Winding on bobbins of short hair. Perm as a process
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Tools and fixtures required for perm:
Before you start, you need to evaluate the scalp. Be sure to check the reaction of the skin to irritation with the drug that you are going to use. To do this, apply one or two drops of the drug with the tail of a comb on the skin behind the ear. After 8 - 10 minutes, wash off the droplets with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. If there is no irritation, then check the reaction of the hair to this composition. Apply the composition for 2 - 3 minutes on any strand of hair at the back of the head, then check the hair for breaks. If the hair is torn, the concentration of this composition must be reduced, that is, diluted with water in a ratio of 1:1 or 1:1/2 and repeat the test again, but on another strand of hair.
You can check the reaction of the hair in another way. Cut off two small strands. Dip one for 2 - 3 minutes in a bowl with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, and the other in a bowl with a chemical composition. If the strand becomes discolored, it means that your hair contains impurities of dyes, including metal salts. Until these strands are cut, perms cannot be done. Better get yourself a haircut. Before curling, be sure to wash your hair with shampoo, trying not to massage the skin. Then dry your hair with a towel, comb it and, if necessary, cut it according to the future shape of the hairstyle. But keep in mind that after curling the hair will be somewhat shortened.
In order for the hair to lie better in the hairstyle, they need to be milled - the ends of the strands should be as thin as possible. Any haircut must be done so that the hair, even without a curl, has a finished shape. With the right haircut and filleting, the hair is easily untwisted, and the curl is elastic and springy. Too short hair, especially at the back of the head, makes it difficult to wind the strands, so it is best to shorten them to the desired length after curling.
If the hair is cut correctly, then winding it on bobbins (curlers) will not cause difficulties (Fig. 1). And if the hair is of different lengths, then winding will become difficult (Fig. 2).
It is best to curl slightly damp hair, as it absorbs the curling agent well. Although moisture on the hair will slightly dilute the chemical composition, its exposure time will not increase, and in some cases even decrease. The curl will turn out more natural, and the hair will better retain its original structure.
Now choose curlers or bobbins, depending on the length of the hair and the shape of the future hairstyle. For short hair, small-diameter curlers are suitable, providing excellent lift to the hair. Larger diameter curlers are good for medium to long hair.
A little more about bobbins. When curling, as a rule, you need bobbins of three diameters. The thinnest ones are used for winding short hair at the back of the head, medium ones for hair at the temples, and thick ones for hair on the top of the head. A variant of the distribution of bobbins of different diameters is shown in Figure 3. For winding fine hair, bobbins no more than 7 mm in diameter are desirable. Since the bobbins differ from each other also in length, the smaller ones are taken for the most rounded places.
The width of the strands should be 1-2 centimeters less than the length of the bobbins (Fig. 4).
Before winding, the hair is divided into sections (Fig. 5). Make horizontal partings on the right and left sides of the head to the back of the head so that the strands of hair on the crown of the head correspond to the width needed for wrapping. Secure the separated strands with a clip. Then, from the horizontal partings down to the ear on the right and left sides of the head, make vertical partings so that the width of the strands matches the width of the parietal strands, and secure them with clips. Try to divide the remaining section of hair on the back of the head into three parts, as if continuing the horizontal parting from the back of the head down to the neck. The width of the side strands behind the auricles is usually slightly less than the length of the bobbin. If it is larger, move the vertical parting a little back behind the ear. In this case, the temporal strands will have to be wound on bobbins in a vertical position.
Well, it's time to start wrapping strands on curlers or bobbins. 
First of all, cover your shoulders with a plastic cape, on top of which place an old towel so that the composition does not flow down the cape onto your clothes. Then put on rubber gloves to protect your hands. Moisten with a chemical composition with a small sponge the middle strand of the back of the head, three-quarters of its length, starting from the ends. From the wetted strand, separate another, smaller strand 1, wind it onto a bobbin (Fig. 6)
The thickness of the twisted strand at a normal hair height should not exceed 0.5 cm. With very thick hair, the strands should be thinner. It is necessary to ensure that all strands are the same - both in thickness and in width.
