situations related to health, it is customary to turn to the second name and actively use it instead of the first, believing that protective forces can change fate for the better.

Nicknames that became names

Initially, most ancient Scandinavian names, including women’s ones, were mixed with a wide variety of nicknames, and it was difficult to distinguish between them. Some names contained both a nickname and a proper name. For example, the name Alv incorporates the nickname “elf”. Nicknames perfectly reflected the individual characteristics of a person: Raquel is a “sheep”, Tord Horse Head is a female Thor.

The nicknames of famous witches and sorcerers also reflect Scandinavian female names: Kolfinna - “dark, black Finn”, Kolgrima - “black mask”. Over time, the boundaries between name and nickname blur and become indistinguishable.

Viking Legacy

The brave conquerors of antiquity - the Vikings - passed through the centuries and gradually turned into modern Scandinavians, and their culture is reflected in glorious names. Warring tribes treated the choice of name responsibly. It was believed that a name could shake the universe and influence the entire fate of its bearer. By naming a child, they believed that they were placing him under the protection of the gods and the forces of nature. Some of the names reflecting the rites of priests and sorcerers are gone forever, but those praising the achievements of a warrior or hunter continue to exist to this day. And among these: Valborg - “saving those killed in battle”, Bodil - “battle-vengeance”, Borgilda - “a fighting, useful maiden”.

How did Christianity influence the name?

With the adoption of Christianity, new names began to appear, but their spread was perceived ambiguously among the Scandinavian peoples.

The Christian names given to children at baptism remained secret. They used a second name, which was traditional and understandable for the Scandinavian people. There was a particular rejection of new names in the families of the military elite, where it was customary to call only illegitimate children with Christian names. But gradually new ones joined the Scandinavian women's names. They are actively used by modern parents who choose them for their daughters: Christina and Stina - “follower of Christ”, Elizabeth - “confirmed by God”, Evelina - “little Eve”, Anneliese - “gracious, useful, confirmed by God”.

Adamina - red, earth.
Adeline, Adeline - noble, noble.
Agneta is a saint, chaste.
Alina is decent.
Anitra, Annie – helpful, grace.
Asta, Astrid, Ase - divine beauty.
Aud – spiritualized.

Barbro is a stranger, a foreigner.
Birgit, Birgitta, Birte – sublime.
Brita is sublime.
Brünnhilde is a warrior woman dressed in armor.
Wendla is a traveler.
Vigdis is the goddess of battles and war.
Victoria – a sensation, a victory.
Wilma, Wilhelma – militant, protected by a helmet.
Vivien, Vivi – mobile, lively.
Gerda, Gerd – powerful, strong.
Gunnel, Gunhilda, Gunhild - military battle.
Gunvor is a vigilant warrior woman.
Dagny, Dagney - the birth of a new day.
Dorta, Dorthe, Dorotea - God's gift.
Ida is diligent and hardworking.
Ylva is a wolf woman.
Inga is unique, one, only.
Ingeborga, Ingegerd – protected by Ing.
Ingrid is beautiful, incomparable.
Jorun, Jorunn – lover of horses.
Catherine, Katarina – innocent, pure.
Carolina is strong and courageous.
Kaya is a mistress, mistress.
Clara is immaculate, pure, dazzling.
Kristin, Christina, Stina is a follower of the teachings of Christ.
Letitia is glowing with happiness.
Lisbeth – confirmed by God.
Liv, Liva – life-giver.
Maya is the mother-nurse.
Margareta, Margrit is a pearl of great price.
Marte is a housewife.
Matilda, Matilda, Mektilda - strong in battle.
Ragnhild - the battle of warrior-defenders.
Rune – initiated into secret knowledge.
Sana, Suzanne – lily flower.
Sarah is a noble lady, a charming princess.
Sigrid, Sigrun, Siri - a wonderful victory.
Simone is understanding.
Sonya, Ragna - experienced, wise.
Svanhilda - battle of swans.
Tekla - Divine glorification.
Tora, Tyra - warrior Tora.
Torborg - taken under the protection of Thor.
Thord, Thordis - beloved Thor.
Thorhild - Thor's battle.
Tove - thunderous.
Trine – immaculate, pure.
Thurid is the beauty of God Thor.
Ulla, Ulrika - power and prosperity.
Frida is peace-loving.
Hedwig - battle of rivals.
Helen, Elin – flame, torch.
Henrika is a housekeeper.
Hilda, Hilde - battle.
Hulda – guarding a secret, hidden.
Aideen is graceful and slender.
Elizabeth is confirmed by God.
Erica is the ruler.
Esther is a shining star.
Evelina, Evelyn is the ancestor, little Eva.

Names of the Vikings in the history of the Scandinavian Middle Ages

Interest in the culture and life of the inhabitants of the Scandinavian countries of the early Middle Ages is constantly growing. This is due to a passion for antiquities (runes, Scandinavian paganism, sagas), as well as the steady release of films and computer games about Vikings. The names of the Vikings are no less interesting. They are euphonious, not meaningless and are perfect for pseudonyms and nicknames within a certain circle of people.

Who are the Vikings and where do they come from?

Scandinavian sailors of the early Middle Ages (VIII - XI centuries) are usually called Vikings. They became famous for their sea voyages, which stretched all the way to North Africa. The Vikings were ordinary residents of Denmark, Norway and Sweden who sought to leave their native shores and go in search of a new, better life. Swedish settlers in ancient Russian chronicles are mentioned as Varangians, and the Danish and Norwegian Vikings were nicknamed Normans, based on Latin sources. The most complete description of these sailors, however, is given by the Scandinavian sagas, from which, for the most part, we learned the names of the Vikings, their personalities and manners. In addition, researchers largely gleaned information about names from inscriptions on rune stones.

Noble stone, illustrious wolf, bear: Viking names

Male nicknames for the inhabitants of Scandinavia have been known to researchers for a long time. They are found in chronicles, annals, vaults. Thus, “The Tale of Bygone Years” introduces us to the first Varangian in Rus' - Rurik, who became the founder of the Novgorod principality. This nickname can be translated as “glorious king.” Other male Viking names found in the chronicles are no less pretentious. Just remember the rulers Dir (“beast”) and Askold (“golden voice”).

However, as mentioned above, researchers gleaned the bulk of names from inscriptions on rune stones, as well as Scandinavian sagas and tales. Here is a list of some common nicknames at the time:

Ragnar - warrior of the Gods;
Athelstan is a noble stone;
Bjorn – bear;
Arne - eagle;
Thorstein - Thor's stone;
Leif is the heir.

During the Viking Age, names containing an integral part of the name of the god Thor became widespread: Torquil, Thorstein. It was also considered a good sign to name a person after an animal. This is how the nicknames Bjorn, Arne, Ulf (“wolf”), Ulfbjorn, Vebjorn (“holy bear”) arose.

Beautiful, sowing confusion: Viking female names

The Viking Age also gave rise to special female nicknames, which are often used to this day in the Scandinavian countries. Among these the following can be noted:

Sigrid is a wonderful victory;
Ingrid – beautiful;
Ragnhild - advisor in battle;
Gunnhild - battle of battles;
Tove - thunder;
Helga – blessed;
Siggy - shield of victory.

If many male Viking names were associated with the name of the god Thor, then female ones gravitated towards the nicknames of Valkyries - mythological warrior maidens who accompanied the souls of dead warriors to Valhalla. The most famous of the Valkyrie names are:

Randgrid - shield breaker;
Hild - warrior;
Gel - calling;
Mist - foggy;
Company - sowing confusion.

Scandinavian names

Scandinavian names used in Denmark, Sweden, Iceland and Norway, as well as in Finland (due to the large number of Scandinavian Swedes living in the country). The vast majority of Scandinavian names are of Germanic or biblical origin, as are other Western names (including Russian), but there are also many native Northern European names. Most names come from ancient Germanic roots dedicated to animal totems: for example, “olv” (“ulv”) means “wolf,” “bjorn” (“bjorn”) means “bear,” etc.

Among the ancient Scandinavians, like many peoples in the first stages of development, the difference between a nickname and a full name was practically not felt. Thus, creating a name for the newborn was a fairly simple procedure. The name could change over the course of life: instead of the old one given at birth, a new one was given, as a rule, corresponding to certain characteristics and qualities of a person, and in this case the border between the name and the nickname becomes practically indistinguishable.

