Yakut ornament meaning. Petrova S.i

Modern Yakut jewelry: beauty with meaning

I wrote an article, but they didn’t take it: “too blogging” :))) So that the good does not go to waste, I decided to throw it here. It's kind of like a blog.)

In the old days, the products of the Yakut masters indicated the status of the owner and served as a talisman. Giving shape, adding decorative elements, the master thought not only about beauty, but also about the meaning of each curve of his creation. Is it possible today, in the age of mass production, to preserve the traditional meaning of Yakut jewelry?

Work on any product begins with an idea. Artists draw inspiration from the surrounding objects, nature, study history and follow the trends of world jewelry fashion. At the same time, a distinctive feature of the Yakut design is the indispensable inclusion of national elements even in the most modern works.

Yakut ornament in jewelry
Symbolism is an obligatory component of the ornament of any nation. Each curl, each dash has its own history and carries a semantic load. The Yakut ornament is no exception.

“There are a great many types of ornament, as well as approaches to their classification,” says Sargylana Valentinovna Nikiforova, Ph.D. - Now it is the form that is preserved more and often it is taken without regard to the content. On the other hand, interpretations in popular culture are free, since nowhere is it written that this or that symbol has only such a meaning and no other.

The ornaments of four main groups are used in the jewelry of the Yakut masters: geometric, vegetative, zoomorphic and anthropomorphic ornaments.

The most ancient type of Yakut ornament is geometric patterns : circle, rhombus, straight lines, zigzags. They were used in the interior, in the manufacture of clothing, jewelry and ritual accessories. The main function of such an ornament was protection, and the circle motif symbolized the sun, connection with the environment and inner strength.

Floral ornament not found among the indigenous Siberian peoples. This type of patterns is found in Central Asia and the Middle East. But the Yakut variation is distinguished by the absence of fruits and flowering - only stems and leaves, which symbolizes constant growth and development. Central in this group are lyre-shaped and heart-shaped patterns, necessarily symmetrical and more often located vertically.

The basis of the survival of the Yakuts in a harsh climate was the breeding of cows and horses. In general, the Yakuts have always respected wildlife: certain types of birds and animals were considered patrons of the clan, hunting and fishing were accompanied by obligatory rituals. Stylized images of birds, animals, their tracks and even insects have formed zoomorphic group patterns in the Yakut ornament. Such drawings were designed to protect, protect, bring good luck, prosperity and prosperity.

Our ancestors believed that the world is inhabited by spirits, some of which are capable of harming a person. Therefore, there are practically no images of people in the Yakut ornament. The only exception is the highly simplified figure of a woman - the only form anthropomorphic ornament .

"The ancient Yakuts," Oyunsky P.A. wrote, "saw two fundamental principles of life: a cow - a mare and a woman - a mother. The goddess of the ancient Yakut gave birth to cattle, wealth was created by the then power of a woman. The goddess of cattle was called Ieyehsit, the mother was portrayed by a goddess named Aiyysyt ."

The ornament depicting the figure of a woman symbolized life and fertility. We see him in traditional Yakut earrings.

Over time, all these types of ornament intertwined with each other, forming new, more complex patterns. As a result, we see the motives of each of the groups in the work of the Yakut masters.

Making jewelry today

The master jeweler Gavril Egorovich Everstov, whose works are presented at the exhibition “Treasury of the RS (Y)”, spoke about the process of jewelry production:

“Everything starts with a sketch. If the artist is also a master jeweler, then the drawing can be sketchy - just to fix the idea. But now at the enterprises different specialists are engaged in design and production of products. Therefore, the artist-designer is required to carefully draw all the elements of the future product with shading and color. Today, this problem can be solved with the help of 3D modeling, but there are still few such specialists in Yakutia.”

The next stage, after the development and approval of the design, is the production of a model (model) of the jewelry and all its details from polymers or special wax. At some enterprises, this is done manually, while others use jewelry 3D printers. The promodels are poured with gypsum-based molding mass, then cast in silver and corrected by hand. There are productions where the master immediately makes a pro-model from precious metal.

