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Puppet Master (Puppeteer). Academy of art doll art The most famous masters of the author's doll

Matryoshka is far from the only doll that has become a national symbol. Most of her foreign "colleagues" are 300 years older, although there are also younger followers. "Spark" tells about the dolls that conquered the world

Harlequin, before being made into a recognizable doll all over the world, was a famous character in the Italian theater of masks of the 16th century. Initially, the dupe and jester Harlequin was dressed in a costume resembling peasant rags. However, over time, when the image began to be replicated, it was dressed up. The costume became colorful, the patches on the fabric turned into bright diamonds. A couple of centuries later, Harlequin has already become a full-fledged doll, moreover, one of the main souvenirs of Italy.

Parsley

This doll, a classic example of a glove doll, has been known in Russia since the 17th century. Europe also has its own Petrushki: in Italy - Pulcinella, in France - Polichinelle, in England - Punch. Parsley is not just a puppet, it is a theatrical character that owes its popularity to performances at fairs. Well-known classical plots played out by "petrushkas": the scene with the bride, Petrushka's training in military service, Petrushka's treatment. Who does not know: Petrushka also has a full name - Pyotr Ivanovich Uksusov (this name is mentioned just in one of the scenes).

Voodoo Doll

The purpose of this rag toy is the most mystical: it is believed that it can be used to influence a person. There is a version that Africans were doing this in Benin a thousand years ago, but the more popular version is that the doll appeared in Haiti in the 17th-18th centuries, along with the massive importation of slaves from Africa. In the United States and Cuba, it is more commonly referred to as "santeria". As for Europe, in many countries today piece goods are in great demand - voodoo dolls are purchased for "reprisals" against an unfaithful lover or an overly strict boss.

The kokeshi doll comes from Tohoku, in the northeast of Japan, and deserves special attention. Already at the beginning of the 17th century, it was quite popular with visiting guests: it was believed that these dolls had magical properties, brought good luck and fulfilled wishes. Today, 11 types of kokeshi are known (each of them has its own name). But the type is unchanged - a cylindrical body and a head. The doll has no arms or legs. It is believed that it was this type that inspired Russian craftsmen to create nesting dolls at the end of the 19th century.

Another famous Japanese doll, which is also considered the prototype of the matryoshka. Besides the fact that she has neither arms nor legs, she is also round in shape and bright - usually red - colors. The exact date of birth has not been established - it is believed that the continuous production of daruma coincided with the beginning of the 17th century. But it was named after the founder of Zen Buddhism - Daruma. According to legend, he spent nine years of his life in meditation, after which his legs were taken away. Today, daruma helps to fulfill a wish - for the new year, they write their name on the doll and make a wish.

paper doll

The first paper dolls with a wardrobe that also needs to be cut out appeared in Europe in the middle of the 18th century, and a little later in America. The press then wrote that the dolls would help little girls "show good or bad taste in clothes or hair." Especially famous were English paper dolls, whose creators drew the smallest details of the costume. The Americans, on the contrary, made the doll as accessible as possible - in the middle of the 19th century, the McLoughlin Brothers company sold dolls at minimal prices and in huge circulations.

Pinocchio

This wooden doll was born in 1883 after the publication of the book "The Adventures of Pinocchio. The Story of a Wooden Doll" by the Italian writer Carlo Collodi. The main character - a wooden boy with a nose constantly growing from lies - instantly took on a life of his own. Restaurants, children's clubs were opened in his honor and, of course, wooden dolls were produced. Today they can be found all over the world, but Pinocchio is especially popular in Florence, where the author of the tale was born and died.

These figurine dolls with a disproportionately large head appeared at the end of the 19th century, but the Americans put their production on stream only in the 20s of the 20th century. The dolls were made of papier-mâché and depicted legendary baseball players. Then bubbleheads began to be produced in plastic, expanding the range: there were prominent actors, singers, cartoon characters and even politicians. Of the latter, the most notable were the bubbleheads of the Queen of England, Prime Minister Putin, President Obama, and Apple founder Jobs.