Until about the beginning of the 20th century, most Scandinavians did not have a surname. Until now, for example, in Iceland the surname is rare. The Scandinavians used patronymics, for example Andre Johansson means "Andre, son of Johan". Women could also add the mother's name - Halla Gudrunsdottir, "Halla, daughter of Gudrun."

Among the representatives of the ruling dynasty, the names of the heirs were chosen especially carefully. Future rulers were never given Christian names; often the children of kings were named in honor of their pagan ancestors. The most popular names for future kings were Magnus, Olav (Olaf), Harald, Eystein and Sigurd. In the XI-XII centuries. At least 6 kings named Magnus, four Olavs and three Sigurds visited the Norwegian throne.

Scandinavian male names and their meanings

Scandinavian male names sound fascinating. There is something about them that reminds us of the military prowess of the ancient Vikings. They are associated with the harsh northern nature, and also with the legends and tales of the harsh people. Therefore, it is not surprising that these names began to be borrowed by the neighbors of the Scandinavians - the Danes and Germans. The Varangians once ruled Russia. And their names - Igor, Oleg, Harold, Martin, Robert, Rudolf - adapted and took root in the Slavic environment. Of course, the penetration of Christianity into the Scandinavian Peninsula enriched the local onomasticon. Now the vast majority of names have biblical roots. However, the descendants of the Vikings sacredly honor their traditions and history rich in military exploits. That’s why they often name boys with sonorous names of ancient heroes or characters from epics. Let's take a look and see what they mean.

Totem names

Oddly enough, Scandinavian male names still bear a tangible imprint of pagan beliefs. At the dawn of the development of civilization, human tribes placed themselves under the protection of animals. Among the Scandinavians, these totems were the bear (Bjorn), the wolf (Olf or Ulv), and the boar (Jofurr). Also, although rare, there are such names as “Hedgehog” (Igull), “Fox” (Refr), “Reindeer” (Hrain), “Falcon” (Valr), “Hawk” (Haukr) and even “Chick” seagulls" (Skari) or "Sparrow" (Spörr). But Bjorn is the most common. This is due to the fact that the name of the supreme god Odin was not assigned to people. But the boys were named after one of his incarnations - a bear. In addition to the female version of Byrne and Baer, Bjorn has been part of numerous composite names. Suffice it to recall Guðbjörn, or “Divine Bear” - a direct reference to Odin.

To whom war is a mother

This proverb suits the Varangians like no other. Seasoned in numerous military campaigns, this people of war-lords introduced rather strange Scandinavian male names into their onomasticon. Of course, other nations also called boys “winners.” But the Scandinavians, in addition to numerous names that have a piece of “Zig” (Victoria) in them, also have nicknames that indicate with what weapon the person will get it. Ivar - with a bow and arrows, Hildibrandr - with a sword, Harðgeirr - with a spear, Hlégunnr - in a sea battle, Hildigunnr - in a cutting battle. There are also such exotic names as “Sentinel”, “Army Commander” and even “Desiring War” (Vígfúss). Surprisingly, girls are also often given the same badass nicknames, for example, Hjordis - “Goddess of the Sword”. And I just can’t wrap my head around how one can name his son Vigmarr (“Glorious War”). With the evangelization of the peninsula, the name Georg became very popular - in honor of another sword bearer.

Nicknames

Among many peoples, in the early stages of civilizational development, a person was not given a permanent name. The baby was named according to his appearance or childish habits. Such names include Njord (energetic), Sverr (restless), Ruben (son), Rasmus (beloved), Leddin (thick-haired). But later, when a person revealed some special qualities, he was given a nickname. The name given at birth was forgotten. Thus, in the Scandinavian onomasticon the wise Ragne, the wanderer Stig, the powerful leader Rickard, the famous ruler Roald and Herliff, who grew up in battles, appeared. Such nicknames later turned into Scandinavian male names, and their meaning no longer played such a role. The origin of man also gave rise to his special designation. Among the ethnonym names, the following can be mentioned: Dan (Dane), Goeth, Fleming (Fleming) and Finn. And Urban simply means “city dweller.”

Under the protection of the ancient gods

The meek teaching of Christ was rejected for a long time by warlike people. And even after baptism, people remained faithful to their pagan gods. For a long time, the names given by the priest were ignored. Children were given under the protection not of guardian angels, but of spirits (aces), elves and old deities. Examples include Asleifr (heir to the Aesir), Alfvaldr (lord of the Alves), Thor (lord of the storm), Freyr (god of fertility) and other ancient Scandinavian names. Men's nicknames, heralding the wearer's military prowess, and totems alternated with references to the idol. But still Christianity won. How? It’s just that the Catholic Church canonized several ascetics from the Scandinavian Peninsula. Thus, they were included in the calendar, and the priests named babies in their honor.

Aristocratic Scandinavian names (male) and their meaning

But this was not the case among the kings and among the military nobles. The name of the son, according to Scandinavian customs, was given by the father. The choice was predetermined in advance: the baby was to be named in honor of his glorious male ancestor. In this tradition, echoes of ancient beliefs in the transmigration of the souls of ancestors into scepter bearers are visible. Therefore, the list of Scandinavian male names for rulers is not so wide. So, from the eleventh to the twelfth centuries, 6 Magnus (“Great”, “Majestic”), 4 Olaf (“Wolf”) and 3 Sigurd (“Winner”) visited the throne of Norway. And the kings called their illegitimate children Christian names. This emphasized the son’s lack of chance to ascend the throne. According to tradition, the child could be named so that his name merged elements of the names of his father and mother. So, Steinbjorn and Thorgunnra could have given birth to Trostein, Gunnbjorn or Gunntor.

Compositional Scandinavian male names

They own the lion's share of the rich onomasticon. The so-called “northern dialect” (norrœnt mál) is short and succinct. It made it possible to merge two or even three words into one name. Composites were named both in honor of totemic animals (for example, Hrossbjörn, horse-bear, or Arnulfr, eagle-wolf) and to please the gods (Reginleif - heir to the high council). Nicknames (Wise Wolf, Sacred Bear) were also connected. As for surnames, the Scandinavians did not have them until the beginning of the last century. They were replaced by patronymics. Johansson meant “son of Johan,” but if he bore the name Andre, then the grandson already had the surname Andreson. Compositional male names of Scandinavian origin also penetrated into Rus'. There they were translated into Slavic languages. And now we have the Bronislavs, Vladimirovs and others.

Scandinavian names and their meanings

Scandinavia is a land of mysteries, magic and enchantment. Starting from the 12th century BC, the territories of Northern Europe began to be inhabited by human hunters, who, along with some animals, moved here after the Ice Age. Today, the history of Scandinavia is directly connected with the tales of the Vikings - a warrior people capable of trade. Starting from the 8th century AD, they took a direct part in the development of new lands, where they formed colonies. They believed in the gods, the strength of the warrior and revered animals. It is generally accepted that the Scandinavian peoples are Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians. Some historians also consider Finland and Iceland to be Scandinavia.

The language of the Scandinavians was uniform until a certain period of stratification and conquest of its territories. This, of course, influenced Scandinavian names, their formation and meaning. In turn, there were dialects, but Old Norse was considered the common language. Subsequently, the alphabet, initially numbering 24 runes, was simplified in some territories, reduced to 16. Nevertheless, just like the Slavs, the Scandinavians had a name directly related to the status, characteristics, and family craft of a person.

Basically, Scandinavian male names did not differ from female ones. The basis of any name can be distinguished by the following characteristics:

1. The name is derived from the name of the deity. Most often it is the god of fertility, military abilities, thunder (Frey, Tyr, Thor). For example, Bergborr or Freybjorn - Thor's assistant and Frey's bear. In this case, Scandinavian female names were distinguished by the postfix dis (say, Geirdis or Gunndis - from the names of the goddess of the spear and the goddess of battles).

2. The name is derived from the name of the animal. They took as a basis revered animals that were considered sacred. The most common is the bear (Bjon). This beast was revered as the strongest and most dangerous, symbolizing courage and strength. He was also one of the essences of the main Scandinavian god Odin. In the original female version, this name sounded like Bera or Birna. Also popular were Scandinavian names that included the names of wolf, raven, eagle and wild boar. The last name Jöfurr (boar) was given to people of the upper class, putting into it the concept of a ruler or leader. The eagle (derivatives ari, örn) acted as a protector and a good warrior. Raven (hrafn) - Rafnhildr (raven of battle) is the soul, memory and luck.