“Even the most modern technologies cannot completely replace the hands of a master,” notes Gavril Yegorovich. “Therefore, mass-produced jewelry cannot be considered completely soulless.”

When the metal model is ready, it is placed in raw rubber plates, which repeats the relief of the future product. The rubber briquette is vulcanized and taken back already in solid form. Using a special technique, a silver model is removed, while the briquette is neatly divided into two perfectly connected halves. They are processed so that grooves appear for pouring casting wax.

With the help of a special device, the models are attached to a wax rod. The result is the so-called "jewelry tree".

At the next stage, the Christmas tree is placed in a cylindrical cassette (flask), filled with gypsum-based molding mass and sent to the oven, where the gypsum hardens and the wax gradually flows out. The flask that has become hollow inside is removed from one furnace and placed in another - a vacuum casting furnace. The metal alloy for the future product is located in the upper part of the furnace - the crucible - and is closed with a special rod. The flask is placed directly under it in the so-called glass. The air is pumped out of the glass, the rod is removed, and the metal is "sucked" into the mold.

The mold is allowed to cool, the mold mass is cleaned with high-pressure water jets and the cast parts are cut off from the mined precious “Christmas tree”. The process is completed by tumbling - grinding and polishing in several stages using special equipment, and then manually.

Beautiful trinket or amulet?

The creations of Yakut masters attract with their uniqueness and originality, gaining recognition at Russian and international exhibitions of jewelry art. Even when Yakut motifs are mixed with the styles of other directions, the presence of folk art traditions is felt. The topic of amulets is becoming more and more popular in the Yakut jewelry market.

“For many years I have been studying the connection between the Yakut ornament and the beliefs of our people, constantly learning something new. Amulets and products in which I put a deep meaning, I see only in silver, because this particular metal can be worn all the time. It cleanses the body and soul of a person, - says the artist-designer, Honored Worker of Culture of Russia, member of the Union of Artists of Russia and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Zabolotskaya Ekaterina Ivanovna. – For decorations that have only a decorative function, I use a floral, lyre-shaped ornament in various variations and natural motifs. Working on design, I try to show the beauty and richness of our native Yakutia to everyone who will see these products. Such jewelry can be made from any precious metals and inlaid with stones.

The symbolism and content of the patterns of modern jewelry is determined by the inner world of the artist-designer. He may study folk culture in order to put a certain meaning into his work, or use the national ornament for purely decorative purposes. In any case, the real value of the product is given by its owner, treating it as a family heirloom, a talisman or just a beautiful thing.

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The purpose of this work is the production of souvenirs-amulets from precious metals and stones. In the course of the work, the following tasks were set: - study of the meanings of the Yakut patterns and ornaments and their applications; - study of amulets and their meanings; - creation of sketches of souvenirs - amulets. Each nation in its culture has certain different types of ornaments, and in order to pass it on from generation to generation, it brings it into everyday life. Thus, numerous patterns, ornaments made in jewelry, dishes, clothes, etc. have been preserved in our life. At present, there is a great demand on the market for goods with a national flavor, and in order to satisfy the demand of the population, manufacturers in some cases do not understanding the meanings of ornaments, they make various types of goods. But each pattern, ornament has its own meaning. And knowing it in our time is very important, but people do not attach importance to what they mean and where they should be used. For example: the correct arrangement of patterns, mixing different types of ornaments, etc. Ornaments can be used not only for beauty, but also as a talisman to protect against evil spirits, according to the culture of the Sakha people. Based on this, we began work on the manufacture of souvenirs-amulets from precious metals and stones. A distinctive feature of our precious metal souvenirs is the intelligibility of the presentation of the design. All souvenirs are closely related to the meanings of ornaments and amulets. The basis of souvenirs are Yakut patterns and symbols, and the final detail is a round amulet (the personification of the sun) with certain meanings. Thus, we drew a series of sketches, which in the future will be made of precious metals. The series consists of souvenirs: “A5a Kharyskhal” (souvenir-amulet for men), “Iye Kharyskhal” (souvenir-souvenir for women), “O5o Kharyskhal” (souvenir-amulet for children), everyday life), "BaayKharyskhal" (souvenir-amulet for wealth), "Utue Kharyskhal" (souvenir-amulet of kindness). Fig 1. a) drawing of the souvenir-amulet "Iye Kharysal"; b) a series of sketches of amulets-souvenirs In our republic, souvenir production in the jewelry industry is underdeveloped, although the demand for national Yakut souvenirs is huge. But there are jewelry factories that produce bronze souvenirs, for example, the Gold of Yakutia campaign made a set of chess from bronze and natural stones, where souvenirs with images of Olonkho characters play the role of figures. There are also individual entrepreneurs who make souvenirs from clay, ceramics and wood. And thus, we set a goal in the future, the production of souvenirs from precious metals. And the national Yakut patterns that we used in the sketches, bearing the symbols of the Sakha people, gave our sketches a deeper meaning and meaning. Since, since ancient times, for the people of Sakha, each pattern, ornament had and has a certain meaning. As a result, our souvenirs acquire the function of the “kharyskhal” amulet, which will allow the culture of the Sakha people to perpetuate patterns and ornaments without losing their meaning and meaning.

