Effective methods of hypnotic suggestion. Suggestion techniques

A person lives in a world where every part wants to influence him. This is not bad if you understand that just as a person influences the world around him with his actions, words and thoughts, so the world will influence him with his wishes. There are various techniques of suggestion, some of them are easy, others are hard methods. and at a distance, their techniques will be discussed in the article.

Man is a part of God! This idea appealed to many people, because now this “piece of God” is trying to impose its opinion on everyone, forgetting that people are also “pieces” that can claim the role of God.

Man imagines himself to be God, not a part of him. Although when failures happen, then a person shrinks, trying to pretend to be a “particle”. As long as he is sure that he is right, he fancies himself omnipotent and omniscient. But as soon as his truth does not give the proper result, he immediately admits that he, too, can be wrong.

People forget about this truth when they begin to impose their opinions on each other. Parents want their children to obey them. Partners in love try to force each other to listen only to their opinions. In almost any close relationship, people forget that they can be wrong. A person seeks to insist on his opinion, as if wanting to deprive other people of their personal opinion.

“I said, so it will be so,” a person may not say this out loud. But when he fails to agree on something with others, the reason for this is his position. He does not want to listen to another opinion. He claims to be omniscient. He thinks he's right. He wants to decide the fate of other people. Such approaches to other people lead to the fact that even close ones begin to close and tear themselves away from each other.

Why do people impose their opinion? Because they want to dominate the lives of others. At the same time, one can often observe that these people themselves live unhappily, poorly and without love. So, what can they teach you by imposing their opinion? Nothing. Understanding this, you can calmly relate to any attempts to impose your opinion on you, seeing that a person simply imagines himself to be God, like a small child trying to copy the behavior of his parents.

What is a suggestion?

Suggestion is present in the life of every person. Even in an environment where a person is not in contact with others, suggestion can occur by various mechanisms. What is a suggestion? Usually, it is understood as the influence of one person on another in such a way that he uncritically perceives everything that is said to him, considering this to be the correct opinion.

It seems that you yourself influence your behavior and train of thought. However, psychologists can give many examples of how people influence each other. Almost everyone has various techniques that they constantly use to influence the thoughts and behavior of others. It can be hypnosis, manipulation, suggestion, telepathy.

All people are suggestible, just as all people influence each other in various ways. This happens everywhere: in communication, at work, at the time of education, in relationships. Often people influence each other for selfish purposes. When a person seeks the help of a psychologist on the site psymedcare.com, he is faced with suggestion aimed at self-improvement.

The introduction of thoughts against the will of a person, contrary to his ideas, is called suggestion, and the person who inspires is called a suggestor.

During suggestion, various mechanisms are used: verbal and non-verbal signals. Sometimes people unconsciously use them. And their interlocutors do not even notice how they are affected. Repetition becomes effective here. If you repeat the same information several times, then a person will soon perceive it. From the first time, he may not pay attention to it or not treat it as necessary, so repetitions are necessary.

Factors that help in the process of suggestion, which affects its strength:

• The nature of the suggestion.
• Suggested mood.
• The authority of the one who inspires.
• Compliance suggestible.
• Emotional toughness.
• Categorical message.
• The environment for the suggestion.
• Mental exhaustion and overwork of the suggestible.
• Message surprise.
• Natural disasters, etc.

The power of suggestion is affected by how ready a person is to perceive someone else's information without succumbing to its criticism. Sometimes this is more effective than logical evidence, which is used to convince.

What kind of people are suggestible?

1. With uncritical thinking.
2. Weak.
3. Scary.
4. Innocent.
5. Shy.
6. Prone to dependence on others.
7. Timid.
8. Trusting.

The following individuals become less suggestible:

• Strong-willed.
• Initiative.
• Eccentric.
• Narcissists.
• with business activity.
• Independent from others.
• Energetic.
• Having someone under their control.
• Uncommunicative.
• Arrogant.
• Frank.
• Gloomy.

If the information that comes to a person contradicts his ethical and moral values, logic and provokes internal resistance, then this becomes a barrier that interferes with suggestion.

Suggestion of thoughts

Psychologists note that the greatest suggestion of thoughts occurs between close people. There is a lot of trust in the relationships of relatives, loved ones and friends. People uncritically perceive each other's information, because they believe that close relationships between them are built on openness, honesty and trust. It is a close person who can influence as much as strangers cannot influence.

Every parent has a direct influence on their children. What an adult says to a child, for what he punishes and for what he praises - absolutely any word and action leaves an imprint on the subconscious map of the child. Meeting the expectations of parents is one of the main tasks of the baby in order to learn how to survive and adapt to life among other people and nature in general. Any parental attitudes towards the child, how he is, how to stand, what to do, how to jump, how to communicate with others - everything is imprinted in his subconscious and carries important information about what he will be like when he grows up.

It is very important for adults to hear themselves and understand what they say to their young children. Any word spoken by mom or dad can remain in the memory of the baby for a long time and subsequently influence his adult life: how he will treat himself, other people and even his already aged parents.

To correct your words and actions, write down on a piece of paper: how do you see your child in 5, 10 years, as an adult? Based on the notes, adjust your attitudes about the child. If you want to see him smart, but every time you shout at him that he is stupid, just because he got a "2" in math, this crosses out all your true intentions. If you want a smart son, then see him as a smart kid even when he fails.

There are rare cases when parents give complete freedom and the opportunity to their children to choose their own path. This phenomenon is called unconditional love, which implies a positive attitude of parents towards a child even when he does not meet all the expectations of his adult mentors. Giving complete freedom to the younger generation, parents free themselves from responsibility for someone else's life, giving the child the opportunity to find his own life path, following which he will become an independent and responsible person.

Another way to suggest thoughts is hypnosis. It is carried out when a person plunges into a half-asleep or trance state. While awake or asleep, hypnosis will have no effect.

This method allows you to suggest any thoughts to a person who is under hypnosis. Here the fantasy and imagination of the hypnotized are effectively used. However, psychologists note the following fact:

• Suggested thoughts should correspond to the needs of the person.
• If the suggested thoughts are contrary to the needs of a person, then he will develop neurosis, internal conflict, nervous breakdown.

Two factors remain important in the suggestion of thoughts:

1. The one who inspires must himself believe in the correctness of his own information.
2. The one who is being inspired must be ready for suggestion, malleable, trusting.

If a person can not succumb to the influence of one individual, then sometimes he cannot resist the influence of the whole society. The so-called "public opinion" affects many minds of people who may not want to and go against it, but sometimes succumb to pressure and obey the opinion of the majority. This is the easiest way to suggest thoughts: if the majority believes, then only a few will believe.

Suggestion methods

Suggestion can be both positive and negative. It all depends on what goals the person who is trying to influence others pursues, as well as the methods that he uses in doing so. They are:

• Non-verbal. It is carried out through the intonation of the voice, postures and facial expressions. Divided by:

1. Catalepsy.
2. Levitation.
3. Pause.

• Intentional. It happens when the suggestor has specific goals and objectives, while taking all the actions that will help him in suggestion.
• Unintentional. Occurs when the suggestor has no suggestion intentions, but at the same time performs actions that affect the interlocutor.
• Positive. After the impact, there were changes for the better.
• Negative. After exposure, negative properties, behavior, and traits appeared.
• Impact while awake.
• Impact in a relaxing state.
• Hypnotic.
• Mental. It is carried out in the absence of contact with a person.
• Pressure.
• persuasion.
• indirect suggestions. When the person being influenced still retains the right to choose whether to accept the information or not. There are such types:

1. Sequence - the beliefs that are fixed by the installation are listed in turn.
2. An implication is a prediction of a possible outcome that a person is tuned in to.
3. A double bind is an offer to choose between two similar options.
4. Listing possible options for events, missing the most important, and focusing on one thing.

• Emotional and volitional influence.
• Mechanical - the impact on a person of various sounds, objects, colors, etc.
• Mental.
• Magical - the use of healing magnetism.

The goal of all methods of suggestion is to introduce specific ideas, thoughts and emotions to another person so that he perceives them as his own, after which he begins to act and change behavior in the right direction.

Suggestion at a distance

This topic causes a controversial attitude, since to date it has not yet been proven whether it is possible to inspire at a distance. This implies the introduction of the necessary information to a person without direct contact with him. You may not see or communicate with a person, but at a distance you can transmit the necessary thoughts to him.

Here the main emphasis is on telepathy. If hypnosis already has a scientific basis, then some hope to confirm the presence of telepathy.