Moisten the already twisted hair of the back of the head with the chemical composition again and go to the following areas: lateral, temporal and parietal. The hair of the parietal area is best wound towards the forehead. 
After winding the hair, the skin on the temples and forehead along the hairline must be lubricated with petroleum jelly. Apply also bundles of cotton wool so that the composition does not flow onto the face and neck. After processing all areas, cover the head with a plastic wrap, and on top with a terry towel or a warming cap.
Very short hair can be styled with plastic clips (fig. 7).
Wind the hair onto the bobbins evenly, without pulling, Fig. 7 so that the chemical composition gets into the lower layers. Pull the strands perpendicular to the treated area (Fig. 8a). Figure 8b shows the correct fixation of the bobbin in the wound position, and Figure 8c shows the wrong one, leading to the formation of creases.
Learn how to curl your hair the right way. Place the combed strand on the palm of your left hand. Putting a bobbin under it, grab the free end of the strand and press it against the bobbin so that it protrudes 1-2 centimeters. Bend the end of the strand with the index finger of your left hand inward in the direction of winding.
With the middle finger of the same hand, continue to press the strand to the bobbin. 
With your right hand, lightly pull the strand perpendicular to the surface of the head, quickly scrolling the bobbin in the selected direction. Secure the twisted strand with an elastic band parallel to the bobbin (Fig. 9a) or twisting it with a figure eight (Fig. 96). Figure 10 shows the position of the hands when winding the strands on the bobbin.
Figure 11 shows two options for the direction of winding the hair. Usually bobbins are arranged in rows. But for hairstyles with a side parting, another option is also possible (Fig. 12). So that the separation lines of the strands are not visible, you can make a zigzag parting (Fig. 13).
If your hair is long, you can only perm the ends. To do this, divide your hair into square strands 5-6 centimeters wide and wind them on plastic curlers. And then divide each strand again into smaller strands, wind it on curlers of a smaller diameter and fix everything together (Fig. 14).
To make the hair look wavy, a special winding method is used. Starting to wind the strand, make three turns, then put the second bobbin and continue winding, but in the opposite direction (Fig. 15).
Perm can only be performed on the parietal or upper occipital zone, and the strands around the face and neck should not be curled. How much to keep the chemical composition is indicated in the instructions. It depends on the type of hair: coarse, medium or fine.
10 - 15 minutes after applying the composition to the hair, check the quality of the curl by unwinding one of the bobbins and pulling back a strand of hair. If you get an elastic, springy curl (Fig. 166), then the hair is curled. If the curl is sluggish, not elastic (Fig. 16a), you should hold the composition for another 5-10 minutes. If the curl is too curly (Fig. 16c), you most likely overexposed the composition on your hair.
For coarse hair, the average exposure time is about 25 minutes, for medium - 20 minutes, and for thin - about 15 minutes. Regardless of the quality of the curl, after the expiration of the period specified in the instructions, rinse your hair without removing the bobbins. Do not use detergents. Then blot your hair with a towel and saturate it with a fixer with a sponge.
The amount of fixer depends on the length and thickness of the hair. For hair 10 centimeters long, take 90 ml of fixer. Homemade fixative is prepared immediately before application to the hair. Dissolve 8 hydroperite tablets in 75 ml of water. Add 15 ml of shampoo to the resulting solution. Whisk lather and apply quickly to hair. After 5-8 minutes, carefully remove the bobbins and apply the fixer again. After 5-8 minutes, wash off the fixer with warm water without detergents.
Finally, neutralize the effect of the fixer with acidic water: take 1 to 2 tablespoons of 8% vinegar or 2 g of citric acid per liter of water. Rinse your hair with acidic water and dry it. If necessary, cut your hair to the desired length. Then apply a hair structurer or castor oil to your hair, then blow-dry (you can also use curlers).
On the regrown part of the hair, a basal perm is done. The ends of the strands are not chemically treated. To do this, only the regrown area is wound onto the bobbin, and the end of the strand is released (Fig. 17), treated with a curling agent and twisted into foil or
polyethylene. The rest of the technology is the same.