A cult doll for all little (and not so) girls was invented in 1959 in the USA, in the state of Wisconsin. The "mom" of the doll, Ruth Handler, was a stenographer for Mattel. She wanted to make an ideal woman, and she took the image of the heroine of German erotic comics Lili (early 1950s) as a basis. During its existence, the doll brought its creator over $ 2 billion. From a national symbol, Barbie has long become supranational - it is believed that every 1-8 seconds in different parts of the world someone buys a Barbie.

Baby Born

In the late 1980s, the creator of this plastic baby, Australian Victor Prakas, wanted one thing: "To help the girl feel like a little mother." The idea was bought up and brought to perfection by the famous German company Zapf Creation. Now the doll really requires effort and money, which gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthat would have to be spent on a living child. Baby Born can cry, laugh, eat and go to the toilet. Food, clothes, shoes, diapers and other accessories are always available - of course, for a fee.

Prepared by Elena Barysheva

Petersburger Tatyana Bun, whose name is known not only in Russia, but also in America, Europe, Japan and Israel, makes dolls that can be capricious, choose outfits and raise children.

Recently, an exhibition of dolls by Tatyana Bun was held at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna.

Doll as a gift

When Tatyana Bun had a little daughter, perestroika was underway. It was hard to even get food, let alone toys for a child.

One day my husband's grandmother saw people taking a German doll to the dump and asked: "Give it to me - let my great-granddaughter play," recalls Tatyana. - So the first old toy came into our family.

Tatyana, a housewife who at one time received the profession of an analytical chemist, had to try herself for the first time as a restorer.

The doll was very beautiful, but too big - taller than my daughter, so at first the child could not play with it. But friends who came to visit, constantly took the doll in their arms and nursed her, - says Tatyana. - Psychologists have a theory according to which a child, an adult and a parent live in each of us. Apparently, communication with a beautiful toy helped my friends support the most direct and resourceful part of the soul - the child's.

Tatyana did not know psychological theories then. But she began to collect a personal museum of old toys. Someone approved this undertaking, someone said: “Why are you doing stupid things?”, And everyone flocked to Bun and flocked dolls with the most unusual stories.

One of them was given to me by a very old grandmother, Tatyana recalls. - During the revolution, rich people brought a toy to her father, a baker, to exchange for bread. The previous owners took another doll with them when they fled their hometown during the Great Patriotic War. Imagine, a huge number of necessary things were left at home, and they decided to save the toy - it was so dear to them.

Dreams of a harlequin

In the past, the collection of Tatyana Bun numbered more than 500 items. Today, she only has about a hundred favorite exhibits at home. The rest was transferred to one of the museums in Chelyabinsk. There are many reasons. One of them is a new love that Bun met during a tourist trip to the Czech Republic.

He sat behind glass in a rocking chair. Sad pale face, elegant black and white suit.

I liked the small harlequin toy in the window of the jewelry store so much that I wanted to buy it,” recalls Bun. But she didn't sell. Then I decided that by all means I would make a doll myself.

It is now in Russia that there are a huge number of courses on the author's doll and the Internet, where a lot of information has been collected on the "doll" topic. Then, in 1997, Russian puppeteers could be counted on the fingers, and Tatyana had to rely only on herself. Upon returning home, she sat down at books and reference books, diligently writing out all the useful information from them. A few months later, Bun understood the technology of making a doll. Three weeks later, her first toy was born - a glamorous courtly harlequiness in a black velvet suit.

Since then, my dolls have become much more complicated, - says Tatyana. - It now takes two to three months to produce one piece. The most difficult thing is to make fingers and paint a face. At this stage, even one wrong move can spoil the whole work.

Tatyana Bun's dolls are conditional. Their faces are pale, their eyes are huge, their bodies are sometimes too long and thin. Only as an experiment, the master makes works that look like people to the smallest detail.

