home › This is interesting › The meaning, objectives, conditions of physical education. Connection with other areas of education

The meaning, objectives, conditions of physical education. Connection with other areas of education

The founder of the scientific system of physical education (initially education), which harmoniously promotes the mental development and moral education of a young person, is the Russian teacher, anatomist and doctor Pyotr Frantsevich Lesgaft (1837-1909) in Russia. The “Courses for Teachers and Leaders of Physical Education,” created by him in 1896, was the first higher educational institution in Russia for training specialists in physical education, the prototype of the modern St. Petersburg Academy of Physical Culture named after P. F. Lesgaft. Graduates of the Academy receive higher education in physical education and become specialists in various fields of physical education, including in the field of physical education, that is, the acquisition by people of the values of physical education. In relation to work in higher educational institutions, such a specialist is called a teacher of physical education, or a teacher of the department of physical education. It is necessary to distinguish between the terms “physical education” as professional training in special educational institutions and “physical education” in its original (according to P.F. Lesgaft) sense of physical education. In English, the term “physical education” can be used in both senses. It should also be borne in mind that the English term “en:physical culture” in the sense of our broad concept of “physical culture” is not used abroad. There, depending on the specific direction of physical education, the words “en: sport”, “en: physical education”, “en: physical training”, “en: fitness”, etc. are used. Physical education in unity with mental, moral, aesthetic and labor education ensures the comprehensive development of the individual. Moreover, these aspects of the general process of education are manifested to a significant extent in the process of physical education itself, organized accordingly.

In higher educational institutions, the process of physical education of students is carried out at the Department of Physical Education through the academic discipline “Physical Culture”.

The goal of physical education is achieved in solving interrelated health-improving, developmental, educational and educational tasks.

The health-improving and developmental objectives of physical education include:

· strengthening health and hardening the body;

· harmonious development of the body and physiological functions of the body;

· comprehensive development of physical and mental qualities;

· ensuring a high level of performance and creative longevity.

It is believed that in order to accomplish these tasks, the total time of educational and training sessions in the discipline “Physical Education” and additional independent physical exercises and sports for each student should be at least 5 hours per week. (Kuznetsov V.S. 2000)

Protecting one's own health is the immediate responsibility of everyone; he has no right to shift it to others. After all, it often happens that a person, through an incorrect lifestyle, bad habits, physical inactivity, and overeating, by the age of 20-30 brings himself to a catastrophic state and only then remembers medicine.

No matter how perfect medicine is, it cannot rid everyone of all diseases. A person is the creator of his own health, for which he must fight. From an early age it is necessary to lead an active lifestyle, toughen up, engage in physical education and sports, observe the rules of personal hygiene - in a word, achieve true harmony of health through reasonable means.

Health is the first and most important need of a person, determining his ability to work and ensuring the harmonious development of the individual. It is the most important prerequisite for understanding the world around us, for self-affirmation and human happiness. An active long life is an important component of the human factor.

A healthy lifestyle (HLS) is a way of life based on the principles of morality, rationally organized, active, working, hardening and, at the same time, protecting from adverse environmental influences, allowing one to maintain moral, mental and physical health until old age.

According to the World Health Organization (B03), “health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

In general, we can talk about three types of health: physical, mental and moral (social) health:

· Physical health is the natural state of the body, due to the normal functioning of all its organs and systems. If all organs and systems work well, then the entire human body (a self-regulating system) functions and develops correctly.

· Mental health depends on the state of the brain; it is characterized by the level and quality of thinking, the development of attention and memory, the degree of emotional stability, and the development of volitional qualities.

· Moral health is determined by those moral principles that are the basis of human social life, i.e. life in a particular human society. Distinctive signs of a person’s moral health are, first of all, a conscious attitude to work, mastery of cultural treasures, and active rejection of morals and habits that contradict the normal way of life. A physically and mentally healthy person can be a moral monster if he neglects moral standards. Therefore, social health is considered the highest measure of human health. Morally healthy people are characterized by a number of universal human qualities that make them real citizens.

A healthy and spiritually developed person is happy - he feels great, receives satisfaction from his work, strives for self-improvement, achieving unfading youth of spirit and inner beauty. (Leshchinsky L.A. 1995)

The integrity of the human personality is manifested, first of all, in the interrelation and interaction of the mental and physical forces of the body. The harmony of the psychophysical forces of the body increases health reserves and creates conditions for creative self-expression in various areas of our lives. An active and healthy person retains youth for a long time, continuing creative activity, not allowing the “soul to be lazy.” Academician N. M. Amosov proposes to introduce a new medical term “amount of health” to denote the measure of the body’s reserves.

Let's say that a person in a calm state passes through the lungs 5-9 liters of air per minute. Some highly trained athletes can arbitrarily pass 150 liters of air through their lungs every minute for 10-11 minutes, i.e. exceeding the norm by 30 times. This is the body's reserve.

Let's take the heart. And calculate its power. There are minute volumes of the heart: the amount of blood in liters ejected in one minute. Let's assume that at rest it gives 4 liters per minute, with the most vigorous physical work - 20 liters. This means the reserve is 5 (20:4).