It is believed that thoughts are waves of a certain frequency that can be transmitted over any distance. Accordingly, the person on whom the influence occurs must be a “receiver” that captures these frequencies. Here a logical question arises: if the person you want to influence is on the "other wave", then how can you influence him? Scientists still have to think about this.

Undoubtedly, in the life of every person there are examples of "telepathic influence". You, for example, thought about calling a person, and a few hours later he called himself. For example, you wanted to see someone, and a miracle happened: you met a person literally on the same day. What is it - telepathy, suggestion of thoughts or a coincidence? There is no definite answer to this question yet. However, such situations gradually accumulate in the experience of people.

Sometimes a person can suddenly think about something that is unusual for him, and then find out that the same thought has occurred to another individual. Sometimes people invent something, and at the same time they find out that at the same time there are people on the other side of the planet who also made the same discovery.

Scientists talk about the presence of a single information field around the planet, where there are all thoughts and ideas that can only or have already been born in people's heads. Being on a certain "wave", a person perceives this or that information from the outside world.

Here is a technique for telepathy - suggestion at a distance:

1. Take a comfortable position for yourself, preferably lying down.
2. Relax. Take a deep breath in and out.
3. Focus on the thought that you want to instill in another person. It should be short, clear and understandable.
4. Focus on the person you wish to impress. Get into his emotional state.
5. Start repeating the desired thought to him repeatedly.
6. Imagine how a person begins to do what you inspired him.

Outcome

The topic of suggestion is in demand, as many people would like to have skills that could help them influence others. How good it would be if a person could influence the emotions, thoughts and behavior of any interlocutor. Everyone thinks so! Everyone wants this! The result of such a state of affairs would be chaos, where people are guided solely by their own desires, regardless of the opinions of others.

All people are susceptible to suggestion, just as absolutely everyone has techniques of influence. It’s just that the circumstances are always different, because of which a person achieves certain results. In one situation his methods work, in another they don't. This is quite normal in the real world.

People influence each other. Everyone has a modicum of trust, uncritical thinking and innocence. Much depends on the relationships in which people are. To authoritative persons and people who are very liked, unconditional trust arises: what they say will be true, whatever it may be. In a completely different way, people behave with those whom they do not know well or with whom they are in a conflict relationship. Here the level of criticality increases, so enemies or strangers can very minimally affect each other.

The power of the gaze

American tourists John Gelfreich and Otto Buteshude traveled through the jungles of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. Having spent the night somehow on the bank of the Xingu River, in the morning they began to prepare breakfast. Buteshude went for water. He did not appear for a long time, and Gelfreich went to look for a comrade. He found him near the water. Otto walked slowly towards the thick bushes, his movements were like those of a robot, his head motionlessly directed towards the thickets. Following the direction of his gaze, Gelfreich saw the head of a snake sticking out of the bush. John's reaction was lightning fast: with a shot from a pistol, he killed a reptile. Otto suddenly started and laughed nervously. Later he said: by the water he felt someone’s eyes on him, but he doesn’t remember what happened next.

One picture comes to mind, seen by the author in childhood: in the zoo, a boa constrictor is feeding. A mouse was released into the terrarium. The boa constrictor stared at her without blinking. The mouse became numb, and then slowly began to move straight into the mouth of the boa constrictor. At the same time, the hind legs pushed it forward, and the front legs rested. Unforgettable in its drama spectacle!

Both cases described show that one's own gaze can subjugate both a person and an animal, impose certain actions on them.

Gaze

In the business world, a closer look has practical applications. The president of McDonald's fast food chain said: “Our restaurants in Moscow feed fifty thousand people every day. And we give individual attention to each visitor. We tell him, looking into his eyes: "Come to us again."

The story told earlier about how Senator Robert Kennedy greeted shows that politicians also skillfully use gaze to suggest attraction to oneself.

Magic look

Around direct gaze a mystical halo has long been formed. It is even called the "magic look". Naturally, there are learning recipes. Igor Vostokov tells about one of them in his book "Secrets of Healers of the East".

“Take a typewritten sheet and in the center of it draw in ink or black ink a circle the size of a two-kopeck coin (1.5 cm).

Hang this sheet at a distance of 2-2.5 m from you and for 15 minutes continuously and without blinking look at this black circle (the circle must be shaded in black).

By doing this daily, you will develop a "magic eye" in yourself. If a woman, for example, looks at a man with such a look in order to bewitch him to herself, then he will forever become hers.

Another way is with a mirror. Slightly relaxing the muscles of the face, look at your reflection. Look into your eyes or the bridge of your nose. Avoiding frequent mania, look at the point for 20-25 seconds.

In everyday life, a gaze should not be abused, because people under it begin to get nervous. Usually, during a conversation, it is customary to periodically look away so as not to embarrass.

If you want to unbalance the interlocutor, choose a weak spot on his body or clothes (for example, crooked legs, bad teeth, dirty nails, uncleaned shoes, a stain, fly, etc.) and stare intently there. Your interlocutor will immediately become nervous. Well, if you, in addition, portray a barely noticeable caustic smile and arrogantly throw your head back, then only a very reserved person will be able to maintain composure. A distracted or directed past the eyes of the interlocutor (at the ear, forehead, chin, lips) will do the same, but in a more delicate and gentle form.

word suggestion

Words are the main tool of suggestion. Visual techniques are auxiliary, facilitating the achievement of the goal. The crushing power of the tongue is reflected in the Epistle of James (3:5, 6, 8):

So the tongue is a small member, but it does a lot ...

Language is fire, embellishment of untruth...

It is an unstoppable evil: it is full of deadly poison.

Since ancient times, it has been known that the treatment of the body and soul of a person rests on three foundations: a knife, grass and a word. The knife is used in surgery; the use of herbs led to the emergence of medicines; the word is the main "tool of labor" of the psychologist and psychotherapist. But not only them. A good doctor is one whose one visit already alleviates the patient's condition.

Elderly people complain that doctors now have no time even to listen to the patient properly. Doctors, who find the opportunity to patiently listen to complaints, encourage, inspire hope for improvement, enjoy the greatest respect among this contingent.

"The word kills" - quite rightly stated in the proverb. This is exactly what often happened when a sorcerer cast a spell on a particular person, piercing his image with a sharp object, and by the appointed time the person really fell ill and died. Some mothers still believe that the evil eye can harm their child. In such cases, we are dealing with mechanisms of direct or indirect suggestion.

direct suggestion

It is directly related to the speech of the influencing person. As an example of direct suggestion, let us recall the case of the patient's death, which we described earlier, immediately after the death of the specialist who treated her, who "calmed" her with the words: "You will die after me."

indirect suggestion

With indirect suggestion, some intermediate action or stimulus is used to enhance its effect (for example, pierce with a nail or burn the image of a person on whom a spell has been cast). Often, indirect suggestion is more effective than direct suggestion, because it does not act "on the forehead" and therefore does not cause internal resistance in the suggested.

Let us illustrate the power of indirect suggestion with the data of three experiments. In one of them, conducted in a psychiatric clinic in the United States, patients were divided into two groups: the first underwent psychotherapy for six months, while the second was awaiting treatment at that time. When the results were compared, it turned out that the percentage of improvement was the same in both groups. The hope of a cure was equal to the cure itself.

In another experiment, patients with neurosis were given sugar pills (completely useless in terms of treatment) instead of drugs, with the assurance that they would "help in the same way as other drugs." A group of fourteen people took sugar pills three times a day for a week, after which thirteen patients improved on all criteria ...

A similar effect is widely known in medicine under the name "placebo effect" (that is, pacifiers).

In the third experiment, two groups of students with psychological problems were formed. Professional psychologists and psychiatrists worked on one, and on the other, college professors who were popular with students. These teachers had to say everything that came to mind in the process of work, with the aim of "helping". Similar sessions were held 2-3 times a week for three months. The percentage of improvement was the same in both groups.

Suggestibility

It is purely individual for each person. To determine the level of suggestibility, you can use special tests, they are called "samples". These tests are necessarily carried out by hypnotists, selecting for themselves the appropriate "material" for the session.

But before giving a description of these trials, let us express some information about suggestibility as such. When suggesting, they appeal mainly to the feelings of the listener and count on an uncritical perception of information. Therefore, children are the most suggestible. Since women tend to be much more emotional than men, it is they who are more amenable to suggestion.

Less educated people are easier to suggest, as well as those who are accustomed to do what the boss orders in the service.