3. A name associated with military operations and the protection of the people. Given the variety of military paraphernalia, Scandinavian names associated with military affairs are the most common basis. Here the main concepts were such as battle or fight (gunnr, hildr, leikr), which were connected with certain directions (sea, land, professional); war (víg), was combined mainly with such concepts as desired, great, glorious; military paraphernalia: helmet, spear and sword (gríma, geirr, brandr) were combined with concepts of valor, bravery, and the level of a warrior’s abilities.

4. Scandinavian names are ethnonyms (determining belonging to a particular people). These included the Finns (Finnr), Danes (Danr), Goths (Gautr) and Flemings (Flaemingr).

The names of the ancient Scandinavians are found in different nations today. And they all contain certain concepts and have meanings confirmed by the rich Scandinavian history.

The most interesting nicknames of antiquity and names among the Scandinavians

Nicknames in Icelandic sagas

The champions of the strange nicknames of their rulers are, of course, the ancient Scandinavians. The harsh Vikings gave each other nicknames that “stuck” for life and served as a kind of mark by which a person was recognized. Interestingly, this tradition also applied to rulers.

Take, for example, Ragnar Lothbrok, known to many from the television series “Vikings”. "Lothbrok" translates to "hairy trousers", which alludes to the item of clothing that Ragnar always wore before battle "for good luck". These pants were made of coarse wool, so they looked very shaggy. True, there is an opinion that “Lothbrok” is more correctly translated as “hairy ass”, but it is unlikely that even among the brave Vikings there would have been a madman who would have risked calling the ferocious king that way.

Sons of Ragnar had no less interesting nicknames: Sigurd the Snake-in-the-Eye (so nicknamed for his piercing “snake” look), Bjorn Ironside (received the nickname for his insensitivity to pain and the high-quality chain mail he wore) and Ivar the Boneless (notable for his incredible flexibility and dexterity ).

Norwegian king Elvir Detolyub received his nickname not for his perverted addictions, as one might think, but for an incredible act of humanism by Viking standards: he forbade his warriors... to impale children on spears for entertainment!

Harald I, King of Denmark and Norway, was nicknamed "Bluetooth" by his subjects. He received such a strange nickname because he loved to eat blueberries. However, a more plausible version sounds that Harald was nicknamed not Blatand (“Blue-toothed”), but Bletand (“Dark-haired”). WITH Harald Bluetooth A very interesting fact is connected: it is in his honor that Bluetooth technology, created by a Danish-Norwegian group of developers, is named.

Rollon Pedestrian- the Viking Hrolf, who managed to conquer part of France and become the founder of the dynasty of the Dukes of Normandy. He received the nickname “Pedestrian” because he was so tall and heavy that not a single horse could withstand him as a rider for long. So Rollon had to walk.

King of Norway Eric I Bloodaxe earned such a terrifying prefix to his name for the fact that he consistently slaughtered his relatives, who could become his rivals in the fight for the throne. It is interesting that Erik still could not get to one of his brothers, Hakon, who overthrew him. Obviously, in comparison with Eric, even the stern Hakon looked like a real charmer and, in contrast, received the nickname “Kind”.

Few people know the following interesting fact: during his lifetime, King William I of England was often called William the Bastard(behind the scenes, of course) than the Conqueror (as they say in school textbooks). The fact is that he was the illegitimate son of the Norman Duke Robert. By the way, Wilhelm’s father also bore a very eloquent nickname - the Devil. There were rumors about Robert the Devil that even before his birth his soul was promised to Satan.

Byzantine Emperor Constantine V bore the very dissonant nickname “Kopronim” (“Called the Dirty One”) because, as a baby, during his baptism he shit directly into the font.

Emperor of Byzantium, Vasily II, in 1014 defeated the Bulgarian army at the Battle of Strymon. 15 thousand Bulgarians were captured, whose eyes were gouged out by order of the Byzantine ruler. For every hundred blinded, only one “lucky” guide was left (he only had one eye gouged out). For his sadistic cruelty towards prisoners, Vasily II received the nickname “Bulgarian Slayer”.

The Grand Duke of Vladimir Vsevolod earned the nickname "Big Nest" for being the father of 12 children: 8 sons and 4 daughters.

King of England John (John) Plantagenet due to his short-sighted policy, he lost all his possessions in France and his authority among the English knighthood. For this he was given a mocking nickname - “Landless”. Also, due to the constant defeats of the king, they teased “Softsword” – "Soft Sword" It’s interesting that impotent people were called that way in medieval England. However, in the case of John the Landless, such an interpretation of the nickname is unfounded - the king had 2 legitimate sons and 9 bastards, as well as 6 daughters - 3 legitimate and 3 illegitimate. Evil tongues said that making children was the only thing the monarch was good at. John's authority was so low that not a single English ruler anymore called his heirs by this name.

King of Bohemia and Hungary Ladislav received the nickname "Pogrobok" because he was born 4 months after the sudden death of his father from dysentery.

In the XVII–beginning 18th century ruler of Japan was Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, popularly nicknamed the “Dog Shogun.” Tsunayoshi forbade the killing of stray dogs and ordered them to be fed at public expense. It is interesting that the dog’s diet under this shogun was much richer than the peasant’s diet. By decree of the ruler, street dogs were to be addressed exclusively as “noble master,” and violators were beaten with sticks. True, after the death of the shogun, his “dog lobby” ceased to operate.

French king Louis Philippe d'Orléans received the nickname “Pear” because over the years his figure began to resemble this particular fruit. In addition, the French word “lapoire” (“pear”) has a second meaning – “moron.” In general, it is not difficult to guess how much the French loved this king of theirs.

What do we know about the names that the Vikings gave to their children?

Names of defenders among the Scandinavians

Often, parents gave a name to their newborn that would embody the qualities that they would like to see when the child grows up and matures. For example, male names for boys who were supposed to become protectors of the family, clan and community:

Beinir - Beinir (helper),
Skúli - Skuli (defender),
Högni - Högni (defender),
Birgir - Birgir (assistant),
Jöðurr - Yodur (protector),
Uni - Uni (friend, satisfied).
Eiðr - Eid (oath),
Leifr - Leif (heir),
Tryggvi - Tryggvi (faithful, reliable),
Óblauðr - Oblaud (brave and brave),
Ófeigr - Ofeig (not doomed to death, one might say happy),
Trausti - Trausti (one who is trustworthy, reliable),
Þráinn - Train (persistent),

Female names for girls, which also personified future protectors and helpers of the family and the entire clan:

Bót - Bot (help, help),
Erna - Erna (skillful),
Björg - Bjorg (salvation, protection),
Una - Una (friend, satisfied).

Of course, popular names for boys were names that meant physical and spiritual strength, courage, fortitude, endurance, that is, the qualities of a real man, a real warrior. And the owner of such a name must confirm it and have the same quality that his name meant.

Male names:

Gnúpr - Gnup (steep mountain),
Halli - Halli (stone, pebble),
Kleppr - Klepp (mountain, rock),
Steinn - Stein (stone),
Múli - Muli (cape),
Knjúkr - Knyuk (peak),
Tindr - Tind (peak),
Knútr - Whip (knot).

Female name: Hallótta - Hallotta (rocky). After all, girls could also be not only skilled housewives, but also excellent warriors.

When choosing and coming up with a name for the baby, parents were guided by various principles and desires for the future characteristics of their child, his destiny. For example, wishing a child love and good luck, a high position in society, they named their baby or baby accordingly. For example, happy parents could name their daughter like this:

Ljót - Ljot (bright and light),
Birta - Birta (bright),
Dalla - Dalla (brightness),
Fríðr - Frid (beautiful and beloved),
Fríða - Frida (beautiful),
Ósk - Osk (desire, desired),
Ölvör - Elver (lucky),
Heiðr - Heid (glory).

The boys were called:

Dagr - Dag (day),
Teitr - Tate (cheerful),
Dýri - Dyuri (dear and beloved),
Ölvir - Elvir (happy),
Harri - Harri (ruler),
Sindri - Sindri (spark),
Bjartr - Bjart (bright).

Such names were not just that, wishing happiness to their child and giving him an appropriate name, parents seemed to direct the child on the path of happiness and good luck, and the happy life of even one representative of the family clan could promise good luck for the whole clan as a whole.