Likewise, there are hidden reserves of the kidneys and liver. They are detected using various stress tests. Health is the amount of reserves in the body, it is the maximum productivity of organs while maintaining the qualitative limits of their function.

The system of functional reserves of the body can be divided into subsystems:

1. Biochemical reserves (metabolic reactions).

2. Physiological reserves (at the level of cells, organs, organ systems).

3. Mental reserves.

Take, for example, the physiological reserves at the cellular level of a sprinter. Excellent result in the 100 m-10 seconds run. Only a few can show it. Is it possible to significantly improve this result? Calculations show that it is possible, but not more than a few tenths of a second. The limit of possibilities here rests on a certain speed of propagation of excitation along the nerves and the minimum time required for muscle contraction and relaxation.

A healthy lifestyle includes the following basic elements: fruitful work, a rational regime of work and rest, eradication of bad habits, optimal motor mode, personal hygiene, hardening, balanced nutrition, etc.

Fruitful work is an important element of a healthy lifestyle. Human health is influenced by biological and social factors, the main one of which is work.

A rational regime of work and rest is a necessary element of a healthy lifestyle. With a correct and strictly observed regime, a clear and necessary rhythm of the body’s functioning is developed, which creates optimal conditions for work and rest and thereby promotes health, improves performance and increases productivity. A. B. Zherebtsov

The next step in a healthy lifestyle is the eradication of bad habits (smoking, alcohol, drugs). These health problems cause many diseases, sharply reduce life expectancy, reduce productivity, and have a detrimental effect on the health of the younger generation and the health of future children.

Many people begin their recovery by quitting smoking, which is considered one of the most dangerous habits of modern man. It is not without reason that doctors believe that the most serious diseases of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs are directly related to smoking. Smoking not only undermines your health, but also takes away your strength in the most literal sense. As Soviet experts established, 5-9 minutes after smoking just one cigarette, muscle strength decreases by 15%; athletes know this from experience and therefore, as a rule, do not smoke. Does not stimulate smoking or mental activity at all. On the contrary, the experiment showed that only because of smoking does the accuracy of test performance and the perception of educational material decrease. The smoker does not inhale all the harmful substances in tobacco smoke - about half goes to those who are close to them. It is no coincidence that children in families of smokers suffer from respiratory diseases much more often than in families where no one smokes. Smoking is a common cause of tumors of the oral cavity, larynx, bronchi and lungs. Constant and long-term smoking leads to premature aging. Impaired oxygen supply to tissues, spasm of small blood vessels make a smoker’s appearance characteristic (yellowish tint to the whites of the eyes, skin, premature aging), and changes in the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract affect his voice (loss of sonority, reduced timbre, hoarseness).

The effect of nicotine is especially dangerous during certain periods of life - youth, old age, when even a weak stimulating effect disrupts nervous regulation. Nicotine is especially harmful for pregnant women, as it leads to the birth of weak, low-weight children, and for nursing women, as it increases the morbidity and mortality of children in the first years of life.

The next difficult task is overcoming drunkenness and alcoholism. It has been established that alcoholism has a destructive effect on all human systems and organs. As a result of systematic alcohol consumption, a symptom complex of painful addiction to it develops:

Loss of sense of proportion and control over the amount of alcohol consumed;

Disruption of the central and peripheral nervous system (psychosis, neuritis, etc.) and the functions of internal organs.

Changes in the psyche that occur even with occasional alcohol consumption (excitement, loss of restraining influences, depression, etc.) determine the frequency of suicides committed while intoxicated.

Alcoholism has a particularly harmful effect on the liver: with prolonged systematic alcohol abuse, alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver develops. Alcoholism is one of the common causes of pancreatic disease (pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus). Along with changes affecting the health of the drinker, alcohol abuse is always accompanied by social consequences that are harmful both to those around the patient with alcoholism and to society as a whole. Alcoholism, like no other disease, causes a whole range of negative social consequences that go far beyond healthcare and affect, to one degree or another, all aspects of life in modern society. The consequences of alcoholism include the deterioration of health indicators of persons who abuse alcoholic beverages and the associated deterioration of general health indicators of the population. Alcoholism and related diseases are second only to cardiovascular disease and cancer as a cause of death.

The next component of a healthy lifestyle is balanced nutrition. When talking about it, you should remember two basic laws, the violation of which is dangerous to health.

The first law is the balance of energy received and consumed. If the body receives more energy than it expends, that is, if we receive more food than is necessary for normal human development, for work and well-being, we become fat. Now more than a third of our country, including children, is overweight. And there is only one reason - excess nutrition, which ultimately leads to atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and a number of other ailments.

The second law is the correspondence of the chemical composition of the diet to the physiological needs of the body for nutrients. The diet should be varied and meet the needs for proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. Many of these substances are irreplaceable because they are not formed in the body, but come only with food. The absence of at least one of them, for example, vitamin C, leads to illness and even death. We get B vitamins mainly from wholemeal bread, and the source of vitamin A and other fat-soluble vitamins are dairy products, fish oil, and liver.