There is another way. Wind a strand onto the bobbin to the edge of regrown hair and cover it with a strip of plastic wrap or foil. The width of the strip should be one centimeter shorter than the length of the bobbin. Then continue to curl the remaining hair. Perform subsequent operations according to the technology already described.
You can also curl only bangs. This is usually done when performing haircuts with voluminous bangs.
If you have shoulder-length hair, you can do vertical chemistry. In this case, the strands are wound on spiral plastic curlers (Fig. 18), thanks to which the curls look very natural. Such a perm requires great care, because the curl will look exactly the way you wind it. With proper winding, tight, elastic curls are obtained.
If you have soft hair, it is advisable to use special plastic sticks. These sticks are suitable for partial and basal curls. When alternating sticks of different thicknesses, you can get amazing splendor even on very thin hair (Fig. 19).
If you have healthy, thick hair, you can wind it on hairpin-shaped plastic curlers - zigzag curlers (Fig. 20).
After perming, do not forget to style your hair beautifully.
Possible mistakes when performing a perm
- If the hair does not curl properly, then you used an expired chemical composition, or divided the hair into too large sections, or twisted the strands on the curlers too tightly (because of this, the composition does not absorb well into the hair), or simply did not expose the composition to hair.
- If the hair has become brittle, it means that you overexposed the composition, or incorrectly applied the fixative to the hair, or, when winding, pulled the elastic bands on the curlers too much.
- If you have, most likely you have used a fixer with a concentration exceeding 3 percent, either overexposed the fixer on your hair, or washed your hair badly before neutralizing. A change in hair color can also be observed when using metal utensils or tools.
- If you have skin irritation, then you have used too much of the composition.
It has been proven that perm is worse if done in a cold room, on an empty stomach, at low pressure, during menstruation and during an exacerbation of diseases.
Perm bobbins are more than a hundred years old, and until now, not a single hairdresser can do without these curlers, making a “perm” for a client. It is no longer relevant to talk about the dangers of this type of hair curling in our time, because much more gentle compositions are now used for perm than in 1908, when Carl Ludwig Nesler presented the first “permanent” in London.
How to wind your hair on bobbins, and what types of these curlers are, you will learn on this page.
Types of hair bobbins
For perm, special curlers, or bobbins, are used. They vary in size. Small diameter bobbins are used to create small curls, and large diameter bobbins are used for large curls. There are two types of hair bobbins: cylindrical and curved.
Cylindrical bobbin curlers are used to create straight curls. The strand is wound on them from the end. The strand should be located strictly in the middle of the bobbin and become the basis for the future curl.
Curved bobbins are used to create S-shaped curls. The strand is wound on them from the ends or from the center. With the help of these curlers, wider curls are obtained.
Wrapping hair when winding on bobbins
When winding strands on bobbins, it becomes necessary to wrap the ends of the hair with paper. In this case, you must ensure that the hair is not wet. Otherwise, the curl will be weak.
There are several ways to wrap hair with bobbin curlers, each of which is designed for specific purposes.
Wrapping the hair is necessary so as not to damage the ends of short hair. In this case, the paper covers only half of the hair. It is necessary to fold the paper in half and pinch the ends of the hair between the inner surfaces of the paper.
A double wrap is used to protect the ends of the hair. With this method, the ends of the hair are placed between two sheets of paper.
The pillow is used to protect the ends of the hair when curling with an acidic or alkaline composition. This is a rather complicated wrapping method, which, nevertheless, is widely used in hairdressing salons. With this wrap, you need to make sure that the hair passes the hair, otherwise it can be damaged. About 0.66 cm recede from the ends of the curlers and wrap the curlers. The paper is placed on the surface of the curl. Wrapping starts from the ends and leads as long as there is a need for it.
How to wind your hair into bobbins
Look at the photo: curling on bobbins is not just a chaotic winding of strands on curlers.
To make a perm successful, you need to correctly divide the hair into parts and place the curlers on the head in the right order. There are various options for the location of the bobbins. Here is some of them.