The times during the Viking Age in the Scandinavian countries were not easy; almost every man became, whether he wanted it or not, a real warrior in order to protect his family, his clan, his clan, his community from encroachments on the native lands of strangers. There were few fertile lands in Norway, but everyone needed it, so conflicts and wars periodically arose between the clans.

Every boy from an early age was trained in military craft in order to be able to protect himself and his loved ones, his land, therefore the names of boys (and girls too, because some of them could become excellent warriors) were often given names that would characterize him as glorious warrior.

In addition, by carrying out raids, the Vikings enriched themselves, bringing slaves and gold to the family from the raid. After several raids, you can become a merchant and significantly improve the situation of the whole family, because money was needed at all times, and silver Arab dirham coins were found in Scandinavia quite a bit of. Therefore, the war was not only defensive. In addition, at all times, men have been associated with protection and weapons. The man is a warrior! A warlike character and fighting spirit for a boy, and then for a man, were not negative characteristics at that difficult time.

Names of Viking warriors and warriors

For example, there were such male names on the theme of a strong and courageous, glorious warrior:

Hróðgeirr - Hrodgeir (spear of glory),
Hróðketill - Hroðketill (helmet of glory),
Bogi - Gods (bow),
Hróðmarr - Hróðmar (fame of glory),
Hróðný - Hrodnyu (youth of glory),
Hróðolfr - Hrodolf (wolf of glory, maybe glorious wolf),
Hróðgerðr - Hrodgerd (fence of glory),
Brandr - Brand (sword),
Hróðvaldr - Hroðvald (power of glory),
Geirr - Geir (spear),
Eiríkr - Eirik (very powerful and strong),
Darri - Darri (throwing spear),
Broddi - Broddi (point),
Egill - Egil (blade),
Gellir - Gellir (loud or sword),
Gyrðir - Gyurdir (girt with a sword),
Klœngr - Klœng (claw),
Naddr - Nadd (point or spear),
Oddi - Oddi (point) or Oddr - Odd (also point),
Vígi - Vigi (fighter),
Óspakr - Ospak (not peaceful, warlike),
Vigfúss - Vigfus (warlike, eager to fight and kill),
Ósvífr - Osvivr (merciless),
Styrmir - Styurmir (formidable, even stormy),
Sörli - Sörli (in armor),
Þiðrandi - Tidrandi (watcher, observer),
Styrr - Styur (battle),
Ulf - Ulf or Wulf (wolf)
Uggi - Ugg (scary),
Agnarr - Agnar (diligent or formidable warrior),
Einarr - Einar (a lone warrior who always fights alone).
Öndóttr - Andott (terrible).
Hildr - Hild (female name, means battle). Often Hild was an integral part of various female names.

Names that symbolized protection:

Hjalmr - Hjalm (helmet),
Ketill - Ketil (helmet),
Hjalti - Hjalti (sword hilt),
Skapti - Skafti (weapon hilt),
Skjöldr - Skjold (shield), Ørlygr - Erlyug (shield),
Hlíf - Khliv (female name, meaning shield),
Brynja - Brynja (female name, meaning chain mail).

Sig- and Sigr - meant victory or battle. There were quite a few compound names with this component, both male and female:

Sigarr – Sigar (warrior of victory or battle, battle),
Sigbjörn - Sigbjörn (battle bear),
Sigfúss - Sigfúss (ardent bright battle),
Sigfinnr - Sigfinn (Finn of battle, warlike Finn),
Sigvaldi - Sigvaldi (ruler or ruler of victory),
Siggeirr - Siggeir (spear of victory),
Sigsteinn – Sigstein (victory stone),
Sigtryggr - Sigtrygg (victory is certain),
Sighvatr - Sighvat (victory of the brave),
Sigurðr - Sigurd (guardian of victory, maybe guardian of battle),
Sigmundr - Sigmund (hand of victory),
Signý - Signy (female name, meant new victory),
Sigrfljóð - Sigrfljod (female name, meaning: girl of victory),
Sigþrúðr – Sigtruda (also a female name, meaning: strength of battle),
Sigrún – Sigrun (feminine name, meaning: rune or secret of battle or victory).

Name - amulet

Very often, both in Scandinavia of the Viking Age and in Kievan Rus, children were named as amulets in order to protect the child from evil forces. In those early days, names denoting certain animals and birds were quite numerous. Some named their children after the animal so that the child would inherit its properties from it, for example, speed of reaction, dexterity, grace and others. In this case, this animal, the bird, even became a talisman and protector of the child from evil forces and twists of fate for the rest of his life. Pagan beliefs spoke of the close connection between man and all living things, living nature was in harmony with man for a very long time, people drew strength from plants and animals. There was such a symbolic connection between a person and the animal whose name he bears.

Male animal amulets names:

Ari – Ari or Örn - Ern (eagle),
Birnir and Björn - Birnir and Björn (bear),
Bjarki - Bjarki (little bear),
Ormr - Orm (serpent),
Gaukr - Gauk (cuckoo),
Brúsi - Brusi (goat),
Hjörtr - Hjort (deer),
Hreinn - Hrein (reindeer),
Haukr - Hauk (hawk),
Hrútr - Hrut (ram),
Mörðr - Mörd (marten),
Hrafn - Hrafn, Hravn (raven),
Ígull - Igul (hedgehog),
Svanr - Svan (swan),
Ulf - Ulf or Wulf (wolf)
Refr - Rav (fox),
Hundi - Hundi (dog),
Starri - Starry (starling),
Valr - Val (falcon),
Uxi - Uxi (ox),
Ýr - Ir (tourist).

Female animal amulets names:

Bera or Birna - Bera or Birna (bear),
Rjúpa - Ryupa (rock partridge),
Erla - Erla (wagtail),
Mæva - Meva (sea gull),
Hrefna - Hrevna (crow),
Svana - Svana (swan).

The birch tree is also considered a strong name-amulet, therefore both men and women were called by the name of the birch: Birkir or Björk - Birkir or Björk (birch). And in Russian beliefs it was also believed that the birch tree could be not only female, but there was also a male gender: birch trees.

There were also amulets like these:

Heimir - Heimir (who has a house),
Ófeigr - Ofeig (who is not doomed to death).

Viking nicknames

The name given to a child at birth did not always remain with him for the rest of his life. Very often, Vikings received names and nicknames that were more suitable for them, which were more appropriate for them as adults. Such nicknames could complement the name, or could completely replace it. Nicknames in adulthood could be given to a Viking in accordance with his character, his occupation, his appearance (they could give a name based on his hair or eyes at the birth of a child as well), according to his social status and even his origin.

Nicknames that could have been given by parents at birth or by acquaintances, friends or fellow tribesmen in adulthood:

Atli - Atli (rough),
Kjötvi - Kjotvi (fleshy),
Floki - Floki (curly, curly),
Kolli - Collie (hairless),
Fróði - Frodi (wise, learned),
Greipr - Grape (the one with large and strong hands),
Forni - Forni (ancient, old),
Hödd - Hödd (woman with very beautiful hair),
Grani - Grani (mustached),
Höskuldr - Höskuld (gray-haired),
Hösvir - Khosvir (gray-haired),
Kára - Kara (curly),
Barði - Bardi (bearded),
Narfi - Narvi (thin and even skinny),
Krumr - Krum (stooped),
Skeggi - Skeggi (bearded man),
Loðinn - Lodin (shaggy),
Hrappr or Hvati - Hrapp or Hvati (fast, ardent),
Rauðr - Raud (red),
Reistr - Reist (straight and high),
Lúta - Luta (stooped),
Skarfr - Skarv (greedy),
Gestr - Guest (guest),
Sölvi - Sölvi (pale),
Glum - Glum (dark-eyed),
Hörðr - Hörd (a person from Hördaland in Norway),
Snerrir - Snerrir (difficult, complex),
Sturla - Sturla (impatient, emotional, restless).
Gauti or Gautr - Gauti or Gaut (Gaut, Swede),
Hálfdan - Halfdan (half-dan),
Höðr - Höðr (a person from Hadaland in Norway),
Smiðr - Smid (blacksmith),
Skíði - Skidi (skier),
Sveinn - Svein (youth, guy, boy, servant),
Gríma - Grima (mask, helmet, night, possibly a name for a witch, sorceress or healer),
Gróa (Gró) - Gro (plant worker, healer, healer, woman who dealt with herbs),
Huld, Hulda - Huld, Hulda (secret, veil or even elven maiden).

