Basic methods of persuasion and suggestion. Types of indirect suggestion

Introduction

Suggestion (suggestion) is a form of direct mental influence associated with the weakening of conscious control; acts as a spontaneous component of everyday communication or as a specially organized form of communication, designed for non-critical perception of information. Suggestion is one of the mechanisms of influence on the mass and individual consciousness, widely used in mass communication, advertising, fashion distribution and political manipulation.

At present, there is no doubt that suggestion is an integral part of normal human communication. Together with other methods of communication, suggestion performs important socio-psychological functions: it contributes to the formation of the social psychology of people, the introduction into the consciousness of similar views and beliefs, opinions and assessments, norms of activity and behavior; directs and regulates the activity of the individual, inducing to one deeds and actions or keeping them from them.
It should be noted that in the process of communication, the influence of suggestion is opposed by the process of counter-suggestion. Its mechanism is formed in the process of the general development of the personality under the influence of education. It includes mental, emotional and volitional components.

General characteristics of the concept of suggestion

Suggestion is an impact on the behavior and psyche of a person, which implies an uncritical perception of the features of information. Suggestion is carried out through verbal and non-verbal means. Communicating, people constantly influence each other, inspiring or imposing their opinions, assessments, moods on each other. The power of suggestion increases during natural disasters (earthquakes, floods), as well as under the influence of targeted advertising, the significance of the transmitted information, and the authority of the speaker.

A feature of suggestion is its addressing not to the logic and reason of the individual, not to her readiness to think and reason, but to her readiness to internally accept the transmitted information, the indicated information. Suggestion, Bekhterev noted, operates by direct instillation of mental states, that is, ideas, feelings and sensations, without requiring any evidence at all and without needing logic.

According to V. M. Bekhterev, suggestion is nothing more than an intrusion into consciousness (or inoculation of ideas into it), which occurs without the participation and attention of the perceiving person and often without a clear consciousness on his part (religion, hypnosis).

For some time in domestic psychology, pedagogy, suggestion was ignored as a method of education. It was believed that suggestion suppresses the will, reduces the criticality of thinking to blind faith, and only by persuasion can one educate conscious ideological fighters. At the same time, in psychotherapy, the use of suggestion in the waking state and in hypnosis has a long history and has shown significant effectiveness.

According to the concept of A.M. determining its validity. From a significant amount of collapsing information, more complex information is subjected to logical processing and evaluation. Most of it is subjected to automatic unconscious assessment in terms of reliability and significance. Thanks to this, the body, without loading consciousness, is protected from inadequate response to signals that are either not related to it, or carry insignificant or false information.

The influence of suggestion consists in organizing and bringing information to the object in such a way that it does not raise doubts about its value, significance and is assimilated without analysis.

In the process of communication, suggestion always takes place, when the effect of the first impression is observed, stereotypes, prejudices are actualized; there are affects and an unstable mental state of the participants in communication; there is an external similarity of the situation, appearance and behavior of people with past communication experience and state.

When suggesting a person who is being suggested, certain barriers may arise. The Bulgarian psychotherapist G. Lozanov claims that with age, a person develops three barriers: critical-logical, intuitive-effective and ethical. Everything that does not contain the impression of well-intentioned logical consistency, trust and a sense of confidence, everything that is contrary to the ethical principles of the individual, as a rule, is discarded.

In this regard, G. Lozanov suggests the following overcoming of these barriers:

2. infantilization (creation of an atmosphere of emancipation, adjusting, playfulness, similar to the one that reigns in children's games),

3. two-dimensionality (connection of additional stimuli: facial expressions, pantomimics, scenery),

4. intonation,

6. pseudo-passivity (establishment of a calm attitude, trust in the source of information, removal of fear of a possible failure).

Types of suggestion

Suggestion is the introduction of any ideas, feelings, emotions without the possibility of critical evaluation and logical processing, i.e. bypassing consciousness. When suggesting, all transmitted ideas are perceived and executed "blindly".

Suggestion is used to block a person's unwanted behavior or thinking, to induce a desired action or behavior, to spread useful information and rumors.

Suggestions gain strength through repetition. A person can reject an offer made once, but if he listens to the same thing for a while, he will accept it. In addition, suggestion may not produce a noticeable effect immediately, but manifest itself after a certain time. When the conscious mind is interested and distracted, the subconscious mind is left unprotected and absorbs everything that is said to it.

The main instrument of suggestion is the word, and the gaze also has the effect of suggestion.

There are the following types of suggestion:

1. Direct - the impact of words.

• a) commands and orders. They are authoritarian and directive. These are sharp, short phrases, accompanied by appropriate facial expressions, gestures, and intonation. Usually phrases are repeated several times.
• b) instructions that affect emotions, attitudes and behavioral motives. These are soft lulling phrases, they are repeated several times in a calm tone.

2. Indirect - hidden, disguised suggestion. Intermediate actions or an irritant are used to enhance the effect, for example, a pill that does not have medicinal properties (“placebo effect”). Assimilated indirect suggestion unconsciously, involuntarily, imperceptibly.

Suggestion can occur either intentionally or unintentionally.

1. Deliberate suggestion, when the inspiring person tries to achieve a specific goal, knows what and to whom he wants to inspire, makes efforts to achieve the set goals.

2. Unintentional suggestion, when the inspiring person does not set himself the goal of inspiring something to the inspired person and does not make any efforts.

1. Positive instills positive psychological properties, qualities, states (self-confidence, faith in a cure).

2. Negative instills negative psychological properties, qualities, states (laziness, self-doubt, dishonesty).

Suggestion techniques

Suggestion methods can be divided into three groups:

1. Techniques of direct suggestion - advice, suggestion, inspiring instruction, command, order.

2. Methods of indirect suggestion - a hint, approval, condemnation, "deceived expectation", etc.

3. Techniques of hidden suggestion - truism, the illusion of choice, the provision of all options, linking the real and the desired.

4. Techniques of direct suggestion.

Techniques of direct suggestion

Advice and suggestion - these techniques are most effective if the object has gained confidence in the inspirer. Techniques of direct suggestion require different staging of the voice, intonation of sentences, gestures. So, when using advice for suggestion, the tone should be soft, friendly. At the same time, research by psychologists shows that many people do not know their intonation features. As a result of this, advice is very often given in a mentoring tone, which naturally provokes an inner protest in the suggested person. To get rid of this shortcoming, it is necessary to purposefully train speech intonation using video recording, voice recording.

An inspiring instruction is characterized by the fact that the manager's appeal, expressed in an imperative form, without argumentation, determines the performance behavior of the subordinate. The verbal forms of suggestive instruction are a command, an instruction, an order, a prohibition. Inspiring instruction is supported by more emotional intonation and reassuring gestures. The construction of the phrase and intonation should not allow critical perception. The text is pronounced with a feeling of unshakable confidence that the subordinate will carry out the order. Unlike commands and orders, which are designed to trigger an already existing skill, inspiring instruction creates a holistic set of activities. Most often, inspiring instruction is used as an individual means, in order to develop self-confidence in subordinates, adjust the level of claims, weaken negative habits, and change behavior. The conditions for the effectiveness of inspiring instruction in managerial communication are, first of all, the authority of the leader, as well as the absence of conflict in his relations with his subordinates, a favorable microclimate in the company's team, the style and form of verbal expression of this suggestive technique.

Commands and orders, as a kind of direct inspiring influence, require precise and fast execution. They are designed for the automaticity of behavior and represent a special kind of verbal influence, expressed in a short form, precisely defined by existing regulations or traditions. Commands are given in a firm, calm voice and commanding tone. It is important that the instructions penetrate the subconscious of employees, as deeply and unambiguously as possible. Then a deep complex perception is formed.

Repetition should probably also be included in the group of methods of direct suggestion. Most researchers agree that a stimulus repeatedly sent to the recipient gives an effect that cannot be achieved with a single use. To achieve suggestion, it is often not enough to give the suggestible once. To achieve a result, it must be repeated. But, repeating the impact, one should strive to ensure that the suggestible enters the minds of listeners or readers each time in a new way, with the help of different factors, so that the way the content is presented changes. The power of suggestion in such cases increases, firstly, due to the repetition of the influence of the suggested thought.

Secondly, changing the mode of influence of the suggested idea guarantees against passive and hidden opposition from listeners. Repetition has no effect if the listener is not interested in the information. It also fails if the message is too easy to digest or provokes strong resistance. Repetition should not be mechanical. Stereotypical reproduction of information is of little use for suggestive influence.

Repetition, as a method of suggestion, must be carried out taking into account the fact that the repeated perception of ideas, images invariably causes an associative effect of the psyche. With the repetition of information messages, primary associations are supplemented with new ones based on spatial, temporal, quantitative, causal relationships, sequence relationships, etc. that arise in the minds of individuals of a particular audience. Ultimately, the associative series and chains that were formulated fix the received information in the psyche. The more such associations, the more likely it is that the messages will be accepted by the consciousness of the recipients.

Methods of indirect suggestion

Indirect suggestion is given not in an imperative, but rather in a descriptive form: in the form of a story, a description of a case, a commentary, a hint, etc. The purpose of the influence is not expressed here directly, but indirectly. The strength of the inspiring influence here is determined by the level of technique of the leader's speech, his ability to control his voice, facial expressions, gestures, and intonation to convey feelings. For the situation of managerial communication, indirect suggestion is more acceptable, since it does not damage the personal dignity of the subordinate, does not provoke the launch of psychological defense mechanisms for the individual, which can be observed when using some methods of direct suggestion, for example, an order or command. Indirect suggestion is used in conditions that require the most subtle approach to a partner, in situations that exclude, on the one hand, the possibility of persuasion, and on the other hand, direct suggestion.

The main methods of indirect suggestion are a hint that inspires indirect approval, indirect condemnation, and others.

On the use of the mechanism of indirect suggestion, such an educational technique as a hint is built. It consists in the fact that the leader, wanting to slow down the development of an undesirable quality, does not directly indicate the required behavior, does not criticize, but goes to the goal in a roundabout way. When hinted, the leader's words or expressions are constructed in such a way that an incompletely expressed thought can only be understood by conjecture.