Rectangle, or variant with 9 blocks. The head is divided into rectangular blocks. The division is carried out vertically. This is one of the most common bobbin positions.
"Brickwork". This variant of winding on bobbins is possible in cases where the hairstyle does not have a parting. The head is divided into horizontal rows of rectangles. Sections of the next row are located with a shift in relation to the sections of the underlying row. The shift is equal to the length of half of one section.
Spiral brick shape. This is a combined option. At the temples and the back of the head, the curlers are located in the same way as in the "brickwork". At the top of the head, the curlers are placed vertically within the "brick shape".
Oblong shape. Suitable for curling long hair. The hair is divided into sectors by horizontal partings within the oblong shape of the head.
Forceps
curlers
The hairdresser uses four types of curlers (Fig. 23):
Metal curlers with strap and elastic band. These curlers allow you to get very cool curls, but they leave creases on the hair from the elastic, so they are used only for everyday styling.
Metal curlers without a strap with an elastic band or hairpin. With their help, cool curls are also obtained, but if they do not have an elastic band, then they do not leave creases. Used for both everyday and evening styling.
Plastic curlers with spikes, or "hedgehogs". Allows you to get soft curls, the same as when blow-drying. Used for everyday, evening and model styling. They make it possible to wind the hair with a brace to obtain a curl of different elasticity.
Modified curlers. These include:
Velcro curlers that are held on the hair without clips, elastic bands and hairpins and are used for everyday and evening styling;
metal curlers with a brush made of wild boar bristles inside, designed to hold hair; they fix curls and lift hair at the roots;
· curlers-boomerangs (papillots) - flexible rubber curlers designed to perform fashionable modern hairstyles and perms.
Curlers, like all hairdresser's tools, must be systematically cleaned of dirt. To do this, in the process of work, as needed, the curlers are cleaned of hair and washed in warm water with soap.
There are two types of tongs: electric tongs, which do not require additional heating, and Marseille tongs, which require additional heating.
Electric tongs are used only to create curls and differ in diameter. Currently, there are electric tongs of various shapes. The triangular curling iron has a triangular-shaped clip that allows you to create curls with a sharp crease and leave the hair straight at the ends. Spiral tongs are equipped with a metal spiral that wraps around the barrel of the tongs and does not allow curls to tangle. Tongs - zigzag allow you to get clearly defined curls with broken ends. Wavemaker tongs are similar to regular tongs, but the heating plates are serrated, allowing you to get steep waves of a certain width. Forceps allow you to create a pattern on your hair, using one or another curly nozzle for this. Straighteners with flat heating plates. Marseille tongs, designed to perform waves and curls, are more versatile. They consist of three parts (Fig. 1): handle-roller 1, handle-gutter 5 and fastening pin 4. The pin divides the tongs into working blades 2 and handles 3. The working blades of the tongs are made of heat-intensive alloys that retain heat for a long time. Handles are made of alloys that do not conduct heat.
Rice. 1 Design of Marseille forceps:
handle-roller;
working canvas;
fastening pin;
handle-chute
Before starting work, a piece of paper is used to determine the heating temperature of the tongs, which is clamped between the working canvases. If a clear mark remains on the paper, but its color has not changed, the tongs are ready for use, but if the color of the paper under the working canvases has changed, the tongs must be cooled.
The tongs are held in the right hand during operation (Fig. 2), while the groove handle is at the bottom, and the roller handle is at the top. The thumb covers the handle-gutter; index, middle and nameless cover the handle-roller; the little finger opens the tongs.
Rice. 2 Technique for holding forceps
A hair dryer used in hairdressing for hair styling must have a power of at least 1200 W (the most common power is 1600-1800 W) and two nozzles (Fig. 1): a “nozzle” - a nozzle with a narrow slot for supplying a directed air jet and “ diffuser ”- a nozzle for styling hair with your hands.
Rice. 1 hair dryer with nozzle and diffuser
A professional hair dryer is most often made in the form of a pistol, has an impact-resistant plastic body, several speeds and a supply of cold air is required to fix the styling. It should also have a dust cover filter to prevent hair from getting inside the case.