In general, activities related to the fulfillment of orders and requirements (soldiers, athletes, party functionaries) develop suggestibility.

Fatigue and stress also increase it.

Alcoholics and drug addicts are even more suggestible. Easily suggestible crowd. She has "many heads, but few brains."

The more massive the audience of listeners, the more weak-willed and suggestible it is. It is difficult to say to the first: "But the king is naked!" And, since everyone is silent, the illusion is created that everyone is in favor. The ideologists of totalitarian political systems used this phenomenon to simulate "support" for their decisions. So it turned out: each individually - "against", and all together - "for".

"Fight fire with fire"

One poorly educated woman inspired herself that a real toad settled in her stomach: as if, after drinking water from a pond, she swallowed its embryo, which grew and now does not allow the poor woman to breathe.

No arguments could convince her of the absurdity of these statements. And she went to a well-known doctor, who practiced privately, with a request to “drive out” the toad: after talking with her, he understood what was the matter, and did not argue, but appointed the next day an “operation to extract” the damned creature. He told the woman to eat more all this time. He himself asked the neighbor boys to catch a toad for him for a decent reward. Soon the captured creature was already languishing in the bank.

The “operation” consisted in the fact that the doctor gave the patient a strong emetic and sat her down over the large pelvis. A long exhausting vomiting dulled the sufferer's vigilance, and a toad was placed in her pelvis, unnoticed by her.

Seeing her, the patient exclaimed: “Here! I told you! Doctor, you saved me. I feel so relieved now!”

suggestion mechanism

When suggesting, the effect on a person is built in such a way that first a strong excitation is caused in a limited area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe brain with simultaneous inhibition in the rest of it, and then a purposeful discharge is performed, which fixes the suggestible thought in the mind.

Tests for suggestibility

Braid's welcome. The subject focuses his gaze on a shiny object presented to him (a metal ball, the tip of a medical hammer, etc.), fixed opposite and slightly above his bridge of the nose (for stronger eye muscle tension). After a long concentration of attention, fatigue of the visual analyzer and sleep may occur.

Receptions of Coué and Baudouin.

First experience: a standing person is offered to stay straight so that his heels are his main support; you can also ask to throw back your head. This is a position of unstable equilibrium in which any push will lead to a fall. At the same time, it is calmly but firmly suggested: “You are falling back, you are being pulled back, you are already falling, falling ...” Most people do fall, so the hypnotist must stand behind the person in order to catch him in time. To enhance the effect of the test with the palm located opposite the forehead, you can slightly push the patient or, touching the back of his head with the palm of your hand, gradually move your hand back, which also causes an imbalance in the body. If the test worked, then the person begins to experience much more "respect" and trust in relation to the hypnotist, which will subsequently have a positive effect on the results of the session itself.

Second experience: the subject is placed in front of the hypnotist; the center of gravity of the body this time is shifted to the toes. Both look at each other, into the eyes (experienced specialists, in order to less tire their eyesight, look at the bridge of the nose). Then the person conducting the test stretches his palms forward so as to reach the temples of the ward, and says: “You are already falling, falling ...” When performing this technique, you can touch the temples of the subject (the fingers should be cold).

Carrying out such techniques requires compliance with certain rules that ensure the physical safety of the subject: he must be without glasses; you need to remove nearby objects with sharp corners; the hypnotist must have sufficient strength to hold the person in the event of a fall.

Third experience: the subject is given a thread with a heavy object at the end, they are offered to close their eyes and persistently think about the circle. Very soon the pendulum begins to describe circular motions. If the patient is told to think about an oval, then the pendulum begins to rotate along an oval trajectory. So the “device” by which “negative energy” is determined has its predecessor, but in a completely different field of application.

"Healing" accessories

Belief in the healing properties of magnetic (and other) bracelets, plates, earrings, amulets, and talismans is widely spread. Remember "Keep me, my talisman"?

Impressive results in the 18th century were achieved by the Viennese doctor F. Mesmer. At first, he was sure that the magnet helped to cure various ailments, and achieved excellent results by applying a horseshoe-shaped magnet to the diseased organ of the patient. In the future, Mesmer magnetized various objects with which the patients subsequently came into contact. He "charged" the water in which the patients bathed, the dishes they used, the beds in which they slept. "Magnetic energy" was even collected in special batteries, from which sufferers subsequently "scooped" it during wellness procedures.

Subsequently, F. Mesmer came to the conclusion about the absence of a certain healing force in the magnet - "fluid". Frankly admitting his delusions, he focused his attention on the study of "nerve currents" in the human body itself, which can be strengthened through suggestion.

The doctor repented of his past delusions, which cannot be said about many modern "magicians" who continue to supposedly "charge" creams, ointments, newspapers, magazines and mislead millions of people (this issue will be discussed in more detail below). There seems to be an outward resemblance to some psychotherapeutic procedures (recall the “placebo effect”), however, the mass character, lack of spirituality and pronounced commercial background of all these procedures do not allow treating the authors with respect.

traditional healers

Believing in something better really leads to something better happening. Experienced healers are characterized by skillful observance and subtle use of these psychological patterns. Well-written folk conspiracies for various diseases have much in common with the suggestions adopted in modern psychotherapy. They begin, as a rule, with the psychological setting of the patient to "receive" the impact, then the main part follows - the actual suggestion with the requirement to "drive the disease out" from the human body. The use of various figurative representations in this part of the conspiracy (“I drive out the disease of such and such into a rotten swamp, into loose sands ...”) allows you to more fully involve various perception systems (visual, kinesthetic, etc.), strengthen and consolidate suggestion. In the final part, phrases can be pronounced with the aim of prolonging the conspiracy in the future, thereby contributing to the deployment of healing processes in the patient's body.

Religious beliefs

The positive influence that faith in God has on people is based on similar principles. Believers see in the image of God an inexhaustible source of love and kindness and, as it were, draw energy from this well. In fact, energy is replenished by each of its own reserves. Simply with the help of faith in God, it is easier to get “access keys”, since God, in the view of believers, is an ideal, omnipotent and “energetically inexhaustible” being (in contrast to religious ideas about a person as a being often sinful and weak).

This is the ingenious find of the founding fathers of the doctrines of God (Christ, Mohammed, Buddha) - to create the opportunity to draw from one's own source, thinking that they are taking from the divine. How not to remember: God is within us.

Another find - the suggestion about the insignificance of man - allows the holy fathers to lead the flock on behalf of God.

Suggestibility natural and situational

We have seen that suggestibility is an individual trait and varies widely. It is given to each by nature, upbringing, education, life experience. Let's call it natural suggestibility for brevity.

Suggestibility is not a constant. It is influenced by the environment and the momentary state of the person.
It is known that in a crowd a person is more suggestible. The same is true of stress. Panic (that is, hypertrophied feelings of fear) often flares up precisely in the crowd: firstly, due to the effect of mental infection, and secondly, under the influence of stress, which often occurs due to minor danger. Under the pressure of group opinion, participants are more likely to agree with the judgment suggested to them.

Thus, it is possible to create an environment in which suggestibility as a reaction to the situation (that is, situational suggestibility) will increase dramatically.

Suggestion (and any other control action) largely depends on "background support", that is, from the psychological state of the interlocutors and the surrounding background. In this regard, a number of background states can be distinguished.

Relaxation

The simplest and most reliable background for a conversation is muscular relaxation(relaxation). Its essence lies in the fact that during relaxation, the human cerebral cortex is to a certain extent freed from side effects and prepared for speech perception. This happens best when the interviewers are in a comfortable environment and sit in a relaxed position facing each other (on the couch, at the coffee table). This is facilitated by soft and dim light, comfortable furniture, the absence of strong sounds and the availability of sufficient time. The poses of the interlocutors should be natural. A special case of relaxation is a state of trance in the addressee of the impact.

suspense

The figure bent over the table, bent legs, wandering eyes, wrinkles on the forehead and vertical wrinkles on the bridge of the nose indicate tense state. Emotional tension also enhances the perception of the speaker's ideas. In this case, of course, the methods of suggestion for these two states will be different.

An outstanding master of creating tense expectation among the audience was the American film director A. Hitchcock. He proceeded from the rule: it is not the shot itself that is terrible, but the expectation of it. In the "horror films" staged by this master, there are very few crimes (compared especially with current action films), but the director kept the audience in a state of intense expectation for so long that it shocked them more than bloody murders.