A hint is a way, of course, sparing pride. They use it in situations of minor violations that are not subject to open discussion and punishment. It is advisable to apply it in relation to subordinates who show selfishness, vanity, snobbery, complacency, resentment, jealousy, deceit, self-interest, boasting and irritability, as well as often resorting to the help of others. The willingness to use this technique for subordinates who evoke sympathy among managers is low, but it increases with a negative attitude towards the object of influence. The technique is used to exert a corrective influence on people who easily take on the execution of instructions and do not complete them. Initiative is a useful trait, but when it is fruitless and only distracts people, you have to make a soft correction.

A hint can be in the form of a joke, irony, advice, analogy. The inner essence of the hint is in its focus not on consciousness, not on the logic of the object, but on emotions and internal attitudes.

At the same time, a joke, irony, analogy, being an effective tool of suggestion, can hurt the personal dignity of the object, which can cause barriers to appear. In this regard, the inspirer must sensitively capture the relationship of the object to the subject of communication. Of great importance is the emotional background of the situation of communication. Here it is desirable to create a "concert mood", the formation of a strong interest in the problem under discussion.

Inspiring indirect approval is used to form in the subordinate a sense of self-confidence, a positive attitude towards the task being performed. Approval is pronounced with a bright emotional coloring, warmth is heard in the voice, a soft tone prevails. As a result of indirect approval, a sense of self-esteem is generated in the object, an attitude is formed aimed at activity in a similar way. Inspiring indirect condemnation in form should be laconic, concise. The intonation coloring of the leader's speech should cause an adequate emotional state of the partner. It directs the suggestible to correct their own behavior.

"Placebo" - the technique of suggestion was first used in medical practice. It lies in the fact that the doctor, prescribing a neutral remedy to the patient, claims that it has a great therapeutic effect. Taking such a medicine, the patient feels relief and even recovers.

In managerial communication, there may be situations in which the use of the "placebo" technique is possible, in particular, for pedagogical purposes. However, it must be used with extreme caution, since the disclosure of the fact of its use is perceived by the suggestible as a deception.

"A detour maneuver" is the essence of this technique, writes I.D. Ladanov - lies in the fact that any thought or idea is presented to the object as its own.

A deceived expectation can be used in managerial communication both when the object is friendly to the suggestor, and when it is clearly hostile. A prerequisite for successful application, according to I.D. Ladanov, - this technique is to create a tense situation of expecting quite definite actions from the opponent. Preceding events should form a strictly directed train of thought in the object. When the inconsistency of this orientation is discovered, the object of suggestion is at a loss and accepts the suggested idea without resistance.

The "free" commentary was based on the rationality theory of suggestion. The task of such a comment is to create a certain context for information about facts. Suggestion here is carried out, in particular, through the substitution of the object of judgment.

Illustrating the fact, it is believed that imitation of a visible image is easier, and ideas and faith, as an object of imitation, are assimilated on the basis of various associations with these visible images.

Yu.A. Sherkovin cites suggestion techniques developed by American psychologists, the Lee spouses:

"Sticking labels" to the name of the main idea or phenomenon, an epithet or metaphor is "glued", most often offensive, causing a negative attitude. Thus, the emotional coloring of words or phrases that were previously neutral is deliberately created. This technique is most often used to discredit a phenomenon or object in the eyes of the recipient. At the same time, this technique can also be used to exalt a phenomenon, create the authority of a person, etc. That is, labels can carry a positive connotation.

"Shining generalization" is the designation of a specific thing, idea or person with a generalized generic name that has a positive emotional connotation. The purpose of this technique is to encourage the communication partner to accept and approve the presented concept. The technique of "radiant generalization" hides the negative aspects of a particular thing, idea or person and, thus, does not cause unwanted associations in the recipient. An example of a shining generalization from modern life: "democratic transformations" (transformations occur, but not necessarily all of them are democratic).

Reception of "transfer" or "transfer": its essence is to encourage the partner to associate the presented concept with some other one that has undeniable prestigious value in order to make the concept acceptable. Negative transference is also possible through the inducement to associate with clearly negative concepts. This option, notes Yu.A. Sherkovin, - is widely used to discredit ideas, personalities, situations that cannot be discredited by logical proof.

"Evidence" consists in bringing the statement of a person who is respected or, conversely, hated by the partner. Such a statement contains an assessment of the presented phenomenon. This assessment should prompt the recipient to a certain, positive or negative attitude towards the phenomenon under discussion. Statements of politicians, famous artists, etc. can be used here.

"The game of common people": when using this technique, the message is deliberately presented in a simplified way, using everyday vocabulary (sometimes even obscene), jargon familiar to this environment. The purpose of this technique is to encourage the listener to associate the personality of the communicator and the concepts presented by him with positive values ​​because of the "nationality" of these concepts or the belonging of their source to "ordinary people". At the same time, "common people" can be demonstrated by the appearance, the nature of behavior, the way of life.

The technique of "shuffling" consists in the selection and biased presentation of only positive or only negative facts of reality to the audience in order to inspire the partner with the justice of any idea. This is where the inspiration of facts takes place that leads the partner to the necessary conclusions. Outwardly, the appearance of conviction remains.

Bandvan: This technique consists in inducing the partner to accept the value presented in the message, since everyone in this social group shares it. An appeal to "everyone," notes Yu.A. Sherkovin, - takes into account that people, as a rule, believe in the winning power of the majority, and therefore want to be with those who make it up. This technique is widely used in advertising goods and services. In managerial communication, the use of this technique is to appeal to the opinion of the team.

Techniques of hidden suggestion

Hidden suggestion techniques are currently widely used in medical practice, advertising, and are partially used in pedagogical activities. After appropriate adaptation, they can be successfully applied in certain forms of managerial communication.

A truism is an obvious truth, a banality. However, the statement of such an obvious truth in the course of a conversation with a subordinate has an inspiring effect, because people tend to take events in the world around them “at their own expense”, as if everything is aimed at them. The value of this technique also lies in the fact that, perceiving the banality as addressed to himself, the subordinate does not have the opportunity to object. However, in a specific situation, it automatically provides an opportunity for a specific leader to give a very specific task to a given executor.

A very effective method of suggestion is to give the illusion of choice. The essence of this technique is the statement of something by providing the illusion of choice. It is advisable to use the illusion of choice to prevent conflicts, optimize the psychological climate in communication between the leader and the subordinate.

persuasion and suggestion

The results of persuasion are also influenced by the appeal to the feelings of the interlocutor. Arguments containing this kind of appeal are intended to arouse emotion and will in the hearers. Such argumentation in communication sharpens the moral feelings of duty, pride, dignity, i.e., feelings that favor persuasion. Irony and sarcasm, appeal to feelings of pity and compassion, to modesty, to the desire of the individual to be with the majority can serve the same purpose in argumentation.
Persuasion in the course of communication is effective only with due consideration of the real possibilities of this method in specific conditions. Without this, the persuasive influence turns into a little useful moralization, which does not give the desired result. Taking into account the real possibilities, "through persuasion, one can achieve a restructuring of consciousness, motives for activity, form a desire, change the way of life ...".
In political struggles involving fundamental class interests, situations often arise when some audiences are not ready to logically compare arguments and conclusions in order to develop agreement with the truth of the latter. At one time, on this occasion, V. I. Lenin, rebuffing the dreamers regarding their hopes for persuading the overthrown exploiting classes, wrote: “... they thought, maybe they are thinking, they are dreaming that socialism can be introduced by persuasion .. No, the earth is not arranged so happily; exploiters, beastly landlords, the capitalist class are not amenable to persuasion.”

Suggestion is a method of communication influence, designed for non-critical perception of messages in which something is affirmed or denied without proof. At the present level of development of knowledge about this psychological phenomenon, one usually proceeds from the position that “suggestion is based on certainty formed without logical proof, and is transferred or, more precisely, automatically spreads from individual to individual, from collective to individual and vice versa.”
Of particular importance in the course of suggestion is a group of factors related to the orientation of the interlocutors to the personality of the one who inspires. The degree of readiness of the audience to focus their attention on messages of a certain content, perceive them and assimilate them largely depends on their ideas about the person acting as a communicator. Of great importance is the assessment of his status and role behavior, his prestige, the sincerity of intentions and the reliability of information emanating from him.

The process of suggestion under conditions characterized positively by the indicated indicators is usually very effective. And in cases where it is necessary to use suggestion for the purpose of ideological influence, care should be taken in advance that the listed signs of orientation towards the communicator would correspond to the task.
A far-reaching influence on the subjective readiness of communication participants to accept an inspiring influence is exerted by the specific conditions in which messages are perceived. The intense attention of others and applause, the lack of information on an important political issue in the conditions of expectation, for example, seriously affect the readiness of the audience to accept the proposed judgments uncritically.

The direct result of the processes of persuasion and suggestion is the formation in the minds of the audience of attitudes regarding objects that are affected or associated with the subjects of the message, or the consolidation of existing attitudes, or, finally, the change or suppression of the actions of attitudes that contradict the goals of the impact being carried out.

A party worker, especially a propagandist, has to use in his work various types of communication, various methods of psychological, primarily verbal, influence. And he must constantly take care to make his communication, be it personal or socially oriented, speech from the podium or heartfelt conversation, as effective as possible. Many shortcomings in educational work about the masses are caused by the inability to convey ideas, convictions, facts to people.

Therefore, propagandists face a very acute task - to develop a professional ability to communicate. Until now, this task has been set mainly for oratory - it is obvious that it is necessary to be able to speak from the rostrum. But one must be able to speak, to communicate in general, and not only with a mass audience. This obliges us to study the general psychological and socio-psychological mechanism of effective communication and give it the attention it deserves due to its social significance.

Conclusion

Suggestion as a method of socio-psychological influence is the imposition of certain thoughts (often unconscious) perception. This is a purposeful and unreasoned influence on an individual or a group of people. Being under the influence of suggestion, a person does not control the influence directed at him. Therefore, it is easiest to inspire a person with what he is predisposed to because of his needs and interests.