In addition, the hair dryer must have a long cord and a special ring to secure it in the workplace. When styling, the hair dryer is held either in the right or in the left hand, i.e. there is no specific way to hold the hair dryer.
Bobbins intended for curling hair, i.e. changes in their structure for a long time (at least three months), there are two types: classic and modified.
Classic bobbins (Fig. 1) are concave plastic rods, that is, narrowed in the center and gradually expanding towards the ends. As a result of using such bobbins, the curl is smaller at the ends of the hair and larger at the roots.
Currently, straight classic bobbins have appeared that have a wavy surface, which allows you to get a more natural curl.
Classic bobbins also differ in diameter. The larger the diameter, the more voluminous and easier the curl is. Each diameter corresponds to a certain color of the bobbin.
Rice. 1 Classic perm bobbins
Modified bobbins (Fig. 2) make it possible to obtain curls of various shapes.
Rice. 2 Boomerang bobbins (a) and spiral bobbins (b)
So, when using spiral bobbins (Fig. 3), spiral curls are obtained, when using pin-shaped bobbins (Fig. 4), they are corrugated. As a result of using flexible boomerang bobbins, voluminous curls are obtained.
Rice. 3 Winding hair on spiral bobbins (a) and the resulting hairstyle (b)
Rice. 4 Winding hair on spiral bobbins (a) and the resulting hairstyle (b)
Winding hair on hairpin bobbins (a) and the resulting hairstyle (b)
Safety rules when working with hair styling and curling tools:
· Instruments must be regularly disinfected and washed in soapy water as they get dirty.
· The heating temperature of the tongs should be checked using pieces of paper.
· Pass the tongs by the handle.
· Before turning on the hair dryer in the network, you must check the integrity of the wires.
Do not handle the hair dryer with wet hands.
· Do not store the hair dryer in the dressing table drawer.
· Do not disassemble the dryer yourself.
Control questions
List the main types of combs.
How many ways are there to hold a comb?
How are combs disinfected?
· Tell us about the new developments of combs.
List the types of scissors.
Name the parts of scissors.
How should scissors be held while working?
What rules should be observed when working with scissors?
· List the types of razors, tell about their purpose.
Name the components of a straight razor and tell about the safety rules when working with it.
Tell us about hair clippers and how to use them.
List the types of curlers.
What tools are used for hair styling?
· List the tools for curling hair.
· Tell us about modified bobbins.
· List the main devices for hairdressing.
Tell about safety rules when working with electrical devices.
Haircut
Bobbins are sticks with holes made of plastic or wood. They are fixed on the head with an elastic band and help to create a hairstyle with beautiful curls. Bobbins for perming hair are of different types. Mostly wooden models are used, which look like a straight rod with thinning towards the center. Another very popular type is spiral. They are suitable for both perming and styling. Bobbins of small diameter create small, elastic waves. As the diameter increases, the curl becomes larger.
Let's figure out how to choose the right tool for every hairdresser.
You need to choose this curling device depending on the condition of the curls and the desired result. For example, it is better to wind hard strands with thin strands on models of large diameter, medium hardness - on medium diameter, medium strands. In the case of thin hair, it is better to choose small accessories, winding them with very thin strands. With thin hair, it is advisable to separate the strands with zigzag partings, and place the bobbins in a checkerboard pattern.
Technology for obtaining curls
The strands should be carefully separated with a comb, combed, then pulled to the side and wound onto perm bobbins. In this case, special attention should be paid to the tips. The thickness of all strands should be the same. The direction of winding is selected based on the direction of hair growth, haircut and desired hairstyle. If you do not take into account the direction of natural growth, they are easy to damage at the roots. Elastic bands for fastening should not be excessively tight to avoid creases.
To give the hairstyle splendor, short hair near the edges can be left unwound. The last bobbin can be taken with a larger diameter, which will help soften the transition from straight to wound.
When using these devices, you can apply direct and indirect methods of winding hair.
