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Development of a newborn child by month from birth to one year. Physiological characteristics of a newborn

The first month of a baby’s life is magical and hectic at the same time. In the first month of a newborn’s life, it is necessary to learn how to feed, put to sleep and understand its constant requirements. And the beginning of a newborn’s life is especially densely saturated with them.

The first days of a newborn are quite simple. All that really matters to him is to eat every few hours, sleep well and often, have a dry diaper, and get lots of love. But for you, as a new parent, caring for a new baby can seem much more difficult. Therefore, focus only on the main points and basic needs of the child.

Child development 1 month of life

Your newborn does little more than eat, sleep, and cry. You will discover how your baby reacts to things like light, noise, and touch. You will see that your senses are working hard.

Vision in the first month of a child’s life

Your baby sees things best at a distance of 20 - 25 cm. This is the ideal distance for stare into the eyes of mom or dad.

Their eyes are especially sensitive to bright light, so babies with more likely may open their eyes in low light.

Don't worry if your child sometimes squints or rolls his eyes. This is normal until your child's vision improves and the eye muscles become stronger.

Let your child look at many attractive things. People's faces, contrasting patterns, bright colors, movement is what newborns enjoy most. Black and white photographs or toys will keep your child interested longer than objects or paintings with many similar colors.

The child must be able to follow slow movements of a face or object.

What can a baby hear before 1 month?

The child heard sounds while still in the womb. The mother's heartbeat, the gurgling of her digestive system, and even the sounds of her voice are part of the baby's world before birth.

When your baby is born, the sounds of the world around you are loud and clear. A child may be startled by the unexpected barking of a nearby dog or calmed by the gentle whirring of a hairdryer.

Pay attention to how the newborn reacts to the voice. The voices of people, especially parents, are a child’s favorite “music.” If your baby is crying in the cradle, see how quickly your approaching voice calms him down.

Taste and olfactory sensations of a newborn in the first month

Babies have a sense of taste and smell and will be attracted to sweet tastes rather than bitter ones. For example, a newborn will prefer to suckle on a bottle of sweetened water, but will turn away or cry if given something bitter or sour to taste. Likewise, newborns will be drawn to smells they prefer and will turn away from smells they dislike.

Research has shown that a mother's diet affects the taste of breast milk. These first aromas will help shape taste preferences later. For example, a child whose mother ate spicy foods while breastfeeding will most likely be favorable towards spicy foods.

Touch is important for a newborn. With every touch, the newborn learns about life and its surroundings.

In the womb, babies are kept warm and protected, but after birth they feel cold, heat, and hard seams of clothing for the first time.

Make sure your newborn finds the outside world a calming place. Provide a lot comfortable clothes and soft blankets, gentle kisses, caresses and comforting hugs.

From the moment they are born, babies begin to respond to the world around them. Their reactions to their mother's hug or a loud noise are examples normal development child.

Doctors use these factors to determine whether development is progressing as expected. There is a wide range of what is considered normal, so some children acquire skills earlier or later than others.

What should a baby be able to do at 1 month of age?

Newborn behavior

Turns head towards parents' voice or other sounds.
Cries to communicate the need to be held or fed, changed diapers or put to bed.
Stops crying when his desire is satisfied (the child was picked up, fed or put to bed).

Motor and physical development of a child in the first month

From the very beginning, the child has a set of reflexes designed to protect him and provide necessary help, even if parental instincts have not yet taken effect.

These early reflexes include the searching reflex, which helps locate the breast or feeding bottle, the sucking reflex (helps with eating), the grasping reflex (the one that causes your finger to clench when placed in your baby's palm), and the Moro reflex (a nervous response that he experiences when he is scared).

You can try testing your child's reflexes, but remember that your results may vary and will likely be less reliable than a doctor's test.

Emotional and social development of a child up to 1 month of life

calms down from the voice and touch of the parents;
can concentrate briefly.

Cognitive skills (thinking and learning)

Looks at faces.
Watches the parents' facial expressions.

Caring for a newborn in the first month of life

If you haven't spent much time around newborns, their fragility can be daunting.

Rules for caring for a child in the first month of life

Be sure to wash your hands before handling your baby. Newborns do not yet have strong immunity, so they are susceptible to infection. Make sure that everyone who interacts with the child has clean hands;
Be careful to support your baby's head and neck when carrying him or placing him in the crib;
Don't shake your newborn, whether in play or frustration. Severe shaking can cause intracranial bleeding and even death. If you need to wake up your baby, don't do it by shaking the baby. Instead, tickle your baby's feet or gently stroke his cheek;
You must make sure that the baby in the carrier, stroller or car seat is properly secured. Limit any activity that may be too rough or vigorous for your baby.

Remember that a 1 month old newborn is not prepared for rough play such as shaking or tossing.

How to care for a newborn in the first month?

Caring for a newborn at home includes feeding, changing a diaper, changing clothes, caring for the umbilical wound, trimming nails, bathing, and putting to bed.

Feeding a newborn

How to feed your newborn in the first month, breast or bottle, is decided by the mother.

You may be confused about how often to do this. As a rule, it is recommended to feed children on demand, that is, whenever he seems hungry. The baby may give signs by crying, fist-sucking, or smacking sounds.

A newborn baby needs to be fed every 2 to 3 hours. If you are breastfeeding, allow your baby to nurse for about 10 to 15 minutes on each breast. If you are formula feeding, give about 60 - 90 milliliters at each feeding. For each individual baby, you can individually calculate the one-time volume of the mixture.

When feeding with formula, you can easily control the amount of food. But if you are breastfeeding a baby, it will be a little more difficult. If the baby seems satisfied, has about six wet diapers and bowel movements several times a day, the baby sleeps well and is gaining weight well, then there is no shortage of food.

Before changing a diaper, make sure that all supplies are within reach so that you do not have to leave your baby alone on the changing table.

To change a diaper you need:

clean diaper;
diaper ointment if your baby has a rash;
a container filled with warm water;
clean cloth, wet wipes or cotton pads.

After each bowel movement, or if the diaper is wet, place the baby on his back and remove the dirty diaper. With the help of water, cotton pads and napkins, gently wipe the child’s genitals. When changing a boy's diaper, do so with caution, as exposure to air can trigger urination.

When drying a girl, wipe the perineum from the labia to the butt to avoid urinary tract infections. Apply ointment to prevent and treat rashes.

Always wash your hands thoroughly before and after changing a diaper.

Diaper rash is a common problem. As a rule, it is red and raised. After a few days, it will disappear with bathing in warm water, using diaper cream and a short amount of time spent without it. Most rashes occur because the skin is sensitive and irritated by a wet diaper.

To prevent or treat diaper rash, try a number of ways:

Change your baby's diaper often and as soon as possible after a bowel movement.
After washing, apply barrier cream. Zinc creams are preferable because they form a moisture barrier.
Leave your baby without a diaper for a while. This gives the skin the opportunity to take an air bath.