Not every one of us knows that we need to learn a culture of reasonable consumption, to refrain from the temptation to take another piece of a tasty product that gives extra calories or introduces an imbalance. After all, any deviation from the laws of rational nutrition leads to poor health. The human body consumes energy not only during periods of physical activity (during work, playing sports, etc.), but also in a state of relative rest (during sleep, lying down), when energy is used to maintain the physiological functions of the body - maintaining a constant body temperature . It has been established that a healthy middle-aged person with normal body weight consumes 7 kilocalories per hour for every kilogram of body weight.

The first rule in any natural nutrition system should be: - Eating only when you feel hungry.

Refusal to eat in case of pain, mental and physical malaise, fever and elevated body temperature.

Refusal to eat immediately before bed, as well as before and after serious work, physical or mental.

It is very important to have free time to digest food. The idea that exercise after eating helps digestion is a grave mistake.

Meals should consist of mixed foods that are sources of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Only in this case is it possible to achieve a balanced ratio of nutrients and essential nutritional factors, to ensure not only a high level of digestion and absorption of nutrients, but also their transportation to tissues and cells, their complete absorption at the cellular level.

Rational nutrition ensures proper growth and formation of the body, helps maintain health, high performance and prolong life. (Kutsenko G.I., Novikov Yu.V. 1997)

People suffering from chronic diseases need to follow a diet.

It has an important impact on health and the environment. Human intervention in the regulation of natural processes does not always bring the desired positive results. Violation of at least one of the natural components leads, due to the existing relationships between them, to a restructuring of the existing structure of natural-territorial components. Pollution of the surface of the land, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere and the World Ocean, in turn, affects people’s health, the “ozone hole” effect affects the formation of malignant tumors, air pollution affects the condition of the respiratory tract, and water pollution affects digestion, sharply worsening the general condition human health, reduces life expectancy. However, health obtained from nature depends only 5% on parents, and 50% on the conditions surrounding us.

In addition, it is necessary to take into account another objective factor affecting health - heredity. This is the property inherent in all organisms to repeat the same signs and developmental features in a number of generations, the ability to transmit from one generation to another the material structures of the cell containing programs for the development of new individuals from them.

Biological rhythms also affect our health. One of the most important features of the processes occurring in a living organism is their rhythmic nature.

It has now been established that over three hundred processes occurring in the human body are subject to a circadian rhythm.

Optimal motor mode is the most important condition for a healthy lifestyle. It is based on systematic physical exercise and sports, which effectively solve the problems of promoting health and developing the physical abilities of young people, maintaining health and motor skills, and strengthening the prevention of unfavorable age-related changes. At the same time, physical education and sports act as the most important means of education.

It is useful to take the stairs without using the elevator. According to American doctors, each step gives a person 4 seconds of life. 70 steps burns 28 calories. (Kuznetsov V.S. 2000)

General physical activity includes morning exercises, physical training, self-care work, walking, work in a summer cottage, etc. The norms for general physical activity are not precisely defined. Some domestic and Japanese scientists believe that an adult should take at least 10-15 thousand steps a day.

The Research Institute of Physical Culture offers standards for the weekly volume of physical activity for students - 10 - 14 hours;

The main qualities that characterize a person’s physical development are strength, speed, agility, flexibility and endurance. Improving each of these qualities also helps improve health, but not to the same extent. You can become very fast by training in sprinting. Finally, it is a good idea to become dexterous and flexible by using gymnastic and acrobatic exercises. However, with all this it is not possible to form sufficient resistance to pathogenic influences. (Leschinsky 1995)

For effective recovery and disease prevention, it is necessary to train and improve, first of all, the most valuable quality - endurance, in combination with hardening and other components of a healthy lifestyle, which will provide the growing body with a reliable shield against many diseases.

In Russia, hardening has long been widespread. An example would be village baths with steam and snow baths. However, these days, most people do nothing to strengthen both themselves and their children. Moreover, many parents, out of fear of catching a child’s cold, from the first days of his life begin to engage in passive protection against colds: they wrap him up, close the windows, etc. Such “care” for children does not create conditions for good adaptation to changing environmental temperatures. On the contrary, it contributes to weakening their health, which leads to the occurrence of colds. Therefore, the problem of finding and developing effective hardening methods remains one of the most important. But the benefits of hardening from an early age have been proven by extensive practical experience and are based on solid scientific evidence.

Various methods of hardening are widely known - from air baths to dousing with cold water. The usefulness of these procedures is beyond doubt. Since time immemorial it has been known that walking barefoot is a wonderful hardening agent. Winter swimming is the highest form of hardening. To achieve it, a person must go through all the stages of hardening.

The effectiveness of hardening increases when using special temperature influences and procedures. Everyone should know the basic principles of their correct use: systematicity and consistency; taking into account individual characteristics, health status and emotional reactions to the procedure.

Another effective hardening agent can and should be a contrast shower before and after physical exercise. Contrast showers train the neurovascular system of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, improving physical thermoregulation, and have a stimulating effect on the central nervous mechanisms. Experience shows the high hardening and healing value of a contrast shower for both adults and children. It also works well as a stimulant of the nervous system, relieving fatigue and increasing performance.

Hardening is a powerful healing tool. It allows you to avoid many diseases, prolong life for many years, and maintain high performance. Hardening has a general strengthening effect on the body, increases the tone of the nervous system, improves blood circulation, and normalizes metabolism. (Kutsenko G.I. 1997)

To develop strength, you should use exercises that are performed cyclically. They can consist of push-ups, cross-steps. The initial load should be minimal and increase as you achieve results from the exercises, as soon as your physical condition allows you to cope with heavy loads.