Names for sorcerers, magicians, witches They also gave peculiar ones, based on their occupation.

Kol - translated means black and even coal.
Finna or finnr - translated means Finn or Finn (in ancient times they were considered good magicians, sorcerers, witches and sorcerers).
Gríma - translated means mask, night.

In ancient times, the Vikings gave names and nicknames to those who practiced witchcraft and magic, which in different ways combined the above-mentioned parts, for example, female names: Kolfinna and Kolgríma - Kolfinna and Kolgrim or male names: Kolfinnr or Kolgrímr - Kolfinn or Kolgrim.

Viking names after gods

The Vikings adhered to the ancient pagan faith of Asatru (loyalty to the Ases), according to which there was a pantheon of gods who were ordinary people, but became gods for their heroism and perseverance, thanks to physical and spiritual strength. The Vikings and ancient Scandinavians took the gods as an example and wanted to be like them, as brave, strong, and beautiful, so the names were often associated with the gods, with the names of the main gods. Children in the Viking Age, in those distant pagan times, were called names that were associated with one or another god, thereby entrusting the fate of their child to him.
The following female names were dedicated to the god Yngvi - Frey:

Inga - Inga,
Freydís - Freydis (dis of Frey or Freya),
Ingunn - Ingunn (satisfied, Ingvi's friend),
Ingileif - Ingileif (heiress of Ingvi),
Ingigerðr - Ingigerd (protection of Ingvi),
Ingvör (Yngvör) - Ingver (in charge of Yngvi),
Yngvildr - Ingvild (battle of Yngvi).

Male names in honor of the gods:

Ingi - Ingi,
Ingimundr - Ingimund (hand of Ingvi),
Freysteinn - Freystein (Freyr's stone),
Ingimarr - Ingimar (glorious Ingvi - in the instrumental case),
Ingjaldr - Ingjald (ruler with the help of Yngvi),
Ingolfr - Ingolf (Ingvi's wolf),
Ingvarr (Yngvarr) - Ingvar (warrior Yngvi).

In Iceland, and even in the Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), their children were most often dedicated to the god Thor.

Male names in honor of the god Thor:

Torov - Thorir (male name, in honor of Thor),
Þóralfr (Þórolfr) - Toralf or Thorolf (Thor's wolf),
Þorbrandr - Thorbrand (Thor's sword),
Þorbergr - Torberg (rock of the god Thor),
Þorbjörn - Thorbjorn (Thor's bear),
Þorkell - Thorkell (Thor's helmet),
Þorfinnr - Thorfinn (Thor Finn),
Þórðr - Thord (protected by Thor),
Þórhaddr - Thorhadd (hair of the god Thor),
Þorgeirr - Thorgeir (spear of Thor),
Þórarinn - Thorarin (hearth of the god Thor),
Þorleifr - Thorleif (successor of Thor),
Þorsteinn - Torstein (Thor's stone),
Þóroddr - Thorodd (the tip of Thor),
Þormóðr - Tormod (bravery of the god Thor),
Þorviðr - Torvid (Thor's tree),
Þórormr - Tororm (serpent of the god Thor),
Þorvarðr - Thorvard (guardian of the Thors).

Female names in honor of Thor:

Torova – Torah (female name, in honor of Thor),
Þorleif - Thorleif (heiress of Thor),
Þordís, Þórdís - Thordis (disa of the god Thor),
Þórodda - Torodda (the tip of Thor),
Þórarna - Thorarna (the eagle of the god Thor),
Þórhildr - Thorhild (Thor's battle),
Þórný - Tornu (young, dedicated to Thor),
Þórey - Thorey (luck of the god Thor),
Þorljót - Torljot (light of Thor),
Þorvé, Þórvé - Torve (sacred fence of Thor),
Þórunn - Torunn (Thor's favorite),
Þórelfr - Thorelv (river of the god Thor),
Þorvör - Torver (knowing (power) of the Torah).

Children could also be dedicated to all the gods in general. For example, Ragn in translation meant power, gods. Vé - the meaning in translation was as follows: pagan sanctuary, sacred. Both male and female names were formed from these words:

Ragnarr - Ragnar (male name, meaning: army of the gods),
Ragn(h)eiðr - Ragnade (female name, meaning: honor of the gods),
Végeirr - Vegeir (sacred edge),
Véleifr - Veleiv (heir to the sacred place),
Végestr - Vegest (sacred guest),
Ragnhildr - Ragnhild (female name, meaning: battle of the gods),
Vébjörn - Vebjörn (sacred bear or bear sanctuary),
Reginleif - Reginleif (female name, meaning: heiress of the gods),
Vésteinn - Vestein (sacred stone),
Vébrandr - Vebrand (shrine of the sword),
Védís - Vedis (female name: sacred disa),
Véfríðr - Vefrid (female name: sacred protection),
Véný - Venyu (female name: sacred and young).

Name in honor of glorious ancestors

There were also family names, one might say, the predecessors of surnames. Children often received names in honor of their deceased ancestors, whose spirit was reborn in a new member of his own clan, with this name the child entered the world of his clan, his family, his clan and tribe. The Scandinavians believed in the transmigration of souls, but this could only happen within one family, among blood relatives and descendants. The name was given only to those relatives who had already died, otherwise one might get into trouble. Naming a child after an existing, living relative was strictly prohibited.

In the Scandinavian world during the Viking Age, and not only at that time, the name was given to the child by the father. The father also decided whether the child would live or not. Naming a child a name gave him the right to life. Names could be given in honor of glorious and powerful relatives (deceased) on both the father’s and mother’s sides of the child. The names could have been chosen in honor of the father's friends and brothers-in-arms.

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Byzantine Emperor Constantine V bore the very dissonant nickname “Kopronim” (“Called the Dirty One”) because, as a baby, during his baptism he shit directly into the font.

The Grand Duke of Vladimir Vsevolod earned the nickname "Big Nest" for being the father of 12 children: 8 sons and 4 daughters.

King of England John (John) Plantagenet due to his short-sighted policy, he lost all his possessions in France and his authority among the English knighthood. For this he was given a mocking nickname - “Landless”. Also, due to the constant defeats of the king, they teased “Softsword” - "Soft Sword" It’s interesting that impotent people were called that way in medieval England. However, in the case of John the Landless, such an interpretation of the nickname is unfounded - the king had 2 legitimate sons and 9 bastards, as well as 6 daughters - 3 legitimate and 3 illegitimate. Evil tongues said that making children was the only thing the monarch was good at. John's authority was so low that not a single English ruler anymore called his heirs by this name.

King of Bohemia and Hungary Ladislav received the nickname "Pogrobok" because he was born 4 months after the sudden death of his father from dysentery.

In the XVII-beginning 18th century ruler of Japan was Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, popularly nicknamed the “Dog Shogun.” Tsunayoshi forbade the killing of stray dogs and ordered them to be fed at public expense. It is interesting that the dog’s diet under this shogun was much richer than the peasant’s diet. By decree of the ruler, street dogs were to be addressed exclusively as “noble master,” and violators were beaten with sticks. True, after the death of the shogun, his “dog lobby” ceased to operate.

French king Louis Philippe d'Orléans received the nickname “Pear” because over the years his figure began to resemble this particular fruit. In addition, the French word “lapoire” (“pear”) has a second meaning - “moron.” In general, it is not difficult to guess how much the French loved this king of theirs.

What do we know about the names that the Vikings gave to their children?

Names of defenders among the Scandinavians

Beinir - Beinir (helper),
Skúli - Skuli (defender),
Högni - Högni (protector),
Birgir - Birgir (assistant),
Jöðurr - Yodur (protector),
Uni - Uni (friend, satisfied).
Eiðr - Eid (oath),
Leifr - Leif (heir),
Tryggvi - Tryggvi (faithful, reliable),
Óblauðr - Oblaud (brave and brave),
Ófeigr - Ofeig (not doomed to death, one might say happy),
Trausti - Trausti (one who is trustworthy, reliable),
Þráinn - Train (persistent),

Female names for girls, which also personified future protectors and helpers of the family and the entire clan:

Bót - Bot (help, assistance),
Erna - Erna (skillful),
Björg - Bjorg (salvation, protection),
Una - Una (friend, satisfied).