One of my dolls even has life lines on the palms, but if I were a collector, I wouldn't buy one. Dolls are dolls and people are people: I never forget that these are two different worlds and there is a border between them. That is why, in principle, I do not make portrait dolls that are now popular, which completely repeat the facial features of politicians or stars.

Angels and manyunya

A candle, a piece of polypropylene covered with a white cloth, a bag with shreds of synthetic silk. Tatyana's desk is in almost perfect order. The puppeteer burns the silk circles and sews them to the canvas. With each stitch, the design in her hands more and more resembles wings.

I first saw an angel at the age of four - on an icon that belonged to my great-grandmother, Tatyana recalls. - He was all of himself so magical! It probably became one of the main impressions of my childhood. Sometimes I woke up in the morning, saw a feather falling out of the pillow, and thought that it was my wings that had grown at night, that I had flown and dropped the feather.

With age, "angelic" impressions, of course, were forgotten. But not forever. In 1998, aspiring puppeteer Bun made her first angel.

How my childhood fantasies resurfaced in my head, I don't know, she says. - Probably, it was the angels who whispered to me.

Now blond winged creatures - small and large, awake and sleeping - are born in the workshop of Bun several times a year. Together with luxurious ladies and harlequines, they have become the main feature of Tatyana's author's style. However, Bun has other characters known to Russian and foreign doll collectors - a series of cats made of papier-mâché, figurines of Japanese girls, goats made of white clay, dressed up in Russian folk sundresses.

And I also do manyun. - Tatyana shows the correspondent of "RG" a funny rag doll with two pigtails, dressed in a crepe de chine dress and a white sundress. Simple and soft, it is nothing like most of Bun's other works. - On them I have a rest from difficult works. After all, a puppeteer is such a profession where it is impossible to go on vacation. You need to have insane willpower to say to yourself: "Stop, for the next month I will not go into the workshop." So manyuni is the most accessible way of leisure for me.

Puppet whims

Do not believe those who say that dolls are living beings. However, do not believe those who believe that they are inanimate.

Porcelain, textiles, lace and scraps "humanize" under the hands of the author, absorbing his energy. As a result, dolls can show their will and even be capricious, Tatyana Bun admits.

Some ladies do not want to wear the outfits that the artist intended for them: the costumes have to be altered two or even three times. It's even harder to come up with a name for a new job.

For one of my dolls, I went through more than twenty names, but none of them suited her, - says Tatyana. - The work had to be taken to the exhibition, and at the last moment before leaving, I heard Beethoven's play "To Elise" on the radio. Whether it was a coincidence or mysticism, but the doll "agreed" to become Elisa without any objections. So talk after that, how animated they are.

Capricious or obedient, live or toy, dolls can perform another completely human function: they raise children.

An antique or collectible doll allows a child to live in a world of fragile things, awakening in him a sense of tact and delicacy, says Bun. - Unlike modern rubber or plastic toys, you can't throw them against the wall or drop them on the floor. In addition, they encourage girls to be creative. This is for Barbie any costume you can buy in the store, but here you have to pick up a needle and thread and come up with something yourself.

Recruitment to the Art Doll Art Academy is open!

The new project is designed to bring the profession of a puppeteer to a new level.

The program includes the theory of fine arts, unique author's courses on various technologies, master classes, seminars, excursions.

Our teachers are leading Russian puppeteers, well-known sculptors, painters, art historians, designers, gallery owners, and psychologists.

The uniqueness of the training is the system of nominal creative workshops, personally supervised by famous artists.

Our graduates will master the basic technologies of puppetry, gain basic knowledge of art theory and the opportunity, under the guidance of professional masters, to define and form their own unique style in the art of art dolls.