However, it is possible to inspire something against his will, causing certain feelings and states that push him to commit an act. With suggestion, information is perceived that contains ready-made conclusions, and then, on its basis, motives and attitudes of a certain behavior are formed. In the process of suggestion, the intellectual activity of consciousness is either absent or significantly weakened, and the perception of information is based on the mechanisms of infection and imitation.

At the socio-psychological level, suggestion has a certain specificity, which is associated with a number of factors on which the effectiveness of suggestion depends.

Firstly, the characteristics of the one who carries out the suggestion are of great importance - his social status, attractiveness, volitional and intellectual characteristics.

Secondly, the features of the one to whom the suggestion is directed in particular, his ability to turn on the mechanisms of psychological defense are important.

Thirdly, a significant factor is the peculiarities of the relationship between the inspiring and the suggested person - trust, authority, dependence. And, finally, the effectiveness of suggestion depends on the way the message is constructed - the level of argumentation, the nature of the combination of logical and emotional components, reinforcement by other influences.

Suggestion is achieved by various kinds of verbal and non-verbal means - words, intonation, facial expressions, gestures, actions of the suggestor.

The mechanism of suggestion is now widely used throughout the world.

Bibliography

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9. Bekhterev V. M. "Suggestion in public life" // Pravda, 1990 No. 7

Effective hypnotic communication relies on suggestion. Think about what various forms of suggestion present in your daily life. You get up in the morning and stumble over your son's sneakers left in the hallway. When he appears himself, you look from shoes to him. What do you suggest with this look? Your shoes are out of place. Take away. On your way to work, you pass a billboard. In the picture, a group of people are listening to the radio in delight. Suggestion: You will be happier if you listen to the same radio. The boss walks into your office, sits down and says, “We're looking for a project director and would like to make a decision by the end of the month. We really liked the way you organized and implemented the training program. You did a great job, you are respected by the employees. What do you think of the new project? This is a double suggestion - you are considered as a project director. How do you convince your boss that you are the best candidate? You stop at an ATM on your way home. There is a queue, and the person behind you is smoking a cigar. Smoke hits your face. You turn around, look at the cigar in his hand and then into his eyes. Suggestion: stop smoking. You are having dinner at a restaurant. After your meal, the waiter comes to your table and asks, "Show you the dessert menu?" Suggestion: He will be happy if you order dessert. You come home and your 15-year-old daughter rushes out of the room asking, “Would you like to hear me talk about seal nutrition?” Suggestion: You want to sit down and listen to her report right now.

You will notice that these types of suggestion vary in their degree of directiveness. Moreover, some of them are verbal (expressed in words), others are not. In hypnotic communication, you will use both direct and indirect suggestion.

hypnotic suggestion

Technically, suggestion is the suggestion of beliefs or actions that are taken in the absence of intermediate or critical thought . In other words, when you are hypnotized and in a relaxed state, your subconscious mind is more sensitive to suggestion than when you are in complete control of yourself. Suggestion acts directly on the subconscious, easily becomes a belief, changes behavior, stimulates effort or action.
Here are a few goals that can be achieved using suggestion:

Basic types of suggestions

The six main types of suggestions are described below: relaxing, deepening, direct, imaginative, indirect, and post-hypnotic.

Relaxing Suggestion

1. Relaxing Suggestion soothes, increases your susceptibility, focusing your attention on internal sensations, thereby fencing off the external environment. Thus, the basis for the further procedure is laid.

Start relaxing, feel how this state grows, how you sink deeper with each breath and become more receptive to positive suggestion.

Feel how your muscles, neck and shoulders relax, and your consciousness becomes liberated along with them. Your consciousness is liberated, helping to relax the whole body, and you pay less and less attention to the world around you.

Deepening Suggestion

2. Deepening Suggestion puts you into a deeper hypnotic trance. It involves concentration on a specific action, which greatly enhances the trance state. Deepening suggestion can be compared to an elevator that goes down - you just need to press the appropriate button and it goes down to the next floor. Three ways to deepen suggestion are illustrated below:

Now I will start the countdown from ten to one, and you can imagine that you are going down the stairs, with each step lower and lower, your body relaxes more and more, feel how you descend, step by step; relax... ten... relax... nine... eight... seven... six... five... four... three... two... one... deeper, deeper, relax.
Your eyelids are down, they are so heavy that you cannot lift them. They seem to be glued together and you can't open them. Your eyelids are drooping, they are so tightly closed that they cannot be opened. Now you will slowly count to three, thinking about your glued eyelids, and with each uttered number, your eyelids will stick together more tightly. Try to open them... One... they won't open... two... they are tightly adjacent. .. glued, fully glued... three... your eyelids won't open.

You are sitting in the chair so relaxed that your body merges with the chair, you cannot get up from the chair, you cannot walk, you are immobile in the chair like a statue. You are a statue sitting on a chair. You are so relaxed that you cannot move. So relaxed that when you try to move you can't. When you try to move, you fail, your body is too relaxed.

direct suggestion

3. Direct suggestion is used to guide you and teach you to respond in a certain way. Direct suggestion is usually simple and specific. It is often used as an introduction and does not require a rich imagination, unlike indirect suggestion, of which images are an integral part.

With this suggestion, you respond to words, not images. The suggestion may consist of a single word or several sentences that initiate an immediate response. The following are examples of the most typical direct suggestions:

Now you will return to the past, to the moment from which your problems began.
You want to sleep, let this slumber take over you, release the images from the past.
When I count to three, you will be able to speak, and then describe the day your grandmother was in trouble.

figurative suggestion

4. Figurative suggestion complements other types of suggestion. It creates mental images, setting the stage for relaxation or encouraging a new self-image, serving as a "rehearsal" for a different behavior, or creating an imaginary environment that should help reprogram the patient's behavior. For example, the image of a staircase helps with the countdown during a deepening suggestion. Images from the past help to revive an important event, the memory of which is caused by direct suggestion. Using indirect suggestion, you can use any image or metaphor: for example, the image of a stormy river is completely identified with the circulatory system, and the image of a singing bird with hope.

Post-hypnotic suggestion is enriched by the use of imagery and helps you successfully settle into your new role.
You feel strong, as in your youth, when the ball you hit flew across the entire field. You feel the bat in your palms, the joyful excitement of being ready to serve. You hit the ball hard and see the ball fly over the field fence as you lightly rush from base to base. You are just as energetic now, just as happy, just as confident.

You are going to that special place in the Arizona desert, where at this time of the year there are amazing sunrises that creep over the horizon, where the air is dry and clean, and all around is silence. Everything froze. So quiet that you can hear your own thoughts.

You are on the beach, where your stress literally melts and flows off your body, carried away by the waves; it just melts and disappears, and you stand and no longer feel its weight. You are embraced by lightness and happiness, peace and tranquility.

indirect suggestion

5. Indirect suggestion there are two types. Suggestion of the first type operates with a positive emotional state, such as happiness. The hypnotized person is asked about his past, revealing an event that had a positive connotation. During the induction, the person is encouraged to re-experience it and the positive emotions associated with it. A simple cue is then associated with such an event, which can be used later to evoke a similar emotional state post-hypnotically. For example, the patient recalled an episode from childhood when he and his father were sailing on a boat. Together with the memory, he is overwhelmed by a feeling of carelessness, peace and joy. A person re-experiences everything that happened under hypnosis. He feels that carefree, effortless happiness again. The keyword associated with this state is entered. In this case, it is the word " sail". Now, in order to experience the desired emotional state, a person only needs to mentally pronounce the word " sail».

The second type of indirect suggestion often associated with the work of Milton Erickson. And although he was not the first to use this technique, without a doubt, his ideas had the greatest impact in this area. He often used lengthy dialogues to hypnotize the client, telling stories and using analogies that elicited a response from the client that was built into their next course of action. The result was a significant change in the patient's being: for example, the disappearance of chronic pain or the modification of problematic behavior. In particular, when Erickson was working with a couple who were not having a sexual relationship, he approached the problem metaphorically and narrated about an elegantly arranged dinner, at which food is not consumed immediately, but leisurely enjoy the process.

Indirect suggestion is very individual. Every analogy, every metaphor must correspond as closely as possible to the patient's life experience and disposition. For example, if an elderly person who has worked as a carpenter all his life comes to a hypnotherapist to get rid of pain in his arm, then induction should be built in such a way that the metaphor is meaningful for this particular person. For example, induction may develop the image of "iron" wood to emphasize the hallmarks of strength and integrity that are associated with hard, heavy woods. Guidance might sound like this:

You are driving a car through the desert. The road is long and the winds blow over its surface. Suddenly, around the corner, you see an "iron" tree on a hill. One of the branches is swaying in the wind ...

Then the metaphor should be worked deeper to achieve a specific goal. In this case, it is the deliverance of a person from pain in the hand.

Post-hypnotic suggestion

6. Post-hypnotic suggestion administered during and after completion of induction during the post-hypnotic phase. This type of suggestion serves to stop bad habits, such as smoking, and to modify behavior, for example, to improve interpersonal communication at work or to increase self-confidence. You hear a post-hypnotic suggestion, take it on a subconscious level, then come into full consciousness, and later respond to the suggestion received on a subconscious level.

Here are examples of a common post-hypnotic suggestion:

The next time you sit down at the table, you will realize that a smaller portion of food will be enough for you. You are full and satisfied with a smaller portion.

At the beginning of a new working day, you will feel an unprecedented increase in motivation. It will become easier for you to make phone calls and sell because you will be confident and calm. You will believe wholeheartedly in the product you are selling.

After completing this induction, you will completely lose the craving for smoking.

Tomorrow you will enter the exam room, sit down, take a deep breath and answer all the questions calmly and confidently, remembering all the necessary information easily and quickly.

A person lives in a world where every part wants to influence him. This is not bad if you understand that just as a person influences the world around him with his actions, words and thoughts, so the world will influence him with his wishes. There are various techniques of suggestion, some of them are easy, others are hard methods. and at a distance, their techniques will be discussed in the article.