Male names:

Gnúpr - Gnup (steep mountain),
Halli - Halli (stone, pebble),
Kleppr - Klepp (mountain, rock),
Steinn - Stein (stone),
Múli - Muli (cape),
Knjúkr - Knyuk (peak),
Tindr - Tind (peak),
Knútr - Whip (knot).

Female name: Hallótta - Hallotta (rocky). After all, girls could also be not only skilled housewives, but also excellent warriors.

Ljót - Ljot (bright and light),
Birta - Birta (bright),
Dalla - Dalla (brightness),
Fríðr - Frid (beautiful and beloved),
Friða - Frida (beautiful),
Ósk - Osk (desire, desired),
Ölvör - Elver (lucky),
Heiðr - Heid (glory).

The boys were called:

Dagr - Dag (day),
Teitr - Tate (cheerful),
Dýri - Dyuri (dear and beloved),
Ölvir - Elvir (happy),
Harri - Harri (ruler),
Sindri - Sindri (spark),
Bjartr - Bjart (bright).

Names of Viking warriors and warriors

For example, there were such male names on the theme of a strong and courageous, glorious warrior:

Hróðgeirr - Hrodgeir (spear of glory),
Hróðketill - Hrodketill (helmet of glory),
Bogi - Gods (bow),
Hróðmarr - Hrodmar (renown of glory),
Hróðný - Hrodnya (youth of glory),
Hróðolfr - Hrodolf (wolf of glory, maybe a glorious wolf),
Hróðgerðr - Hrodgerd (fence of glory),
Brandr - Brand (sword),
Hróðvaldr - Hroðvald (power of glory),
Geirr - Geir (spear),
Eiríkr - Eirik (very powerful and strong),
Darri - Darri (throwing spear),
Broddi - Broddi (point),
Egill - Egil (blade),
Gellir - Gellir (loud or sword),
Gyrðir - Gyurdir (girt with a sword),
Klœngr - Kleng (claw),
Naddr - Nadd (point or spear),
Oddi - Oddi (point) or Oddr - Odd (also point),
Vígi - Vigi (fighter),
Óspakr - Ospak (not peaceful, warlike),
Vigfúss - Vigfus (warlike, eager to fight and kill),
Ósvífr - Osvivr (merciless),
Styrmir - Styurmir (formidable, even stormy),
Sörli - Sörli (in armor),
Þiðrandi - Tidrandi (looker, observer),
Styrr - Styur (battle),
Ulf - Ulf or Wulf (wolf)
Uggi - Ugg (scary),
Agnarr - Agnar (diligent or formidable warrior),
Einarr - Einar (a lone warrior who always fights alone).
Öndóttr - Andott (terrible).
Hildr - Hild (female name, means battle). Often Hild was an integral part of various female names.

Names that symbolized protection:

Hjalmr - Hjalm (helmet),
Ketill - Ketil (helmet),
Hjalti - Hjalti (sword hilt),
Skapti - Skafti (weapon hilt),
Skjöldr - Skjold (shield), Ørlygr - Erlyug (shield),
Hlíf - Khliv (female name, meaning shield),
Brynja - Brynja (female name, meaning chain mail).

Sig— and Sigr—meant victory or battle. There were quite a few compound names with this component, both male and female:

Sigarr - Cigar (warrior of victory or battle, combat),
Sigbjörn - Sigbjörn (battle bear),
Sigfúss - Sigfus (ardent bright battle),
Sigfinnr - Sigfinn (Finn of battle, warlike Finn),
Sigvaldi - Sigvaldi (ruler or ruler of victory),
Siggeirr - Siggeir (spear of victory),
Sigsteinn - Sigstein (victory stone),
Sigtryggr - Sigtrygg (victory is certain),
Sighvatr - Sighvat (victory of the brave),
Sigurðr - Sigurd (guardian of victory, perhaps guardian of battle),
Sigmundr - Sigmund (hand of victory),
Signý - Signy (female name, meant new victory),
Sigrfljóð - Sigrfljod (female name, meaning: girl of victory),
Sigþrúðr - Sigtrud (also a female name, meaning: strength of battle),
Sigrún - Sigrun (feminine name, meaning: rune or secret of battle or victory).

Name - amulet

Male animal amulets names:

Ari - Ari or Örn - Ern (eagle),
Birnir and Björn - Birnir and Björn (bear),
Bjarki - Bjarki (bear cub),
Ormr - Orm (snake),
Gaukr - Gauk (cuckoo),
Brúsi - Brusi (goat),
Hjörtr - Hjort (deer),
Hreinn - Hrein (reindeer),
Haukr - Hauk (hawk),
Hrútr - Hrut (ram),
Mörðr - Murd (marten),
Hrafn - Hrafn, Hravn (raven),
Ígull - Igul (hedgehog),
Svanr - Svan (swan),
Ulf - Ulf or Wulf (wolf)
Refr - Rav (fox),
Hundi - Hundi (dog),
Starri - Starry (starling),
Valr - Val (falcon),
Uxi - Uxi (ox),
Ýr - Ir (tourist).

Female animal amulets names:

Bera or Birna - Bera or Birna (bear),
Rjúpa - Ryupa (rock partridge),
Erla - Erla (wagtail),
Mæva - Meva (sea gull),
Hrefna - Hrevna (crow),
Svana - Svana (swan).

There were also amulets like these:

Heimir - Heimir (who has a house),
Ófeigr - Ofeig (who is not doomed to death).

Viking nicknames

Nicknames that could have been given by parents at birth or by acquaintances, friends or fellow tribesmen in adulthood:

Atli - Atli (rough),
Kjötvi - Kjotvi (fleshy),
Floki - Floki (curly, curly),
Kolli - Collie (hairless),
Fróði - Frodi (wise, learned),
Greipr - Grape (the one with large and strong hands),
Forni - Forni (ancient, old),
Hödd - Hödd (woman with very beautiful hair),
Grani - Grani (mustached),
Höskuldr - Höskuld (gray-haired),
Hösvir - Khosvir (gray-haired),
Kára - Kara (curly),
Barði - Bardi (bearded),
Narfi - Narvi (thin and even skinny),
Krumr - Krum (stooped),
Skeggi - Skeggi (bearded man),
Loðinn - Lodin (shaggy),
Hrappr or Hvati - Hrapp or Hvati (fast, ardent),
Rauðr - Raud (red),
Reistr - Reist (straight and high),
Lúta - Luta (stooped),
Skarfr - Skarv (greedy),
Gestr - Guest (guest),
Sölvi - Sölvi (pale),
Glum - Glum (dark-eyed),
Hörðr - Hörd (a person from Hördaland in Norway),
Snerrir - Snerrir (difficult, complex),
Sturla - Sturla (impatient, emotional, restless).
Gauti or Gautr - Gauti or Gaut (Gaut, Swede),
Hálfdan - Halfdan (half-dan),
Höðr - Höðr (a person from Hadaland in Norway),
Smiðr - Smid (blacksmith),
Skíði - Skidi (skier),
Sveinn - Svein (youth, guy, boy, servant),
Gríma - Grima (mask, helmet, night, possibly a name for a witch, sorceress or healer),
Gróa (Gró) - Gro (plant worker, healer, healer, woman who dealt with herbs),
Huld, Hulda - Huld, Hulda (secret, veil or even elven maiden).

Names for sorcerers, magicians, witches They also gave peculiar ones, based on their occupation.

Kol - translated means black and even coal.
Finna or finnr - translated means Finn or Finn (in ancient times they were considered good magicians, sorcerers, witches and sorcerers).
Gríma - translated means mask, night.

In ancient times, the Vikings gave names and nicknames to those who practiced witchcraft and magic, which in different ways combined the above-mentioned parts, for example, female names: Kolfinna and Kolgríma - Kolfinna and Kolgrima or male names: Kolfinnr or Kolgrímr - Kolfinn or Kolgrim.

Viking names after gods

The following female names were dedicated to the god Yngvi - Frey:

Inga - Inga,
Freydís - Freydis (dis of Frey or Freya),
Ingunn - Ingunn (happy, friend of Yngwie),
Ingileif - Ingileiv (heiress of Ingvi),
Ingigerðr - Ingigerd (protection of Ingvi),
Ingvör (Yngvör) - Ingver (in charge of Yngvi),
Yngvildr - Ingvild (battle of Yngvi).