From the second part of the publication you will learn about bracelets, belts, neck jewelry, as well as nice little things like needle beds, earpicks, tweezers, glamorous silver snow glasses and much more. For example, about happar - a clutch decorated with silver.

"Iceberg"

The first part of the material on Yakut jewelry can be read.

Yakut jewelry: neck jewelry

In the past, the Yakuts had a widespread neck decoration - a necklace. (habarga simege, my simege, begeh).

The first two Yakut names mean the same thing - "neck decoration", and the word "bөҕөх" translated as "wrist", "bracelet". According to the nature of the ornament and the shape of the convex girdles, such an ornament really very much resembles a bracelet. Both of these adornments - both neck, such as a necklace, and a bracelet - are made of a silver plate in the form of a truncated cone. Accordingly, the necklace has a diameter of about 12-14 cm, the bracelet is about 6-8 cm. The number of convex belts in the bracelet is usually 3-4 and 5, and in the necklace most often - 3. The width of the bracelet reaches from 5 to 7.5 cm, at the necklace - from 3.5 cm to 4 cm. The necklace, like the bracelet, is fastened with curved clasps.

These decorations were worn on especially solemn occasions - at holidays, weddings.

From archaeological excavations, bracelets exclusively made of bronze dating back to the middle of the 18th century are known. In one female burial, a bracelet made of birch bark was found, which is dated by the authors of the report to the beginning of the 18th century. The shape and dimensions of this bracelet are identical to the silver bracelets of the 19th century. In the middle part, the bracelet is decorated with an indented mesh ornament, surrounded by one row of circles. Along the upper edge of the bracelet, two parallel thin rims made of willow have been preserved. The rims are stitched with hair threads with a cross stitch. In addition, there is evidence that the necklace was made of birch bark. (Troev P., Berezkin I. Bracelets from ... birch bark. - Gas. "Social. Yakutia", 1971, May 20).

Bracelet (bөҕөх). Instagram @pk_kyyha

The neck ornament or necklace was not found during excavations, which indicates its recent origin. Judging by the fact that the necklace does not have its own name among the Yakuts (it is called bөҕөх, i.e. bracelet), it can be assumed that it was created by Yakut jewelers on the model of a bracelet.

Yakut jewelry: braids, ilin-kelin kebiher

Before marriage, Yakut girls adorned their hair with a braid or suhuoh simege. It consists of silver or copper trapezoid plates with three rows of pendants and beads. At the end, semicircular cups are strengthened (chopchu) with thread tassels. The decoration is tied with a ribbon to the braids under the back of the head. It reaches a length of up to 24-26 cm. In contrast to the type described above, the braids of the Vilyui Yakuts were less magnificent. The braids were tightly tied with a suede ribbon, an ornamented trapezoid plate was attached just below the back of the head, and 3-4 small plates were even lower.

Braid. Instagram @pk_kyyha

The braids of the central regions of Yakutia are similar to those of the Kyrgyz "chach ushtuk", but differ in a large number of plates and semicircular cups, instead of round pendants.