The direct method assumes that the hair is first moistened with a special perm composition and only then twisted. Twisting should start from the bottom of the back of the head, because there are the most healthy hairs that need long-term exposure. For uniform curling, you should wind the curls very quickly. After winding them, they are once again impregnated with the composition. The hair should be saturated with the composition very well, so you should not save it.
With the indirect method, wet curls are first wound onto bobbins, and only then moistened with the composition. If they dry out during winding, they must be moistened with a spray bottle. This method is best used for short, medium length hair.
Depending on the location of the bobbins on the head, one can distinguish between horizontal and vertical curling. When horizontal - the accessory is located horizontally relative to the base of the strand, and the curl is carried out from the tips to the roots. Vertical suggests that they are wound from the roots to the ends, and the bobbin itself is located vertically. With vertical curling, the undoubted advantage is that the curl is uniform along the entire length, regardless of the length of the strands. With the horizontal method, the curl is not uniform due to the shape of the bobbins and the length of the hair.
Bobbins for horizontal perms are of the same type in terms of device and differ only in size. They are made from wood or plastic. The length of the bobbin is from 6 to 10 cm. The diameter of the middle part of the bobbin is 1.5-2 times less than the diameter of the middle part, about 3 mm, the thickest ones are 10-12 mm.
8. List and describe the types of equipment used in hairdressing salons: purpose, rules of operation and disinfection. .
traditionally consists of a dressing table, a mirror, an armchair and a footstool for the client. Depending on the interior of the cabin, a sink may also be located in the workplace.
The shape and size of the mirror can be different, but it should not be less than 60 x 100 cm. Dressing tables also come in various shapes. They can be permanently attached, they can have additional mobile carts of various shapes, but in any case they must be provided with drawers for storing tools. Moisture and hair must be easily removed from the cover of tables and carts, so they are most often made of plastic.
The hairdressing chair must have a backrest, armrests and a headrest. A semi-soft chair should be covered with a material that does not absorb moisture and hair, have a hydraulic lift and rotate freely around its axis.
Workplaces in the workroom can be located anywhere, but the distance between them should not be less than 1 m.
The workplace can be supplemented with a special mobile chair for the master, as many haircuts can be done while sitting. The master's chair should not have armrests, it should be easy to move and have a device for adjusting the height.
Currently, sinks are most often located in the workroom, but separately from the workplaces. They are equipped with a special chair, a flexible hose and a special recess for the convenience of washing hair with the head tilted back.
Before the start of serving visitors, it is necessary to carry out preparatory work.
Before inviting a client, you need to clean the workplace, wipe down the dressing table and chair, put dirty linen in the utility room, sweep your hair and wash the sink. Inviting the client to pass, the master stands to the right of the chair and turns it towards the client. During a conversation with a client, the master finds out what type of work (service) he is interested in, and, if necessary, can offer additional types of services. Next, the master must inform the client of the cost of the work.
At the next stage, the master in the presence of the client washes his hands and disinfects the tools.
In work, the master should have three sets of tools: he works with one, the second is disinfected, the third is sharpened or kept in stock.
Then, to diagnose the hair, the master carefully combs it. In the process of combing, the master determines the type, quality, condition and direction of hair growth. If the master detects any contagious disease of the skin or hair, he must, in a very correct manner, refuse to serve the client.
Preparatory work most often ends with hygienic washing of hair. However, the type of the main work may also determine the conduct of other preparatory work, for example, a test for skin sensitivity to chemicals, dilution of dyes, preparation of medicinal preparations, etc.
Usually, four types of linen are used in a hairdresser's: peignoir, towels, napkins and cape.
Peignoir is used for all types of work. Synthetic peignoir is used for cutting, perm and hair treatment. Oilcloth peignoir is used for hair coloring. Disposable polyethylene peignoir can be used for any type of work.
Under synthetic and oilcloth peignoirs, it is imperative to put a paper collar or disposable cotton napkin, as they are used throughout the entire work shift.
Towels are used only when washing hair. Two towels are required per client.
Cotton napkins measuring 75 x 40 cm are used when shaving the face and head, washing and cutting hair, as well as fixing a perm.