Male names in honor of the gods:

Ingi - Ingi,
Ingimundr - Ingimund (hand of Ingvi),
Freysteinn - Freystein (Freyr's stone),
Ingimarr - Ingimar (glorious Ingvi - in the instrumental case),
Ingjaldr - Ingjald (ruler with the help of Ingvi),
Ingolfr - Ingolf (Ingvi the wolf),
Ingvarr (Yngvarr) - Ingvar (warrior Yngvi).

In Iceland, and even in the Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), their children were most often dedicated to the god Thor.

Male names in honor of the god Thor:

Torov - Thorir (male name, in honor of Thor),
Þóralfr (Þórolfr) - Toralv or Thorolf (Thor's wolf),
Þorbrandr - Thorbrand (Thor's sword),
Þorbergr - Torberg (rock of the god Thor),
Þorbjörn - Torbjorn (Thor's bear),
Þorkell - Thorkell (Thor's helmet),
Þorfinnr - Thorfinn (Thor Finn),
Þórðr - Thord (protected by Thor),
Þórhaddr - Torhadd (hair of the god Thor),
Þorgeirr - Thorgeir (spear of Thor),
Þórarinn - Thorarin (hearth of the god Thor),
Þorleifr - Thorleif (heir of Thor),
Þorsteinn - Torstein (Thor's stone),
Þóroddr - Thorodd (the tip of Thor),
Þormóðr - Tormod (bravery of the god Thor),
Þorviðr - Torvid (Thor's tree),
Þórormr - Tororm (serpent of the god Thor),
Þorvarðr - Thorvard (guardian of the Thors).

Female names in honor of Thor:

Torova - Torah (female name, in honor of Thor),
Þorleif - Thorleif (heiress of Thor),
Þordís, Þórdís - Thordis (disa of the god Thor),
Þórodda - Torodda (the tip of Thor),
Þórarna - Thorarna (the eagle of the god Thor),
Þórhildr - Thorhild (Battle of Thor),
Þórný - Tornu (young, dedicated to Thor),
Þórey - Torey (luck of the god Thor),
Þorljót - Torljot (light of Thor),
Þorvé, Þórvé - Torve (sacred fence of Thor),
Þórunn - Torunn (Thor's favorite),
Þórelfr - Thorelv (river of the god Thor),
Þorvör - Torver (knowing (power) of the Torah).

Ragnarr - Ragnar (male name, meaning: army of the gods),
Ragn(h)eiðr - Ragnade (female name, meaning: honor of the gods),
Végeirr - Vegeir (sacred edge),
Véleifr - Veleiv (heir of the sacred place),
Végestr - Vegest (sacred guest),
Ragnhildr - Ragnhild (female name, meaning: battle of the gods),
Vébjörn - Vebjörn (sacred bear or bear sanctuary),
Reginleif - Reginleif (female name, meaning: heiress of the gods),
Vésteinn - Vestein (sacred stone),
Vébrandr - Vebrand (sword sanctuary),
Védís - Vedis (female name: sacred disa),
Véfríðr - Vefrid (female name: sacred protection),
Véný - Venu (female name: sacred and young).

Name in honor of glorious ancestors

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The era of the Vikings - brave sailors and conquerors - left its mark not only in world history. After all, it was from there – from the world of the ancient Normans – that many names came into the modern Russian language, which by our time have become familiar and very common in Russia.

This article will talk about where male names of Scandinavian origin come from, how they changed over time, as well as what motivated the Vikings when they named their children with these sometimes rather strange-sounding names.

Now the fashion for exotic names is being revived again, so young parents can take inspiration from the culture of the brave Vikings. There are many interesting and beautiful options for boys.

What were the ancient Scandinavian boys called?

Like most other nations, the first names of the ancient Normans were nicknames and nicknames, reflecting certain traits of appearance or character of people. Subsequently, many of these nicknames became independent names, and some of them even survived, albeit probably in a modified form, to this day. Similar names include such as Wilfred - “loving peace” or, for example, Sverre - “savage”.

Important! Many Scandinavian names have sacred or mythological meanings. For example, among the Vikings, the names of gods from the Scandinavian pantheon, for example, Thor or Balder, were widespread.

However, much more often the Normans gave their sons not the names of the gods as such, but two-basic phrases derived from them, which later became full names. These include such names as Torvald - “sovereign appointed by Thor” or Ingvar - “warrior of the god Ingwe”. In addition, the ancient Scandinavians used the names “plants”, “animals” and those that were the definition of a particular phenomenon in nature or in people’s lives.

The Vikings were always very careful about names, especially when it came to choosing names for their heirs. Often the Scandinavians named their children after relatives who had already died, but were certainly glorified in battle. This was done because the people of that time were sure that by giving the name of a glorious ancestor to a newly born baby, they were thereby returning to their world the soul of that long-fallen warrior, which would certainly be incarnated in the body of this child.

Usually, Each kind of Vikings had their own special, “family” names, which were no longer given anywhere except outside of one family or another. At the same time, the eldest of the children received the name of the most revered ancestor, and the other, younger sons - also famous, but not so famous ancestors.

Considering that among the Normans, all matters, including naming, in the family were in charge of the head of the clan, he could name both the legitimate eldest son and the illegitimate one after the illustrious ancestor. Indeed, in the old days in Scandinavia, the fathers of families did not divide their children into legitimate and bastards, and therefore both of them could subsequently claim not only the name of the most glorious of all ancestors by deeds, but also the place of the next head of the clan.

The name that was given to a boy at birth most often had the meaning of some character trait that the parents would like to see in him later. And sometimes the name was a hint helping a person decide which path in life to follow. But most often these names had common meanings, like “protecting clan” - Skuli or “living long” - Ofeig.

For those young people who became warriors, later, after they had finally grown up, other names were invented with a much more formidable meaning. For example, Vegeir - “sacred spear” or Rorik - “glorious power”.

And those who chose a peaceful life and preferred trade or monasticism to participate in long voyages and battles received completely different names, such as Vardi - “friend” or Frodi - “peaceful”.

Many pagan Scandinavian names have analogues in the modern world. For example, the name Hegni corresponds to the name Alexey (“protector”). The name Tiedvald has the same meaning as Vladimir. And the Scandinavian name Hakon, like Sergei, means nothing more than “nobility” or “high birth.”

However, with the advent of Christianity in these lands, much changed in the traditional way of life of the Normans, including their traditions regarding the choice and change of names. Thus, illegitimate children could no longer claim not only the name of an illustrious ancestor, but also leadership in the clan and a share in the inheritance.

In addition, the Scandinavians, along with their traditional names, also had those that originated from Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome. Similar names include:

Benedict.
Christian.
Theodore.

Similar names, along with traditional pagan ones, soon gained popularity among the Normans and became very common.

Reference! Some Christian names were changed by the Scandinavians in order to make their pronunciation easier and more adaptable to the lexical and phonetic norms of their language.

The modified Christian names include: Lasse - “from the laurel”, Johan - “God is merciful”, Niklas - “conquering nations”, while in the original these names are read as “Laurel”, “John” and “Nicholas”.

As for surnames, the Vikings did not have them as such: instead of a family name, the child received the name of his father, supplemented by the ending -sen or -son:

Larsen.
Ferguson.
Johanson.

This principle of forming surnames is still relevant for Scandinavian countries today.

List in Russian and translation of their meanings

Scandinavian names can be one-part or two-part. At the same time, they indicate the personal characteristics of their owner or indicate the names of plants or animals, natural phenomena or inanimate objects - most often, weapons. In total, therefore, these names can be divided into four types:

Names given based on a person’s character or occupation.
Indicating a non-unusual or simply noticeable appearance.
"Plant" or "animal" names.
Natural phenomena and inanimate things.

By nature and occupation

Indicating a conspicuous or unusual appearance

Bruni is powerful, with a strong physique.
Lodinn - covered with hair.
Raud is red-haired.

Meaning plants or animals

Arne is an eagle.
Bjorn is a bear.
Ingolf is the wolf of Yngve.
Lars - laurel, from laurel.
Ralph is a wise wolf.
Ulf is a wolf.

Natural phenomena and inanimate objects

Maybe not all, but many of these names later became popular not only among the Vikings, but also among other European tribes, and, later, peoples.

Attention! And such names as, for example, Walter, Magnus, Oscar or Edmund, moreover, have reached modern times in their original form, having undergone virtually no changes.