If the Yakut girls adorned their hair before marriage, then among other peoples related to the Yakuts: among the Kyrgyz - chach usto k, among the Tuvans - chabaga, among the Bashkirs - kashmau intended for married women. It should be noted that among the Tuvans, the basis of the decoration was a trapezoidal silver plate.

The Yakuts had a custom to hide their hair from strangers.

In connection with the braid, another Yakut back decoration should be mentioned - calin kebiher. This is a silver engraved plate in the form of a trapezoid, hung on straps to the back of the head of the basty's headband or to the back of the hryvnia. 4 or 8 openwork silver chains are suspended from the bottom of the plates. This decoration was one of the wedding dresses of wealthy families and was distributed everywhere. R.K. Maak, who visited the Vilyui uluses, called this decoration the braid of married women and described wearing it as follows: “to the back of the hoop (hryvnia - F.Z.) is attached ... a braid tied to a braid. But one decoration cannot be hung in two places (to the hryvnia and to the braid). Apparently, it was tied either to the hryvnia or to the spit.

The fact that the Yakuts had a custom to hide their hair from strangers was noted by Seroshevsky: “during the wedding, the bride’s sister diligently covers her head all the time, since it is considered a great sin that the groom or one of his travellers saw her hair” . “It is shameful for daughters-in-law to show uncovered hair and legs from above to their father-in-law and brothers-in-law.”

Possibly decoration. calin kebiher it was once intended to cover the bride's hair, but due to the partial loss of this custom, the decoration began to be tied to the hryvnia.

Women's breast decoration (ilin kebiher). Instagram @pk_kyyha

A pectoral was hung from the front of the hryvnia. ilin kebiher. It is usually shorter and wider than the back decoration and in some cases consists of 12 rows of openwork chains. A circle decorated with engraving was attached to the upper trapezoidal plate, from which silver chains also fell.

From the boss (bastyga) a whole system of long chains of silver openwork chains and plates that make up its links fell down in a very complex and beautiful pattern. The central rows of chains, descending to the chest, ended either with a large round silver plaque. kun(sun), richly painted with engraved, sometimes blackened ornaments, or silver curly pendants. According to M.M. Nosov, this decoration existed in the central regions until the end of the 19th century.

R.K. Maak, who described in detail the clothing and external attire of the Vilyui Yakuts, does not mention such decoration, which indicates its loss or, possibly, its absence altogether.

Decoration "kun" worn over a dress haladaai or camisole.

A bronze or silver-plated cast figurine of a lion was found on a children's costume from archaeological excavations instead of a silver badge "Kun", which apparently served as an amulet.

Yakut jewelry: hryvnia

One of the most time-resistant Yakut ornaments is the hryvnia. (kyldyy). The hryvnia is a silver hoop (among the early forms there are also copper ones) with a smooth, engraved or twisted surface with open ends. In Yakutia, hryvnias existed until the beginning of the 20th century. There were three types of hryvnias: with loop-like bends in the middle part; flat with engraved surface; round with twisted relief. I.V. Konstantinov considers the last type of hryvnia to be the most archaic, and the other two types are later.

Archaic hryvnia (kyldyy). Instagram @pk_kyyha

As a type of decoration, the Yakut torcs in the 18th century were a female attribute of the outfit, however, even earlier a torc was discovered in a male burial dating from the 17th century.

In the past, such decorations were common among the population of Central Asia, Altai, and the Baikal region, and, apparently, the Yakut grivnas are genetically related to them.

Yakut jewelry: belts and other jewelry

dressy belt (hens) worn by men and women on solemn occasions, it was an accessory of the wealthy stratum of the population. There were belts with round, quadrangular plates (sirey chickens), with curly openwork plaques of smaller sizes ( harah chickens or sunnүөh kur). The latter, in most cases, belonged to women.