If individual muscle groups are not sufficiently developed, special attention should be paid to their training, but the overall load should be reduced.

Muscular strength is one of the conditions for the development of such quality as power, since in combination with speed, strength increasing due to training increases power. The greatest success can be achieved by simultaneously developing high speed, strength and endurance.

Strength exercises with weights on the pectoral and shoulder muscles should be performed using equipment weighing half the weight of the trainee plus 5 kilograms, for the legs - 75% of body weight plus 5 kilograms.

1. In order to develop leg muscles, you can use the so-called duck step - a half-squat movement, as well as squats, running and jumping. Different jumps develop specific muscle groups. Training can include standing long jumps, jumps with alternating lunges of the right and left legs forward, frog jumps, jumping rope, and jumping with weights. Squats can also be different: simple squats, barbell squats, squats with calf raises and torso rotation. All of these exercises can be used to develop the muscles of the legs and pelvis.

2. To develop the muscles of the lower back and abs, exercises such as pull-ups, push-ups, lifting the legs and body in a lying position, bending over with a load, “corner”, pulling the legs to the stomach while hanging are suitable.

3. To develop arm muscles, you can use push-ups, pull-ups, handstands, barbell and kettlebell work, and shot put. These exercises not only develop the muscles of the arms and shoulders, but also strengthen the joints. A set of exercises to develop strength can be used without weights with equipment. Exercises on the crossbar are very effective in this case. The crossbar should be located at such a height that your legs do not reach the ground in the “hanging” position. The exercise consists of pulling yourself up on the bar until your chin touches it. Matveev L.P.

The development of general speed is carried out in general physical training classes in the following way:

Running is the main exercise that develops overall speed. Short runs, 40-60 m each, during road training are excellent for developing speed.

physical culture development

Physical education

Physical Culture- a sphere of social activity aimed at preserving and strengthening health, developing a person’s psychophysical abilities in the process of conscious motor activity. Physical Culture- part of culture, which is a set of values, norms and knowledge created and used by society for the purpose of physical and intellectual development of a person’s abilities, improvement of his motor activity and the formation of a healthy lifestyle, social adaptation through physical education, physical training and physical development (in accordance with with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 4, 2007 N 329-FZ “On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation”);

The main indicators of the state of physical culture in society are:

level of health and physical development of people;
the degree of use of physical culture in the field of upbringing and education, in production and everyday life.

General information

The term “physical culture” appeared at the end of the 19th century in England during the rapid development of modern sports, but did not find widespread use in the West and over time practically disappeared from use. In Russia, on the contrary, having come into use since the beginning of the 20th century, after the revolution of 1917 the term “physical culture” received recognition in all high Soviet authorities and firmly entered the scientific and practical lexicon. In 1918, the Institute of Physical Culture was opened in Moscow, in 1919 Vseobuch held a congress on physical culture, since 1922 the magazine “Physical Culture” was published, and from 1925 to the present - the magazine “Theory and Practice of Physical Culture”. Gradually, the term “physical culture” became widespread in the countries of the former socialist camp and in some “third world” countries. The very name “physical culture” indicates its belonging to culture. Physical culture is a type of general culture, a side of activity for the development, improvement, maintenance and restoration of values in the field of physical improvement of a person for the self-realization of his spiritual and physical abilities and its socially significant results associated with the performance of his duties in society.

Physical culture is part of the general culture of mankind and has absorbed not only centuries of valuable experience in preparing a person for life, mastering, developing and managing for the benefit of a person the physical and mental abilities inherent in him by nature (from a religious point of view - by God), but what is not less important is the experience of affirming and strengthening the moral principles of a person manifested in the process of physical education. Thus, in physical culture, contrary to its literal meaning, people’s achievements in improving their physical and, to a large extent, mental and moral qualities are reflected. The level of development of these qualities, as well as personal knowledge, skills and abilities to improve them constitute the personal values of physical culture and determine the physical culture of an individual as one of the facets of a person’s general culture.

Means of physical culture

The main means of physical culture, developing and harmonizing all manifestations of the life of the human body, are conscious (conscious) exercises of various physical exercises (bodily movements), most of which were invented or improved by the person himself. They involve a gradual increase in physical activity from exercises and warm-ups to training, from training to sports games and competitions, from them to the establishment of both personal and general sports records as personal physical capabilities increase. In combination with the use of natural forces of nature (sun, air and water are our best friends!), hygienic factors, diet and rest, and depending on personal goals, physical culture allows you to harmoniously develop and heal the body and maintain it in excellent physical condition for many years .

Components of physical culture

Each of the components of physical culture has a certain independence, its own target setting, material and technical support, a different level of development and the volume of personal values. Therefore, sport in the activity sphere of physical culture is especially distinguished, using the phrases “physical culture and sports”, “physical education and sports”. In this case, “physical culture”, “physical culture” in the narrow sense, can be understood as mass physical culture and therapeutic physical culture.