If the diaper rash continues for more than 3 days or seems to get worse, contact your doctor. The rash may be caused by a fungal infection that requires medication.

Cloth

You will change your baby many times a day.

Here Some tips to help make work more enjoyable - for the baby and for you:

start with comfortable clothes. Search elastic fabrics; wide necks; loose sleeves, cuffs and ankles; buttons, snaps or zippers on the front of the garment rather than on the back. Lace may look adorable on your little girl, but it can be scratchy or even tangle your little one's fingers, so save it for special occasions;
Attach a bib if your baby spits up regularly. After all, it is much easier to replace than clothes.

Caring for the umbilical wound and circumcision

Taking care of the umbilical wound is very important. Experts suggest wiping the area with alcohol until the umbilical cord dries and falls off.

The baby's navel area should not be immersed in water until the umbilical cord has fallen and the area has healed.

Consult your doctor if the navel area becomes red or feels bad smell or discharge appears.

If a boy is circumcised, immediately after the procedure the head of the penis is covered with gauze coated with Vaseline to prevent the wound from sticking to the diaper. After changing the diaper, carefully wipe the head with clean warm water, then apply Vaseline. Redness or irritation of the penis should heal in a few days, but if the redness, swelling, or pus-filled blisters worsen, contact your doctor immediately.

Nails grow before the baby is born, so you can get a manicure in the first week of life. This procedure should be carried out every 2 - 3 days in the first month, until the nails harden and stop growing so quickly.

When trimming, hold your child's finger by pressing the fingertip down and away from the nail. Gently trim your nails, following the natural curve of the nail. Make sure you don't cut it too low or make sudden movements. While holding your tiny toes, trim your nails straight without rounding to the edges. Remember that toenails grow slower and therefore require less maintenance.

Although you won't feel very well, try not to worry if you hurt your baby. This happens to all well-meaning moms. Apply pressure to the wound with a soft, clean, lint-free cloth or gauze pad, and the bleeding will soon stop.

Bathing Basics

You should rub your baby with a soft sponge until the umbilical cord falls off and the belly button is completely healed (1 - 4 weeks).

Prepare the following items before bathing a child:

clean soft washcloth;
soft baby soap and unscented shampoo;
soft brush for scalp massage;
towel or blanket;
clean diaper;
fresh clothes.

Rubdown

To do this, choose a flat, safe surface in a warm room. Fill a sink, if nearby, or a bowl with warm water. Undress your child and wrap him in a towel. Wipe your baby's eyes with clean cotton balls soaked in water. Movements should be directed from the inner corner to the outer.

Use a separate one for each eye cotton ball. Wipe your baby's ears and nose with a damp cloth. Then blot the cloth again and, using a little soap, gently wash your face and pat dry.

Then lather baby shampoo and gently wash your baby's hair. Try to wash off the foam as thoroughly as possible. Gently wipe the body with a damp cloth, especially paying attention to the armpit folds, areas around the neck, behind the ears and in the genital area. Then you need to dry your skin, put on a diaper and clothes.

When your baby is ready to take a bath, the first baths should be short.

An infant bath will be added to the accessories listed above. A baby bathtub is a plastic tub that fits into large bath. This best size for babies, and bathing becomes easier with it.

Make sure that the water in the bath is no more than 5 - 7 cm deep. Undress the child warm room, then immediately place it in water to prevent chills. Slowly lower the baby up to his chest into the bath, holding his head with one hand.

Wash your face and hair with a washcloth. Gently massage your scalp with your fingertips or a soft baby brush.

When you rinse shampoo or soap from your baby's head, place your hand on the forehead so that the foam flows to the sides and does not get soap into the eyes.

Gently wash the rest of your baby's body with water.

Throughout the bath, constantly pour water over the child so that he does not catch a cold. After bathing, immediately wrap your baby in a towel, making sure it covers his head.

A baby towel with a hood is great for keeping a freshly washed baby warm.

When bathing your child, never leave him alone. If you need to leave the bathroom, wrap your baby in a towel and take him with you.

Sleep Basics

A newborn who seems to need you every minute of the day actually sleeps for about 16 hours or more. Newborns typically sleep for 2 to 4 hours. Don't expect him to sleep through the night. Babies' digestive systems are so small that they need food every few hours, and babies must wake up if they haven't been fed within 4 hours.

Place your baby on their back or side to sleep to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Also, remove all fluffy items, comforters, sheepskins, stuffed animals and pillows from the bed to make sure your baby doesn't get tangled in them and become suffocated.

Also, in order to prevent one-sided flattening of the head, be sure to alternate the position of the baby every night.

For many newborns, days and nights are “confused.” They tend to be awake at night and sleep more during the day. One way to help them is to keep nighttime agitation to a minimum. Keep the light low when using a night light. Talk and play with your baby throughout the day. When your baby wakes up during the day, try to keep him up a little longer by talking and playing.

Encouraging your newborn to learn

As parents care for their newborn, he learns to recognize touch, the sound of voices and the sight of faces.

In the first weeks you can start several simple, age-appropriate toys that develop hearing, vision and tactile sensations.

Rattles.
Kids toys.
Musical toys.
Unbreakable bed mirrors.

Try toys and mobiles with contrasting colors and patterns. Strong contrasts (such as red, white and black), curves and symmetry stimulate baby's vision development. As vision improves and children gain more control over their movements, they will increasingly interact with their environment.

While the focus these days is naturally on keeping baby healthy, it becomes much more difficult if mom doesn't stay healthy herself. So make your health a priority in the first month after giving birth. A short fifteen-minute nap will allow you to renew yourself a little.

Keep a supply of easily accessible but nutritious foods such as cheese sticks, hard-boiled eggs, yogurt, cottage cheese, fruits and prepared vegetables so that you can eat frequently. Know that your nutritional needs will be higher if you breastfeed.

Feeding

When the baby turns 1 month old, he needs to be fed at least 6 times a day. Try not to control feeding times too strictly; let your baby determine how much and how often he wants to eat.

Allow your 1 month old baby to sleep enough, be sensitive to his signals.

Even on this early stage Try to put your baby in his crib when he is tired but not yet asleep. Most young babies go to bed soon after feeding and their sleep window can be very short.

Behavior

You may see early smiles when your newborn is a month old. But most likely this will be due to their reflexes, and not to their reaction. Closer to six weeks, the child will give a true smile. Many children develop colic at the age of 1 month.

Motor skills of a child at 1 month

A 1 month old baby will be stronger than a newborn. He may be able to lift his head for short periods of time when holding himself upright or lying on his stomach. He might even be able to turn it from side to side. But you will still need to provide him with support.

Your baby also becomes more expressive and may start cooing when he sees family. Be sure to respond to his efforts to encourage these communication skills.

How to develop a baby at 1 month?