Men's typesetting belt. Such belts were worn by men on solemn occasions. Instagram @history_of_yakutia

Belts similar to sirey were found among the Western Buryats. Unlike the Yakut ones, the plates of the Buryat belts were not decorated with engraving; four-petal plaques of about 5-6 pieces were placed vertically between the plates. (Petri B.E. Ornament of the Kudinsky Buryats. - "Collection of Musical Anthropology and Ethnography". T. 5, 1918, issue 1, fig. 3). Belts "harah" ("sunnүөh") are similar to the belts of stone statues of Southern Siberia. The Yakut belts were decorated, like the belts on the stone sculptures of Tuva, with heart-shaped plaques. (Evtyukhova L.A. Stone sculptures of Southern Siberia and Mongolia. - “Materials and research in archeology”, No. 24, M., 1952, Appendix No. 2).

Among modern peoples, Bashkirs wore belts decorated with silver (kamar), Kyrgyz (kemer). Unlike the Yakut belts, these belts were also decorated with semi-precious stones such as agate, carnelian, turquoise, etc.

Elegant Yakut type-setting belt. This belt was an indispensable element of wedding women's clothing. The large size of such a belt is determined by the fact that it was worn over a fur coat. Women attached a hip adornment өtүk simeҕe on the sides (pictured below). Instagram @history_of_yakutia

Name of the Yakut belt - chickens similarly with Khakass - khur, Tuvan - chickens, Kyrgyz - chickens(the latter have other names for the belts - ilgich, kemer). Among the Buryats and Mongols, the belt is called - beads.

Ottuk simege is an addition to the costume, which is a set of various decorative and utilitarian pendants. Traditionally, they were attached to the belt. Instagram @history_of_yakutia

Yakut women hung various small items from their belts: a handbag decorated with silver plaques ( happar) made of silver earpick (kulgaah hastar), tweezers (iskeh), needle case (innelik) mostly copper. Smoking women still carried pipes (anchovy) and a flint and flint adorned with silver (hatat).

Suspension to the belt (өtүk simege). Detail. Instagram @pk_kyyha

Tweezers, ear cleaners were used by the Kirghiz, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Uighurs and other Turkic-speaking peoples of North Asia. Ear cleaners (kopoushki) were widespread in the 18th century in Russia and were "an indispensable part of toiletries." In appearance and engraving, they are more similar to the Buryat ones. Women's flint, as well as men's, with the same name existed among the Buryats (hete). The latter differed only in size (up to 20 cm long) and richer decoration. Until the 30s of the twentieth century, the Yakuts had smoking pipes (anchovy) with a long wooden mouthpiece and a small silver or copper cup for tobacco. Exactly such pipes were found among Tuvans in the 17th-19th centuries.

Women's amulet (sahyl tumsa). There is evidence that it served as a talisman for a pregnant woman. The amulet was worn with the rest of the pendants on the belt. Instagram @pk_kyyha

Before the revolution, wealthy Yakuts, protecting their eyes from the bright sun, wore snow goggles. (khaar achykyta). Such glasses are a silver plate, as well as bone, with narrow horizontal cutouts for the eyes.

The Yakuts adorned the sheaths, handles of knives and fans with silver. Buttons, personal seals and women's combs were cast from silver.

More than half a ton of silver were handed over by women to the defense fund during the Great Patriotic War. Among them, a large proportion were locally produced items, including masterpieces of Yakut jewelry art.

Some types of jewelry have not survived to this day. There are very few silver items with enamel and gilding. It was not possible to find samples of gold jewelry - such as rings, earrings and bracelets, often mentioned in the works of V.L. Seroshevsky. Apparently, these works could be generally small.

More than half a ton of silver, which is several thousand large and small items, were handed over by women to the defense fund during the Great Patriotic War. Among them, a large proportion were items of local production, including masterpieces of the Yakut jewelry art.

The study of the process of formation and development of the Yakut ornament, the problems of its classification is facilitated by the analysis of the works of the Yakut folk masters of the 19th century.

The problem of ornament classification is as ambiguous and debatable as the question of defining the boundaries and specifics of ornamental art. Historians and ethnographers did a lot of this, highlighting the main groups in the ornamental art of the peoples of our country.