Man is a part of God! This idea appealed to many people, because now this “piece of God” is trying to impose its opinion on everyone, forgetting that people are also “pieces” that can claim the role of God.

Man imagines himself to be God, not a part of him. Although when failures happen, then a person shrinks, trying to pretend to be a “particle”. As long as he is sure that he is right, he fancies himself omnipotent and omniscient. But as soon as his truth does not give the proper result, he immediately admits that he, too, can be wrong.

People forget about this truth when they begin to impose their opinions on each other. Parents want their children to obey them. Partners in love try to force each other to listen only to their opinions. In almost any close relationship, people forget that they can be wrong. A person seeks to insist on his opinion, as if wanting to deprive other people of their personal opinion.

“I said, so it will be so,” a person may not say this out loud. But when he fails to agree on something with others, the reason for this is his position. He does not want to listen to another opinion. He claims to be omniscient. He thinks he's right. He wants to decide the fate of other people. Such approaches to other people lead to the fact that even close ones begin to close and tear themselves away from each other.

Why do people impose their opinion? Because they want to dominate the lives of others. At the same time, one can often observe that these people themselves live unhappily, poorly and without love. So, what can they teach you by imposing their opinion? Nothing. Understanding this, you can calmly relate to any attempts to impose your opinion on you, seeing that a person simply imagines himself to be God, like a small child trying to copy the behavior of his parents.

What is a suggestion?

Suggestion is present in the life of every person. Even in an environment where a person is not in contact with others, suggestion can occur by various mechanisms. What is a suggestion? Usually, it is understood as the influence of one person on another in such a way that he uncritically perceives everything that is said to him, considering this to be the correct opinion.

It seems that you yourself influence your behavior and train of thought. However, psychologists can give many examples of how people influence each other. Almost everyone has various techniques that they constantly use to influence the thoughts and behavior of others. It can be hypnosis, manipulation, suggestion, telepathy.

All people are suggestible, just as all people influence each other in various ways. This happens everywhere: in communication, at work, at the time of education, in relationships. Often people influence each other for selfish purposes. When a person seeks the help of a psychologist on the site psymedcare.com, he is faced with suggestion aimed at self-improvement.

The introduction of thoughts against the will of a person, contrary to his ideas, is called suggestion, and the person who inspires is called a suggestor.

During suggestion, various mechanisms are used: verbal and non-verbal signals. Sometimes people unconsciously use them. And their interlocutors do not even notice how they are affected. Repetition becomes effective here. If you repeat the same information several times, then a person will soon perceive it. From the first time, he may not pay attention to it or not treat it as necessary, so repetitions are necessary.

Factors that help in the process of suggestion, which affects its strength:

• The nature of the suggestion.
• Suggested mood.
• The authority of the one who inspires.
• Compliance suggestible.
• Emotional toughness.
• Categorical message.
• The environment for the suggestion.
• Mental exhaustion and overwork of the suggestible.
• Message surprise.
• Natural disasters, etc.

The power of suggestion is affected by how ready a person is to perceive someone else's information without succumbing to its criticism. Sometimes this is more effective than logical evidence, which is used to convince.

What kind of people are suggestible?

1. With uncritical thinking.
2. Weak.
3. Scary.
4. Innocent.
5. Shy.
6. Prone to dependence on others.
7. Timid.
8. Trusting.

The following individuals become less suggestible:

• Strong-willed.
• Initiative.
• Eccentric.
• Narcissists.
• with business activity.
• Independent from others.
• Energetic.
• Having someone under their control.
• Uncommunicative.
• Arrogant.
• Frank.
• Gloomy.

If the information that comes to a person contradicts his ethical and moral values, logic and provokes internal resistance, then this becomes a barrier that interferes with suggestion.

Suggestion of thoughts

Psychologists note that the greatest suggestion of thoughts occurs between close people. There is a lot of trust in the relationships of relatives, loved ones and friends. People uncritically perceive each other's information, because they believe that close relationships between them are built on openness, honesty and trust. It is a close person who can influence as much as strangers cannot influence.

Every parent has a direct influence on their children. What an adult says to a child, for what he punishes and for what he praises - absolutely any word and action leaves an imprint on the subconscious map of the child. Meeting the expectations of parents is one of the main tasks of the baby in order to learn how to survive and adapt to life among other people and nature in general. Any parental attitudes towards the child, how he is, how to stand, what to do, how to jump, how to communicate with others - everything is imprinted in his subconscious and carries important information about what he will be like when he grows up.

It is very important for adults to hear themselves and understand what they say to their young children. Any word spoken by mom or dad can remain in the memory of the baby for a long time and subsequently influence his adult life: how he will treat himself, other people and even his already aged parents.

To correct your words and actions, write down on a piece of paper: how do you see your child in 5, 10 years, as an adult? Based on the notes, adjust your attitudes about the child. If you want to see him smart, but every time you shout at him that he is stupid, just because he got a "2" in math, this crosses out all your true intentions. If you want a smart son, then see him as a smart kid even when he fails.

There are rare cases when parents give complete freedom and the opportunity to their children to choose their own path. This phenomenon is called unconditional love, which implies a positive attitude of parents towards a child even when he does not meet all the expectations of his adult mentors. Giving complete freedom to the younger generation, parents free themselves from responsibility for someone else's life, giving the child the opportunity to find his own life path, following which he will become an independent and responsible person.

Another way to suggest thoughts is hypnosis. It is carried out when a person plunges into a half-asleep or trance state. While awake or asleep, hypnosis will have no effect.

This method allows you to suggest any thoughts to a person who is under hypnosis. Here the fantasy and imagination of the hypnotized are effectively used. However, psychologists note the following fact:

• Suggested thoughts should correspond to the needs of the person.
• If the suggested thoughts are contrary to the needs of a person, then he will develop neurosis, internal conflict, nervous breakdown.

Two factors remain important in the suggestion of thoughts:

1. The one who inspires must himself believe in the correctness of his own information.
2. The one who is being inspired must be ready for suggestion, malleable, trusting.

If a person can not succumb to the influence of one individual, then sometimes he cannot resist the influence of the whole society. The so-called "public opinion" affects many minds of people who may not want to and go against it, but sometimes succumb to pressure and obey the opinion of the majority. This is the easiest way to suggest thoughts: if the majority believes, then only a few will believe.

Suggestion methods

Suggestion can be both positive and negative. It all depends on what goals the person who is trying to influence others pursues, as well as the methods that he uses in doing so. They are:

• Non-verbal. It is carried out through the intonation of the voice, postures and facial expressions. Divided by:

1. Catalepsy.
2. Levitation.
3. Pause.

• Intentional. It happens when the suggestor has specific goals and objectives, while taking all the actions that will help him in suggestion.
• Unintentional. Occurs when the suggestor has no suggestion intentions, but at the same time performs actions that affect the interlocutor.
• Positive. After the impact, there were changes for the better.
• Negative. After exposure, negative properties, behavior, and traits appeared.
• Impact while awake.
• Impact in a relaxing state.
• Hypnotic.
• Mental. It is carried out in the absence of contact with a person.
• Pressure.
• persuasion.
• indirect suggestions. When the person being influenced still retains the right to choose whether to accept the information or not. There are such types:

1. Sequence - the beliefs that are fixed by the installation are listed in turn.
2. An implication is a prediction of a possible outcome that a person is tuned in to.
3. A double bind is an offer to choose between two similar options.
4. Listing possible options for events, missing the most important, and focusing on one thing.

• Emotional and volitional influence.
• Mechanical - the impact on a person of various sounds, objects, colors, etc.
• Mental.
• Magical - the use of healing magnetism.

The goal of all methods of suggestion is to introduce specific ideas, thoughts and emotions to another person so that he perceives them as his own, after which he begins to act and change behavior in the right direction.

Suggestion at a distance

This topic causes a controversial attitude, since to date it has not yet been proven whether it is possible to inspire at a distance. This implies the introduction of the necessary information to a person without direct contact with him. You may not see or communicate with a person, but at a distance you can transmit the necessary thoughts to him.

Here the main emphasis is on telepathy. If hypnosis already has a scientific basis, then some hope to confirm the presence of telepathy.

It is believed that thoughts are waves of a certain frequency that can be transmitted over any distance. Accordingly, the person on whom the influence occurs must be a “receiver” that captures these frequencies. Here a logical question arises: if the person you want to influence is on the "other wave", then how can you influence him? Scientists still have to think about this.

Undoubtedly, in the life of every person there are examples of "telepathic influence". You, for example, thought about calling a person, and a few hours later he called himself. For example, you wanted to see someone, and a miracle happened: you met a person literally on the same day. What is it - telepathy, suggestion of thoughts or a coincidence? There is no definite answer to this question yet. However, such situations gradually accumulate in the experience of people.

Sometimes a person can suddenly think about something that is unusual for him, and then find out that the same thought has occurred to another individual. Sometimes people invent something, and at the same time they find out that at the same time there are people on the other side of the planet who also made the same discovery.

Scientists talk about the presence of a single information field around the planet, where there are all thoughts and ideas that can only or have already been born in people's heads. Being on a certain "wave", a person perceives this or that information from the outside world.

Here is a technique for telepathy - suggestion at a distance:

1. Take a comfortable position for yourself, preferably lying down.
2. Relax. Take a deep breath in and out.
3. Focus on the thought that you want to instill in another person. It should be short, clear and understandable.
4. Focus on the person you want to impress. Get into his emotional state.
5. Start repeating the desired thought to him repeatedly.
6. Imagine how a person begins to do what you inspired him.

Outcome

The topic of suggestion is in demand, as many people would like to have skills that could help them influence others. How good it would be if a person could influence the emotions, thoughts and behavior of any interlocutor. Everyone thinks so! Everyone wants this! The result of such a state of affairs would be chaos, where people are guided solely by their own desires, regardless of the opinions of others.

All people are susceptible to suggestion, just as absolutely everyone has techniques of influence. It’s just that the circumstances are always different, because of which a person achieves certain results. In one situation his methods work, in another they don't. This is quite normal in the real world.