Ensure that your baby is placed on his tummy every day. This will help develop muscles in the neck and upper torso;
turn on music and try not to filter your child’s world. While it may be tempting to tiptoe around the house when your baby is sleeping, this will cause your baby to become noise sensitive. environment. Babies who come into families with many small children do not respond to household noise and learn to adapt because they have to.

All children are unique and go through developmental milestones at their own pace. Recommendations for development simply show what the baby can realize. And if not at the moment, then in the very near future.

If you have questions or concerns, ask your doctor for advice possible solutions that will help you and your baby grow together.

After 9 months of waiting, the mother finally meets her baby and holds him in her arms. The first four weeks of life a child is considered a newborn. This is a period of adaptation and getting used to new conditions for both the baby and his parents. For this, it would seem short period of time Significant changes occur with the baby. It’s good when dad and mom have an idea about the developmental features of a newborn child week by week and are ready to provide him with the necessary conditions for successful adaptation.

The first four weeks of a baby's life

The first week will be rather sparse in terms of events. The child will sleep a lot. The task of this period is to try to establish a feeding, sleeping and waking routine.

Features of the stage. The baby is born with already innate searching and sucking reflexes. These functions inherent in nature allow the newborn to receive food in the first minutes of life. If you stroke the corner of your baby's mouth, he will immediately turn his head in the direction of touch and open his mouth in search of “food” (breast or bottle). This is a search reflex. Sucking reflex the baby begins to develop at 32 weeks intrauterine life, and by the 36th week it is already fully developed.

In the first day after birth, the child loses the weight established at birth. This is not scary, and is due to the fact that the baby is cleared of intrauterine fluid, which, among other things, filled it. Usually, by the end of the first week, the newborn will regain the weight that he lost in the first few days.

During childbirth, the baby's head may become slightly deformed as it passes through birth canal. Within a few days it should straighten out and take on a rounded shape.

In order for the baby's head to pass easily through the birth canal, his skull has two soft spots called fontanelles. Normally, by the age of one year they are overgrown with dense bone tissue.

The end of the umbilical cord will still be attached for some time. It is advisable to keep this area dry and be sure to treat antiseptics as prescribed by a doctor.

The first walk could be as early as this week. A quiet, calm place in the fresh air is better suited for this purpose.

Physical development. A newborn baby spends most of its time sleeping. He wakes up every 3-4 hours to feed, then goes back to sleep until the next feeding. During a short period of wakefulness, the baby may notice chaotic and uncoordinated movements of the limbs. This is normal, the child is not yet able to control the movements of his arms and legs, they can even scare him.

From the third day, the newborn exhibits a crawling reflex. If you put it on your tummy, the baby will begin to imitate crawling movements. If a support is placed on the feet of a baby lying in this position, the child will reflexively push off from it, crawling more actively. Normally, this reflex disappears by 3–4 months.

Psycho social development. In the first week of life, the child can already distinguish sounds and voices. He turns his head in the direction of the noise and may be frightened by a sharp knock or loud scream.

Vision is still blurry. But babies already recognize well in the first week human face. Only when a child is born is he able to clearly see his mother holding him in her arms.

Development of a newborn in the second week

Physical development. By the end of this week, the baby's movements become smoother compared to the first days. During wakefulness, the child actively stretches out his arms and legs. If you take the baby by the armpits and let his legs touch a hard surface, he will straighten up and “stand” on half-bent legs. This is an innate support reflex. If the child is tilted slightly forward, he will take several steps - reflex walking. These skills are physiological (normal) for up to one and a half months, then they fade away. The presence of reflexes is an indicator healthy development baby, if after three months they continue to persist - perhaps there is a disorder of the nervous system.

Another vitally important innate instinct is the superior defense reflex. Having still rather weak neck muscles, a newborn baby, lying on his stomach, tries to lift his head with swaying movements, turning it from side to side. Thus, the baby reflexively creates conditions for free access of air into the nasopharynx. In other words, being in a face-down position, a newborn baby instinctively saves itself from suffocation.

Development of perception. Newborns are very sensitive to bright light, so their pupils remain constricted. This is nature's way of limiting the amount of light entering the baby's eyes.

Newborn vision

The pupils begin to enlarge approximately two weeks after birth, and then babies begin to distinguish between light and dark shades.

During moments of longer wakefulness, the baby gradually begins to explore the world. Two week old baby is already able to see and recognize black and white images and figures. The development of perception can be stimulated by inviting the newborn to consider, for example, bright patterns on fabrics or wallpaper.

Psychosocial development. In the second week of life, the baby's period of wakefulness becomes longer. The child begins to communicate. When a feeling of hunger or other discomfort appears, the baby signals this by crying. If the baby's needs are met, then he is calm.

At two weeks, the baby can already distinguish between the mother’s voice and the voice of a stranger.

Development of a newborn in the third week

Features of the period. It happens that crying baby nothing consoles him. The incessant screams can last up to three hours. Usually the reason for this is colic associated with adaptation gastrointestinal tract baby. Not all newborn children develop digestive system it goes away painfully. Only about 15-20% of babies experience tummy discomfort. Usually, the first signs of colic appear just at the beginning of the third week of the baby’s life, their peak occurs at six weeks and by three months they stop.
Physical development. The child already has better control of his body. The movements of his arms and legs become less abrupt. If you put the baby on his tummy, he will slightly raise his head.

From birth, the baby has a grasping reflex. Every week it develops more and more. If you place a finger or some object inside the baby's palm, he should grab it. The baby cannot yet grasp an object located outside his palm, since the coordination of his hands and eyes is not fully developed. Gradually, by six months, this skill will also develop.

Psychosocial development. During the first two weeks of a baby's life, mom may notice that his cries and cries vary depending on his immediate needs. If mom learns to recognize these signals over time, daily crying episodes can be significantly reduced.

At three weeks, the baby can already follow moving objects. More attractive to him complex shapes than simple ones. You can train your baby's visual muscles by slowly moving an object in front of his eyes - the child will watch its movement with interest.

Development of a newborn in the fourth week

Features of the stage. At the beginning of the fourth week, a rash may appear on the baby's face. In most cases, it is physiological and goes away after some time without any intervention.

Hairs covering the shoulders and back of a newborn

The fine hairs that cover the newborn's shoulders and back from birth will begin to disappear by the end of the week.

Psychosocial development. The baby's first conscious smile will appear by the end of the first month. If previously a smile was an involuntary movement of facial muscles, now the baby smiles in response to a stimulus that is positive for him (mother’s face, her voice, etc.).

The one-month-old baby is already willing to go emotional contact, becomes attached to the adults around him, recognizes familiar faces and reacts warily to unfamiliar ones. In waking moments, you can and should communicate with him: tell him something, smile at him, sing. This stimulates the baby's emotional and social development.