Mass physical culture

Mass physical culture is formed by the physical activity of people within the framework of the process of physical education and self-education for their general physical development and health improvement, improvement of motor capabilities, improvement of physique and posture, as well as activities at the level of physical recreation.

Physical recreation

Recreation (Latin - recreatio, literally - restoration) - 1) vacation, break at school, 2) recreation room in educational institutions, 3) rest, restoration of human strength. Physical recreation is physically active recreation and entertainment using physical exercises, outdoor games, various sports, as well as natural forces of nature, as a result of which pleasure is obtained and good health and mood are achieved, mental and physical performance is restored. As a rule, classes at the level of mass physical culture for a healthy person are not associated with very great physical and volitional efforts, however, they create a powerful disciplinary, tonic and harmonizing background for all aspects of his activity.

Healing Fitness

Another, also non-sports in terms of goals, direction of physical culture is formed by therapeutic physical culture (motor rehabilitation), which uses specially selected physical exercises and, as already noted, some sports equipment for the treatment and restoration of body functions impaired as a result of diseases, injuries, overwork and others. reasons.

Sport

Adaptive physical education

The specificity of this activity sphere is expressed in the complementary definition “adaptive”, which emphasizes the purpose of physical education for persons with health problems. This suggests that physical culture in all its manifestations should stimulate positive morpho-functional changes in the body, thereby forming the necessary motor coordination, physical qualities and abilities aimed at life support, development and improvement of the body. The main direction of adaptive physical culture is the formation of motor activity as a biological and social factor influencing the human body and personality. Understanding the essence of this phenomenon is the methodological foundation of adaptive physical culture. At the St. Petersburg University of Physical Culture. P.F. Lesgaft opened the Faculty of Adaptive Physical Culture, whose task is to train highly qualified specialists to work in the field of physical culture for disabled people.

Physical education

The modern broad concept of “physical education” means an organic component of general education - an educational, pedagogical process aimed at a person’s mastering the personal values of physical culture. In other words, the purpose of physical education is the formation of a person’s physical culture, that is, that aspect of a person’s general culture that helps to realize his biological and spiritual potential. The founder of the scientific system of physical education (initially - education), which harmoniously promotes the mental development and moral education of a young person, is the Russian teacher, anatomist and doctor Pyotr Frantsevich Lesgaft (1837-1909) in Russia. The “Courses for Teachers and Leaders of Physical Education,” created by him in 1896, was the first higher educational institution in Russia for training specialists in physical education, the prototype of the modern St. Petersburg Academy of Physical Culture named after P. F. Lesgaft. Graduates of the Academy receive higher education in physical education and become specialists in various fields of physical education, including in the field of physical education, that is, the acquisition by people of the values of physical education. In relation to work in higher educational institutions, such a specialist is called a teacher of physical education, or a teacher of the department of physical education. It is necessary to distinguish between the terms “physical education” as professional training in special educational institutions and “physical education” in its original (according to P.F. Lesgaft) sense of physical education. In English, the term “physical education” can be used in both senses. It should also be borne in mind that the English term “en:physical culture” in the sense of our broad concept of “physical culture” is not used abroad. There, depending on the specific direction of physical education, the words “en: sport”, “en: physical education”, “en: physical training”, “en: fitness”, etc. are used. Physical education in unity with mental, moral, aesthetic and labor education ensures the comprehensive development of the individual. Moreover, these aspects of the general process of education are manifested to a significant extent in the process of physical education itself, organized accordingly.

In higher educational institutions, the process of physical education of students is carried out at the Department of Physical Education through the academic discipline “Physical Culture”.

The goal of physical education is achieved in solving interrelated health-improving, developmental, educational and educational tasks.

The health-improving and developmental objectives of physical education include:

strengthening health and hardening the body;
harmonious development of the body and physiological functions of the body;
comprehensive development of physical and mental qualities;
ensuring a high level of performance and creative longevity.

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

At the present stage of development of the theory and methodology of physical education, the issue of developing an integrated approach to defining the main concepts of this area has become relevant. This is due, first of all, to the need to establish the relationship of concepts related to physical education with leading general pedagogical terms and categories.

Definition

Physical education is a type of education, the specificity of the content of which reflects the teaching of motor exercises, the formation of physical qualities, the mastery of special physical education knowledge and the formation of a conscious need to join physical education classes.

The physical education system is a historically conditioned type of social practice of physical education, including ideological, scientific, methodological, programmatic, normative and organizational frameworks that ensure the physical perfection of people.

The field of physical education includes many concepts that reflect the essence and specificity of this process. Among them are physical development, physical formation, physical education, physical education work, physical training, physical perfection.

Physical (bodily) development is a complex of changes in the human body, characterized by need, regularity and a predetermined tendency (progressive or regressive).

Physical development is understood as the process and result of the formation of the abilities and functions of the human body, achieved under the influence of heredity, environment and the level of physical activity.

Physical formation is the action of the environment on a person with the aim of changing the level of his bodily organization. It can be either spontaneous or purposeful.

Physical education is a form of active human activity towards others and towards oneself with the goal of achieving physical perfection.

Physical culture is a type of material culture that characterizes the level of development of both society as a whole and a person separately in terms of intensive, purposeful formation of one’s own physical perfection.