The first attempts to classify the Yakut ornament were made in 1936 by the People's Artist of Yakutia M.M. Nosov - one of the first collectors, propagandists and researchers of the Yakut ornament. In the article “On the Yakut folk ornament” and the handwritten list of the classification of the Yakut ornament, M.M. Nosov systematizes the material according to a number of features, including chronological (ornament of the prehistoric era, historical, modern), by purpose (religious and ritual, socio-social, construction, general utility), by objects (objects of worship, public items, clothing, furniture , dishes, carriages, utensils, harness), by material (beads, glass beads, silver, copper, iron, stone, bone, horn, clay, wood, etc.), by the method of execution (engraving, chasing, forging, cutting , embroidery, knitting, etc.). Classification M.M. Nosov reflects the first steps in the study of the Yakut ornament.

Based on the classification of the Yakut ornament developed by the German ethnographer W. Johansen, it is proposed to divide it into two groups: geometric and spiral. The formal-comparative method of ethnographic research by W. Johansen is subordinated to the establishment of parallels between the Yakut ornamentation and the ornamentation of other peoples in order to identify the cultural interaction of ethnic groups at different stages of historical development.

Archaeologist A.I. Gogolev belongs to an attempt to classify the ornamental material according to the stages of the ethnic history of the Yakuts, highlighting the main ethnogenetic layers of the Yakut ornament.

Classifying the Yakut ornament according to the traditional and most common principle, T.P. Silence distinguishes two main groups in its structure: geometric and vegetative. A special place in the Yakut ornamental complex is occupied by a group of ornaments with a trace motif (bear, elk, duck, mouse, etc.).

Types of Yakut ornament

geometric ornament

Geometric ornament, geometric and geometrized motifs and elements belong to the most ancient layers in the Yakut ornamental culture.

Straight line

Let us first of all turn to simple geometric motifs. Straight lines (long and short, single and double) are quite common in Yakut ornamentation. Made in various ways (carving, engraving, beadwork), in various materials (wood, birch bark, bone, silver, cloth), straight lines play an essential role in the composition, limiting space, bordering it. The constructive and decorative functions of the line, its graphic clarity and plastic expressiveness emphasize the shape of the object, its texture. In embroidery art, straight lines (Fig. 1) “duraa” or “kurdaa?yn oyuu” are used in all products as edging of the edges of products. They are sheathed around the main motif of the ornament with straight border lines embroidered with colored threads, silver plaques or sewn with beads of three colors (blue, white, black), protecting from the penetration of an evil spirit.

Among the common motifs in the Yakut ornament is the motif of the cross (Fig. 2). One of its features is that the cross, as a rule, is equilateral, its figure easily fits into a square. Another feature is that the cross is used both in the form of a straight and in the form of an oblique x-shaped element, which easily folds into an ornamental row. This ornamental motif is widely used in carving.

Rice. 1 straight lines

Fig.2 Motif of the cross

on wood, bone carving art. The cruciform motif is common among many peoples and has its roots in times much older than Christianity. The equal-ended cross, according to the original ornamental art of the Yakuts and their everyday superstitions, is a symbol of sunlight and summer creative warmth, as well as a graphic image of the ancient steppe sun god Sakha. The cross serves as a symbol of protection and salvation. In connection with the epidemic of smallpox and measles, the Yakuts retained the concept of "kiriesteter" (impose a cross). So called cases of mild illness, protecting a person from repeated illnesses. The spirit of sickness, as it were, imposes on a person the signs of the cross as a sign that he will be spared in the future. The spirits that sent the epidemic of smallpox and measles were presented in the form of Russian women. Perhaps the epidemics of these diseases were associated with Russian settlers. Therefore, it was believed that one could protect oneself from them with the sign of the cross - a symbol of Christianity. The cruciform motif can also be viewed as a rhombus with "flourishing" corners, known in pagan symbolism as the oldest symbol of fertility. The semantics of the cruciform motif in the Yakut ornamental art performs the function of a kind of amulet. The use of such a cruciform motif as a talisman to protect the dwelling and souls of a person was also found among many peoples.