People influence each other. Everyone has a modicum of trust, uncritical thinking and innocence. Much depends on the relationships in which people are. To authoritative persons and people who are very liked, unconditional trust arises: what they say will be true, whatever it may be. In a completely different way, people behave with those whom they do not know well or with whom they are in a conflict relationship. Here the level of criticality increases, so enemies or strangers can very minimally affect each other.

Psychological features of suggestion.

Suggestion as a powerful means of influencing the psyche was known in ancient times, however, due to the historical limitations of human knowledge, for many centuries it could not become an object of scientific knowledge. At the same time, religion widely used a variety of methods. "God's shepherds" were familiar only with the external manifestation of suggestion, but they widely used this psychological phenomenon to assert their power. One of such socio-psychological mechanisms used by religion is suggestion. A huge contribution to the development of the problems of suggestion and hypnosis was made by V.M. Bekhterev. He considered suggestion as a mental process that causes certain sensations and ideas without proper criticism. Hypnotic state of V.M. Bekhterev associated with the emotion of the description, which causes the strengthening of the action of suggestion. He showed that suggestion can be used both for the benefit and to the detriment of a person. The physiological basis of suggestion and hypnosis was discovered by I.P. Pavlov. Classical experimental studies by I.P. Pavlova revealed the true picture of the conditioned reflex activity of the higher nervous system, the nature of the processes of inhibition and excitation of the cerebral cortex made it possible to create an integral doctrine of sleep, hypnosis and verbal influence, which became the theoretical basis of psychotherapeutic practice.

The purpose of this work is to study the psychological characteristics of individuals vulnerable to suggestion. To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve such problems as: reflect the main definitions of suggestion, its types; determine how they are carried out; which people are more prone to suggestion, with what features of the psyche.

Research methods are comparison, comparison, analysis, observation.

The concept, essence and types of suggestion

Suggestion (lat. suggestio suggestion) is a psychological impact on a person's consciousness, in which there is an uncritical perception of beliefs and attitudes. Represents specially formed verbal (but sometimes emotional) constructions, often also called suggestion.

In our country, academician V.M. Bekhterev. He believed that suggestibility is a normal property of the human psyche, expressed, however, in different people to varying degrees.

According to V.M. Bekhterev, “in the concept of suggestion, first of all, there is an element of immediacy of influence. Whether the suggestion will be made by an outsider through a word or influence, or whether it will be made through some impression or action, that is, whether we have a verbal or concrete suggestion, everywhere it affects not by logical persuasion, but directly affects the mental sphere in addition to its personal sphere, or, at least, without its corresponding processing, due to which there is a real inoculation of an idea, feeling, emotion, or one or another psychophysical state. Thus, to inspire means to more or less directly inculcate ideas, feelings, emotions and other psychophysical states into the mental sphere of another person, in other words, to influence in such a way that, if possible, there is no room for criticism and judgment; suggestion should be understood as the direct inculcation, mostly through words and gestures, of ideas, feelings, emotions and other psychophysical states into the mental sphere of a given person, in addition to his active attention, that is, bypassing his critical personality.

Everything that is taken for granted without a corresponding critical processing of information entering the human brain is suggestion. If V.M. Bekhterev summed up the psychological basis for the phenomena of suggestion, then I.P. Pavlov gave this property scientific, physiological justification.

“Suggestion is the most simplified, most typical human conditioned reflex,” sums up I. P. Pavlov

According to J. Godefroy? "suggestion (suggestion) - the process of influencing the mental sphere of the subject, which is associated with a decline in consciousness, at the moment when they perceive and implement the suggested content, without having a purposeful active understanding, a detailed logical conclusion"

Suggestion is defined as the supply of information that is perceived without critical evaluation and that influences the course of neuropsychic and somatic processes.

By way of suggestion, sensations, ideas, emotional states and actions are evoked, and it also influences autonomic functions without the active participation of the individual, without the logical processing of what is perceived. The main means of suggestion is the word, the speech of the suggestor (the person making the suggestion). Non-verbal factors (gestures, facial expressions, actions) usually have an additional influence.

Various classifications of suggestion are proposed: suggestion and self-suggestion, suggestion direct or open, indirect or closed; suggestion is contact and distant. In medical practice, appropriate methods of suggestion are used in the waking state and in the state of natural, hypnotic and narcotic sleep. Suggestion in the waking state is present in varying degrees of severity in every conversation between a doctor and a patient, but it can also act as an independent psychotherapeutic effect.

Suggestion formulas are usually pronounced in an imperative tone, taking into account the patient's condition and the nature of the clinical manifestations of the disease. They can be aimed both at improving general well-being (sleep, appetite, working capacity, etc.), and at eliminating individual neurotic symptoms. Usually, waking suggestion is preceded by an explanatory conversation about the essence of therapeutic suggestion and the patient's conviction of its effectiveness. The effect of suggestion is the stronger, the higher in the eyes of the patient is the authority of the doctor making the suggestion.

The degree of realization of the suggestion is also determined by the characteristics of the patient's personality, the severity of the "magical" mood, the belief in the possibility of influencing some people on others using means and methods unknown to science.

Suggestions can be classified:

1. Direct Suggestions

Explicit direct: "I will count to five and it will happen ...";

Direct camouflaged (something is offered openly, but at the same time it is camouflaged, since part of it comes from the client; teaches the client to act in a special way): “A feeling that relates to the period before the illness will replace less pleasant sensations”;

Post-hypnotic.

2. Indirect suggestions

Acceptance sequence, “yes set” (several statements with which the person will agree): “You came to me, sit now in this easy chair, listen to my voice, today you will feel much better” (“today you will feel much better” - this, in fact, is a suggestion, and the words following it set the person up for agreement), “Why not let this happen?”, “Do not enter a trance until you are comfortable in this chair” (implication added), “ Do not take a deep breath until the hand touches the face” (implication added);

Shock, surprise, creative moments;

A truism, a banality (hard to reject): “When you sit comfortably, you can relax”, “Every person goes into a trance in his own way”, “People forget so many things. Keys, phone numbers, meetings…” (amnesia is being structured);

Any proverbs and sayings: “Your headache may now pass as soon as your unconscious is ready to let it pass”, “Your symptom may now disappear as soon as your unconscious understands that you can solve this problem in a more constructive way”;

Ideomotor (we want to cause ideomotor reactions - movement): "Many people can feel that one hand is lighter than the other."

3. Open (it is said that something will happen, but it is not specified what exactly):

Mobilizing (indefinite mobilizing frameworks are offered, which the person himself fills, depending on his own resources; a pause is made after the mobilizing words): “Your unconscious will place everything that is needed in its place”, “Using your unconscious resources will allow (pause) to accomplish (pause) ) this job";

Limited open (offering limited choices that are not specified; usually truisms; hard to reject): "You can learn in many ways", "There are various ways to work", "Some postures are comfortable."

Covering all the possibilities of the class (after listing all the possibilities, add "or something else"): "I don't know what your unconscious mind is using to help you solve your problem. Maybe some of the words that I say or don't say, maybe images, maybe sounds, maybe sensations, maybe emotions, maybe memories or something else.

4. Self-hypnosis

Self-hypnosis is the suggestion to oneself of ideas, thoughts, feelings recommended by a doctor and aimed at eliminating painful phenomena and improving overall well-being. Self-hypnosis is realized through autogenic training, which the patient learns with the help of a psychotherapist

Methods of suggestion

Suggestion as a whole can be represented as a psychological impact, the main content of which is the use of methods and techniques of specific and non-specific suggestion.

Features of specific suggestion. Specific suggestion is carried out through the dissemination of specific ideas, ideas, images and other information in order to replace the existing setting and provoke a certain behavioral reaction of the object of influence.

With specific suggestion, only verbal (speech) means of influence are used, and it is usually an integral part of persuasion, which greatly enhances its effectiveness.

There are the following main methods of specific suggestion:

1. "Adhesion of labels". It is used to discredit some idea, person or phenomenon through offensive epithets or metaphors that cause a negative attitude. The experience of psychological warfare testifies to the rather wide use of this method.

Most often it is used in relation to politicians, representatives of the high command and other well-known persons.
However, it "works" only if the war has already brought significant suffering to the population and troops of the enemy, and their morale is low.

2. "Shining Generalization". It consists in designating a specific idea or person with a generalized generic name that has a positive emotional connotation. The goal is to induce the object of influence to accept and approve the presented concept or judgment. This method allows you to hide the negative consequences of assimilation of the content of the suggestion and thus not provoke negative associations. The technique is widely used in the practice of psychological warfare; in fact, it is an analogue of deception.

3. "Transfer" (transfer). Its essence is to cause through the presented image (concept, slogan, idea) an association with something or someone that has undeniable prestige (value) in the eyes of the object in order to make the content of the impact acceptable. For example, specialists in psychological warfare like to use images that are nationally and traditionally significant for the enemy, causing a positive attitude in the minds of the population and military personnel.

Often used as a negative "transfer" by awakening associations with negative (for the object) images, concepts, ideas.

4. "Evidence". It consists in quoting the statements of a person whom he respects or, conversely, hates the object of influence.

The statement, as a rule, contains a positive assessment of the presented idea (concept, judgment) and aims to induce the object of influence to accept the positive or negative opinion imposed on it on this matter. Usually used as an element of manipulating the mind of the enemy.

5. "The game of common people." It is based on the inducement of the object of suggestion to identify the subject and the ideas (concepts, judgments) presented by him with positive values ​​due to the "nationality" of these ideas or due to the belonging of the source of information to the so-called "ordinary people". That is why psychological warfare organs often present their propaganda materials on behalf of ordinary citizens or military personnel of the enemy.

6. "Shuffling the facts." It consists in a biased selection of only positive or only negative real facts to prove the validity of a positive or negative assessment of some idea (judgment, concept, phenomenon). Specialists of psychological warfare present such facts to the object of influence in a certain sequence, the comprehension of which inevitably leads to the conclusions they need.