Physical development. At four weeks, the baby already grasps objects placed in his palm well. But hand-eye coordination is not yet sufficiently developed, so he is not yet able to grasp an object located in front of his eyes. By the end of the first month, the neck muscles will get a little stronger, and the baby will be able to hold his head for a short time.
Development of perception. The child can maintain eye contact for a longer period of time and is more closely following moving objects. Black, white and bright colors are more attractive to his eyes.

Your baby may enjoy looking at himself in the mirror. If you hang its baby counterpart from the crib, the baby will be able to observe itself. This will be a useful developmental tool.

Stages of newborn development, features of infant care in the first four weeks in the table

	First week	Second week	Third week	Fourth week
What's special about this week?	In the first days, the baby loses weight: swelling goes away, the intestines are cleansed. The remainder of the umbilical cord will fall off by the end of the week.	The baby regains the weight it lost after birth.	Colic may appear due to the development of the digestive system. Because of this, the baby may wake up more often and cry more.	A frequent rash may appear on the baby's face. It is physiological and will go away on its own.
Feeding	The child feeds every 2–3 hours. If the baby is breastfed, he may demand his mother's breast more often, thereby increasing the flow of breast milk.	When breastfeeding, the baby can receive food on demand. On average, 8–12 feedings can occur per day. The child has artificial feeding more rigid limits - 60–80 g every 2–3 hours.	A baby fed on mother's milk can independently regulate the frequency and duration of feeding. The baby on formula eats the same amount until the end of the month.	The amount of breast milk a mother produces is determined by the baby's needs. How bigger baby eats, the more milk is produced.
Dream	The baby sleeps 18–20 hours a day, waking up for feedings every 2–3 hours. Awakenings happen regardless of the time of day.	A baby's daily sleep time is 16–18 hours. To save round shape On the head, the baby should sleep not only on his back, but also on both sides.	You can gradually teach your baby to distinguish between times of day: during the day - active and exciting wakefulness, at night - constant sleep.	The child develops a certain sleep pattern: usually 3 times during the day, and about 8 hours of sleep at night, but still with interruptions.
Physical development	Movements are chaotic and involuntary. The first congenital symptoms appear motor reflexes(crawling, walking).	Movements become less abrupt. If you take a lying baby by the palms, he will reflexively begin to pull himself up slightly.	The movements are already smoother, but still involuntary. The grasping reflex continues to develop. Every week the baby is holding his head better.

WORLD OF A CHILD

A newborn baby perceives the world around him as a stream of rapidly changing sensations. All feelings, sounds, images are unfamiliar to him and are not interconnected. The baby has no sense of time, sensation and cannot separate himself from the world around him. His system of thinking lacks cause and effect. Events happen as if on their own, independently of each other. The child is hungry and hears his own crying. Is this cry born within his being or comes from somewhere outside? Maybe both the crying and the feeling of hunger disappear because mom came? The child does not know the answer and cannot ask a question...
Because distress causes crying, and crying is followed by comfort, a connection between these events is gradually built in the child's mind. He sees you at his crib and already feels that a feeling of comfort and peace will come. After some time, the baby will begin to intuitively feel safe, knowing that his desires will be satisfied. As your child's trust in you increases, your confidence in your abilities increases. You are already able to correctly assess his inclinations, you know his strengths, you can adapt to the pace of the baby’s development and satisfy his needs. Now you are becoming the most important person in his life who understands his needs and character.
During the first days and weeks, the bond of love between you and your baby grows stronger. This warm and tender relationship will be his first lesson in love. Throughout his life, he will draw energy from them and build relationships with the outside world on their basis.

Motor skills

A newborn baby is not able to eat or move independently, but he is far from helpless. He enters the world with enough in reserve big set behavior patterns based on unconditioned reflexes. Most of them are vital for the baby. For example, if a newborn baby is stroked on the cheek, he turns his head and looks for the pacifier with his lips. If you put the pacifier in your mouth, your baby will automatically start sucking on it. Another set of reflexes protects the baby from physical harm. If your baby covers his nose and mouth, he will turn his head from side to side. When any object comes close to his face, he automatically blinks his eyes.
Some newborn reflexes are not vitally important, but it is by them that one can determine the level of development of the child. While examining a newly born baby, a pediatrician holds him in different positions and suddenly makes loud sounds, runs a finger along the baby's foot. By how the child reacts to these and other actions, the doctor is convinced that the newborn’s reflexes are normal and nervous system in order.
While most of the reflexes inherent in a newborn disappear during the first year of life, some of them become the basis for acquired forms of behavior. At first, the baby sucks instinctively, but as he gains experience, he adapts and changes his actions depending on specific conditions. The same can be said about the grasping reflex. A newborn baby clenches his fingers the same way every time, no matter what object is placed in his palm. However, when the baby is four months old, he will already learn to control his movements. He will first focus on the object, then reach out and grab it.
We tend to believe that all newborns begin their development from the same starting point, but they differ markedly from each other in the level of motor activity. Some children are surprisingly lethargic and passive. Lying on their stomach or back, they remain almost motionless until they are lifted and shifted. Others, on the contrary, show noticeable activity. If such a child is placed face down in a crib, he will slowly but persistently move towards the head of the crib until he hits the very corner. Very active children may reflexively roll over from their stomach to their back.
Another important difference in newborns is the level of muscle tone. Some children look very tense: their knees are constantly bent, their arms are tightly pressed to their body, their fingers are tightly clenched into fists. Others are more relaxed, the muscle tone of their limbs is not so strong.
The third difference between newborns is the degree of development of their sensory-motor system. Some children, especially young ones or those born prematurely, are very easily disturbed. At any, even the most insignificant noise, they shudder with their entire being, and their arms and legs begin to move erratically. Sometimes without any apparent reason a shiver runs through their bodies. Other babies look well developed from birth. They seem to know how to put their hand in or near their mouth and often do this to calm themselves down. When they move their legs, their movements are orderly and rhythmic.
The different levels of development of motor skills, muscle tone and sensory-motor system that are observed in newborns reflect features in the organization of the nervous system. Children who are active, well developed and have normal muscle tone are considered easy children by their parents. For passive, underdeveloped children with sluggish or, conversely, too tense muscle tone, which is observed in the first months of life, is much more difficult to care for. Fortunately, thanks to the caring care and patience of their parents, most children overcome these difficulties and quickly catch up with their peers in their development.