"Explosion"

In psychology, this technique is known as an instant personality restructuring under the influence of strong emotional experiences. The phenomenon of "explosion" is described in detail in fiction (the re-education of Jean Valjean, the hero of V. Hugo's novel "Les Misérables"). The scientific substantiation of the “explosion” technique was given by the outstanding teacher A. S. Makarenko.

The use of an "explosion" requires the creation of a special environment in which feelings would arise that could amaze a person with their unexpectedness and unusualness. In such an environment, a collision of nervous processes occurs in a person. An unexpected stimulus (spectacle, information, etc.) causes confusion in him. This leads to a radical change in views on events, individuals and even the world as a whole. For example, information about the infidelity of one of the spouses in "prosperous" families can lead the other to the brink of disaster. In families where infidelity is regarded as a prank, this does not happen.

Says the master of vocational school. He had a student in his group who, with his antics, exhausted the soul of the teachers.

Of course, the master was especially hard hit - both from the administration, and from fellow teachers, and from the parents of the affected students.

There was no control over this fool. And then one day, after some especially vile trick of his, the master found him in the boiler room. Blood rushed to his head, his rage was so great that, having lost all self-control, the master grabbed the teenager and dragged him to the firebox, shouting: “That's it, bastard, say goodbye to life. I have no more strength! I’ll go to court, but I’ll save everyone from such a reptile!!”

The teenager turned white, broke out in a cold sweat and screamed: “Don't! No need! I won't do it again! Sorry! A-ah-ah!"

Throwing him to the ground, the master ran out.

Since the teenager was replaced, he no longer did dirty tricks.

"Scene"

In contrast to the spontaneous "explosion" "scene" can be produced intentionally. André Maurois stated: "The best scenes come about deliberately and with great skill." As an example, let us cite one story from the time of the Napoleonic campaigns. Lyonne, one of the marshals of Napoleon's army, had a certain "strangeness". Being a very even and self-possessed man, he sometimes lost his temper in front of his subordinates, tore off his cocked hat, threw it on the ground and trampled it in a rage.

These outbursts of anger always happened at moments when it was necessary to move subordinates to a difficult decision.

And only the batman noticed such a pattern - every time the day before, the marshal said to him: "Jacques, bring my old cocked hat." The marshal was from the common people and could not trample on an expensive headdress. No wonder they say: "The best impromptu is the one that is well prepared."

These plots demonstrate the effectiveness of persuasive actions that combine the techniques of "suspense" and "explosion".

Identification

If the interlocutor does not show any obvious signs of relaxation or tension, then mutual understanding with him can be achieved against the background of identification, that is, on the idea of ​​mutual experience of some circumstances.

It is known that people who have a certain commonality among themselves are more likely to like each other. Thus, a doctor with a doctor, a merchant with a merchant, an engineer with an engineer, and so on. find common ground faster. And if they also have a certain common destiny, then the achievement of attraction will be even more accelerated. For most people, a fellow sufferer (the same illness, common grief, etc.) becomes closer. One of the reasons for the resounding success of Anatoly Kashpirovsky's television shows was the identification of those who wanted to get rid of their illnesses with those lucky ones who were already lucky: "If they are, then why not me"?

Telesessions of A. M. Kashpirovsky

The name of Anatoly Mikhailovich Kashpirovsky in the recent past was on the lips of many. And almost everyone watched his TV shows.

The success of this talented psychotherapist, which caused controversy in medical circles, was the result of a combination of several factors.

The main role was played by his chosen method of influencing the audience, which is very similar to the one that in psychotherapy is named after two scientists - Kretschmer and Erickson. The technology of the method lies in the absence of "direct" pressure on the participants in the session. The therapist "knits a mesh of words" and only intermittently inserts a phrase whose content is a direct suggestion. Against the background of “indifferent” stimuli, such a phrase works with particular force, since the listeners get the impression of being involved in the treatment process together with the psychotherapist. Here is a good example of one of the variants of hypnotic influence according to this method (sentences representing direct suggestion are in bold in the text).

“You can do what you want: sit or move, you can listen to me or not, you can keep your eyes closed or open. Sit comfortably in a chair and relax. You can think about something pleasant, remember pleasant events from your life. You can ignore me at all. Treatment has already begun. you can sleep; if you don't want to, don't sleep but your eyelids are heavy. The reserves of your body are endless. It is not the doctor's power that works, but your own abilities. You are now relaxed, your breathing is even, your heart is beating evenly and calmly. I do not impose anything on you, I do not inspire anything. You yourself will choose from my words everything that you need. But the environment does not bother you anymore; it faded into the background, dissolved. You can take a break from my words for a while, imagine yourself on the seashore. The sun pleasantly warms you, your body is warm and heavy. You don't have to sleep, but it's so nice. You just want to relax and sleep."

This method, suitable external data and competent construction of the session helped many viewers to activate the internal reserves of the body, which we have already talked about. First of all, easily suggestible and emotional people were able to do this. The bulk of the "healing" falls on their share.

During the televised sessions, high numbers of cures for various diseases were cited. Although in relation to the total number of possible viewers, this percentage is small, but the figure strengthened faith in Anatoly Mikhailovich. First, he confidently held himself in front of the TV cameras, while managing to retain the external accessories of the hypnotist: the appropriate look, posture, gestures, voice timbre, intonation. Secondly, the vast majority of the population did not know anything at all about the work of psychotherapists, so many telesessions were perceived as a "magical action", which, of course, increased their effect. Thirdly, the unusual behavior of some people in the hall had a considerable indirect effect on the perception of the audience. As the cameramen showed, some turned their heads, others waved their arms, others slowly, as if dancing, moved around the hall. Such actions of easily suggestible spectators due to their boundless faith in the possibilities of A. Kashpirovsky caused the so-called induction among those present, infecting them with the same feelings.

Sessions by A. Chumak

In the light of the foregoing, the effects that A. Chumak achieved by “charging” water, cream, ointments, newspapers and magazines are easily explained. Of course, it was not the objects that were "charged" but the minds of the viewers were "charged". Those who had increased suggestibility and ardently believed in A. Chumak received positive changes in their state of health, since “charged” objects brought a pronounced “placebo effect”.

Those who had a sharply negative attitude to the “recharging” procedure (or to A. Chumak himself), received evidence of the harm of such sessions through self-hypnosis. In both cases, the mechanism of influence was the same and was inside the people themselves, and their fierce disputes only created good publicity for A. Chumak.

Psychics

The influx of sorcerers, magicians and psychics that followed the speeches of A. Kashpirovsky was, in fact, a perversion of the foundations of scientific psychology and psychotherapy, since it was based on the elementary illiteracy of people and their habit of creating another idol.

Minsk psychologist Leonid Levit gives the following advice to overly gullible people: “When meeting with another psychic, ask him a specific question (for example, what tooth do you have a crown on or what did you hurt in childhood) and carefully observe the reaction of the interlocutor. Much will become clear to you in the first few seconds. If you are embarrassed by the situation of exposing such a “healer” more than he himself, then at least do not trust him with your personality and your health - the most precious thing you have.

About the dangers and benefits of swearing

From time to time one has to come across statements that plants “feel” when they are going to “do something bad”, “understand” the words that portend danger for them.

Does the word have a similar physical force? Linguists from the Moscow Research Institute of Linguistics, together with biologists, finally decided to answer this question and conducted an experiment on plants. Arabidopsis, which acts as a guinea pig in botany, was cursed. The Evil Fury was replaced by a wave generator, which increased the emotional intensity of ordinary words to the stage of white heat. It turned out that in terms of the strength of the impact, swearing was compared with powerful radiation: DNA chains broke, chromosomes broke up and genes got mixed up. Most of the seeds died, and those that survived mutated. The most interesting thing is that the result did not depend on the sound volume at all. I immediately remembered the sorcerers who whisper their conspiracies.

There has long been a belief among the people: an envious, evil person with a bad word can cause harm. For such, they even composed a saying: “Pip on your tongue!”.

If swearing has such a power that even unconscious plants can catch it, then the question arises: what role do swearing have on human health?

The fact that they bring harm to the one they fall upon is clear. It is no coincidence that we react painfully to abuse addressed to us. And for the health of the cursing themselves?

Not so long ago, linguists found an “ideal” society - these are the Himalayan Sherpas: they have forbidden fights, murders, violence, swearing. However, as it turned out, this seemingly prosperous people is the most uncomfortable in the world. Sherpas are like a bomb ready to explode. Once a year, they are allowed to cross the line of what is permitted in the language in competitions in rhetoric, and this turns into many days of bloody brawls.

It turns out that swear words are a valve through which the body gets rid of destructive energy.