Such symbols on the front of the clothes had "protective" and "benevolent" functions.

Zigzags and arched motifs

Zigzags (Fig. 3), or an arched motif (Fig. 4), are especially characteristic for decorating the interior of the urasa (a type of the old summer dwelling of the Yakuts) and its decorative partition - khapakhchi, therefore this ornament is often called urasa-oyuu (urasa-pattern).

A combination of seams of this type, placed close to each other, forms the Yakut expanse. One of the aspects of the content of this pattern is connected with the Yakut ideas about the tripartite division of the world. In accordance with the ideas of the Sakha of that time, the Universe consists of three worlds: Upper, Middle, Lower. The upper world, divided into nine tiers, is inhabited by good spirits - aiyy, who protect people on earth. Their patriarchal way of life reflects the earthly way of life. The middle world of Yakut mythology is the earth, which seems to be flat and round, but crossed by high mountains and indented by deep rivers. Below the Middle World is the Lower World. This is a dark country with a flawed sun and moon, a gloomy sky, a swampy surface, thorny trees and grass. The lower world is inhabited by one-eyed and one-armed evil creatures abaasy.

Arcs, arches, the so-called "heavenly" ornament - sarbynnah oyuu, are close in nature to the zigzag motif. It is found in ceramics, woodwork and birch bark, in beadwork, often has diamond-shaped or cruciform additions, dots. Zigzag lines running parallel to each other resemble the contours of the convolutions on the palate of cattle, which is called "tanalay". The pattern, if embroidered with beads, was called "kedyine tanalai", but it is embroidered with colored threads and horsehair. The tanalai pattern is the most ancient, typical type of ornament. The magical meaning of the tanalai ornament is associated with the ancient understanding of man that this ornament is a connecting link - a ladder between the earthly world and the upper world of higher deities. In the earthly world, the fate and happiness of a person depend on their benevolence. Apparently, this is why the Tanalai embroidery was used only on the lower part of the clothes - in legguards, mittens and shoes.

Linear ornament. This ornament, found during archaeological excavations, was widely used in the old days in the ornamentation of household items. And therefore, to the question: "when did the type of this drawing appear?" impossible to answer. Starting with clay pots, the pattern spread to birch bark, wood, clothes, and metal. Despite the fact that it is used as a separate pattern, it is widely used to separate, decorate other patterns. The length reaches from 1-2 mm to 30 mm. Depending on the material of manufacture, knives, saws, semicircular chisels of various sizes, and files are used. It is easy to draw, therefore it is widely distributed.

Ribbed pattern, ornament in the form of herbs. According to some informants, this ornament is also called "comb". But it will take time to finally explain this name. In the old days it meant grace, harvest. It was used to decorate choron trays, for the middle frill of kytyi, and for others. The name of this group of ornaments comes from the seams of birch bark dishes and is called "ribbed pattern". The place of manufacture is marked with a "linear ornament" along the tree and semicircular chisels of various sizes are used. The height of the product, a variety of quantities, all kinds of interlacing of different patterns are divided into many groups. In all uluses of Yakutia it has an even distribution.

Ornament in the form of oblique lines. It is rarely found in the fragments of pottery among the peoples of the North. Later it develops in the production of birch bark dishes, in clothing, and is widely used on wood. This ornament is widely used in the drawings of kytyi, kytakh. For example, it is found in the outer seams of the kytyi and in copper rims.

Ornament in the form of the sky (herringbone). Type "herringbone", which was widespread in the old days in sewing clothes. But as an ornament in the form of "oblique lines", it was not widely used on wood. But still, this ornament is found in the XVIII-XIX centuries. in products for drinking koumiss, on a whorl for koumiss, in khamyakh, in a funnel for koumiss. Although the ornament did not play with all the colors of the rainbow, as on clothes, it was deeply registered on the tree. Among the peoples of the North, it is known as the Christmas tree ornament. In the old days it was used for sewing.

Broken lines (type of urasa). The "broken lines" ornament is taken from a seam of birch bark utensils. This is a geometric ornament with a long history. It is constantly found in the ornaments of the peoples of Siberia. This pattern was used in dishes and utensils of the Yakuts of the 18th century. Intertwined with other ornaments, it became the main pattern for wood.