Ability to see, hear, feel

A child is born with an innate repertoire of reactions that help him adapt to the world around him. He squints his eyes when a bright light comes on or an object comes close to his face. Over a short distance, he can follow with his gaze a moving object or a human face.
A newborn child also has the innate ability to receive through his sensations new information. It is curious that he even shows certain preferences among what he sees. In general, babies prefer dotted configurations and are particularly attracted to moving objects and black and white combinations. Think about the amazing properties the human eye has. It is difficult to resist the conclusion that the child is initially unique ability Make eye contact with your parents.
Along with innate visual abilities, the newborn also has remarkable hearing. We are not only confident that the baby hears from the moment of birth, but there is every reason to assume that he hears while still in the womb. The newborn turns his head in the direction from which the sound is coming, especially if it is an unfamiliar sound, and, conversely, turns away from repeated, loud or continuous sounds. Even more amazing is the fact that a child is able to distinguish a human voice from any other sound. In other words, in addition to the innate ability to look into your eyes, the child also has the ability to hear your voice. However, despite the fact that a newborn is able to perceive sound and turn in the direction from which it is coming, its visual and auditory systems are not sufficiently coordinated. If a child hears a noise whose source is right in front of him, he will not instinctively look for it. Such coordination takes time to develop. By giving the child the opportunity to get acquainted with objects that attract his attention both by their appearance and their sound, parents lay the foundation in the baby’s mind for the ability to connect what he sees with what he hears.
So far we have been talking about the child’s ability to see and hear. Now it’s time to talk about other sensations: taste, smell and touch. Children love sweets and refuse salty, sour and bitter foods. In addition, they turn away from strong and pungent odors.
It is also known that newborns react to various kinds touch. While vigorous rubbing terry towel excites the baby, a gentle massage can put him to sleep. By running your fingertips or a piece of soft silk fabric over your body, you can bring it into a state of calm wakefulness. It is especially pleasant for the baby to feel the touch of human skin. Many mothers who breastfeed their children say that the baby begins to suck more actively if his hand lies on the mother’s chest.
We have described several typical ways how children react to different kinds of stimuli, when the child’s reactions to them manifest themselves differently, depending on specific conditions. Dr. Prechtl and Dr. Braselton, as well as other researchers who study newborns, note that children have different levels excitability. This level of excitability determines the behavioral characteristics of children. When the child wakes up, he may be calmly awake or actively awake, or he may scream or cry.
How a newborn reacts to what is happening in the world around him depends most of all on the degree of his arousal. A child who is in a state of calm wakefulness, hearing the bell, will immediately stop his actions and try to turn towards the sound. The same baby, in an excited or irritated state, may simply not notice the bell.

We understand our child

The period of infancy is the time when both the child and parents adapt to each other. Caring for a baby forces adults to organize their daily routine in a new way. The newborn adapts both physically and psychologically to life outside the mother's body. An integral part of this process is the child’s self-regulation. He learns to independently regulate the degree of his activity, so as to smoothly transition from sleep to wakefulness and vice versa. In the first weeks after the birth of your baby, you will spend a lot of energy trying to help your baby master these transitional states.
A wide-awake child reacts to sounds by looking intently at the faces of those around him, and seems to have an attentive and intelligent gaze. At such moments, the baby’s energy is aimed at perceiving information, and then the parents have the opportunity to engage and communicate with him. However, too intense exercise can tire your child out. The newborn cannot get out of the state of excitement on his own. Therefore, it is especially important that parents feel in time that the baby needs rest. If his mouth wrinkles, his fists clench and he nervously moves his legs, then it’s time to rest.
Periods of activity and rest in a child’s life should alternate. By creating the right daily routine, you will help your baby. in a natural way move from one state to another. After feeding, for example, you can hold him in vertical position, leaning it against your shoulder, or taking it in your arms, rock it gently.
Sometimes a child can come to a state of rest even after a strong cry. If the awakened baby begins to be capricious and it is clear that he is about to cry, parents, as a rule, try in every possible way to prevent this. However, in some cases it will be more appropriate to give the opportunity to shout properly. Apparently, crying relieves stress in a child and helps him move from one state to another. Even if he cries immediately after a nap, missing the state of calm wakefulness, after crying he can find it.
However, as a rule, it can be very difficult for a newborn to come out of the screaming state without outside help. All children need help to calm down. However, each of them requires an individual approach.
Some children become quiet if their parents carefully take them in their arms or wrap them in a warm, soft blanket. Others, on the contrary, become irritated by any restriction of freedom and calm down much more quickly when they are placed on a flat surface, without covering or impeding their movements. Most babies enjoy being carried or rocked. However, each child must have his own approach. Consider which of the following methods is best for your child.
. Walk around the room holding the baby to your shoulder.
. Hold the baby in weight, rocking from side to side.
. Hold it at your shoulder and rhythmically pat it on the back.
. Place the baby on your lap and rhythmically move them up and down or from side to side, or gently pat the baby's buttocks.
. Sitting in a rocking chair, place the child face down on your lap or, pressing it to your shoulder, hold it in an upright position, slowly rocking.
. Rock quickly and rhythmically in a rocking chair.
. Place the baby in the stroller and push it back and forth.
. Take a walk with your child in a stroller or a special backpack.
. Place the child in a hanging hammock at home and rock it gently.
. Take your child for a ride in the car.

Sounds, as well as movements, have a calming effect on children, but here, too, kids have their own preferences. Some people calm down faster when they hear the continuous sounds of a clock ticking, noise washing machine, sounds that imitate a heartbeat, etc. Others respond better to quiet conversation, monotonous singing or a quiet whisper. There are also children who like music - lullabies, recordings of classical works, melodies from music boxes.
So far we have talked about how caring and loving parents help newborns adapt to life outside mother's womb. In turn, the child also influences the lives of adults. He helps them adjust to their new role as parents. With the birth of a child, they acquire a new social status, and a very close relationship is built between them and the baby.
The child can report his internal state only two ways - smiling and crying. The development process of these methods is almost the same. In the first weeks of a baby’s life, they appear as if by themselves, which reflects his reaction to the physiological processes that occur in his body. A cry is a sign of discomfort or pain, a smile is evidence that the child is at rest and enjoying himself. Gradually the balance begins to shift. Crying and smiling are increasingly regulated by external factors, and as a result, the child begins, of course, without words, to directly communicate with his parents.
It is especially interesting to observe how the smile changes in the first one to two months of a child’s life. Initially, a wandering smile appears on the baby’s face during sleep. Then, at two weeks of age, he begins to smile when his eyes are open, which usually occurs after feeding. In this case, a smile, as a rule, is accompanied by a glassy, absent look. By the third or fourth week, qualitative changes occur in the smile. The child responds to the loud voice of the parents, with whom he establishes visual contact, and in the end the baby rewards the adults with a very conscious smile.
A child who is happy, calm and in touch with his environment most of the time instills confidence and optimism in parents. A nervous and capricious baby, who is not easy to calm down, despite the caring attitude of adults, causes them much more problems. Those parents who have their first child often associate the child’s irritability with the fact that they are inexperienced and do not know how to handle him correctly. Once they realize that increased excitability The baby depends on the internal physiological processes occurring in his body, they will regain self-confidence. This will help them get through the challenges that await them in the first weeks of a child's life. Through trial and error, parents gain experience and find own way calm your baby down - swaddle him, vigorously rock him to sleep, or simply give him the opportunity to scream properly for a while until he falls asleep. It is very important that parents understand from the very beginning that the difficulties experienced by the child in the first year of life are in no way related to the characteristics of his behavior and character in the future.
During the first month of a baby's life, most parents sometimes experience negative emotions. A young mother suffering from constant crying, childbirth and sleepless nights may become depressed or irritable towards other family members. The father, despite his proud smile, may sometimes feel that the baby not only limits his freedom, but also deprives his wife of attention and care. As children get older, they sleep longer and parents adapt to different daily routines. At the end of the first difficult period When the relationship between parents and baby is just developing, family members will be able to fully reward each other with the joy of communication.