We need obscene and swear words like milk to a growing organism. Without profanity, our energy would burn us from the inside. The Institute of Linguistics advised: if you want to swear, then it’s better not to hold back, but to bury yourself in a corner or fence so as not to spray harmful waves, and swear hard. And for the offenders, you need to keep the formula at the ready: "I wish you the same." Harmless to others, but in fact - "tit for tat". But we must remember that curses also have a reverse connection: the one who pronounces them brings trouble on his own head.

Coding

It represents nothing more than a kind of directive suggestion, a command. If a person does not want to stop drinking, and his will resists the doctor's will, then there will be no effect from coding. Such a procedure helps, first of all, those people who really decide to “tie up”. In order to increase the level of suggestibility of patients before and during coding, various frightening "rituals" can be used. (Recall that in a state of nervous stress, a person's criticality to incoming information decreases and, accordingly, suggestibility increases.)

So, one resourceful psychotherapist put two hefty guys dressed in white coats at the door of the office in which coding took place. "Protection" drilled with the eyes of each visitor entering the office, creating a stressful state in him. At the end of the coding, the doctor "for medical purposes" irrigated the patient's mouth with a solution that formed blisters. When such a person with "foam at the mouth" left the office, it made a strong impression on those who were still waiting for their turn. Needless to say, the effect of coding was very great!

In developed countries, such directive methods in psychology and psychotherapy are now fading into the background, giving way to group psychotherapy and NLP (neuro-linguistic programming; read about it below). The reason is that in democratic states human freedom is one of the main values. In our country, entire generations have been brought up in such a way that they are ready (and even willing) to obey orders.

Suggestion via computer

In 1998, Japan was rocked by a scandal over showing cartoons for children. The alternation of bright red flashes led to the fact that the children lost their appetite, became withdrawn, irritable, some even ended up in the hospital with a diagnosis of "nervous exhaustion". This cartoon was made on a computer.

"Bewitching" programs on computers appeared in the late 80s, when the first color monitors went on sale. One of the most popular programs of the time was written in the US, called "Dazzle" and was installed on tens of thousands of computers. It is doubtful that its creators pursued any malicious goals. It was a beautiful screensaver that could decorate the interior while the computer was not working. Colored streaks ran across the screen, forming intricate patterns that never repeat. However, Dazzle's experts on psychophysical influence quickly improved it by streamlining the change of pictures, choosing the right color scheme and special music for them. The program began to hypnotize the viewer, put him into a trance.

“A friend gave me a floppy disk with this program, he only warned me not to turn it on at full capacity,” said Igor Serov, one of those who study the “side” effects of new computer programs. - I remember well my state when I sat down in a chair in front of the monitor and clicked on the "mouse". At first, I didn’t seem to notice anything, and then it began to seem to me that a funnel appeared in the middle of the screen, the walls in the room began to bend, the floor began to sway, and there was a wild pain in my eyes. I found the strength in myself to reach the “Power” button with the toe of my boot and cut off the current.

Such programs achieve the desired result by combining video and audio effects, causing resonance at the alpha frequency of the brain. Such screensavers are called psionic. However, there is no evidence that such programs have caused anything more than temporary health problems.

How do psionic programs get into a computer? You can buy it on a tray that sells "left", that is, pirated discs. Now there are a lot of programs offering to turn them on and relax, rest, "know yourself." What is really written on them and what effect can be when running these programs is unknown. But most likely, such programs can get onto your computer along with a virus. And it is this technology of transferring destructive software that will develop at a fantastic pace in the near future.

“I have not yet come across viruses that affect the psyche of someone who sits at a computer,” said Kirill Zhuchkov, manager of Kaspersky Lab. “However, lately, in the new generation of viruses, there has been a noticeable tendency not to destroy your programs, but to take control of what you do on your computer. For example, one of the most common viruses over the past month, Back Orifice, is engaged in removing passwords, addresses, and technical parameters from your machine without your knowledge. And then those who sent the virus to you get full access to your computer and are able to immediately monitor what commands you are executing, what texts you are typing.

Quite naturally, following the desire to control your computer, secret programmers may also want to control you. The development of technology provides truly unlimited possibilities for this. Already in the first years of the new millennium, computers should appear that are not inferior to humans in terms of data processing speed and intelligence. Further building up of such abilities will go exponentially.

There are great prospects for zombifying those who work on a computer, especially those connected to the Internet.

G hypnosis and crime detection

One of the first Russian criminologists who used hypnosis to solve crimes was the famous detective Nikolai Petrovich Arkharov, who headed the Moscow police at the end of the 18th century. As contemporaries recalled, “It was enough for Arkharov to look into the eyes of the person convicted of the crime for him to admit his guilt or swear innocence.” In a calm conversation, Arkharov even managed to talk to the prisoner Emelyan Pugachev, who until now had been silent in the dungeons of the secret political police.

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, the metropolitan police often turned to the famous Russian psychiatrist Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev for advice. Using hypnosis and other techniques, Bekhterev gave conclusions about the sanity and character of the most dangerous murderers, rapists, swindlers and other criminals. Bekhterev collaborated with the "organs" under the Soviet regime.

One of the best students of Bekhterev and part-time employee of the Special Department at the OGPU, engaged in secret developments in the field of secret sciences, was Alexander Vasilyevich Barchenko. In the 1920s, he made several secret trips to Siberia and Altai to get acquainted with the psychic abilities of shamans and Buddhist monks. Bit by bit, Barchenko also collected the secret knowledge of the Russian sects eunuchs, runners, whips, etc., who widely practiced hypnosis. He developed for the OGPU methods of psychological influence on the arrested, which were then used to prepare the trials of "enemies of the people" - with their public repentance. In 1937, Barchenko was arrested and shot, along with the head of the Special Department, Gleb Bokiy. And his archive was confiscated by the secret services and, according to information leaked to the press, was used for practical purposes until the 1990s.

Hypnosis crimes

There are many legends about hypnotist criminals. But few people know that all these stories are not just stories. A few years ago, the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation created a unit at its research institute, which one would like to call "the department for combating hypnotism." It includes several major hypnotist specialists who help operatives solve crimes related to the use of suggestion. Professor, Colonel of the Medical Service, Doctor of Medical Sciences Leonid Grimak works in this department as the chief researcher. And based on the materials of criminal cases, he wrote the book "Hypnosis and Crime."

— Leonid Pavlovich, where did the idea of ​​creating your department come from?

- In the early 90s, many psychics appeared who claimed that they could find missing people, cars, solve murders. The Ministry of Internal Affairs instructed us to deal with them in order to understand whether it is possible to work with them seriously. And we gradually noticed amazing things. For example, in February 1993, one of the psychics (by the way, a senior police sergeant) managed to solve 16 crimes in a row. He came to the Yekaterinburg pre-trial detention center, and people under investigation were called to him. He looked at everyone and almost immediately began to describe in detail the circumstances of the crime. These were mostly burglaries - and he described in detail the situation and the interior of the robbed houses. This case is documented, there is even filming. But when, three months later, we brought the psychic to Moscow to involve him in solving more complicated crimes, he could no longer do anything. Apparently, from time to time he fell into some borderline states. It was no longer possible to repeat the success, moreover, he went crazy ... Then a couple of times we came across similar phenomena, but it turned out to be impossible to streamline the process of solving crimes with the help of psychics, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs stopped working with them.

- Have you encountered criminal psychics?

“We have seen crimes committed with the help of hypnosis, but not only psychics have used it. These were school teachers, pop hypnotists, doctors. And most often they committed rape. For example, several years ago, not without our help, we managed to successfully complete the criminal case of a district doctor who practiced in a city in Central Russia. He hypnotized two schoolgirls who came to see him. He inspired them with complete obedience, ordered them to come to the clinic. And raped them on every visit. Now serving time.

In our production, there were several cases when pop hypnotists fished out especially suggestible girls from the hall where they performed and then simply sculpted from them, like their clay, whatever they wanted. Everything was revealed when one of the girls suddenly became pregnant. In general, it is very difficult to prove such a crime, since the victim does not remember anything. For example, there is a case when one boy, who accidentally noticed hypnotic abilities in himself, put his cousin into a trance for several years and seduced him. And everything was discovered by chance: someone caught him doing this.

Therefore, when Kashpirovsky's television bacchanalia took place in our country, I was very afraid that schoolchildren would massively use hypnosis to seduce classmates.

Fortunately, this did not happen. Although, perhaps, some cases are simply unknown to us.