Program:

Theoretical part:

Doll history

(A. Zhuravlev - Doctor of Biological Sciences, I. Morozov - Doctor of Philology, T. Varkhotov - Associate Professor of the Department of Philosophy and Methodology of Science)

- 18 hours

History of Western European Art

(A. Khudyakova - corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Arts (RAH), curator of the DOLLART.RU project, artist, member of the Creative Union of Artists of Russia (TSHR)) - 54 hours

History of Russian art

(Z. Klenina, art critic) - 24 hours

History of Soviet Art (Z. Klenina, art critic) - 20 hours

The history of material culture in images and costume

(S. Rumyantseva, artist, chairman of the Art Doll Section of the TSHR) - 44 hours

The latest history of the Russian modern art doll

(N. Pobedina, artist, chairman of the Association of Puppet Artists of the Moscow Union of Artists (MA)) - 4 hours

Literary story in art. Myths, legends, literature

(A. Khudyakova - corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Arts (RAH), curator of the DOLLART.RU project, artist, member of the Creative Union of Artists of Russia (TSHR)) - 22 hours

toy history

(S. Romanov, artist, collector) - 8 hours

Ethnics and folklore in modern culture

(N. Velichko, artist, art critic) - 8 hours

Intuitive creativity

(I.Andreeva, artist) - 4 hours

The latest history of foreign modern doll

(I. Naroditskaya, art doll master, member of the Moscow Union of Artists (MOA), member of the National Institute of American Doll Makers (NIADA)) - 4 hours

Freedom of creative expression

(I. Shitueva, psychologist) - 2 hours

The role of interaction between the gallery and the artist in the context of the development of art

(E. Gromova, gallery owner; K. Khudyakov, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation, full member of the Russian Academy of Arts, chairman of the TSHR) - 4 hours

Japan far and near

(E.Manshavina, artist, member of the Moscow Union of Artists) - 8 hours

The role of detail in art

(E. Raytorovskaya, artist, member of the Moscow Union of Artists and the Russian Union of Artists) - 8 hours

Total 232 tuition hours

Practical part

Sculpture

(V. Selivanov, sculptor, student and fellow of the Union of Artists of Russia) - 32 hours

Picture

(A.Kolpakova, artist, associate professor of the drawing and painting department of the Moscow State University of Design and Technology) - 12 hours

Painting

(T. Bulgakova, artist)) - 12 hours

floristry

(A.Kolpakova, artist, associate professor of the drawing and painting department of the Moscow State University of Design and Technology) - 24 hours

Styles of arts and crafts

(N. Velichko, artist, art critic) - 20 hours

Papier-mâché doll making technology

(N. Lopusova-Tomskaya, artist, member of the Moscow Union of Artists, TSHR) - 20 hours

Technology for making dolls from porcelain and flumo

(S. Nikulshina, artist, member of the TSHR) - 16 hours

Technology of making a doll from baked polymer masses (I.Kacharava, artist) - 16 hours.

Technology for making dolls from self-hardening masses

(L. Lukyanchuk, artist, member of the TSHR) - 16 hours

Wood doll making technology

(Yu.Petrakova, artist) - 8 hours

Textile doll manufacturing technology

(M. Torocheshnikova, artist, member of the Moscow Union of Artists) - 8 hours

Doll face painting

(A.Kukinova, artist, member of the Moscow Union of Artists, member of the TSHR) - 12 hours

Costume and accessories for the doll

(S. Nikulshina, artist, member of the TSHR) - 8 hours

Costume design

(N. Pobedina, artist, chairman of the Association of Puppet Artists of the Moscow Union of Artists (MA)) - 8 hours

Making a Japanese style doll

(E. Manshavina, artist, member of the Moscow Union of Artists) - 8 hours

Total 220 academic hours

Excursions (S. Rumyantseva, Z. Klenina, V. Selivanov) - 12 academic hours

Diploma design (A. Khudyakova, N. Pobedina, N. Lopusova-Tomskaya, S. Rumyantseva,

I. Naroditskaya) - 40 academic hours

Electives:

1.Anatomical drawing

(V. Selivanov, sculptor, student and fellow of the Union of Artists of Russia -12 hours

2.Coloristic dyeing of fabric (A. Kolpakova, artist, associate professor of the drawing and painting department of the Moscow State University of Design and Technology) - 12 hours

3. Making a cotton toy

(S. Romanov, artist, collector) - 8 hours

4. Making a Christmas tree retro toy

(E. Manshavina, artist, member of the Moscow Union of Artists) - 8 hours

5. Suit technology

(S. Rumyantseva, artist, chairman of the Art Doll Section) - 12 hours

6. Graphic design. Information Technology.

(V. Andrianov, graphic designer) - 12 hours

7.Photography

(A.Telpukhovskaya, professional photographer) - 12 hours

8. Psychological trainings (I. Shitueva, psychologist) - 12 hours

Board of Trustees:

Khudyakov K.V. - Honored Artist of the Russian Federation, full member of the Russian Academy of Arts (RAH), chairman of the Creative Union of Artists of Russia (TSHR)

Gromova E.M. - gallerist

Rudkovskaya A.A. - collector

Andreeva T.B. - collector

Rumyantseva S. M - Chairman of the Art Doll Section

Khudyakova A.K. - corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Arts (RAH), curator of the DOLLART.RU project

Creative Union of Artists of Russia (TSHR)

Pobedina N. S. - Chairman of the Association of Puppeteers of the Moscow Union of Artists (MOA)

Craft puppet masters is a game, fine arts and needlework at the same time. The profession is suitable for those who are interested in drawing (see choosing a profession for interest in school subjects).

Features of the profession

If a sculptor or painter creates works of fine art, then the craft of a puppeteer seems to be something frivolous.

What is a doll performed by a puppeteer? This is an artistic image, a toy imitation of a living creature - a person, an animal, and maybe even evil spirits. But at the same time, it is a balanced design that makes the doll stable and, in some cases, mobile.

Ask any child which dolls he is more interested in: motionless beauties or those whose arms and legs move? Surely he will choose a simpler doll, but with which you can interact: with bending arms and legs. At worst, groovy.

For those who appreciate the doll as an artistic phenomenon, the unusual design and craftsmanship will be in the foreground.

Handmade art dolls rarely fall into the hands of children. Their destiny is to decorate interiors with themselves, to exhibit in galleries. In addition, there are puppet actors who play their roles in puppet theaters and cartoons. Moreover, in the puppet-actor, it is not beauty that is important, but expressiveness and ease of control.

To create a doll, you need to come up with and embody her appearance, character. If we are talking about a clockwork puppet or a puppet-actor, you also need to think about the internal structure, mechanics.

The doll artist has to work with fabrics, wood, polymer clay, porcelain, paints and many other materials. And each of them requires special technologies that the artist has to master.

No wonder they say that the craft of a puppeteer is an art on the one hand, and a game on the other. For a real artist, a doll is almost a living being. And a puppet for the theater is also a character in a play. And the more skillful the puppeteer, the more alive the character turns out.

The puppets in the theater are puppets and tablet puppets. The puppet is controlled by strings on which parts of its “body” are suspended. The puppeteer rises above the puppet and, pulling the strings, sets it in motion.

With tablet puppets, the opposite is true: the puppeteer hides behind a screen, and the puppet is above it. It is controlled by handles and levers.

The doll used in the animated film does not need any strings or handles. It is arranged in such a way that the multiplier can gradually change its position. A huge number of shots are taken, each of which conveys part of the movement. The doll comes to life on the screen when all the shots are shown one after another.

Workplace

A puppet master can work in his workshop, most likely right at home. A puppet theater artist works in a theater workshop. Animation film puppeteer works in an animation studio.

Important qualities

The profession of a puppeteer implies artistic abilities, a rich imagination, the ability to notice characteristic or unusual features in others, a penchant for working with hands, perseverance, and a sense of humor.