The doctrine of physical culture is the highest form of scientific knowledge, giving a holistic idea of the patterns and relationships of the intensive, purposeful formation of physical perfection.

Physical training in a broad sense is interpreted as the process of developing physical strengths and mastering basic movements.

Physical training in the narrow sense is interpreted only as the process of developing physical qualities.

Physical perfection is a historically determined standard of physical development and physical fitness of a person.

The main means of physical education are: physical exercises and procedures, gymnastics, games, sports, daily routine.

Definition

Physical exercises and procedures are conscious motor actions aimed at solving specific problems of physical education.

They are carried out according to a specific technique and have a great impact on the functioning of the central nervous system, reduce fatigue of the cerebral cortex and increase overall functionality. After the exercises, the students’ bodies can more easily cope with intense academic work. In addition, under the influence of physical exercise, the musculoskeletal system improves: bones become stronger and more mobile in the joints, muscle size, their power and elasticity increase. Physical procedures are also of particular importance, as they are used to develop and maintain the muscular system, circulatory and respiratory organs.

Gymnastics is a varied set of exercises that have a multifaceted beneficial effect on the body in general and in particular. Gymnastic procedures vary in time and volume of physical activity during classes. In the practice of physical education, the following types of gymnastics have been formed: basic, sports, acrobatics, artistic, hygienic, therapeutic.

In the physical education of students, the main role belongs to basic gymnastics, the procedures of which form a significant part of the school physical education curriculum. The content of the exercises ensures the general physical development of students and the formation of life skills for work and everyday life (movements in the appropriate direction, control of the movements of the arms, legs, body, head, working postures). All kinds of exercises are designed for strength, endurance, and speed.

An important place in the lives of students is occupied by hygienic gymnastics: morning exercises, physical activity during breaks, physical education minutes in lessons in various subjects. This allows you to keep your body in an alert state throughout the day, as well as reduce fatigue.

Games also belong to the means of physical education and play a special role in physical development. Regular playing of games requires the activity of the students themselves and contributes to the formation of their main motor skills and qualities such as speed, dexterity, strength, and endurance. The emotionality of games implies an opportunity for the manifestation of personal characteristics and initiative. In addition, games improve students' mood.

Team games help strengthen mutual support and teach collectivism. United by one goal, students show mutual support and assistance, which leads to strengthening friendly relations and team unity.

Games are divided into outdoor and sports. They are included in school physical education programs. Outdoor games in primary school are played during physical education lessons, during recess, in various sections and, to a greater extent, in the fresh air. In middle and high schools, the role of sports team games increases.

Some types of physical exercise are considered as separate sports (athletics, skiing, artistic and rhythmic gymnastics, swimming and others). Sport as a means of physical education makes it possible to comprehensively implement tasks to maintain well-being, develop physical strength and motor abilities, moral and volitional qualities with achieving great results in certain sports. The specificity of sports is considered to be sports competitions. Being a means of monitoring the state of physical culture and sports work, they stimulate physical perfection and promote involvement in sports.

In the practice of physical education of school students, walks, excursions, and hiking trips are also used. They not only improve overall well-being, develop physical fitness, but also allow you to broaden your horizons. Hiking equips students with the necessary skills of camping life, teaches them to tolerate the effects of natural factors and correctly use them to improve the health of the body.

Natural factors can also become private means of physical education. Sunbathing, swimming, showering or rubbing are used as wellness procedures.

The daily routine describes the strict routine of life and activity of students, the appropriate alternation of time for work and rest, nutrition and sleep. Constant adherence to the regime develops vital qualities in children - accuracy, organization, discipline, a sense of time and self-control. The regime synthesizes all kinds of means and forms of physical education and makes it possible to use them comprehensively in the practice of working with students.

The importance of physical education

Physical education and sports are so important in life that it is impossible to overestimate it. Everyone can, without the help of others, be able to study and appreciate the importance of physical education and sports in their own personal life. But with all this, we should not forget that physical education and sports are of national importance; they really are the strength and health of the nation.

A set of physical education means exists for the harmonious development of a person. Physical education classes relieve mental fatigue and exhaustion of the whole body, increase its functionality, and promote health.

It is important that physical education is part of a healthy lifestyle. A clear, correct daily routine, an intensive motor regimen, together with systematic hardening procedures, provide the greatest mobilization of the body's defenses, and, therefore, provide enormous opportunities for maintaining good health and increasing life expectancy.

Thus, a healthy lifestyle is focused not only on protecting and promoting health, but also on the harmonious development of the individual, including physical and spiritual interests, human capabilities, and the proper use of his reserves.

Physical Culture

Berlin 1933: joint preparatory exercises.

The main indicators of the state of physical culture in society are:

level of health and physical development of people;
the degree of use of physical culture in the field of upbringing and education, in production and everyday life.

The concept of “physical culture” appeared at the end of the 19th century in England during the period of the rapid development of modern sports, but did not find widespread use in the West and over time practically disappeared from use. In Russia, on the contrary, having come into use since the beginning of the 20th century, after the revolution of 1917 the term “physical culture” received recognition in all high Soviet authorities and firmly entered the scientific and practical lexicon. In 1918, the Institute of Physical Culture was opened in Moscow, in 1919 Vsevobuch held a congress on physical culture, since 1922 the journal “Physical Culture” was published, and from 1925 to the present - the journal “Theory and Practice of Physical Culture”.