“And banks weren’t robbed with the help of hypnosis?”

- I don’t remember, although such cases are described in special literature. The criminals put the cashier into a trance, he himself gave them the money, and then he could not remember anything. We saw other crimes, for example, how some kind of camp urka subjugates inmates with the help of hypnosis.

- And how do criminals know hypnosis?

- They do not use scientific hypnosis, but the so-called "folk", which has long been used in magic, divination. When some village old woman "removes damage" from a neighbor, she tries to neutralize one hypnotic suggestion with another. Thieves in law operate in similar ways. But they give other installations - for complete submission. By the way, I noticed that modern political image makers use similar techniques.

- Can a hypnotist completely establish power over another person?

- Usually, even in a deep trance, a person will not carry out the suggestion of a hypnotist if it goes against his moral principles. But there are groups of people who are ready to succumb to any foreign influence - criminals, homeless people, drug addicts.

- There is an opinion that neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), a newfangled psychotechnology, allows you to do something similar with a person.

- This is a very serious technique, I use it to treat patients. A competent NLP master can put a person into hypnosis in any situation.

- Have you met with crimes committed with the help of NLP?

- I think no one can solve such crimes yet. They won't even notice. So I meet you, greet you, and while shaking hands, squeezing it in a special way, I put you into a trance. Then I clean your pockets. Then I give the command to you to forget all this and wake up. And you only remember that you said hello to someone, went on and suddenly found that the wallet had disappeared ...

- Do investigators use hypnosis to force a criminal to confess?

- From the point of view of the Criminal Code, this is illegal. However, there is an order from the Minister of the Interior that allows the use of hypnosis when interrogating witnesses or victims. Very often, the victims forget the signs of the offender, and we help them remember them. The accused can also fall under hypnosis, but only at a personal request. And testimony made under hypnosis has no legal force.

- Is it possible to turn a criminal into a normal person with the help of hypnosis?

- I think that a person commits crimes in a state of self-hypnosis. It is authentically known that it was with the help of hypnosis that primitive people were controlled. There is an element of hypnosis in any mass action - remember the Nazi marches or parades on Red Square. There are more hypnotic programs in human society than is commonly thought.

Have you practiced hypnosis yourself?

This is how I started my medical career. Before working at the Ministry of Internal Affairs, I used hypnosis to conduct research with astronauts and test pilots.

- I heard that you treated Shchelokov, the former head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

- He had neuritis of the brachial nerve, I relieved his pain by suggestion. And look at this portrait - it was my most important patient.

— Kozhedub?!
- Fifteen years treated - a severe disease of the cerebral vessels. Until the end of his life from time to time spent with him sessions of hypnotherapy.

Hypnosis and memory

In 1993, like thunder, America was rocked by the case of a certain Meryl A. The unfortunate old maid, who spent her young years caring for her adored father, suddenly went to court demanding that he be found guilty of violence against her while she was a child and pay a multi-million dollar lawsuit. . A few days earlier, in a psychiatric center, under hypnosis, they helped her to bring to light the memories of her childhood. And Meryl remembered how, in the summer, in a clearing near the old garage, her father had committed indecent acts with her.

“Do you really have a villa in that place?” Mr. A. was asked in the courtroom.

- She was until Meryl was 4 years old.

“Is there a garage in the clearing?”

- Probably, yes, it was.

The court found the father guilty.

An avalanche of such lawsuits swept over not only America, but also the countries of Western Europe. “Modern psychoanalysts can lift the deepest layers of memory,” the newspapers wrote. And as a result, claims against parents from children offended in childhood began to grow like a snowball. It was enough for the courts to have one confirmation of the doctors in order to initiate criminal cases on the claims of those who went through hypnosis. On the resurrection of memories, tens of thousands of psychoanalysts have made their careers. Sobering up came only after a book called “Victims of Memory” was published, in which the accused father wrote: “I was found guilty of something that never happened. I have never hurt my daughters." Hundreds of stories about slandered parents were also collected there ... The society immediately asked the question: how could this happen?

Canadian neurosurgeon Walter Penfield was the first to notice that if a scalpel touches certain areas in the temporal part of the brain during an operation, patients suddenly begin to remember the smallest details of long-standing events. As soon as the scalpel was removed, the visions stopped from the same moment. “We don’t forget anything at all!” - this sensation in the late 80s blew up the scientific community.

The case of a 62-year-old man was the first to thunder. The former bricklayer recalled that as a boy, helping to restore a church in one town, he laid the sixth brick with a crack in the fifth row. A meticulous psychiatrist went to this church and made sure that this brick is still split in two today. The next sensational report was that a certain Sibyl N., under hypnosis, remembered that her father, when she was a child, had killed an unfamiliar woman in front of her eyes. The police brigade that went to the indicated place found a buried corpse under an apple tree. Sibylla's father was condemned.

“Sometimes children manage to instruct the brain to forget information,” comments Konstantin Anokhin, head of the joint Russian-British laboratory for the neuroscience of memory. - This can happen when the opposite concepts of "father" and "rapist" or "father" and "murderer" do not fit in the children's imagination. This is a defense mechanism that takes information to the subconscious so that the child can become a normal person. But the reverse process can also occur: the brain, as a result of an unknown failure, produces pseudo-memories.

... The idea of ​​the experiment, the results of which again turned all ideas about memory, was born on a day when all of America was in shock from the Challenger disaster. A group of American psychologists asked university students to describe in detail the moment they heard about the catastrophe. Four years later, the same group was given the task of repeating their memories. And it turned out that each of the students confidently described ... a completely different situation.

There are three main forms of influence on a person: hypnosis; suggestion when a person is completely relaxed, both mental and physical; suggestion in daily life, while the individual is awake.

The impact of this kind is aimed at reducing the vigilance of a person, weakening his thought processes to receive information, while using the emotions of the suggestible. That is, during the installation, new information is associated with facts already familiar to a person, people, situations that cause purely positive emotions in him. This allows you to win over the individual, inspire his confidence. It should be borne in mind that if negative emotions appear, the installation will be completely rejected.

1) Persuasion. Suggestion and persuasion are similar and at the same time radically different concepts. The latter can be equated with a subspecies of suggestion. This method of influence uses logical techniques combined with social and psychological pressure. That is, references to authoritative sources of information, the influence of a group of individuals are used here as a tool. In the latter case, persuasion works more effectively, since the group effect on a person is stronger than the effect of one individual on another. Persuasion is directed directly at the logic and mind of a person. Therefore, the impact takes into account the level of development of the individual. At a low level, persuasion may not work, since underdeveloped individuals usually lack logical thinking completely or partially.

2) Hypnosis and suggestion the concepts are practically inseparable. Hypnosis is a state in which a person is between sleep and wakefulness. In another way, hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness, a trance. The hypnotist uses various techniques to put a person into a trance, influencing the psyche of the hypnotized. The hypnotist performs several actions simultaneously: introducing into a trance; introduction into the subconscious of one's own attitudes, suggestion of certain tasks. A person is immersed in a hypnotic state through constant, monotonous actions of a hypnotist aimed at irritating certain sense organs: touch (touch, stroking); hearing (muted music, calm tone of voice); vision (fixing the gaze on any attribute of the hypnotist). Also, some hypnotists practice a complete blockage of the senses - physical relaxation, closing the eyes during the session. A person can enter a hypnotic state only if his brain has a predisposition to transitions into an inhibited state.

3) Self-hypnosis. This subspecies of suggestion is a technique of self-government. A person constantly inspires himself with any thoughts, imposes emotions and a desire to act. The impact on one's own self is actively used in pedagogy, education, self-study in various sciences. Self-hypnosis is a psychological suggestion that helps you overcome your own fears and achieve your goal. The main forms of this impact are:
1) affirmations - text and speech suggestions;
2) visualization - images and pictures that create a mood, personifying a specific goal;
3) meditation and self-hypnosis - suggestion with thoughts.
Self-hypnosis does not always give a positive attitude, often a person unconsciously inspires himself with a negative outcome of events, mentally underestimates self-esteem. This does not allow the individual to develop and improve normally. Therefore, self-hypnosis must always be positive and conscious. The effectiveness of the impact depends on the person's susceptibility to attitudes, as well as their quality - incorrect and unrealistic attitudes are usually not perceived by the subconscious

Methods and types of suggestion.
Basically, suggestion is a verbal, verbal influence, enhanced by various auxiliary techniques. According to historical data, the word has always had a strong influence on a person, it helped to cure dangerous diseases, it could stop and unleash a war. In any of the methods, the impact first irritates one of the areas of the brain, while simultaneously slowing down the work of the remaining part of it, and then, with the help of a discharge, the suggested thought, word or idea is firmly fixed in the subconscious. Suggestion mechanisms are:

1) Direct. Here the main role is played by the speech of the person directing the suggestion.