HOW TO CARE FOR YOUR NEWBORN

The most difficult task facing a newborn baby during the first month of his life is to adapt to conditions outside. maternal body. Most of the time the baby sleeps. Having woken up, he begins to behave in accordance with his inner physiological state. Periods of active wakefulness, when the child is ready to perceive new information, are rare and short-lived. Therefore, you should not plan activities with your newborn in advance, just try to use the opportunity. This opportunity appears when the child is full and in good mood. Remember that children have different thresholds for excitability, and if you overtire your baby, he may begin to worry, scream and cry.

Practical advice

Engage your child no more than necessary
He needs human warmth, and therefore he loves to be held. Try to find out how your baby feels about this. Some babies become nervous and irritable when held for too long. It happens that a fussy baby calms down if he is placed in a comfortable children's backpack. However, if the baby is very rarely held, he may become lethargic and apathetic.
Change baby's position
When your child is awake, try to vary his positions. Let him lie on his stomach for a while, then on his back or side. Being in different positions, the baby will learn to move his arms and legs.
Children's calendar
Hang a calendar and pencil near the changing table or dressing table. You can record each new achievement of your child in a separate column.
Enjoy the time you spend with your baby
Laugh and have fun with your child. Sometimes he seems to be able to express his joy.
Don't be afraid to spoil your child
Try to quickly fulfill his wishes. If you give your baby enough attention when he needs it, he won't bother you again.
Handle your baby with care
When returning home from the hospital, bring your newborn in a comfortable, reliable car.

Game time

Vision
Attach a moving musical toy to the baby's crib
In those moments when the baby is awake and in a good mood, he will fix his gaze on the toy and follow its movements. This will spark your baby's interest in the world outside the crib. Moving musical toys especially attract the attention of children.
Move the flashlight back and forth
Cover the flashlight with red or yellow plastic. Slowly move it from side to side in front of the child lying on his back. At first, the baby will hold his gaze only for a moment, but then he will begin to follow the flashlight.
Show your tongue
Some two- to three-week-old babies can imitate adults when they stick out their tongues. Try this.
Hearing
Hang a bell
Hang the colored bell so your child can see it move and hear its sound. This will allow the baby to associate a beautiful sight with a pleasant sound. If you hang a bell over the crib, the baby will first look at it for a while and then fall asleep.
Dance to the music
Your baby will enjoy the familiar rocking and shaking he's already used to. Listen to music while holding your baby and dancing quietly.
Shake the rattle near your baby
Gently shake the rattle to the right and left of the baby. Do it quietly at first, then louder. After some time, the baby will understand that the sound he hears comes from somewhere outside. He will begin to look for the source of the sound with his eyes. (If in tin can put a few dry peas from under the juice, you will get an excellent rattle.)
Touch
Place your finger or rattle on your baby's hand
Place your finger or rattle on your baby's palm. The baby will wrap his fingers around them.
Exercises
Leg exercises
Place your baby on a firm mattress (a crib or playpen mattress will work fine). Let your baby move his legs and arms for a while. If he starts to cry, try to calm him down by gently rocking him.

Daily routine

Feeding time
Keep a good mood
Regardless of whether you breastfeed or bottle-feed your baby, try to do it in a way that makes both your baby and you feel calm and comfortable. Remember that your baby knows better than you when he is full, so don't try to force him to eat a little more. Avoid coercion so as not to lose the child's trust.
Reach out and touch
While your baby is eating, gently stroke his head, shoulders and fingers, then he will associate feeding with your gentle touches. Some children love to listen to singing while eating, while others, when they hear their mother’s voice, stop sucking. If your baby is easily distracted, hold off on singing until after meals or while your baby is burping.

Bathing
First baths
Bathe your baby in a baby bath. (Ask your doctor before giving your baby your first bath.) While bathing, hum softly while rubbing gently with a soft sponge or cloth. If your baby is slipping and needs soft bedding, place a towel in the bottom of the tub.
Communication through touch
After swimming, it is good to have a massage. Using baby cream or vegetable oil, gently massage your baby's shoulders, arms, legs, feet, back, stomach and buttocks. Keep doing this as long as your child is in a good mood.
Swaddling/dressing
Kisses on the tummy
When changing your baby's diapers, gently kiss his tummy, fingers and toes. These gentle touches help your baby become aware of his body parts. At the same time, he not only feels his body, but also feels your love.
Undress the child
Don't wrap your baby up. If the room is 20-25 degrees, he will feel good in a light shirt and diaper. Children overheat, sweat and feel discomfort if they are dressed too warmly.

Time relax
Turn on the radio for your child
When putting your baby in the crib, turn on the radio, tape recorder, or start a music box. Quiet music will calm him down.
Record the noise of the washing machine on tape.
Instead of buying an expensive toy that makes sounds, record the noise of your dishwasher or washing machine on tape. The monotonous hum that the child hears will help him calm down and fall asleep.
Give your baby a musical toy
If from the very early age in the child's mind associate sleep time with soft musical toy, it will become an integral element of this process.
As they get older, some babies struggle when being put in their crib, and this toy will help them calm down and fall asleep.
Use a pacifier
Give your baby a pacifier before bed. Children who are accustomed to a pacifier from an early age are able to fall asleep on their own. If your baby refuses the pacifier, you can only put it in his mouth for a few minutes at first until he gets used to it. If your child continues to persist, find another way.
Walking in a stroller
If the weather permits, take your child for a walk, pushing him in a stroller. Constant movement will help him fall asleep.
A game of shadows
Children often wake up at night. Leave the night lamp on - the soft light will allow the child to observe the bizarre outlines of surrounding objects.
Diapers and soft pillows
Over the last few months of utero, the baby has become accustomed to sleeping in close quarters. Therefore, he will feel good if he is swaddled or covered with pillows. Many stores sell hanging hammocks that can be attached inside a regular crib. Some of them are equipped with a special device that creates the illusion of beating in a child mother's heart. The rhythmic sounds remind the baby of those he heard while in the womb; this calms him down and he falls asleep.

A child is considered a newborn until he is one month old. This month is special transition period from the intrauterine existence of the fetus to life in the human world. The baby has not yet gotten rid of many innate reflexes, sees poorly, hardly blinks and is not at all adapted to new conditions. It only exists in close connection with his mother and is entirely dependent on her. During this period, the child tends to have many interesting features, which he will lose as he grows older.

Cry

Newborns cry without tears. This is due to narrowing or, less commonly, blockage of the tear glands. Instead of the usual crying, the baby screams loudly, thereby expressing anxiety, pain, hunger or discomfort. Scientists have proven that when a baby cries, it copies the intonations and accent of its mother, which it overheard while still in the womb. The results speak about this scientific research, in which 60 children were involved with their parents: 30 speaking French and the same number speaking German. It was found that French babies cry with increasing intonation, which is typical for French, and children of German women - with a descending one, which is characteristic of German.

Skeleton

The skeleton of a baby contains more than 300 bones, while the skeleton of an adult consists of only 206. However, this is quite simple to explain - some of the bones of a newborn grow together as they strengthen and grow.

Respiratory system

A baby, unlike adults, can breathe and swallow at the same time. In this way he is similar to animals. The baby uses this amazing ability for about 9 months, while the articulatory apparatus is formed and complicated and the larynx moves down.

Another amazing property, characteristic of infant breathing is that children breathe several times more often than adults. For comparison: the respiratory rate of an adult is about 20 times per minute, a baby aged one year is 33 to 36 times, an infant is from 30 to 45 times per minute.

In addition, newborns cannot breathe through their mouths. They will learn this much-needed skill only the first time they experience nasal congestion: during a cold or allergy.

Eye shape and color

The size of children's eyes remains the same throughout their lives. This is why a baby’s eyes seem so huge and deep to us. But the nose and ears tend to grow throughout life. In addition, it is surprising that every child, with rare exceptions, is born with a gray or blue iris. This is due to a temporary lack of a pigment called melanin. Already in the process of growing up, the eye color acquires a constant shade, this happens around six months. ()

Swimming ability

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The fetus spends all its development before birth in an aquatic environment, so more than 90% of babies retain the swimming reflex. It is thanks to him that the baby is able to swim and dive, making floundering body movements. Your baby's body helps conserve oxygen for the lungs and heart by slowing blood flow to the toes and reducing the heart rate. small heart by as much as 20%. If the reflex is not strengthened, it will be lost by 3–4 months. ()

Heartbeat

The baby's heart beats incredibly fast - with a frequency of up to 130 - 160 vibrations per minute. During crying, the frequency can reach 200 beats. For comparison, the heart rate of an adult is 60 - 80 per minute.

Visual features

Newborn vision is an understudied phenomenon. Only recently, scientists have refuted the theory that a baby sees the world around him as flat. In fact, three-dimensional images are available to him from birth.

Otherwise, science is adamant - the baby does not see very well, only 25 - 28 cm, which will be approximately equal to the distance from the mother's nipple to her eyes. The first couple of weeks after birth, the baby perceives the surrounding reality in black and white, and only by the third week after birth begins to gradually distinguish colors. Any baby prefers bright colors and large drawings, it’s easier to focus your gaze on them.

Another interesting fact– babies blink much less often than adults: only 1–2 times per minute. So far, medicine has not been able to find the causes of this physiological feature.

Taste

The baby’s food preferences are formed during the 7–9 months of the mother’s pregnancy and are finally consolidated by the first year of the baby’s life. It has been proven that a baby enjoys already familiar smells and tastes that entered his body earlier - with breast milk or as part of amniotic fluid. This physiological feature explains why breastfed newborns get used to complementary foods faster than those children who were fed artificial formula.

Meteor dependence

Blonde-haired babies react more strongly to change weather conditions than their brunette peers. Increased sensitivity differences between twins and twins premature babies. This susceptibility increases even more after illness, stress and vaccinations.

Exactly like this little man comes into our world. Don't be surprised or worried if it doesn't meet your expectations. In just a few weeks you will learn to understand your baby and communicate with him using the language of glances and gestures. The newborn adapts to the world around him: he will learn to cry, smile charmingly and happily walk when he sees you.

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Many parents are interested in the development of their newborn week by week. The most profound changes occur in the first month after childbirth. Problems arise that worry parents, but they can be dealt with. Changes in 1 year of life occur every day. Let's figure out how a baby develops up to one year. We will demonstrate an approximate calendar for the appearance of various skills.

In the first year of life, the child develops most intensively

Changes at 1 week of life

A person begins to understand the world with the help of heightened senses. He had heard unclear sounds from outside before, in his mother’s womb. Now the baby can hear, see the world around him, touch and smell it, get to know his parents (we recommend reading:).

A newborn's vision is poorly developed; he sees only large objects. Vision is not yet focused and everything looks blurry - this is how the body protects itself from the abundance of impressions that appear immediately after birth. But hearing and smell are well developed. They appeared in the embryo in the mother’s stomach.

The most significant change occurs in the newborn's feeding habits. If previously he received nutrients from his mother’s body at any time, now he will have to wait until he is fed. At first, the child is almost always in the mother's arms and constantly demands the breast.

He has not yet learned to suck well, and his mother doesn’t have enough milk. Its production in sufficient quantities will gradually improve. The most important thing during breastfeeding is that the baby feels his physical connection with mom. This calms him down, not just satiates him.

The most exciting moment for young parents is the baby's first bath. If you did everything correctly, the water in the bath is at the right temperature, the baby lies in it in a way that is comfortable for him, everything will be fine. The baby will love to swim and will not be capricious.

The first bath is extreme for parents, but the right approach baby will love water procedures

Causes for concern

This article talks about typical ways to solve your issues, but each case is unique! If you want to find out from me how to solve your particular problem, ask your question. It's fast and free!

Many children often spit up after feeding at first. Normally this can happen because digestive tract The baby is still poorly formed, the nervous system is undeveloped and the feeding process is not going quite right. Regurgitation is common in the first weeks of life. If a baby swallows air along with food while feeding, he may burp. Nothing wrong with that. Try to change your position so that less air gets into the baby's mouth.

The second reason for parents’ anxiety is a slight loss in the weight of the newborn (we recommend reading:). There's nothing to worry about. When the mother begins to produce milk abundantly and the feeding process improves, the baby will begin to gain weight again.

Often, on the 2-3rd day of life, the baby turns a little yellow - this is a physiologically justified phenomenon. Forms in the blood a large number of bilirubin, which contributes to the yellowing of the skin. By 7-14 days, skin color should return to normal.

Sometimes in a baby in the first days. When it is born, the body is coated with natural lubricant to facilitate passage through the birth canal. Then, when exposed to air, the lubricant dries and begins to peel off. This is a natural process and there is nothing to worry about.

The child will very soon make up for the slight weight loss that occurs in the first days of life

Second week of life

The most difficult week is over. The baby begins to get used to the new way of existence. The mother's milk supply increases and the feeding process becomes more stable. The stomach and intestines get used to digestion. The child consistently defecates 3-4 times a day. The belly button is healing.

The baby begins to gain weight. He looks at the objects around him with increasing curiosity. From a distance of 25-30 centimeters he can even see some details. The little man develops facial expressions - he can twist his face if something is not to his taste, and after eating he will delight his parents with a sweet smile. Children's photos from this period will touch mom and dad for a long time. The only thing that darkens life healthy baby – intestinal colic. He expresses his dissatisfaction by crying and kicking his legs in pain. Doctors have not come to a consensus on why colic begins and how to deal with it. You can take comfort in the fact that this is a temporary phenomenon that will gradually pass.

Third week of life

The baby's first achievements are dated to this time. He tries to raise his head - although this will only work for a short time, it will fill his parents with pride. The baby looks with curiosity at the toys that you will hang across the crib in front of him. He tries to reach them with his hand.

The newborn reacts to the voice. When an adult addresses him in a friendly tone, he begins to hum and smile in response. The baby is bombarded with new impressions. There are so many of them that the nervous system is tense to the limit. Before going to bed, your baby may cry to relieve stress. Some people cry for 20 minutes each time. The intonation of crying changes, it becomes demanding.

In the third week, the baby is already smiling and responding to mom and dad

Fourth week of life

Time flies very quickly. The first month of life passes. This is the stage of transition from the status of a newborn to the status of an infant. The baby's vestibular apparatus is strengthened. He is aware of his position in space. This will soon help him learn to roll over and grab toys.

The legs and arms are still half-bent, since the flexor muscles are still stronger than the extensor muscles. Hypertonicity of muscles in a baby in the first month of life - normal phenomenon. It's too early to worry. When the child is one month old, you need to visit a pediatrician who will determine the degree of his development and compliance with age standards. At the end of 4 weeks:

the child is able to focus his gaze on the object in question;
he turns his head towards a sound coming from nearby;
raises and briefly holds his head while lying on his stomach;
recognizes parents and reacts to their appearance.

From 5 to 8 weeks

If we consider development week by week, we can say about this period that the child establishes a certain routine. He still sleeps a lot, but now parents know when he will fall asleep and how long their child will sleep. The baby begins to grab toys and other objects with his hands. What else can a baby do during this period:

he focuses his gaze on both stationary and moving objects;
rolls over from side to back;
raises his head while lying on his stomach;
rises on his arms and arches his back, turns his head towards the sound;
if you put him on a hard surface, holding him, he pushes off the support with his feet;
reacts kindly to the appearance of his parents - he hums, smiles, waves his arms and legs, sings.

From 5 to 8 weeks, the baby learns to roll over and recognizes the parents’ voice

From 9 to 12 weeks

By the age of 3 months, the average child can roll over from his back to his stomach, lift himself up on his arms, and hold this position for several minutes. If your baby doesn’t know how to do this yet, don’t despair. He will learn everything in a month or two (we recommend reading:).

The child is gaining weight and has subcutaneous fat. Folds and bandages appear on the arms and legs. The body takes on a rounded shape. The baby puts everything into his mouth to taste it. At 3 months you are supposed to undergo another examination by a pediatrician (we recommend reading:). Skills include:

rollovers from back to stomach;
lifting the body on the arms from a position lying on the stomach, holding the body in this position for a short time;
intensification of the reaction to the appearance of an adult - the baby tries to respond with hooting to mother’s and father’s phrases.

From 13 to 16 weeks

Fortunately for parents, intestinal colic at this age is left behind. The respite, however, will not be short-lived - some babies are already starting to cut their teeth, although it is difficult to say by week exactly when this process begins. Growth stages are approximate.

The child begins to treat others selectively, usually singling out his mother from everyone else. His speech changes a little. He introduces consonant sounds: “p, b, m.” He may accidentally say “mom” or “dad,” but this will be unconscious. At this age the child:

holds with handles small items, toys;
hums and babbles, says: “ba, pa, ma”;
reacts when someone says his name;
sits confidently in an adult’s arms, holding his head upright;
grabs and tastes various objects;
tries to squat.

During this period, the child already confidently holds his head while in his mother’s arms.

From 17 to 20 weeks

The child begins to move actively. He no longer has enough of a crib, he is drawn to explore the entire apartment. After a thorough wet cleaning, it can be released onto the floor. Every movement must be monitored, since there are many dangers in the apartment for the foolish. The middle child begins to erupt his first teeth - this process is accompanied by anxiety and copious amounts of saliva. The child's gums itch and he tries to chew on various objects to scratch them. At this age the child:

can roll over from back to stomach and back;
lifts top part bodies in arms;
gradually begins to crawl;
can keep himself occupied by playing with his toys for 5-10 minutes;
his babble, consisting of individual syllables, begins to resemble meaningful speech.

From 21 to 24 weeks

Some babies are able to crawl. They sit up in the crib, but can only sit for a short time - the spine is not yet developed enough. Teeth continue to cut and cause anxiety for everyone. If your baby is naughty, it's most likely because of his teeth. You should see your pediatrician again in six months. Skills of a six-month-old baby:

the child sits for some time in a stroller or on highchair(you can prop up his back with pillows to help him hold the pose);
he crawls successfully;
he laughs, mumbles and babbles, sings;
The baby loves to jump when an adult supports him by the armpits.

From 25 to 28 weeks

The baby's intelligence is noticeably manifested. Its development is manifested in the fact that the little man understands words and points his finger at objects that his mother names. It's harder to trick him - if you hide a toy behind your back, he knows where to look for it. The psyche also progresses. The child begins to feel anxious when the mother leaves the room.

The most noticeable changes occur in the motor sphere. The baby gets up on his own, holding on to the headboard or other support. He moves around holding his mother's hands or leaning on furniture, and crawls well (although some children never begin to crawl, but immediately stand up and move around with the help of support).

From 29 to 32 weeks

The child shows character. He learns to get what he wants from adults, understands what they want from him, knows the word “impossible.” This knowledge does not give him pleasure. He divides people into friends and strangers, and does not trust strangers.

Many children by this age have 4 to 6 teeth in their mouths. If there are no teeth, do not be upset - the process of teething is individual and each baby occurs according to its own schedule.

The child can:

sit down without adult help;
plays with toys, moving them from right hand to the left and vice versa, throws cubes and rattles from the crib onto the floor;
takes his first steps, holding his mother's hand.

The ability to sit independently appears in a child from 29 to 32 weeks

From 33 weeks to 36

The child is growing up, this is noticeable. He tries to do everything on his own, although this does not always work out. Sits and stands up independently, walks holding hands or furniture. Speech becomes more meaningful. A person can say “mom” or “give” for the first time. If your child has not started speaking his first words, do not be upset - this will happen later (we recommend reading:).

To convey his desire to an adult, the baby pronounces syllables and short words, helps himself with gestures and facial expressions. At the age of 9 months, you need to be examined by a pediatrician again. At this age the child.

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