The very name “physical culture” names something very important. Physical culture is part of the general culture of mankind and has absorbed not only centuries of valuable experience in preparing a person for life, mastering, developing and managing for the benefit of a person the physical and mental abilities inherent in him by nature, but, no less important, the experience of strengthening and strengthening moral principles of a person manifested in the process of physical education. Thus, in physical culture, contrary to its literal meaning, people’s achievements in improving their physical and, to a large extent, mental and moral qualities are reflected. The level of development of these qualities, as well as personal knowledge, skills and abilities to improve them constitute the personal values of physical culture and determine the physical culture of an individual as one of the facets of a person’s general culture. Social and biological foundations of physical culture.

Today, a number of theorists dispute the appropriateness of using the term “physical culture”. One of the arguments against it is that in most countries of the world this term is generally absent from the scientific lexicon. The only exceptions are the countries of Eastern Europe, in which the development of physical culture and sports for more than half a century was carried out in the image and likeness of the Soviet system. In this regard, leading Russian sports theorists sometimes express polar opinions regarding the further use of the concept of “physical culture” in science: for example, A. G. Egorov believes that this term should be completely replaced by the concept of “sport” accepted throughout the world ", while L. I. Lubysheva considers the scientific definition of physical culture a "step forward" in comparison with Western sports science.

At the moment L.I. Lubysheva actively introduces the concept of “sports culture”. Without entering into debate. It can be noted that this position is not productive, since according to the main theorists of this field of knowledge (P.F. Lesgaft), the concepts of “physical culture and physical education” and the concept of sport cannot be fundamentally confused. According to this scientist, three things will ruin young people: wine, gambling and sports.

According to A. A. Isaev, it is quite logical to consider physical culture as a goal, and sport as a means of achieving it. It is for this reason that the definition of “sport for all” is becoming widespread, reflected more and more substantively at the international level - in the documents of UNESCO, the Council of Europe, and the IOC. “Sport for all” puts physical culture in its rightful place as a qualitative characteristic, absorbing the activity components that once belonged to it. Theorists of physical culture of the Soviet school, wrote A. A. Isaev, actively resist the process of transformation of the meaning of physical culture, dictated by changes in socio-political dominants in the development of modern Russia. This circumstance, influencing management decisions, significantly slows down the development of sports policy in Russia that is adequate to changes in society. This approach is the key to resolving methodological contradictions associated with the definition of the concepts of “physical culture” and “sport” [clarify]

Means of physical culture

The main means of physical culture, developing and harmonizing all manifestations of the life of the human body, are conscious (conscious) exercises of various physical exercises (bodily movements), most of which were invented or improved by the person himself. They involve a gradual increase in physical activity from exercises and warm-ups to training, from training to sports games and competitions, from them to the establishment of both personal and general sports records as personal physical capabilities increase. In combination with the use of natural forces of nature (sun, air and water), hygiene factors, diet and rest, and depending on personal goals, physical culture allows you to harmoniously develop and heal the body and maintain it in excellent physical condition for many years.

Components of physical culture

Mass physical culture

Physical recreation

Recreation (Latin - recreation, - “restoration”) - 1) vacations, breaks at school, 2) premises for recreation in educational institutions, 3) rest, restoration of human strength. Physical recreation is motor active recreation and entertainment using physical exercises, outdoor games, various sports, as well as natural forces of nature, as a result of which pleasure is obtained and good health and mood are achieved, mental and physical performance is restored. As a rule, classes at the level of mass physical culture for a healthy person are not associated with very great physical and volitional efforts, however, they create a powerful disciplinary, tonic and harmonizing background for all aspects of his activity.

Healing Fitness

Sport

Adaptive physical education

The specificity of this activity sphere is expressed in the complementary definition “adaptive”, which emphasizes the purpose of physical education for persons with health problems. This assumes that physical culture in all its manifestations should stimulate positive morpho-functional changes in the body, thereby forming the necessary motor coordination, physical qualities and abilities aimed at life support, development and improvement of the body. The main direction of adaptive physical culture is the formation of motor activity as a biological and social factor influencing the human body and personality. Understanding the essence of this phenomenon is the methodological foundation of adaptive physical culture. At the St. Petersburg University of Physical Culture. P.F. Lesgaft opened the Faculty of Adaptive Physical Culture, whose task is to train highly qualified specialists to work in the field of physical culture for people with disabilities. In addition to working with people who have health problems, adaptive physical education is aimed at using physical activity to promote socio-psychological adaptation and preventing deviations in socialization (for example, within the framework of this area, the use of physical culture and sports for the prevention of drug addiction is being developed).

Physical education

The founder of the scientific system of physical education (initially - education), which harmoniously promotes the mental development and moral education of a young person, is the Russian teacher, anatomist and doctor Pyotr Frantsevich Lesgaft (1837-1909) in Russia. The “Courses for Teachers and Leaders of Physical Education,” created by him in 1896, was the first higher educational institution in Russia for training specialists in physical education, the prototype of the modern St. Petersburg Academy of Physical Culture named after P. F. Lesgaft. Graduates of the Academy receive higher education in physical education and become specialists in various fields of physical education, including in the field of physical education, that is, the acquisition by people of the values of physical education. In relation to work in higher educational institutions, such a specialist is called a teacher of physical education, or a teacher of the department of physical education.