2) Indirect. In addition to speech, other types of influence are used, stimuli that enhance the effect of suggestion.

3) Verbal, or verbal suggestion. The impact of this kind implies a complete immersion of the suggestible in a relaxed state. This increases the strength of the verbal signals sent by the suggestor. The latter must be completely confident in his own abilities, collected and focused on the implementation of his plans.
Verbal or verbal suggestion has several subspecies:
- Direct. Here, simple settings are used that are understandable both to the suggestor himself and to the suggestible. They are quickly spoken out and carried out, while the suggestible does not have the opportunity to refuse to accept the installation. This method of suggestion was previously used to block the pain syndrome during operations.
- Indirect. With such an impact, a person does not understand what the suggestor is trying to achieve from him, and he has a choice whether to accept the installation or resist it. - - - Open verbal suggestion. Here, the suggestible is offered several different attitudes, by accepting which, he can begin to act. The success of suggestion depends on the person's attitude to the information received.

4) Hidden verbal suggestion. This is the combination of the calm speech of the individual with certain hidden orders (commands, settings). All phrases and individual words are pronounced insistently, but at the same time calmly and evenly, not too loudly. The voice must contain the strength and confidence of the suggestor. The power of suggestion with words increases several times if phrases are constantly repeated, since repetition helps to fix new information in the subconscious of the suggested. Non-verbal suggestion The impact is carried out with the help of visual contact with the suggestible, changes in the intonation of the suggestor, various gestures, fixing a person's gaze on a constantly moving object. Words are used here as an auxiliary tool.

Suggestion is a method of psychological influence on the consciousness of an individual or a group of people, based on non-critical (and often unconscious) perception of information.

During suggestion, information containing ready-made conclusions is first perceived, and then motives and attitudes of a certain behavior are formed on its basis. In the process of suggestion, the intellectual (analytical-synthesizing) activity of consciousness is either absent or significantly weakened, and the perception of information, moods, feelings, behavior patterns is based on the mechanisms of infection and imitation.

Suggestion must have the following characteristics:

1. Purposefulness and planning.

The inspiring influence is carried out on the basis of specific goals and objectives, corresponding to the plans of psychological operations and the conditions in which they are carried out.

2. The specificity of the object of suggestion.

The inspiring influence is effective in relation to strictly defined groups of the population and military personnel of the enemy, with the obligatory consideration of their most important socio-psychological, national and other characteristics.

3. Uncritical perception of information by the object of suggestion.

The inspiring influence implies a very low level of criticality and consciousness of the object. Unlike persuasion, suggestion is not based on the logic and reason of a person, but on his ability to take the words of another person for granted, as an instruction for action. Therefore, it does not need either a system of logical proofs or active mental activity.

4. Definiteness of initiated behavior.

The ultimate goal of suggestion is to provoke certain reactions, certain actions of the object of influence, corresponding to the goals of the psychological operation.

The effectiveness of an inspiring influence usually depends on:

• a) the subject's ability to suggest, associated with such qualities as:
  • intelligence and resourcefulness;
  • · will and self-confidence;
  • · outlook and competence;
  • goodwill towards the object;
  • own belief in what is being suggested.
• b) the content of the suggestion, depending on:
  • The nature of the suggested information;
  • Its place in the information flow (if the suggestible information is located at its beginning, then the susceptibility to suggestion can be conditionally estimated at 50%, in the middle - at 30%, at the end - at 70%).
• c) the suggestibility of the object of influence associated with the relationship of the object to the subject. The object of suggestion always studies the subject (mostly unconsciously), and in the following sequence:
  • First, there is an assessment of those qualities of the subject that determine his ability to inspire (i.e. his intellect, competence, resourcefulness, will, benevolence, conviction), on the basis of which a measure of “trust-distrust” is established for him;
  • Then the object, as it were, finds out for itself whether the subject has a psychological superiority over him (it has been established that with a general positive attitude towards the subject, the object can even attribute to him such psychological qualities that he does not actually possess, and with a general negative attitude, the object “deprives "of the subject and those qualities that are really inherent in him).

Suggestion can be classified on various grounds:

• By way of inspiring influence;
• by means of influence;
• by the time interval between exposure and response;
• by the duration of the effect of exposure;
• by the content of the impact.
• 1. According to the method of influence, suggestion is open or closed.

Open (direct) suggestion is a suggestion with a specific, clearly defined goal. For example, people are encouraged to take certain actions. Open suggestion is characterized by a direct focus on a specific object of influence.

Closed (indirect) suggestion is characterized by the disguise of the goal, or it does not have a direct focus on the one who is the true object of influence.

2. According to the means of influence, suggestion can be contact or remote.

Contact action is carried out in conditions of direct communication with the object.

Remote influence is carried out with the help of mass media. In this case, the feedback between the subject and the object of inspiring influence is excluded.

3. According to the time interval between the suggestive influence and the response of the object, direct and delayed suggestion are distinguished.

With "direct" suggestion, the response of the object occurs immediately after the perception of the suggestive influence.

With a "delayed" suggestion, there is a certain time gap between the impact and the response of the object (a setting is created for the suggestion to work in the future).

4. In terms of duration, the inspiring effect can be short-term and long-term.

Short-term suggestion is characterized by a short period of effectiveness of the impact.

Long-term suggestion is characterized by the preservation of the impact for a sufficiently long time period.

Specific - this is the suggestion to the object of certain, very specific ideas, attitudes, motives in order to replace existing ones and provoke a certain behavioral reaction in him.

Nonspecific suggestion is understood as the provocation of certain mental states in the object.

Methods of persuasion and suggestion do not exhaust the entire arsenal of methods and techniques of psychological influence, but there is no doubt about their effectiveness.

“We met with my girlfriend after work. Marina is a distributor of cosmetics of a well-known company, but she prefers to call herself a “business woman”. We cross paths quite often, she advises that it is better to buy from the products of her company, knocks out all sorts of discounts, sometimes gives small gifts from the manufacturer, in general, the emotions from our cooperation are always the most positive. Today we had this conversation:

- I saw Ninka today (our mutual friend), can you imagine, she left work. In free, so to speak, swimming - Marina said casually, as if discussing the weather. The news shocked me.

— Yes you that! Well, she was simply delighted with this law firm, and she had a rather big experience there, right after graduation.

- Well, you never know. She is still young, promising, good recommendations. Many now do not like to sit out their pants in a stuffy office, and for what? For the boss to put more money in his pocket, while squeezing all the juice out of you and specifically underpaying at the same time? It is logical that she might want to start something of her own.

- Yes, it's good to do your job. It's just hard, in my opinion. Well, she's a smart girl, she can handle it.

Marina shrugged her shoulders and did not answer. Her phone rang, she got ready.

- The goods were brought, I need to work. she said and sighed.

A couple of days later, Marina brought my order to my work, which was noticed by other employees, she quickly switched to them, chirping something, showing the catalog, and distributing free samples. Having made a couple of notes, she returned to me with a pleased look, and said:

“Well, that’s all, perhaps I’ve had enough work for today.

— What, already?

- Why not? In these two weeks I will receive as much as I received in a month at my previous job. I can afford to relax.

The next time I dropped in on her way home to pick up my order, Marina was not alone. She told some girl about low purchase prices, about bonuses and discounts for her as an employee, about the percentage from each person brought in, in general, devoted to her work. When the girl left, I asked Marina:

Is it really as good as it sounds?

Yes, we are transparent and open. In fact, this is my own business - I do not work for an organization, but I cooperate. I buy a product from them in bulk and sell it, plus they give some more advantages, you heard. My income depends only on myself, the working day, weekends are all my decision. Plus a percentage of the sales of the people brought in - I drink coffee, and the money goes, and everyone is happy. If you want, I can sign you up for a free seminar, just listen to what and how, and who knows, you might like it. If not, then just get the perfume for free.

- Well, perhaps you can try. And when is he?

Marina is a typical representative of a retail chain operating on MLM technology (multi-level marketing) or network marketing. It may seem that her goal is to find as many customers as possible in order to sell more products, but everything is not so simple. The goal of any network marketing is to attract as many employees as possible to create increased turnover, and hence profits. Employees are taught all sorts of psychological techniques developed by the smartest people with degrees in psychology, behavioral sciences, marketing.