7. "Common platform". This method consists in inducing the object of influence to accept the idea contained in the information (judgment, assessment, opinion) on the basis that supposedly the majority of representatives of a given social group or military unit share it.

Features of non-specific suggestion. Non-specific suggestion is carried out by provoking the object of influence of negative mental states that cause certain behavior.

In the process of its implementation, speech (verbal) factors are combined with non-verbal (non-verbal). The main goal of non-specific suggestion is the formation of asthenic conditions in the object of influence.

The phenomenon of frustration underlies the formation of asthenic conditions. It is understood as the experience of failure that occurs when there are real or imaginary insurmountable obstacles to the goal. Frustration occurs in people as a result of real or apparent dissatisfaction with their needs for physical and social security, communication, food, household amenities, etc.

The purpose of non-specific suggestion is precisely to provoke asthenic psychological states in the object by means of emphasizing frustration (anxiety, depression, fear, panic, etc.).

The main methods of non-specific suggestion are intimidation, emotional suppression, initiation of aggressive emotional states.

Intimidation (initiation of fear) is the formation of states of anxiety, depression or apathy; awakening a sense of fear of real or imaginary danger, as well as the unknown.

The ultimate goal of intimidation is the maximum reduction in the moral and psychological stability of the enemy, the paralysis of his will to resist.

It is necessary to distinguish between fear of real and imaginary danger. Fear of real danger (for example, the threat of death or turning into a cripple) is deeper, because. based on a certain combat and life experience. However, the fear of imaginary danger can also significantly reduce the moral and psychological stability of the enemy.

People experience the greatest fear before an unknown danger, i.e. one that they have not previously encountered and therefore do not know what consequences it can cause.

When using intimidation, it must be taken into account that the real situation has a great influence on its effectiveness.

The correct timing of the intimidation is also of great importance.
It is advisable to use intimidation immediately after fire training, when the degree of mental tension and the intensity of the fear reaction in enemy servicemen are maximum.

The choice of the optimal form of psychological influence is another factor in the effective use of intimidation. Depending on the specifics of a particular situation, it is necessary to use oral propaganda, radio means (for example, entering the enemy’s combat networks), printed media, etc.

It is also quite possible to use strategic deterrence, calculated on the military-political leadership of the enemy. At the same time, it is important that the demonstrated threat is as real as possible.

The suggestion of thoughts is an influence during which a person changes his own attitudes, beliefs, intellectual attitude regarding any event, action or object. Also, the suggestion of thoughts includes the acquisition by a person of new attitudes, for example, the emergence of desires and aspirations that he did not have before.

In order for the suggestion of thoughts to always have a positive result, it is necessary to follow some rules:

• The object of suggestion must be in a state in which critical comprehension and logical processing of information are disabled. This can happen in a light trance, under the influence of hypnosis and alcohol.
• The person exercising the influence must sincerely believe in what he inspires his ward. If this does not happen, the result of the suggestion will be doubtful.
• You can not feel dissatisfied with yourself and your actions during a suggestion session. Otherwise, the result will not be achieved.
• It is necessary to fulfill all those promises that were given to the suggestible, otherwise the result of the suggestion will be leveled.
• You need to constantly train and improve your skills, as this affects the quality of the result.

suggestion and persuasion

Suggestion and persuasion are ways of influencing the human psyche.

Persuasion is one of the types of directed psychological influence, which is carried out through arguments. Persuasion operates with human consciousness. Therefore, it is important to use argumentation to explain the essence of the phenomenon, causal relationships and relationships in the course of it, the essence of the phenomenon is explained, the explanation of the significance of any issue.

The means of persuasion include showing, telling and justifying (argumentation). Therefore, you can convince not only with the help of words, but also by action, by a personal example of behavior. A suggestion effect is possible, which is based on opposition, which, for example, makes the object of persuasion want to try something that is considered inaccessible to it.

A belief influences a person's behavior, but not directly. Since it is an internal motivation or compulsion to act through an appeal to the human mind.

The following factors influence the strength and quality of persuasion:

1. Prejudice. In this case, the main work is done with the formulation of the problem itself and the solution that the client already has. For the manipulator, it is necessary to change with his message those attitudes in which the object of persuasion believes.
2. Trust in the source. It is very important to inspire confidence with your appearance and behavior, inspire sympathy and look authoritative.
3. Message. The message itself must be compelling. For this, not only arguments are used, but also vivid images designed to focus the attention of the audience on the emphasis of the problem that the manipulator needs.
4. Emotions. Despite the fact that persuasion appeals to the mind of people, it is impossible to bypass emotions with this impact on a person. For example, messages that “take to the soul” of a client have a much greater impact on him than dry arguments and facts.

The difference between persuasion and suggestion lies in the fact that suggestion refers to the subconscious, bypassing the conscious aspect of information control. And persuasion affects the human mind, in which it is very important to critically comprehend the information received, correlate it with previous experience and build logical chains. Although persuasion has an emotional component, suggestion only operates on a person's emotions and other subconscious factors when the persuasion refers specifically to the person's mind.

Methods of suggestion

Experts distinguish the following methods of suggestion:

1. Suggestion while the client is awake, when he is in an active state of consciousness.
2. Suggestion during relaxation, when psychological and muscular relaxation occurs.
3. Suggestion through hypnosis, when the client enters a highly altered psycho-physiological state.

There is another classification of methods of suggestion:

1. Verbal suggestion, in which the impact is carried out with the help of speech, is verbal.
2. Mental suggestion, which is made without direct contact with the client, through a long distance.
3. Metaphysical suggestion, which is a connection of a conversation about the reality of the human "I" and the unity of the Universe with the mental process of suggestion. This method is used for the physical and mental healing of the client.
4. Spiritual impact, which is used for the physical, mental and spiritual healing of a person. The healer is in the flow of the healing forces of the Universe, which he directs to the client. The healing process involves the superconscious, which has good contact with the subconscious of a person and helps to heal from ailments, as well as bring the psyche into a state of harmony.

There are also three forms of suggestion:

1. Strong persuasion.
2. Pressure.
3. Emotional and volitional influence.

indirect suggestions

Indirect suggestions are a type of influence on a person in which he has a choice: to accept or reject the suggested suggestion. This type of suggestion is necessary in order to direct the behavior, emotions or thoughts of the client in the direction that he is avoiding.

Indirect suggestions are divided into several subspecies:

1. An acceptance sequence in which the suggestor lists statements that the client agrees with. And at the end he pronounces the installation that a person needs to accept.
2. An implication in which the suggestor affirmatively says what might happen, and the client pre-sets himself for the predicted outcome.
3. Double bind is a commonly used technique in which the client is offered a choice of two similar options.
4. Suggestion by lack of mention, in which the suggestor lists a list of possible situations, missing a significant event. Subsequently, the attention of the client is attracted to it, and as a result, the person focuses his consciousness precisely on this factor.

hypnotic suggestion

Hypnotic suggestion is a type of influence on a person that requires the client to be immersed in an altered state called hypnosis. During the suggestion session, the client, with the help of a suggestor, falls into a hypnotic sleep. In this state, the object of influence actively reacts to what the hypnotist says. At the same time, there is no critical comprehension of information, and the commands go directly to the subconscious, bypassing conscious analysis and comprehension. And then they influence the behavior and health of a person, his psycho-emotional state.

Hypnotic suggestion methods are divided into:

1. Mechanical, during which the client is influenced by objects and phenomena that have a monotonous character (light, sound, and so on).
2. Psychic, when verbal influence is used.
3. Magnetic, based on the use of therapeutic magnetism.

It is believed that the combination of psychic and magnetic approach gives the greatest effect.

Psychological suggestion

Due to the fact that there is everyday suggestion, it is necessary to specifically highlight the psychological suggestion. This is a form of suggestion, in which a special psychological influence of one person (suggestor) on another person (suggestor) is carried out. The above influence is carried out through verbal and non-verbal communication. At the same time, the quality of the suggestor's arguments is low, and the criticality of the suggestor's thinking is at a low level.

The suggestor is imbued with the arguments of the suggestor, as if they were his own, and often without requiring any evidence of the statements being made. In such cases, the suggestor is influenced not so much by the source, content and form of suggestion, but by the personality of the suggestor, which inspires unquestioning trust in the client.

Suggested attitudes, embedded in the suggestor by the suggestor, become an integral part of the client's personality. And in the future, a person who has been exposed to suggestion changes his behavior in accordance with the received settings.

mental suggestion

Mental suggestion is carried out in the case when the object of influence is absent in the range of the suggestor. Such an impact is considered to be in absentia. Mental suggestion is carried out as follows - you need to imagine that the recipient of the influence is next to the person carrying out the suggestion. You can imagine a client from a distance, but it is important to see him nearby. Then you need to turn on the idea that thoughts leave the suggestor and reach the brain and consciousness of the suggested. It is also allowed that the person making the suggestion imagines that he and his client are having a conversation.

One of the main conditions for this technique is the ability of the suggestor to imagine the desired state of the client. When transmitting thoughts over a distance, much energy is not consumed. You just need to imagine that there is a movement of thoughts from the suggestor to the suggested person.

Mental suggestion has several stages:

1. Tracking and tuning to the object of suggestion.
2. Focusing on the object and forming contact.
3. Providing the necessary information.

Suggestion at a distance

Suggestion at a distance is an ability that not every person possesses. Most people are sure that their thoughts and desires are completely independent. However, there is such a phenomenon as suggestion at a distance, which can change the beliefs and behavior of people. This phenomenon is associated with telepathy and hypnosis. Classical hypnosis methods require direct contact with the client. However, hypnotic telepathy is possible without eye contact with the suggestor, or even without the need for the presence of the object of suggestion.

Suggestion at a distance occurs through the transmission of impulses emanating from the cerebral cortex of the person exercising the influence. The receiver of signals does not even suspect that he has involuntarily become a receiver of other people's thoughts. Therefore, the thoughts and feelings that arise in oneself, a person perceives as his own.

It has long been known that the human brain is like a kind of "radio receiver" that can both receive and emit different impulses. Under certain circumstances, the brain begins to perceive other people's thoughts at a distance, as well as transmit its own thoughts to people.

suggestion technique

The basic technique of suggestion includes the following steps:

1. Establish contact (rapport) with the client and form subconscious trust. For this, the mechanism of verbal and non-verbal adjustment (implicit imitation) is used. Verbal adjustment occurs with the help of agreement with the statements of the object of influence. Non-verbal adjustment uses the pace of speech, intonation and timbre of the client's voice; posture and gestures; the rhythm of breathing and pauses in speech, and so on.
2. Leading the client into a light trance in order to reduce the activity of consciousness. This happens with:
   • fixing the client's attention on some external object, manipulating objects;
   • drawing attention to any part of the suggested body and focusing on the sensations in it;
   • keeping the attention of the object of suggestion on any experience, emotion.
3. The activity of consciousness also decreases in situations of mild shock, surprise, confusion, overload with excessive information.
4. The launch of an unconscious search for analogies in the subconscious of the client is carried out with the help of metaphors, questions, stories told by the suggestor.
5. Direct suggestion. At this stage, the suggestor uses the introduction of commands into the subconscious of the object of influence.

suggestion mechanism

In order for the suggestion to achieve a result, it is necessary to influence the subconscious of a person. For this, conscious processes responsible for the critical understanding of information and the logical analysis of the received data are turned off in various ways. And the emotional component of a person's personality, on the contrary, becomes actively involved in the process of suggestion.

The subconscious perceives as truth any command that is repeated many times, and in a convincing form. The suggestible attitude penetrates the subconscious and remains there forever, even if the object of influence has forgotten about the very act of suggestion. Within a certain period of time, there is a change in the state and behavior of the client, in accordance with the received commands.

Neurophysiologists explain the mechanism of suggestion as follows. With the help of speech, the suggestor affects the client's cerebral cortex, thereby irritating it. The orders of the suggestor cause certain emotions that arise due to the stimulation of the subcortical areas of the brain. Negative induction, which appears due to low resistance of consciousness, is transmitted throughout the cerebral cortex. Therefore, the command becomes limited from all other influences and the client submits to suggestion. A new excitation dominant appears in the cerebral cortex, which is quite stable and strongly influences the client's further behavior.

Suggestion and hypnosis

Hypnosis is a special altered state of a person's psychophysiology, which is called for the purpose of suggestion. With the help of this state, it is possible to achieve a change in the attitudes and beliefs of the client, to achieve an improvement in his psycho-emotional state and well-being. Since the subconscious of the object of suggestion is configured to carry out those commands that were received under hypnotic influence.

There are four phases of hypnosis:

1. There is a slight drowsiness and muscle relaxation, while consciousness and memory remain clear.
2. There is a waxy flexibility in the muscles, which allows the client to maintain a particular position for a long time. Consciousness becomes clouded.
3. Actually hypnosis, when the impressions and emotions of the client are limited directly to the information that is given to the client by the hypnotist verbally. In this phase, the client can be put into a state of catalepsy, in which his body seems to become wooden.
4. It is characterized by the client entering a somnambulistic state, in which the manifestation of such phenomena as telepathy and clairvoyance becomes possible.

Suggestion and hypnosis are different types of influence, since hypnosis takes place in a strong altered state of consciousness, and suggestion is carried out either in a light trance or in the full consciousness of the client. The relationship between suggestion and hypnosis is that any hypnotic effect is carried out in order to produce a session of suggestion to the client.

Types of suggestion

Types of suggestion are divided into verbal and non-verbal, intentional and unintentional influence.

1. Verbal is a type of suggestion that is carried out with the help of words. There are three subspecies of verbal suggestion:
   • direct;
   • indirect;
   • open;
   • hidden.
2. Non-verbal is a type of suggestion that is carried out wordlessly, with the help of gestures, looks and intonations. There are three forms of non-verbal suggestion that specialists use:
   • catalepsy;
   • pauses;
   • levitation.
3. Intentional is a form of suggestion when the suggestor has a specific goal of influence; he clearly understands what and to whom he is going to impress and makes every effort to achieve his goal.
4. Unintentional is a form of suggestion, when the suggestor does not have explicit goals to suggest anything to the object of influence and does not use any intentional efforts for this. This form of suggestion is effective if the object of influence is internally predisposed to the suggested information.

• Positive - allows you to achieve positive changes in the state of the client, his qualities, emotions and behavior.
• Negative - has a negative psychological impact on a person, after which he has negative states, properties, feelings and actions.

Strict suggestion

Strict suggestion is a censure of certain actions of a person expressed in a harsh form. Strict suggestion is made in a negative form and predicts the most deplorable measures to the object of influence if the suggester does not fulfill the conditions that were set for him.

Strict suggestion is usually made after a misconduct committed by a person. Usually such an impact is more influential, authoritative person, the highest in rank, rank or position. With strict suggestion, they can use elements of intimidation or threats, emotional pressure and blackmail, as well as a forecast of negative consequences for a person.

suggestive suggestion

Suggestion is a mental suggestion that is used to change the thinking processes of the object of influence. Also, during the process of suggestion, feelings and emotions, reactions and other aspects of the client's behavior change. The act of influence is usually not noticed by the person on whom the suggestive suggestion is carried out. The method of suggestive influence is usually used in psychotherapy in order to cure the mental and physical ailments of the patient.

Distinguish suggestion, which is carried out from the side (another's suggestive suggestion) and one's own suggestive suggestion (autosuggestion, self-suggestion).

verbal suggestion

Verbal (or verbal) suggestion is a type of influence on a person that is produced with the help of words.

Consider the subspecies of verbal suggestion:

• Direct suggestion. With this type of suggestion, the intentions and goals of the suggestor are clear, which are clearly pronounced and implemented. They cannot be interpreted in any other way than the one that was offered to the object of influence. This type of suggestion is used, for example, during operations to anesthetize the process.
• Indirect suggestion. In this case, the intentions of the suggestor are not clear to the object of suggestion, so it may not be influenced. Since the goals and intentions of the person carrying out the suggestion are incomprehensible to the client, the latter has a choice - to succumb to suggestion or not. Usually, indirect suggestion is used when they want to direct a person in a direction that he ignores.
• Open suggestion, which differs in that it provides a person with a choice of various options for action. There are several forms of open suggestion:
  • Mobilizing, when the object of suggestion is offered a fairly wide framework, which the client fills with content to his liking.
  • Limited, when the client is offered a list of answers from which he can choose the one that suits him.
  • A therapeutic metaphor that uses the replacement of the name of one object, phenomenon or event with another. This method is used to connect different aspects of reality in suggestion.
• Hidden suggestion is the arrangement of the suggestor's speech with the help of various kinds of hidden commands. Such forms of influence are inserted into the wider context of the text that the inspirer pronounces.

Non-verbal suggestion

Non-verbal suggestion is an impact carried out without the help of words through the use of non-verbal methods - intonation, gestures, glances, manipulation of objects, voice timbre and others. It is possible to use this type of suggestion not only with a conscious specific purpose, but also exclusively unconsciously.

Consider the types of non-verbal suggestion:

1. Catalepsy, during which the client assumes a certain imposed position for the success of the suggestion being made. Allocate catalepsy of the whole body or its individual parts. It is not worth constantly resorting to this type of suggestion.
2. Pauses that are inserted in the right places. The gap (emptiness) in the spoken text is filled by the client with his own solutions, so the use of pauses can take the form of an open suggestion. In addition, with the help of pauses, you can highlight the main idea of ​​a phrase or the entire text.
3. Levitation, during which no physical influence of the suggestor is required. Produced suggestion is carried out with the help of the client himself, namely, thanks to his imagination. In this case, the object of suggestion itself determines the moment of entering the trance state, which makes levitation suitable for self-suggestion sessions. Since after the suggestor has taught the client to enter the state of levitation, the object of suggestion can use it independently.

Hidden suggestion

Hidden suggestion is a form of non-verbal influence. There are several forms of covert suggestion:

1. Suggestion through speech strategies. This is a method of hidden suggestion, when the instruction given to the client is dissolved in the structure of the sentence. Such verbal tricks are achieved through the techniques of assumption, choice restriction, abstract sentence, negation, causal opposition, truisms, and so on.
2. Suggestion using hidden quotes. This method of suggestion involves the impact by expressing the thoughts of strangers or creating an artificial situation that can be used as a pretext for psychological impact. The story is carried out on behalf of another person, but the object of influence understands that the appeal is directed personally to him.
3. Suggestion through marking. The essence of this technique lies in the non-verbal selection of that part of the statement, which is a command for the object of suggestion. This can be achieved, for example, by raising the voice on the desired phrase, changing the rate of speech, inserting small pauses before and after the command, changing the timbre of the voice. You can gesticulate with your hands or manipulate objects - a mobile phone, a lighter, a pen.
4. Creation of a thoughtform. Suggestion occurs due to the introduction of thoughts to the client, which begin to guide his actions. Such statements, which are uttered in a convincing way, begin their independent life in the head of the object of suggestion and direct his reasoning in the right direction.

Suggestion in a dream

The result of this method of influence is similar to the effect of hypnotic suggestion. In a dream, the influence of speech is not conscious. The object of influence is not aware that he is listening to someone's speech; clients refer to the words they perceive as thoughts that appeared in their dreams.

Suggestion in a dream occurs by whispering special phrases to a sleeping person. The technique of suggestion to a sleeping person is simple and is divided into several stages:

1. Adjustment to the sleeper. It is necessary to sit at the head of the object of influence. You need to touch the client's finger and hold it in such a way as not to wake him up. You can also gently place your palm on your forehead. Within 2-3 minutes, you need to say in a quiet voice, to the rhythm of the sleeping person's breathing: "The dream is getting deeper and deeper."
2. Checking the conduct of the sleeper. Speech should be quiet and calm, while pronouncing words, you need to either slow down or speed up the pace of speech. If the sleeper's breathing rhythm also changes, then contact with the client is established.
3. Suggestion. At this stage, phrases are spoken that need to be conveyed to the client.
4. The suggestion of forgetting. You can tell the client that after waking up he will forget everything that happened during sleep. But, at the same time, the sleeper will remember that he was inspired.

The suggestion session is carried out at night in the first 15-45 minutes of sleep or in the morning 1-2 hours before waking up.

waking suggestion

Suggestion in reality occurs in several varieties:

1. During active wakefulness of the client.
2. At rest and light relaxation.

There are several rules that help to achieve success during suggestion:

1. You must be absolutely confident in your abilities and in what is pronounced.
2. It is required to speak loudly, clearly and distinctly pronounce the words.
3. You need to look into the eyes of your ward.
4. Before starting work with a client, you need to relax as much as possible and relieve yourself of psychological stress.
5. At the beginning of the session, it is necessary to establish contact with the client.
6. The best results are obtained when the object of influence is in a state of light trance.
7. It is necessary to set the required expectation; say what should be the result and why.
8. The suggestor must be at rest.

direct suggestion

Direct suggestion is a type of suggestion in which the intentions of the influence are open and cannot be interpreted in any other way. Direct suggestion is divided into the following subspecies:

1. Explicit suggestion - the suggestor transparently and in detail explains to the client what goal is being pursued and what result is expected.
2. Camouflaged suggestion - the suggestor does not declare the intentions of the influence, but at the same time makes it clear that the effect of influence also depends on the client himself.
3. Post-hypnotic suggestion - is used to provoke a state of self-hypnosis in the client or in cases where the object of influence needs to be erased from memory of any events that traumatize his psyche. Thanks to post-hypnotic suggestion, you can program the client to perform some action after the end of the hypnotic session.

Suggestion of thoughts from a photograph

Suggestion of thoughts from a photograph is a type of mental suggestion that is carried out at a great distance from the client. With mental suggestion, you need to establish contact with the object of influence. To do this, the suggestor in his mind calls up the image of the client and keeps it for a long time.

To facilitate the transmission of thoughts over a distance, a photograph of the object of suggestion is used. Since it is not required to direct efforts to retain the image of the client in the mind, the mental impact on him is more successful.

The technique of suggesting thoughts from a photograph is simple. The suggestor needs to sit down, relax and put himself into a state of light trance. Then you need to focus your eyes on the photo of the client and begin to mentally say any command repeatedly. This must be done confidently, discarding any doubts. A constant concentration of consciousness is required on the desired installation, as well as on the image of the client.

Suggestion in business communication

Suggestion in business communication occurs under the influence of the authority of the person from whom the information received comes. This happens in emotionally charged business negotiations, as well as in stressful situations. At this time, the criticality of consciousness decreases and one can succumb to provocative suggestion.

The lack of time when it is impossible to take a break and critically rethink the information received is also a factor contributing to suggestion.

The suggestion is made in a categorical form, with elements of psychological pressure. Therefore, the suggested person does not weigh the information and does not lend it to logical analysis, but simply automatically reacts to it by performing certain actions.

A person who falls under a suggestive influence is able to impulsively make a decision only under the influence of emotions, without thinking about his behavior.

The quality of suggestion depends on the person's age, gender, personality characteristics and type of thinking. Also, the suggestor's knowledge of the personality traits of the individual to whom the suggestion is made is the key to the success of the impact.

Treatment by suggestion

The word is considered healing no less than other medical techniques - medication, surgery, physiotherapy, folk. With the help of suggestion techniques, you can cure:

1. Neurosis, stuttering, aggressive behavior and other psycho-emotional disorders.
2. Many internal diseases, especially of a psychosomatic nature.
3. Early stages of cancer.
4. Alcohol, drug, food and other types of addictions, as well as smoking.
5. Bad habits, for example, the desire to constantly bite your nails and so on.
6. Correct unwanted behavior, for example, get rid of laziness, improve school performance, lack of desire to eat, and so on.

Healing of the body and psyche comes through the use of huge hidden reserves of the human central nervous system. Treatment by suggestion is carried out by means of managing psychophysiological processes during the introduction of a patient into a hypnotic state and pronouncing a command to him that changes the attitudes, beliefs and mood of the client.

Suggestion of disease

The suggestion of illness refers to the negative form of suggestion. The object of influence, previously distinguished by health, has manifestations of the disease for which it was programmed. Very often, the suggestion of diseases occurs at the everyday level, for example, by overly caring parents or grandmothers who constantly suggest to their child that he will get sick from some external factors.

Suggestion diseases most often occur in hypochondriacs, who are subject to both external suggestion and self-hypnosis. Hypochondria is a condition that is manifested by the presence of fears or excessive anxiety about one's own health. Hypochondriacs are often afraid of contracting some dangerous, deadly disease.

Usually, the suggestion of a disease is effective when a person internally agrees with the speaker or suspects something like that.

instill fear

The suggestion of fear is the impact of a negative nature, designed to provide a person with a state of anxiety, anxiety or panic fear. Actualization of depressive states or apathy is also possible. The danger can be real or imagined. Fear can cause a particular object, phenomenon, or simply hold on to an inexplicable state of anxiety or panic. Feelings of fear can also arise in front of the unknown.

Characteristically, until the moment of suggestion, the object of influence had no negative reactions to the above stimuli. After the suggestion has been made, the suggesters exhibit stable behavior, in which they begin to avoid any places, objects or phenomena that they were previously indifferent to. Moreover, this fear is unmotivated: if a person is asked why he is afraid of something specific, then he will not even be able to give a reasoned answer to this question.

When faced with an object or phenomenon that causes fear, a person changes all psychophysiological characteristics, he easily gets out of control of his consciousness and falls into a panic. The suggestion of fear can be removed only by a reciprocal session (or sessions) of influence of the opposite direction. Rational methods, persuasion and other methods do not remove the inspired fear.

Suggestion of health

Health suggestion refers to a type of therapeutic suggestion that is carried out during a patient's illness. Such suggestion sessions can be carried out in a state of relaxation, light trance or under hypnosis. With autosuggestion, it is also possible and necessary to apply settings to improve health.

Many cases are known when complex somatic ailments disappeared only due to sessions of suggestion or self-hypnosis.

Experts recommend conducting self-hypnosis sessions aimed at improving health immediately after waking up or before falling asleep. The fact is that at these moments the line between consciousness and the unconscious is erased, a person finds himself in the so-called sleepy state. In this state, access to the unconscious is facilitated, which more easily assimilates commands for restoring health and healing.

Suggestion to lose weight

Since the subconscious perceives commands or images well when the control of the cerebral cortex is turned off, suggestion methods can be used for weight loss sessions.

To do this, the suggestor conducting the session must use verbal commands that encourage the client's psyche to stimulate the processes of fat burning in the body. Very good results are achieved through suggestion in a state of hypnosis. It is also good to use images and verbal commands in self-hypnosis sessions.

The suggestion to lose weight is used to restore the optimal state of the psyche and metabolism; the lost skills of self-regulation of the protective functions of the body are restored.

Instilling self-confidence

Self-confidence is a feeling of one's own inner strength, rightness, supported by a calm state of mind, in which a person feels comfortable in any situation.

There are several ways to create a state of self-confidence:

1. You need to play self-confidence, direct the activity of the body to copy confident behavior.
2. It is necessary to use affirmations or self-hypnosis phrases that should be used in situations of stress or loss of confidence.
3. Resort to self-hypnosis and relaxation sessions, while using images of success and self-hypnosis phrases aimed at strengthening the psyche.

The suggestion of self-confidence can also occur in psychotherapeutic sessions through trance or hypnotic influence.

Suggestion training

Training in suggestion begins with the ability to establish contact or rapport with a person. These skills are well practiced in a psychological course called Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP).

Training to introduce the client into a state of light trance and the effective use of speech constructions and special commands takes place at trainings and seminars on Ericksonian hypnosis.

Training in hypnotic suggestion can be done at special training courses on hypnosis, but for this you need to have a medical education that allows you to use hypnotic influence for therapeutic and psychotherapeutic purposes.

Suggestion Protection

Defense against suggestion is a necessary skill, not only in a critical situation, but also in everyday communication.

To protect yourself from suggestion, you must adhere to the following recommendations:

1. Always keep your goals in mind when communicating and get the conversation back on track.
2. In a conversation, change your posture, tempo of speech, voice timbre and intonation, rhythm and frequency of breathing more often, gesticulate differently.
3. Do not look into the eyes of the interlocutor, do not follow the things that he manipulates. It is best to focus on an object that you have chosen yourself or move your gaze from object to object.
4. Go into an internal trance - immerse yourself in some memories, reflections, imagine any events.
5. Turn on the internal monologue: start to mentally say a prayer, read a poem, sing a song.
6. If you cannot get out of the suggestive influence, it is best to immediately break off contact and leave the meeting place.

How not to be tempted?

There are rules of conduct for those people who care about the problem, how not to succumb to suggestion:

1. It is necessary to avoid communication with suspicious strangers, gypsies, beggars and so on.
2. You should not take information from strangers without critical reflection, no matter how frightening or attractive it may be. Any information received must be questioned.
3. Do not look into the eyes of unfamiliar interlocutors and avoid touching your body.
4. You have to learn to say no, to say no. Each person is free to act and no one is obligated to help anyone, enter into someone's position, know the answers to all questions, fulfill rash promises, or communicate with anyone.
5. You should never make quick decisions under pressure from outside.
6. You do not need to tell strangers any confidential information about yourself, "open your soul" to strangers.
7. It is necessary to engage in autogenic training in order to resist extraneous influences in a critical situation.
8. Sunglasses, listening to a walkie-talkie, simple haste are a good way to block out suggestion.
9. In critical situations, it is necessary to remain calm and composure, to avoid emotional response to various circumstances.
10. Collective suggestion has a greater effect than individual suggestion. Therefore, it is necessary to avoid mass gatherings in which there is a possibility of becoming an object of influence.

Suggestion is a serious tool of psychological influence on a person. And therefore, using it, you need to be professional and very careful. Because with the help of suggestion, you can both harm a person and heal him.