Synthetic cape is used for hair styling.
Currently, when dyeing and cold styling hair, special collars made of thin rubber are also used.
After completing the main type of work, the master asks if the client is satisfied with everything, and, if not, corrects the shortcomings. Then he performs the necessary additional types of services (drying hair, styling, fixing with varnish, etc.), removes hairdressing underwear and receives payment for services.
9. List the goals of shampooing technology, describe each goal: purpose, technology, types of shampoo, methods of washing your hair.
Hair washing is an important hygiene procedure. All types of hairdressing work, with the exception of hair coloring with dyes containing hydrogen peroxide, are performed on clean, freshly washed hair. Wet hair is more elastic and easily takes on one form or another, stretches strongly and does not break. In addition, shampooing is necessary to remove the oil that the sebaceous glands of the scalp secrete. If you do not wash your hair regularly, then the sweat and fat released, mixing with skin flakes and dirt, will create favorable conditions for pathogenic bacteria that cause skin diseases.
Shampooing has three purposes:
removal of pollution from hair (hygienic);
removal of traces of the previous installation (deformation);
loosening the outer layer of the hair (preparatory).
There are also three types of hair washing:
hygienic - using ordinary shampoo;
therapeutic - with the use of medicinal preparations;
dry - using dry shampoo, produced in aerosols, or alcohol.
Most often, hygienic washing of the head is performed. As you know, water has cleansing properties. In hygienic washing, shampoo is needed only to increase the effectiveness of its impact. Shampoos contain substances that can cleanse the hair of dirt, grease and styling products. The sebum secreted by the sebaceous glands does not dissolve in water, but under the action of shampoo it turns into tiny droplets and is washed out with water.
To get a good result, it is very important to choose the right shampoo and prepare the water.
Depending on the type and content of inorganic compounds, soft and hard water are distinguished.
Soft water contains a small amount of inorganic compounds, so the shampoo lathers very well in it. In hard water, on the contrary, there are a lot of inorganic compounds, so the soapiness of the shampoo decreases. Hard water can be softened by adding borax or soda to it.
Before choosing a shampoo, you must correctly determine the type of hair. Shampoos for damaged hair should contain substances that can improve their appearance. If your hair is oily, you need a special shampoo.
The existing opinion that frequent washing increases their fat content is incorrect. Very oily hair can be washed even every day.
To keep your hair intact and give it shine, you need to be very careful in choosing a shampoo, especially if you wash your hair frequently. Too strong or incorrectly selected shampoo can damage the hair. Gentle, soft preparations, on the contrary, due to their healing properties, improve the condition of the scalp and eliminate damage to the hair structure.
It is very important to choose a shampoo with the required pH level, which characterizes the acid-base environment of the cosmetic product. The pH level can range from 1 to 14. A shampoo with a pH of 7 is considered neutral (neither alkaline nor acidic). At pH > 7 the shampoo is alkaline. The lower the pH value, the higher the acidity of the shampoo.
Most shampoos are neutral or match the pH of the skin (5.5) or hair. Such shampoos are more preferred for washing hair.
The shampoo cleanses the hair and scalp. The washing basis of all shampoos are surfactants that serve to cleanse the hair. In addition to surfactants, shampoos include hair care and protection substances, functional additives, preservatives, active therapeutic ingredients, and foaming agents.
Shampoo classification
Shampoos are divided into liquid and concentrated shampoos.
All concentrated shampoos must be diluted 1:1 with water before use.
By appointment, all shampoos can be divided into four types: ordinary, special (including "2 in 1" - shampoo and rinse conditioner), therapeutic and special purposes.
Ordinary shampoos most often require the use of other cosmetics (rinses, etc.).
Special shampoos are mild shampoos that can be used every day. They do not harm the hair and do not irritate the scalp, as they have a neutral pH level.
Medicated shampoos designed for "problem", especially sensitive and damaged hair, contain special medicinal preparations.
Special purpose shampoos are used before or after perm or hair coloring. They neutralize the remnants of the oxidizing agent, strengthen the hair, make it more durable, close the cuticle scales, etc.