The simplest is suggestion. This type of impact often goes unnoticed by the client, because everything is set up so that he thinks that everything depends on his own choice. But this is fundamentally not the case. In the example described above, it is clearly seen that Marina did not use any pressure, trying to "recruit" her friend into her ranks, so as not to stumble upon the natural defensive reaction of the psyche to the negative. Against. The friendly atmosphere, the phrases said as if “by the way” about a person’s unwillingness to work for someone else’s “uncle”, about their own “easy money”, about the free disposal of time - all this is based on the natural desire of each person “to earn more and do less”. Such simple words resonate in the subconscious of the “victim”, because they were not addressed directly, calling only for indirect consent, as a result of which, the client seems to make the decision to attend such a useful seminar and try to work in network marketing. A chain of intermediate suggestions is built:

- it's better to work for yourself

- money can be obtained in an easier way

- independence and many advantages

As a result, the “victim” of such a gradual suggestion comes to the conclusion that he also wants to work as a cosmetics distributor. Everything is simple.

The psychology of suggestion and persuasion, in principle, works for the same result - the interlocutor must accept your point of view. The difference between these concepts is achieved due to the difference in methods of influence.

When persuading, the opponent must realize the judgments put forward to him, analyze them, and eventually agree with the initially opposite opinion. Everything is simple here, it is enough to find strong arguments in your favor, or vice versa, firmly defend your position.

Suggestion works differently. The essence of suggestion is that the interlocutor could not critically (read, consciously) perceive incoming information, in the form for which it is presented. By themselves, the phrase is chosen such that the interlocutor shows the expected reaction, but so that he thinks he came to such conclusions himself. This is what the people often refer to as "wisdom", especially when it comes to wives and their covert manipulation of their husbands.

Methods of suggestion, the difference between suggestion and persuasion

The psychology of methods of suggestion and persuasion is described in a variety of ways. In the most general form, they can be divided into:

• verbal
• non-verbal
• intentional
• unintentional.

Verbal suggestion is a method of influence through the use of verbal attitudes.

Non-verbal - intonations, gestures, facial expressions, "body language" are used.

Intentional - when the goal for suggestion is clearly present, and in order to achieve it, various steps are taken in this direction.

Unintentional - when the suggestion occurs arbitrarily, without any purpose and intention to influence something.

To understand the psychological aspects of suggestion and persuasion, consider the situation. The boss is about to promote one of the employees, and he is considering your candidacy and your colleague.

You can influence the method of persuasion:

“- Hello, A.I. I heard you're planning a reshuffle, let me explain how I'm better suited for a higher position.

- Continue.

- I worked in this company for n years, went from assistant to senior manager, I know "from and to" the whole process of supporting transactions of this kind and ... (etc)

— Yes, perhaps you will be more competent in a new position, as your experience and achievements speak for themselves. Begin your new duties on Monday.

In this situation, the boss hesitated in selecting an employee, but the active argumentation of his position by one of them led to a change in the initial opinion in the direction necessary for the person.

The same situation can be influenced using the psychology of suggestion (in an informal setting):

“- Hello, A.I. You heard how a young man was hired as the director of a department in the company "K ..", they say, he has all sorts of certificates, he is literate, something like our Ivanov, so he flunked the work of the entire department, now they are suffering losses. It's a pity, of course, the boy tried for sure, experience, most likely, let him down.

- Yes, unfortunately, this happens, people do not live up to expectations.

— You need to carefully approach the choice of leadership positions.

- Agree.

In one day.

- Do you know what happened in the company "A"? They became our competitors so suddenly because they put in directors an employee who went almost from the very bottom to the top, and thanks to the fact that he knew the company inside and out, he managed to avoid many organizational mistakes, and now they have just a crazy turnover , can you imagine?

- Yes, they are great, but now it will be difficult for us.

And after some time.

- AI, you can congratulate me. This week I made three good deals for our company, so I think that soon the competitors will not be so scary for us (hereinafter unobtrusive self-promotion).

We should talk elsewhere. How do you feel about your raise? We'll discuss this in my office in an hour."

In this case, the boss does not directly go with the “choose me” setting, but gently indicates the possibility of a failure of a younger colleague, and the possible success of a more experienced you, which ends, again, as if, by the way, with your achievements, and brings the person to the one you need result, by means of the fact that the boss allegedly decided everything himself.

Step-by-step instruction: how to calculate and resist suggestion

Suggestion and persuasion are ubiquitous phenomena. Many social processes are possible only thanks to them. Suggestion and persuasion arise in communication, in education, in work, in relationships, in self-development (positive self-hypnosis).

The strength of the process of influence depends on many factors - on the nature of the influence, the emotional maturity of the individual, on the authority of the person being suggested, on the conditions for conducting it, on the level of education, etc.

The rules of suggestion and persuasion work according to certain rules, most often used:

• Speculation with data, information about the true scale and phenomena arbitrarily changes, most often in a positive direction. (Statistical data on federal channels)
• Unreliability of messages (half-truth) - that part of the information that can be profitably taught is offered, the rest is hushed up. (“Favorable” installments offered by stores)
• Fragmentation and randomness of information, leading to confusion and uncertainty in the opponent. (Verbosity of consultants, civil servants)
• Repetition of phrases. Frequent use of messages, especially of a stimulating nature, makes attention weaken, a person reacts less to the meaning of such messages, but they are strongly imprinted in memory, which affects the choice of opponents in the end (advertising, election campaigns).

Most often, persuasion and suggestion in communication manifests itself as follows - you are not allowed to say anything, but only agree, and then at best. The speaker constantly tells something, actively gesticulates, sincerely looks into the eyes ... and completely controls the course of the conversation.

You can resist the methods of suggestion and persuasion with the help of a small instruction:

• Say no.

A simple word can save you from many problems. Sacredly believing people at their word is not the most useful habit. It is necessary to critically approach any information, even coming from relatives and friends. This does not mean that now it is necessary to look for a “double bottom” in everything. You just need to get into the habit of asking yourself why they are telling you something, and whether you need it. As an example, if you are told that you do not take good care of your grandmother, and they offer to go to her country house to collect beetle from potatoes when you have other plans, then it will not be shameful to refuse at all. The concept of what care is for each person is different, and it is absolutely normal that you do not put the interests of others above your own, and do not follow the lead of those who themselves are trying to avoid such work by manipulating your conscience.

• Appreciate yourself and your time.

Surely you have noticed that in front of an authoritative person, your own convictions begin to weaken? For example, you know for sure that you have long deserved a vacation, and you have already built a plan in your head for your conversation with your boss, but in his office you lose your determination and go further to the workplace, as there is no one to work, because half of the department is already resting. Here you need to learn to defend your interests, and change your views only if there are serious arguments.

• Break the pattern. By any means.

It is an excellent remedy against the psychology of suggestion and persuasion, as well as hypnosis. Do not let your head be intoxicated with distracting phrases, but immediately stop such behavior of the manipulator in the bud. For example, returning to the beginning of the article, when Marina began to talk about a friend who had lost her job, it was worth answering something like “what a free swim, she’s afraid of water.” Such a ridiculous comment will confuse the manipulator, and the ratio of persuasion and suggestion in the speaker's speech will come to naught. If the person did not mean anything bad, then there will be an occasion for a funny joke, from which no one will be harmed.

• Control the conversation, ask questions, appeal to your own knowledge.

There are a lot of jokes on the Web about how, with a couple of simple questions, unfortunate manipulators are driven into such a dead end where they can’t get out, because in addition to the memorized instructions for suggestion and persuasion, they no longer have knowledge. For example, the story, when the consultant first gave a flashlight, and then insisted that the gift consisted only in a big discount on it, the unabashed client retorted that according to the law, “to give is to give as a gift free of charge”, if there is an act of donation claims, the parties can challenge them in court if they wish. The question was closed.

Total

So, persuasion and suggestion can be a powerful weapon in the hands of a knowledgeable person. To resist them, you need to rely only on your head, soberly assessing the words of the interlocutor, understand the purpose for which they say something to you.

Have you ever thought that every person during his life voluntarily or involuntarily becomes such a manipulator who, through persuasion or suggestion, gains power over parents, friends, colleagues, the opposite sex? Do you realize what methods of influence you are using now, and in what area is this most evident? Analyzing the answers to these questions, you take one more step towards understanding yourself, become one step higher in the pursuit of self-development.