Ornament in the form of a network. The appearance of this geometric pattern is not precisely established. In Yakut wooden products, this ornament is borrowed from the seams of birch bark dishes. The view of this drawing is divided into many groups according to content and has different names.

We can safely say that the type of "net" for the Yakuts was one of the most favorite ornaments.

Ornament in the form of raspberries, trimmings and nails. These ornaments are included in the "arched" group. For the Yakuts, it is known as an ornament in the form of "raspberries", "nails". In the old days, after making pottery, it was pressed with a finger or cut out when wet.

This type of ornament was first used in decorating dishes for koumiss, for serge, and then from the middle of the 19th century it was used to decorate the lid of a sewing box.

Ornament in the form of a cow. From here begins a group of ornaments similar to a children's birch bark toy in the form of a cow. From the 18th century, it began to spread widely to wooden products. The 19th century can be considered the period of the widest distribution.

Heart-shaped ornament. Ornaments in the form of a heart, which were widely used in the ornamentation of clothes, birch bark dishes. In wooden products, chorons, on a funnel for koumiss can be seen in the 19th-20th centuries.

Ornaments in the form of ram's horns. Ornaments do not have a special Yakut name. Such ornaments are depicted in gold items of the 19th century. The ornament is known to the Turkic peoples as an ornament in the form of "ram's horns". They have ancient roots, rich content. Yakut wood craftsmen widely used them in their products and, without losing the main meaning of the pattern, enriched the appearance. This ornament was not used in dishes for koumiss and dairy products.

Lyre ornament. The group under the symbolic name "lyre-shaped" ("koger") begins with this ornament. Widely distributed among the indigenous population of Siberia, Central Asia. Specialists in the study of ornament introduce them into the lyre-shaped group. Without losing its original origin, the drawing is widespread to this day. Drawing is widespread in places where horse breeding is developed. Therefore, it is the main pattern in saddlecloths, kychym. The name and appearance are similar to koumiss dishes "koger". F.M. Zykov talks about this in his article "Lyre-shaped motif in the Yakut ornament". Therefore, the ornament should be called "koger oyuu", and not "kosyur oyuu", as according to M.M. Nosov.

Scrollwork. Ornaments with an "s"-shaped element have the same roots as "koger-oyuu". They were widely used in wooden utensils, in household items in the 19th century. This ornament is called a scroll ornament. It is the main pattern of the chest and back of women's jewelry. One type is used repeatedly and therefore became an element.

Vegetable escape. A group of these ornaments is deeply inscribed in the material culture of the Yakut people. In museums, you can see a lot of dishes, clothes, horse accessories, decorated with these ornaments.

Ants ornament. Not widely distributed on the tree. It was mainly used in decorating utensils and household items in the 19th-20th centuries. Since ancient times, it has been known as a pattern for clothes, horse accessories.

Plant drawing. These ornaments were almost not used in the old days in wood products, they were not widely developed. Mostly painted on different types of chests, in boxes for women's jewelry.

Drawing in the form of flowers."Flower drawing" is found in wooden products, in the 19th-20th centuries. A simple view of a flower with four petals in the 19th century. used in blackened chests, in boxes for small accessories. In the chorons of the end of the 19th century, instead of the "tonogos" ornament, "flower drawings" were used, which is a violation of the tradition of ornamentation of the Yakut wooden utensils.

Ornament in the form of the sun. The drawing of the sun, whorl, disk is called. This ornament has been preserved by almost all peoples of the globe from the Stone Age to this day. This is one of the most iconic ornaments among the Yakuts, it shows the worship of the Yakuts before the sun, and therefore is drawn in many objects: in belts, back and chest decorations, in a "diabaka" hat, etc.

In addition, in the works of Yakut applied art, along with ornaments, various plot drawings with heraldic meanings are depicted: a horse-man-unicorn, a lion, a horse, the folklore holy tree Aal-Luuk Mas, birds (eagle, swan, cuckoo, goldeneye).