Old Scandinavian names, most of which, in fact, are nothing more than nicknames, have undergone significant changes over the course of their long and glorious history. Initially being nothing more than one-part nicknames, over time they became more complex, two-part, and their meaning became more complex.

The Christianization of Scandinavia marked the beginning of the Viking tradition of giving their children, along with pagan names, also Christian names taken from church calendars. Currently, in these countries, both ancient, Old Scandinavian names and more modern, Christian names are equally popular. Moreover, some of them were also changed in accordance with the phonetic norms of local languages.

The role of the Vikings - Scandinavian warriors and sailors - in the history of Russia is not entirely clear. Some historians believe that the Vikings were the direct ancestors of the Russians, others - that Ancient Rus' had close contacts with the Scandinavian peoples. One way or another, they had a certain influence on our culture, including giving us names whose true origin we sometimes have no idea about.

How did Scandinavian names appear in Rus'?

Residents of Ancient Rus' adopted the naming tradition from the Scandinavians, according to which one person could have several names or even nicknames. They could be associated with his family, some features of appearance, character, biography. After Russia adopted Christianity, they began to give names at baptism according to the calendar. Thus, the Russian prince Mstislav, who lived in the 13th century, in addition to his Slavic name, also had the Orthodox name Theodore, and he was also called Harald by his mother’s family.

Of course, if a person had a Scandinavian name or nickname, this did not mean that he was necessarily a descendant of the Vikings. Such names came to Rus' from warriors and merchants moving along the Greek route. In sagas about heroes, the names of their ancestors were necessarily mentioned. This is how the tradition of using patronymics arose in Rus'. True, at first this concerned only people of noble origin.

Varangian names of princes

The first Russian princes, according to the Tale of Bygone Years, were of Varangian origin and bore the names Rurik, Oleg, Igor, Olga. However, except for Rurik, the rest of the names mentioned are only the glorified version set out in the chronicles. In fact, these princes were called precisely in the Scandinavian manner, and they were Scandinavians by blood. For example, the real name of the same Prophetic Oleg, Prince of Novgorod, Kyiv and Smolensk, was Helgu, which translates as “Enlightened” or “Saint”. The Kyiv prince Igor Rurikovich was actually called Ingvar or Ingor - after the second name of the Scandinavian god Fairy - “Ingvi”. And his wife, Princess Olga, bore a name pronounced like Elga or Helgu (the name Helga is closer to Russian ears). The name of their son Svyatoslav Igorevich was Svendisleif, which means “a warrior born and raised among the Slavs.”

Prince Vladimir, the baptist of Rus', was most likely the first of the Rurikovichs to bear the Slavic name, meaning “ruler of the world.” And then there is a hypothesis according to which the name Vladimir is just a variation of the Scandinavian name Valdemar. Perhaps it was Vladimir, the son of Prince Svyatoslav’s concubine, housekeeper Malusha, who became the first of the princes of the Rurik family who spoke Slavic, and the first in whose veins Slavic blood flowed.

Modern names

What names today indicate their origin from the Vikings, in addition to the already mentioned princely ones, which are quite common in Russia? Well, for example, there is the name Gleb, which comes from an Old Norse name meaning “heir of God.” After the canonization of Prince Gleb Vladimirovich, it entered the Orthodox name book.

The name Inga (“winter”, as well as one of the names of the goddess Freya) is quite common. Probably, the even more common name Inna came from him.

There are names of Scandinavian origin, which, in fact, are not Russian, but nevertheless, they can be found in Russia. For example, Erik or Erich (in the original - Eirik), which meant “very powerful and strong” in Scandinavian. Accordingly, the female version is Erica. Erna – “skillful”. Kara – “curly”. In Russia, a variant of the name is also common - Karina. Frida - “beautiful, beloved.” Nora came from Norn (that was the Scandinavian name for the goddess of fate). The Slavic name Rogneda (that was the name of one of the wives of Prince Vladimir, the daughter of the Polotsk prince Rogvolod) is actually a Slavic variation of the Scandinavian name Ragneid, meaning “honor of the gods.” True, nowadays girls are rarely called that.

We should also not forget that many Russian names have pan-European roots, and it is not always possible to say one hundred percent that this is the heritage of a particular nation.

Names of Scandinavian origin have a long and very interesting history associated with the Vikings, also called the Normans - harsh warriors who in the 9th-11th centuries AD. subjugated almost all of Northern Europe and even Iceland. The history and culture of Ancient Rus' turned out to be closely connected with the Vikings and their culture.

In particular, many of the Scandinavian names, albeit in a slightly modified form, became widespread and even survived to this day.

What were the children of Scandinavia called?

The right to name a newborn in ancient Scandinavia belonged to the head of the family. And he decided: to accept this child into his family or not. Moreover, even the life or death of a baby who had just come into this world could sometimes depend on the choice of the head of the family.

If a child was accepted into the family, he was given a name associated with one of his distant ancestors. Often it was a common noun or some kind of nickname reflecting the individual characteristics of a person.

This is interesting! The names that the Normans gave to their children at their birth, like most nicknames, were not permanent. As the child matured and he developed other, brighter and more noticeable traits to others, overriding innate personal qualities or features of appearance, his name could change.

Origin

Scandinavian names are divided into one-part and two-part names. Names consisting of one word could indicate personal characteristics of the character, appearance or behavior of a particular person. For example, such as:

Character:
- Dyarvi - mighty.
- Magni is brave.
- Tryggvi - devoted, faithful.
Appearance:
- Bruni is hardy.
- Raud is red-haired.
Names of animals with which this person has similarities:
- Bjorn is a bear.
- Ulf is a wolf.
Objects or phenomena associated with this person:
- Brand - sword, blade.
- Frost is cold.
- Una is a wave.

Names with a double base often contain the names of Scandinavian gods, and they themselves can be a more expanded definition of an object or phenomenon. For example, Grinolf is a green wolf, Thorbrand is a blade of Thor, Asgeir is a spear of the Aesir.

Important! In modern Scandinavian names, there are still those that contain a part with the name of pagan gods or heroes.

For example, the name Ingvar means “warrior of the god Yngvi”, and Asveig means “divine path”.

Many of the names are connected in one way or another with Thor- the Scandinavian god of thunder, who is the Viking analogue of the Greek Zeus or the Slavic Perun. Such names include: Torbjorn, Torfred, Thorgisl.

After the ancient Normans adopted Christianity, they still continued to give their children ancient pagan names, but at the same time, they also had a tradition of naming newborns with names from the Christian calendar, in which the names of saints were collected. Thus, the list of Scandinavian names was replenished with names of ancient Greek, Latin or Jewish origin. True, the Vikings often changed them, making them more convenient for pronunciation and adapting them to the norms of their native language.

But the Scandinavians do not have surnames as such to this day, since their family nicknames are nothing more than a derivative of the father’s name. And such surnames as Larson, Nilsson, Carlsen actually mean nothing more than “son (daughter) of Lars”, “son (daughter) of Nils”, “son (daughter) of Karl”.

The most ancient and their meaning

The most ancient and often associated with mythology are the following Scandinavian names.

Men's

Women's

Extant to this day

Many of the Norman names did not take root in our country for one reason or another, or they are used only in the territory of modern Scandinavian countries.

But among them there are also those that have long since become familiar and almost native, Russian, and therefore it is not surprising that they are still widespread in the CIS. The names of Scandinavian origin that are currently popular in Russia include the following.

Men's:

Gleb is a derivative of the phrase “divine heir”;
Igor is the Russified form of the Scandinavian name Ingvar, translated meaning “warrior Yngvi”;
Oleg is a Russified version of the Norman name Helge, which means “sacred”;
Rurik is a name of Scandinavian origin, meaning “glorious sovereign.”

Women's:

Inga is the only one;
Ingeborga - under the protection of Yngvi;
Ingrid - beautiful;
Olga is the feminine form of the name Oleg, translated means “sacred”;
Rogneda - this name translates as “adviser in battle.”

Scandinavian names have an ancient and very interesting history. They originate in the land of the harsh Viking conquerors, who tried to name their children with nicknames that gave them strength and courage in battle. Not surprisingly, most of these names are associated with battle, strength or power.

Most of them have now been forgotten or are used exclusively in the territory of modern Scandinavian countries. But some, sounding both courageous and, at the same time, melodic, have become widespread in our country and even entered the top of the most popular names.

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