It is necessary to distinguish between the terms “physical education” as professional training in special educational institutions and “physical education” in its original (according to P.F. Lesgaft) sense of physical education. In English, the term “physical education” can be used in both senses. It should also be borne in mind that the English term “en: physical culture” in the sense of our broad concept of “physical culture” is not used abroad. There, depending on the specific area of physical education, the words “en: sport”, “en: physical education”, “en: physical training”, “en: fitness”, etc. are used.

Physical education in unity with mental, moral, aesthetic and labor education ensures the comprehensive development of the individual. Moreover, these aspects of the general process of education are manifested to a significant extent in the process of physical education itself, organized accordingly.

In higher educational institutions, the process of physical education of students is carried out at the Department of Physical Education through the academic discipline “Physical Culture”.

The goal of physical education is achieved in solving interrelated health-improving, developmental, educational and educational tasks.

The health-improving and developmental objectives of physical education include:

strengthening health and hardening the body;
harmonious development of the body and physiological functions of the body;
comprehensive development of physical and mental qualities;
ensuring a high level of performance and creative longevity.

Christianity about physical education

Christianity in the 4th century banned the Olympic Games and anathematized them as pagan.

Notes

Literature

Federal Law on Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Synonyms:

“A healthy mind in a healthy body” is a familiar saying that is especially relevant in modern society.

What is physical education

Physical education is the cultivation of body culture through physical activity and gymnastics. It develops not only the body, but also the human nervous system. Loads on the body help normalize the activity of the mental system. This is especially important for children, because they absorb huge flows of information every day. Sport helps the brain relieve stress and restore clarity to the head.

Physical education can be therapeutic and adaptive. helps restore to the human body some functions that were damaged during injury or serious psychological shock. Adaptive physical education is applicable for people who have developmental disabilities.

Sports in children's lives

Sport occupies a special place in the lives of children and adolescents. It is necessary not only for the harmonious development of the body, but also for creating a sense of discipline. Sports instill in children such qualities as willpower, perseverance, and restraint. These character traits, acquired from childhood, will accompany a person throughout his entire life.

It has long been proven that people involved in sports activities are much more likely to achieve success. This fact is explained by three reasons:

1. Health.

Sport improves and strengthens health. People have more strength and energy that are necessary to work in any field.

2. Strong-willed qualities.

As has already been said, sport educates a person. It makes him persistent and attentive.

3. Psychological release.

Physical education is a great way. Usually people tend to accumulate negative emotions in themselves, while the sports society always knows where to throw out the accumulated emotional load. This protects mental health, increases stress resistance and productivity in resolving conflict situations.

Sport accompanies us at all stages of maturation. In secondary schools, physical education is a compulsory subject. The lesson is taught by a former athlete or teacher who offers standards of sports achievements that a child must achieve at each stage of his development. In order for him to successfully complete the year, it is necessary to pass the standards with high quality. Naturally, they are designed only for healthy children. Also, thanks to the standards, you can find out and monitor the level of development of the child. Children's physical education is intended to develop body culture during training.

If a student has health problems, he may be partially or completely suspended from classes. The location of physical activity depends on the capabilities of a particular school. In addition to gymnastics, the standard physical education program includes: running, swimming, skiing, long and high jumps, football, basketball, volleyball, acrobatics, aerobics, active games.

Physical education classes take place in specially equipped classrooms or on sports grounds (during the warm season).

It involves small loads, the purpose of which is not to achieve certain results in sports. Most often, children engage in exercise therapy - therapeutic physical education. Physical education is aimed at maintaining the body in a healthy state, while the load is minimal. They help the child stretch his muscles, feel the dynamics of the exercises, but not waste all the body’s strength.

Exercise therapy is very common among children who have developmental or health problems. For this reason, they cannot play sports with the main group. Much attention in exercise therapy is paid to proper breathing, which helps maintain control over the body. Another goal of exercise therapy is the prevention of diseases and their exacerbations. Exercise therapy is very useful not only for schoolchildren, but also for younger children.

The effect of physical activity on the body

It is very difficult to overestimate the impact of physical activity on the human body. The benefits of physical education for a growing body are invaluable. A young body needs not only stimulation of tissues that form very quickly. Physical education is needed so that the child grows up as a psychologically balanced and integral person.

Physical activity has a complex effect on the entire body. Let's take a closer look at how the human body reacts to moderate loads:

metabolic processes of tissues, tendons and muscles are activated, which is an excellent prevention of rheumatism, arthrosis, arthritis and other degenerative changes in the motor function of the body;
the activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems improves, providing the entire body with oxygen and nutrients;
physical exercise activates the production of hormones, which leads to stabilization of metabolic processes;
The neuroregulatory function of the brain is stimulated.

To summarize, we can say that physical education and sports should be an integral part of the life of any adult and growing person. Play sports yourself and instill this in your children. Physical education is a “perpetual motion machine” of life, which makes you active, cheerful and full of energy for new achievements.

Popular in the category: