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Leather products - let's talk about the terms. Leather for safety shoes

Cowhide boots are boots made from the skin of a calf or a young uncalved cow. Thereby, given shoes endowed with special softness and lightness. This article will cover the following points:

in which area cowhide boots are most often worn;
where to buy this type of boots;
boots - photo;
description of different types of leather for boots similar to cowhide;
cowhide leather boots for women.

Cowhide boots in the Russian army

In the Russian army, cowhide leather boots are used on a par with tarpaulin boots. In appearance and in many characteristics, they practically do not differ from each other. However, there are much more cowhide boots and their bootlegs are warmer and thicker. Cowhide boots are waterproof and have a tight fit, which provides comfort and warmth to the feet. The soles are leather and rubber. The positive characteristics of these boots include the following points: a firmly and tightly sewn sole, crease resistance of the back (due to its additional strengthening) and durability of the zipper. In addition, these boots have high tops that cover the legs to the knees. In addition to military personnel, such shoes are often worn by fishermen, hunters, as well as people participating in forest hikes and crossing swampy areas.

Where to buy cowhide boots?

You can buy such boots in military stores (military stores) or in the corresponding online stores. On sales sites, it is possible not only to see the external one, but also to read the description and reviews (about quality and much more).

Description of leather for boots similar to cowhide boots

Chrome leather is a glossy, elastic, plastic and dimensionally stable leather. These shoes come in black, white, bright and light shades. This skin it is smooth, embossed and threaded.

Kirza is artificial leather. The basis for it is a multilayer which is treated with a film-forming substance. Its texture is reminiscent of pigskin.

Yuft is the skin that is obtained from the skin or one-year-old bulls. It comes in red, white and black. Yuft and cowhide leather are most similar to each other (these words are often used as synonyms).

Women's cowhide boots

Women's cowhide leather boots are beautiful and durable. However, although they seem to be quite simple in appearance, their cost is not so low. But, thanks to the long service life, they will soon pay for themselves. They need to be cared for just like any other. leather shoes. They should be regularly and thoroughly washed, dried, tinted with cream, and rubbed to a shine. This type of footwear is more suitable for clothes made from coarse materials.

Summarizing

Cowhide boots are very practical, reliable and durable shoes. Initially, such boots were worn in the Soviet army (and they are still used by the Russian military). They have a wide top, the sole is tightly sewn to the main part of the boots (and does not let moisture through). Thanks to the cowhide leather, these boots are very soft and comfortable.

Leather: types of leather, methods of leather dressing.

Leather- it is a strong and durable material that is made from the skins of various animals. Leather production is one of the most ancient. Man has long learned to process leather and use it to make clothes, shoes, bags, accessories and various household utensils. Leather It is classified according to several criteria: by purpose, by the type of raw materials used, by the method of dressing and finishing.

Leather dressing methods

Leather is usually divided into three main types: raw leather, rawhide and tanned leather.

Raw leather (raw, naked)— leather material of the most ancient way of production. Usually, she only cleans the mezra and removes the wool, that is, this is what is called “needle” in the leather industry.

Rawhide (rawhide, ball)- leather material ancient way dressing. It is produced by loosening the structure of the skin with the fixation of this state with fattening substances. It was ubiquitous, but has now been practically replaced by tanned leather.

Tanned leather (sheepskin coat)- naked (raw leather) treated with tanning agents to give plasticity, strength, wear resistance, etc. In the old days, oak bark was used in the process of leather dressing, hence the name "tanning".

Despite the difference in methods and recipes for processing leather, there are common mandatory steps. First universal operation - mind-blindness, in which the skin is deprived of the remnants of meat, fat and subcutaneous fatty tissue. Then, if required, dehairing or ashing is performed, removing wool and epidermis. The resulting product is called naked.

Mereya- this is a pattern on the surface of the skin, formed by traces of hair bags removed along with the epidermis as a result of dressing the skin.

bakhtarma— inner surface skin formed after mezdreniya.

Types of leather tanning

After the initial processing of the skin, they begin to tan it. According to modern concepts, tanning is the process of bonding collagen molecules with tanning agent particles (cross-linking of molecules). There are a lot of types of tanning now:

vegetable tanned- in the process of dressing, oak bark and other ingredients obtained from plants are used. The result is elastic material Brown color. The desired shade is achieved by varying the quantity and quality of the ingredients used and by selecting the color of the raw materials. Vegetable tanned leather is not waterproof. When exposed to moisture, it changes color, and if it absorbs liquid and then dries, it will decrease in size (shrink) and harden, become less elastic. In hot water, this type of leather shrinks strongly and becomes a hard, brittle material, which affects its quality and limits the possibility of its use.

Iron tanning- is used very rarely due to the negative properties of ferric iron to catalyze the destruction of collagen.

aluminum tanning- For tanning, aluminum alum is usually used, which, when hydrolyzed, forms tanning basic aluminum salts. Compared to chromium salts, tanning basic aluminum salts give a weak tanning effect. Aluminum tanning is used mainly for the manufacture of glove leathers (likes). To increase heat resistance, it is possible to use aluminum and organic tanning agents simultaneously.

Chrome tanning— Trivalent chromium salts are used for tanning. The softness and elasticity of chrome-tanned leather is higher than that of tannin tanning. More resistant to action high temperatures. In wet conditions get wet faster and dry slower. Chrome tanning agent colors bakhtarma in a gray-green color.

Zirconium tanning- zirconium tanned leathers have good strength and resistance to abrasion. Zirconium tanning agent paints bakhtarma white.

titanium tanning— skins obtained by titanium tanning are basically of a quality similar to zirconium tanned leathers and do not stain bakhtarma.

Fat tanning- In fat tanning, the skin is treated with fats containing unsaturated fatty acids. These include the fats of marine animals (seals, sperm whales and fish). The mechanism of fat tanning is complex and is currently interpreted in different ways. It is usually believed that during the tanning process, unsaturated fats are oxidized due to the addition of air oxygen double bonds in place. Oxidation products enter into a chemical bond mainly with the amino groups of collagen. Fat tanning is used to produce one type of leather - suede. Fat tanning gives the leather high water resistance and softness. When in contact with water suede leather at first it passes it, but as it swells it becomes waterproof. This property also allows the use of suede as special filters.

tannide tanning- In tannin tanning, vegetable tannins and synthetic tannins (syntans) are used. They are compounds of the carbocyclic series, being derivatives of polyhydric phenols. Raw materials for the production of vegetable tanides are plant extracts containing tannins (for example, willow, spruce, oak, quebracho). The raw materials for producing syntans are phenols, resorcinol, naphthalene rezotan, etc. Tanides bind to the amino groups of collagen molecules. In addition, they are deposited as filler in the skin. Tanides give the skin a series valuable properties: increased thickness, plasticity. They are mainly used in the production of plantar leathers. Currently, due to low heat resistance and wear resistance, purely tannide tanning is not used. Tanide tanning is usually combined with chrome, titanium and zirconium. This makes it possible to obtain leathers with the virtues of these tannings.

Aldehyde tanning- Of the aldehydes for tanning, formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde are used. They are currently not widespread. Formaldehyde tanned leathers are thin. Of great interest is tanning with glutaraldehyde. In terms of physical and mechanical properties, glutar leather is close to chromium leather, but is distinguished by high sweat resistance, alkali resistance, softness and elasticity. Such tanning, due to the high perspiration resistance and microbiological stability of the leather, is advisable to use for the production of insole leathers.

Combined tanning— Combinations of tanning agents are used to give the leather the useful quality of each type of tanning. For example, the use of chromium compounds for tanning gives leathers high wear resistance, heat resistance; tanidov - plasticity and increased thickness; zirconium compounds - density, strength, etc. Of the combined tannings, the most widely used for the production of plantar leathers are: XP (chrome-vegetable), XTS (chrome-titanium-sintan).

With poor penetration of tanning agents into the structure of the dermis (in the case of thick and dense skin tissue), such a skin defect as a non-produb occurs (in the form of a light strip in the center of the transverse section of the skin).

Non-produb

Types of leather according to the type of raw materials used

Skin of cattle (cattle)

Calfskin- is considered the highest quality and most valuable of the skins. It is used to make shoes, clothes, belts, accessories, furniture upholstery and is an affordable and popular material for making bags. Calfskin is smooth, soft, durable, does not break or form cracks on its surface. Production includes chrome and vegetable tanning. Calfskin bags are very elegant, do not wear out for a long time.

Calfskin, depending on the age of the animal, is divided into the following types:

1. Sklizok- skin of unborn calves. Skin thickness from 1.0 to 1.4 mm. It is used for the production of haberdashery leather.

2. Opoek- skin of calves up to 6 months of age, breastfed. Soft, delicate, elastic, it is considered the most valuable skin. Skin thickness from 0.5 to 1.4 mm.

3. Outgrowth- the skin of calves up to a year old, eating plant foods. The skin is less elastic and soft than opokok. Skin thickness from 0.7 to 1.6 mm.

4. Half-skin- skin of calves under the age of 1.5 years. The skin is tougher, subjected to sawing. Skin thickness from 1.0 to 3.0 mm.

5. Yalovka- the skin of a non-calving cow is more dense and uniform in thickness; surpasses bullock and bullock in quality. The skin of a calving cow is distinguished by a small saddlecloth and large thin floors. Cow skin is 1.2 to 4.0 mm thick. The skin is cut.

6. Bull- skin of a young bull (up to 5.00 mm thick). It is used for the production of shoe and technical leathers.

7. Bull- the skin of castrated bulls. Has a sparse hairline. It is used for the production of shoe, saddlery and technical leathers, rawhide.

8. Buffalo- leather of bulls. It is the thickest and heaviest among cattle skins, has a rough and loose structure. The heaviest and thickest is buffalo skin. Such leathers, due to their thickness and strength, have a long service life, but they are rarely used in production. Compared to bullock, it has thickened floors, collars, rump; more wrinkled skin. It is used for the production of technical leathers and rawhide.

Sheep and goat skins

Sheep skin have a large thickness of the papillary layer of the dermis - from 50% in fine-fleeced to 80% in coarse-haired. Such skins are characterized by low strength and good plasticity. Due to the weak connection between the reticular and papillary dermis, these layers may lag behind. It is used for the production of chevret and haberdashery leather.

Goat skin- durable, soft and thin material with a beautiful measure. Goat skins have a large thickness of the mesh layer (up to 60%), a dense plexus of collagen bundles, which makes these skins dense and durable with a small thickness. Used to make chevro.

1. Chevro(from the French "chevreau" - goat) - leather made from the skins of goats up to 6 months. It is considered one of the most expensive lame-tanned leathers. Very beautiful, thick elastic skin chevro has a strong structure with an original pattern on the front side in the form small wrinkles. It is used for uppers of footwear (including children's), haberdashery, clothes, furniture upholstery.

2. Kozlina- the skin of a goat, dressed from an adult.

3. Chevret- leather made from sheepskins by lame tanning. According to the drawing, the measure is similar to a chevro. It is used for the top of shoes, clothes and haberdashery.

Pig skin

Pigskin- the most economical and unpresentable type of leather, differs in appearance and structure from the skin of cattle. Pigskin is currently mainly used as lining material and rarely as the main one. This is due to the fact that pigskin is not elastic enough, gets wet quickly, has a rough and hard surface, and also has persistent odor. In addition, it is not strong enough, and the ugly perforated texture in the product does not look interesting.

horse skin

Horse skins are not often used in leather goods production. Due to numerous highly developed sweat and sebaceous glands the dermis is looser than that of cattle skins. The front is more suitable for making soft leathers; Khaz is used to make tough leather.

1. Sklizok- skins of unborn or stillborn foals. There is almost no hair, the mane is not developed; in properties close to calcining. It is used for the production of haberdashery leather.

2. Foal- the skin of dairy foals is a valuable material. The skin is uniform in thickness and has almost no defects, which is why it is highly valued. It is used for the production of haberdashery leathers and leathers for shoe uppers.

3. Urostok- the skin of foals who ate plant foods.

4. Notch- skins of young horses up to a year old. It is used for the production of leather upper shoes.

5. Large horse stock- up to 400 sq. dm., thickness 1.5-3 mm.

deer skin

Deer skin- very elastic skin, possesses the high durability and thermal protection. Most often, deer skin is made suede material. It is used for the production of gloves, briefcases, bags, wallets. The warmest gloves are made of deer skin.

Elk skin- elegant, durable, silky to the touch skin, similar in properties to deer, but has a slightly more porous structure. Used for sewing men's outerwear and accessories.

camel skin

From the skin of camels, low-strength leather is obtained, not High Quality used mainly for leather goods.

Cutting raw materials from finished leathers

In production, leather is cut and has various configurations. This is determined by the size of the hide and the range of finished hides.

- Whole skin.
- Half-leather- half the skin, cut along the spinal line.
- Kulat- a skin with a cut collar.
- Vorotok- part of the skin from the neck, usually has many defects.
- Cheprak- the most valuable part of the skin is the dorsal part, which does not have a floor and a collar. It can be up to 55% by area of the area of the entire skin. It can be divided into "upper saddle" and "lower saddle". Commonly used for the production of belts, bags and other products that require high density raw materials.
- Croupon- a saddle, cut in the form of a rectangle.

Skin patches with the largest number defects:

- paws.
- Paula- part of the skin from the peritoneum.
- Flanks- parts of the skin adjacent to the paws from the ventral side.

Horse skin is divided into the following sections:

- Haz- the back of the skin (croup and legs).
- Spiegel- compacted areas of the skin located above the articulation of the pelvis and femurs. Khaza area.
- Front- skin without haz. The most valuable part.

Classification of finished leather by purpose

- Shoe skins.
- Clothing and haberdashery leather- for sewing clothes, hats, gloves, bags, wallets and more. For these purposes, use chevret, husky, suede, cattle skin. By type of tanning - mainly chrome and chromotannide tanned leathers are used.
- Saddle leathers- for human and equestrian equipment. The skin of cattle and pigs is used.
- Technical leathers- for mechanisms (for example, drive belts).

A broader classification includes the following items:

- Leathers for shoe uppers- for these purposes, they use chrome-tanned cattle leather, horse fronts and notches, chevro with various finishes - nubuck, velor, split leather, varnish. For the top of heavy shoes, yuft is used.
- Lining leather- Designed for shoe lining parts. Basically, pig skins are used for these purposes.
-Leather for the bottom of the shoe- are used for the manufacture of insoles and shoe soles. For these purposes, pig skins and cattle skins, as well as horse hazy are used.
- Glove leathers- are produced from sheepskin, goat, pig, dog and horse fronts.
- Furniture leather- for upholstery of furniture, car interiors. Used chrome-tanned cattle leather.
- Parchment- dried untanned skins from cattle skins. It is characterized by high hardness and is used in the manufacture of musical instruments.
- rawhide- untanned skin of cattle, pigs and elks. Used to make horse harness and equipment.

Skin types

There are many classifications of leather, which differ in the type and age of the animals from which they are obtained, as well as in the way they are processed and dyed.

Here are some examples:

bull leather- its thickness, unlike calfskin, is 2.5-5 mm, and the size of the skins can exceed 2.5 sq.m. Traditionally, it is called "saddle-saddle". Initially, it was used for the production of saddles, harnesses and other elements of harness. Currently, bovine is used, as a rule, for the manufacture of jeans belts, bags in ethnic style, trunks and backpacks. This type of leather is best suited for manual and mechanical embossing. Due to the thickness and strength of leather, products made from it can last almost forever.

bull leather

Example leather jacket from bull skin. The photo shows the thickness of the skin and its characteristic texture.

buffalo leather- according to its main characteristics, it is very close to bull skin, but the skins still have big size and an interesting "coarse-grained" (or "reaped") texture of the front surface. Resistant to moisture and mechanical damage. Very popular in the manufacture of jackets and accessories for bikers. Unfortunately, this type of skin is not common in Russia.

buffalo leather

Buffalo leather bag.

Cowhide- plastic, elastic, durable leather with an imposing natural texture of the front side. Takes well different kinds dressing, processing and coloring. Allows you to get a significant range of leather materials of various colors and textures, including elite and exclusive ones. It has a wide range of applications, including: tailoring, footwear and haberdashery, upholstery of furniture, upholstery and decoration of car interiors, residential and office premises, production of decorative and gift items.

Cowhide

Cow's skin- strong skin, less thickness and stiffness than bull. It has a pleasant natural texture, wear-resistant. It is used for the manufacture of haberdashery, outerwear, shoes and accessories in a moderate price range.

Cow's skin

Lady's bag from cowhide.

Calfskin- thin, soft, plastic, silky to the touch skin, has a natural "breathing" structure, high strength and wear resistance. The characteristics, use and cost of calf leather depend on the age of the animals. The skin of calves of milk age (up to 6 months) - calf - perfectly drapes and keeps its shape, has high elasticity and resistance to deformation. It is used to make high quality clothing and accessories. The skin of calves up to one year of age - an outgrowth - is thicker, less elastic and is used for the manufacture of high quality shoes, bags and other haberdashery and accessories. The toughest and densest skin of calves up to 18 months of age is half-skin. It is used both for the manufacture of high-quality shoes, bags, suitcases and various souvenirs, as well as in interior design.

Calfskin

opoek— Soft, supple leather obtained from the skins of suckling calves. Most valuable skin. The fibers are thin, elastic, dense weave. The hairline of a calf is thicker, thinner and more beautiful than that of an adult animal. The skin of the calf is soft, full, with a beautiful measure.

opoek

outgrowth- the skin of a calf that has switched to vegetable food, changing the primary hairline in the process of molting. The quality of the skin is worse than that of the calf, the interlacing of the fibers is weaker. The finished skin is even, thick, with a beautiful measure, but not as full as the calf. The uppers of shoes and leather goods are made from it.

outgrowth

Pigskin- quite thin and light skin with a characteristic coarse texture. It takes dressing and coloring well, but does not differ in strength and water resistance. It is used for mass production of inexpensive haberdashery goods, clothing, footwear, accessories, upholstery and lining materials.

Pigskin

Pigskin wallet.

horse leather- rather dense, high-strength leather of medium plasticity, which requires quite a long processing time to achieve quality. It is used for the manufacture of high-quality men's outerwear, hats, shoes, accessories, as well as natural upholstery and lining materials.

Horse leather jacket.

Goat skin- tender and soft, very thin and durable, has a unique wavy pattern, is quite water resistant, retains heat well, is plastic and elastic. Used to make high quality elegant accessories and light outerwear.

Goat skin

Sheepskin (sheep skin)- flexible, soft, elastic skin, with high extensibility. It is perfectly processed and keeps the given form. Considered one of the best materials for the manufacture of high-quality model clothes, hats and accessories.

Sheepskin

Men's sheepskin jacket.

Buckskin- Leather, in the process of dressing which uses fat extracted from the brain of animals, or other types of fats. The end result is an elastic, durable, velvety material similar to suede. It retains its shape well with frequent changes in temperature and humidity. Perfectly retains heat, protects from wind and moisture. This type of leather is commonly used to make briefcases, handbags, purses and wallets.

Buckskin

Elk skin- elegant, durable, silky to the touch, similar in properties to deer, but has a slightly more porous structure. It is used for tailoring men's outerwear and accessories.

Elk skin

This is how the details of a hunting jacket made of elk skin look like.

Skin of reptiles and exotic animals— very expensive and noble skins. These are skins - crocodile, python, monitor lizard, ostrich, kangaroo. Recently, designers have paid attention to the skin of the eel.

Monitor lizard skin

reptile skin

eel skin

Crocodile skin- characterized by noble beauty, complex, long and laborious processing, strength, elasticity, absolute resistance to moisture and pollution, very high cost. According to raw materials, properties and price, they are divided into: caiman skin - more rigid and less durable; crocodile skin and alligator skin. Shoes, clothes, haberdashery and accessories made of crocodile skin are made mainly by hand, by masters of the highest class and adorn the collections of the world's leading designers.

Crocodile skin

Crocodile leather bag.

Snake skin is smooth and elastic, with fantastic patterns and texture, strong, durable and perfectly accepts various types of dressing, processing and coloring. The most popular leather python and cobra. Snake skin is used to make shoes, clothes and accessories, giving even the smallest item a uniqueness and originality.

Snake skin

Wallet in cowboy style from snakeskin.

Ostrich skin- dense, plastic, rather strong skin, has a very effective texture of the front surface. One of the most popular materials in the collections of many famous designers. It is used for the manufacture of shoes, outerwear, haberdashery, decor elements and interior decoration.

Ostrich skin

Ostrich leather gloves. The characteristic texture is visible.

Kangaroo skin- plastic and springy, light and durable, has high air permeability and hygroscopicity, perfectly retains its properties and shape in finished products. It is used for tailoring clothes, shoes, including sports shoes, haberdashery and accessories.

Kangaroo skin

Hiking boots made of kangaroo leather.

shark skin- It is considered the most durable among natural leathers, while being light and elastic. In its natural state, it is covered with very hard and sharp scales, which are quite difficult to remove. Shoes, outerwear, haberdashery and various accessories, decorative elements and souvenirs are made from shark skin.

shark skin

Shark skin wallet, handmade.

Stingray skin- has a very attractive fine-grained texture of the front surface, is very durable and difficult to dress and process, but it is waterproof, resistant to dirt and does not require special care. It is used for the manufacture of high-quality outerwear, shoes, haberdashery and accessories, decor elements, and even women's jewelry.

Stingray skin

Iphone case made of stingray leather.

Boiled leather vegetable-tanned leather that has been immersed in hot water, boiling wax, or similar substances to increase its strength. Historically, such leather was used as armor due to its hardness and light weight, and was also used for book bindings.

Boiled leather bag.

Krast(Krust) general designation dense leather with a preserved natural front surface, obtained mainly from the skins of cattle. Such leathers undergo chrome or chromium-free tanning and are subjected to covering or through dyeing. To protect against moisture, the front surface of the crust is treated natural wax while maintaining the natural breathability of the skin. Krast is used for the manufacture of shoes, haberdashery and office items, furniture upholstery, the manufacture of goods for riding (saddles, harness) and special-purpose goods (sheaths, game-bags, holsters, etc.). Products from trust are durable, with long-term use in places of folds and constant friction, they acquire a darker color (patina) and the effect of natural aging.

Krust

Vegan(Vegan) - crust tanned with substances of natural (vegetable) origin. To obtain a vegan, both cattle skins and pig skin are used, with a thickness of 1 to 3 mm. Designed specifically for the manufacture of carved elements, carving and embossing, which are widespread in subcultures, among bikers, as well as in the manufacture of traditional elements of costume and everyday life of residents of the western United States (belts, game bags, holsters, sheaths, etc.). Vegans are used to make decorative and gift items, accessories and household items in ethnic, "country" and "crazy" styles, elements traditional costumes, goods for riding (saddles, harness).

Vegan

Velours(fr. velours - velvet, from lat. villosus - hairy, shaggy) - leather made from pig, less often sheep skins chrome tanned with the front surface processed by grinding method. Velor is an inverted skin, which has bakhtarma on the outside, and inside front side(mereya). Sometimes velor is tucked under suede from the wrong side. This material can equally be soft and thin, as well as hard and thick, it all depends on the processing technology. It is used for the manufacture of shoe uppers, clothing and leather goods.

Velours

Gloves made of natural velor.

Suede leather- fat-tanned leather (i.e. raw skins subjected to preliminary preparation. When tanned, they are impregnated with fats). Serves for the manufacture of shoes, gloves, haberdashery, outerwear, jackets, skirts, as well as a filtering and polishing material. High-quality shoe suede is obtained from the skins of deer calf, outgrowth and Russian short-tailed sheep, technical - from sheepskins of Russian long-tailed sheep, wiping - from the skins of adult deer, Russian sheepskin. Suede has a high ductility and porosity, which makes it highly breathable. Suede is distinguished by its special softness, which it retains not only after soaking in water, but also after washing in soapy water, which is why Suede is also called “washable leather”. This material is less wear-resistant than smooth leather and requires careful maintenance.

Suede leather

Laika— Thin, soft, elastic skin. In the old days, it was made from dogs - hence the name, now it is mainly made from the skins of lambs and kids with chrome or chrome-fat tanning. The surface of the measure should be perfectly smooth, without wrinkles. Despite the softness and tenderness of the husky, it is quite durable and wear-resistant. Mainly used for making gloves, decorative items and jewelry, much less often - in making light shoes and haberdashery. Laika does not tolerate moisture, and after drying it loses its shape and properties. Laika products require proper care.

Laika

Laika gloves.

Nappa— Thin semi-aniline leather made from cattle hides and sheepskins. May have a thickness of 0.5 to 1.0 mm. Nappa leather is an extremely soft and stretchy material commonly used for the production of high quality wallets, sets toiletries, haberdashery, various accessories and decor elements.

Nappa

Napplac- Lacquered leather. Most often it is lacquered nappa.

Napplac

Nubuck(nubuck) - fine-haired chrome-tanned leather with a front surface polished with fine-grained abrasive materials (for example, sand). It is used for the manufacture of haberdashery, shoe uppers and upholstery of upholstered furniture.

Nubuck is similar to suede, but is made from other types of leather, usually from cattle. Nubuck is less resistant to dirt and greasy faster than suede. Nubuck requires attentive attitude especially in the first month of wearing. Nubuck, like a sponge, absorbs any moisture and it will be good if you are especially careful during this period. It passes later. Remember that light-colored nubuck things darken over time, and dark ones lighten. Nubuck is durable and wear-resistant, with proper care.

Nubuck

Distinguish: natural nubuck, artificial nubuck, nubuck-oil.

natural nubuck is made from genuine leather. It has a weak pile on the front surface, which gives the skin a good appearance- it becomes velvety. Genuine leather nubuck has good breathability. The disadvantages of this skin include low wear resistance and the need to care for products. Natural nubuck products must be cleaned with special products.

natural nubuck

Faux nubuck or synthetic is much cheaper than genuine leather nubuck. This is a multi-layer polymer material that has a velvety texture and is similar in appearance to natural nubuck. Synthetic nubuck, unlike natural nubuck, does not absorb water and has a higher wear resistance.

Artificial uh uh

Nubuck oil- this is nubuck, which during the production process was protected from moisture by treating it with fat impregnation. Nubuck is soft and velvety to the touch, while oil nubuck is moist and heavier than regular nubuck. It is more durable and unpretentious than regular nubuck.

Nubuck oil

crazy(Crazy) - exquisite leather with an elegant matte finish front side and the pull-up effect. Unlike nubuck, after sanding, it undergoes a special stretching treatment and a wax coating. This treatment gives the effect of lightening and "floating" of color in places where the skin is stretched. It is also used for making shoes and as a furniture material.

Crazy

Morocco- high-quality, thin, soft leather of juicy bright colors, vegetable tanned, usually from goat skins, less often from the skins of sheep, calves and foals. It has high strength, resistance to dirt and mechanical damage, has an elegant rich look. It is used for the manufacture of stylish bags and accessories, decorative items, jewelry and elements of national clothing. The secret of its production has been known in Russia since the 12th century.

Morocco

split- natural leather material obtained by mechanical separation - grinding - of natural leather into layers, usually from 3 to 6 layers. Stratification is subjected to chromium and chromium-fatty skins of cattle and pigs. By foliation, front, middle and purl (bakhtarmy) splits are obtained. Thin facial splits are used to obtain high-quality haberdashery and photo leathers. Thick front and middle splits form split velor, which is used for the manufacture of technical footwear, workwear and for the manufacture of furniture leather.

split

Split velor

Cheprak(butt) - heavy, dense, thick skin, developed by fat tanning from cattle skins taken from the back of an animal. This type products like rule goes on the skin for belts, both men's and women's, as this is the most dense part of the skin.

Cheprak

Shora- Dense, thick skin, developed by fat tanning from cattle skins, is more plastic than saddlecloth.

Shora

Shagreen(eng. shagreen leather, shagreen, fr. chagrin) - a rough and porous type of untanned leather with a decorative convex-grained texture, made from the dorsal part of the skins of horses or kulans and usually dyed green. Shagreen leather these days is usually made from goat and sheep skins.

Shagreen

Galishia(fr. galuchat) - shagreen obtained from stingray and shark skins, which have a natural granular structure. It is used for the manufacture of shoes, outerwear, haberdashery and various accessories, decor elements and souvenirs.

Galishia

Kid(fr. chevreau, eng. kidskin) - Soft, dense, durable leather made by chrome tanning from goat skins. On the surface (more) it has a peculiar pattern in the form of small wrinkles. Used to make gloves, shoe uppers. Also, various haberdashery, decorative elements and souvenirs are made from it.

Kid

chevret(Chevrette) - elastic, viscous, dense and loose leather obtained from young sheepskin by chrome tanning. The pattern of the front surface resembles a chevro, but is much less durable and worse quality. It is used for the manufacture of outerwear, shoes and haberdashery. To increase the strength, loose chevret is treated with polymer and other materials. A more durable variety of chevret, better suited for sewing shoes, is obtained from the skins of sheep of coarse-haired steppe breeds.

chevret

Cordovan(Cordovan) - durable, strong, elastic exclusive vegetable tanned leather with a shiny smooth front surface. It is made from separate sections of horse skin by very long manual dressing (about 6 months). Cordovan is waterproof, durable, easy to clean from dirt, retains shine for a long time. Used for tailoring exclusive men's shoes.

Cordovan

The famous Indy boots in cordovan.

Yuft- Thick leather, worked out by fat tanning from cattle skins taken from the belly of an animal. Much softer and more ductile than saddlecloth or shor. It is made from barren or cow raw materials and the skins of one-year-old bulls, with the exception of calf raw materials. After washing and skinning, the raw material is subjected to ashing, washing, trampling and kneading in crushes and drums, cutting, shavings, pushing the face, squeezing in jelly, filling in weak tanning juice and then juice and transfer tanning. Yuft is white, red and black. For white yuft are selected best skins.

Yuft

cowhide leather- "Yalovy" in Slavic languages denoted animals that had not yet given birth. Cowhide leather for boots was made from the skins of one-year-old bulls or still nulliparous cows. Such leather was optimal for durable and comfortable shoes. Older or younger animals were not suitable - the delicate skin of calves was still not strong enough, and the thick skins of old cows and bulls, on the contrary, were too hard and heavy to wear.

Cowhide boots

Chromium- Chrome colts made from foal skins are considered chrome foals. This subspecies of leather is produced in very small quantities, since the bulk of the raw material is used for dressing fur. The thickness of the skins ranges from 0.4 to 1.0 mm. This raw material is mainly used for the manufacture of officer chrome boots.

Chrome boots

Kirza- an abbreviation for the Kirov Plant, where they began mass production of these products during the Great Patriotic War, - a dense, durable multilayer fabric. The term is more often used in relation to shoe tarpaulin - a composite material consisting of a multilayer fabric treated with film-forming substances (actual tarpaulin). Used as a leather substitute. The surface of the shoe tarpaulin is embossed to imitate the texture of pigskin. It is mainly used in the production of tops of army boots, as well as for the manufacture of rubberized drive belts, pouches, tablets.

Tarpaulin boots

Aniline leather(aniline leather) - leather dyed with organic dyes with minimal technological processing. It is the highest quality of all leathers. It is characterized by traces caused by nature, such as scars and different color shades. It is this type of leather that is more sensitive and prone to patination (acquisition of an antique look) during operation.

Aniline leather

Smooth skin- made from the highest quality raw materials, not polished. Only hair is removed. The pores of the skin remain in a natural state: the skin "breathes" and, at the same time, the service life of the product is increased. Products made from this type of leather are more durable. In the process of wearing, a natural “patina” appears on the surface of the product and it becomes more beautiful every year. The highest quality furniture and shoes are made from smooth leather.

Smooth skin

brushed leather- the skin is polished and broken down. Sanded on one side where natural pores are present. The other side is smooth. It is used for the manufacture of shoes, haberdashery products, clothing.

brushed leather

embossed leather- leather, in which the pattern on the front surface is obtained by the action of molds or stamps. With the help of embossing, defects and flaws on the front surface of the skin are eliminated. The pattern obtained as a result of embossing can imitate the skin of reptiles (snakes, crocodiles), exotic animals.

embossed leather

Parchment- leather, which got its name from the name of the Greek city of Pergamum. This is untanned leather made from the skins of lambs, goats, and calves. It is used to make musical instruments such as drums, some machine parts, book bindings, and women's jewelry. AT old days served as the main material for writing.

Parchment

Belt leather- smooth leather, which was originally used for the production of pulley driving belts. This type of leather is often used to make briefcases and wallets. It is quite thick, hard and smooth to the touch. Belt leather is the only type of leather used for luxury products that can hold its shape without the need for a frame. This material harder than smooth skin.

Belt leather

Leather belt

fish skin— The dressing of fish skin began in ancient times, before it was one of the main materials for sewing clothes and shoes. Fish skin is a material with excellent consumer properties, beautiful and varied texture. Leather is made from fish processing waste and has excellent development prospects. Every skin is good in its own way. Salmon - cellular, carp - shaggy, sturgeon - with spikes and stars. Now fish skin has begun to be used in industrial production, it is used to make: clothes, shoes, various accessories and decor items.

fish skin

Fish skin shoes

patent leather- this is chrome-tanned leather with a lacquer coating or dubbed with a lacquer film, which gives the surface mirror shine. The quality of patent leather largely depends on the properties of the varnish coating, which must have a certain thickness, the necessary ductility and resistance to repeated bending. Benign patent leather should have a shiny, no sagging film, uniform color. An amazing glossy, shiny finish gives natural patent leather an exquisite originality, but unfortunately, it has poor strength and low resistance to temperature effects. At temperatures below -10°C and above +25°C, patent leather becomes cracked. Patent shoes are not recommended to be worn in bad weather. From dampness and street dirt, the shiny lacquer surface gradually fades and becomes covered with small cracks. Patent leather shoes require a special careful care. Periodically, shoes are lubricated with glycerin, petroleum jelly or castor oil to protect it from premature cracking in heat or frost, store patent leather shoes should be wrapped in paper.

Ladies handbag made of natural patent leather.

Men's boots made of genuine patent leather.

Compiled by: Patlakh V.V.
http://patlah.ru

"Encyclopedia of Technologies and Methods" Patlakh V.V. 1993-2007

For proper care for your shoes, you must definitely take into account the material from which it is made, namely leather. We have compiled a list of the main types of leather from which most of the models in our online store are made, in order to give you as much information as possible about the advantages and disadvantages. Also, after reading our article, you will learn the features of each material separately and in the future you will be able to easily select cosmetics designed specifically for a particular type of shoe. We promise that the information will be useful and useful to you in the future choice of shoes, you can independently test each type and give preference to the one you like.

1. Smooth partially pigmented skin

This type of smooth leather is completely sanded before dyeing. After polishing, the surface of the skin is densely covered with several layers of a special opaque cover paint.

Advantages:

Partially pigmented leather is very durable and resistant to bending and scratching. This type of leather is used to make shoes in a variety of colors. Shoes made from this type of leather are durable and require special care.

2. Smooth, fully pigmented skin

This type differs from partially pigmented skin only in that after that a pattern is applied to it, which fills problem areas and makes a uniform leather upper. And at the end, the skin is covered with a thin layer of cover paint and, thus, fixes the work done.

Advantages:

There are hair follicles in the leather structure, which are only half filled with dye, which greatly increases the resistance of the shoe material to scratches. Similar to the previous type of skin, any color scheme is possible.

3. Embossed leather

Any smooth leather can be made embossed with the right embossing. All types of smooth leather are embossed, after which any pattern is applied to the surface of the material, for example. They draw the skin of a crocodile and knock it out with the help of special devices. And at the end, the skin is covered with a layer of top coat and protective varnish.

Advantages:

Properly applied by the embossing method, it conveys all the shades and texture of reptiles so realistically that it is difficult to distinguish later from expensive products, really from exotic leathers. Embossed leather is quite resistant to dirt and has water-repellent properties. This type of leather expressively emphasizes the main elements of the shoe, and thus makes it more stylish and original.

4. Washed leather

The production of washed leather consists in the process of passing smooth leather or suede through a heated press. But the main secret of such a spectacular appearance lies elsewhere - the material enters the press in a wet form, which contributes to the birth of washed skin.

Advantages:

It is good because the inserts that are made of it emphasize the uniqueness of the design of any shoe. Yes, and care does not require something supernatural, just a few products similar to smooth skin.

5. Patent leather

One of the most delicate types of leather is patent leather, which is produced by coating normal skin layer of polyurethane, after which it is polished and coated with a special protective layer varnish. Some do patent leather by lamination, it turns out the same thing, but lamination is a more modern and simple way.

Advantages:

Of course, we immediately note the incredible appearance. They look expensive and beautiful. But beauty requires sacrifice, that is, special care and use only at the right time.

6. Aged leather

Specific aged leather is just the result of special painting. Aged leather does not apply paint evenly and thus gives the impression of abrasions. Sometimes the effect of aging is achieved by embossing the skin, applying a larger pattern to some areas.

Advantages:

Only one appearance is worth something, true connoisseurs of embossed materials will confirm. At first glance, it seems that there is nothing special, but the highlight is that such unusual view considered very stylish. In the care of shoes is not demanding, which adds another plus.

7. Nubuck

This amazing material is made only from selected soft and elastic granular leathers, which are processed with aniline dye. Accordingly, after polishing the grainy face of nubuck, a thin, velvety pile is obtained.

Advantages:

Nubuck shoes always look very attractive and expensive. Although, in use, this skin requires careful care with special products.

8. Oiled nubuck

Making oiled nubuck is not much different from making regular nubuck. Just after the main stage of manufacturing nubuck, it is passed through a hot cylinder, where a special layer of a mixture of oils and wax is applied. And leave to cool for 24 hours.

Advantages:

Impregnation with oils and wax makes oiled nubuck more durable, lighter and more water-repellent. In care, it corresponds to nubuck.

9. Suede

Suede is another type of delicate natural leather that has been aniline-dyed and polished with abrasives to give it a fuzzy look. Manufacturers make suede in two ways:

1. The skin is cut into two layers: smooth skin is made from the first, and the second one goes on suede

2. The skin is twisted and polished inside. This method is called the wrong side, since the front layer remains inside.

Advantages:

Suede shoes will attract any buyer with their expensive and luxurious look. Suede as a material is very porous and breathable, that is, it allows shoes to “breathe”. But, as we have already said, the more expensive, the more finicky the material, and especially in care.

There are many classifications of leather, which differ in the type and age of the animals from which they are obtained, as well as in the way they are processed and dyed. Here are some examples:

Aniline leather- leather dyed with organic dyes with minimal technological processing.

Aniline leather is the highest quality of all skins. It is characterized by traces caused by nature, such as scars and different color shades. It is this type of leather that is more sensitive and prone to patination (acquisition of an antique look) during operation.

buffalo leather - according to its main characteristics, it is very close to bovine, but the skins have an even larger size and an interesting “reaped” texture. Unfortunately, this type of skin is not common in Russia.

Bychyna- its thickness, in contrast to calfskin, is 2.5-5 mm, and the size of the skins can exceed 2.5 m2. Traditionally, it is called "saddle-saddle". Initially, it was used for the production of saddles, harnesses and other elements of harness. Currently, bovine is used, as a rule, for the manufacture of denim belts, ethnic-style bags, wardrobe trunks and backpacks. This type of leather is best suited for manual and mechanical embossing. Due to the thickness and strength of leather, products made from it can last almost forever.

Velours(fr. velours - velvet, from lat. villosus - hairy, shaggy) - leather made from pig, less often sheep skins, chrome-tanned with a front surface treated by grinding. This skin is tucked under suede from the wrong side. This material can equally be soft and thin, as well as hard and thick, it all depends on the processing technology. It is used for the manufacture of shoe uppers, clothing and leather goods.

Vorotok(shoulder, neck) - a section of the skin located between the head part and the saddle.

Suede leather(chamois leather) - fat-tanned leather (i.e. raw skins subjected to preliminary preparation. When tanned, they are impregnated with fats). Serves for the manufacture of shoes, gloves, haberdashery, outerwear, jackets, skirts, as well as a filtering and polishing material. High-quality shoe suede is obtained from the skins of deer calf, outgrowth and Russian short-tailed sheep, technical - from sheepskins of Russian long-tailed sheep, wiping - from the skins of adult deer, Russian sheepskin. Suede has a high ductility and porosity, which makes it highly breathable. Suede is distinguished by its special softness, which it retains not only after soaking in water, but also after washing in soapy water, which is why Suede is also called “washable leather”. This material is less wear-resistant than smooth leather and requires careful maintenance.

Laika- Soft, elastic leather made from the skins of lambs and kids with chrome or chrome-fat tanning. The surface is smooth, without wrinkles. Laika is used almost exclusively for the manufacture of gloves.

Mereya (grain)- drawing on the front surface of dressed leather. There are natural (by belonging to a particular type of animal) and artificial measures (applied by embossing).

Nappa- Thin semi-aniline leather made from cattle skins.

Nappa leather is an extremely soft and supple material commonly used to make high quality wallets, toiletries kits, and other leather goods.

Napplac- Lacquered leather. Most often it is lacquered nappa.

Natural suede- Leather, developed by fat tanning from the skins of deer, elk, wild goats. It is soft, loose, but very durable velvety skin with a thick, low pile on the front surface.

Nubuck(nubuck) - fine-haired chrome-tanned leather with a front surface polished with fine-grained abrasive materials (for example, sand).

It is used for the manufacture of haberdashery, shoe uppers and upholstery of upholstered furniture.

More often than not, suede is even less protected from pollution and greasing. Nubuck requires careful attention, especially in the first month of wearing. Nubuck, like a sponge, absorbs any moisture and it will be good if you are especially careful during this period. It passes later. Remember that light-colored nubuck things darken over time, and dark ones lighten. Nubuck is durable and wear-resistant, with proper care.

Distinguish: natural nubuck, artificial nubuck, nubuck-oil.

Natural nubuck is made from genuine leather. It has a weak pile on the front surface, which gives the skin a good appearance - it becomes velvety. Genuine leather nubuck has good breathability. The disadvantages of this skin include low wear resistance and the need to care for products. Natural nubuck products must be cleaned with special products.

Artificial or synthetic nubuck is much cheaper than genuine leather nubuck. This is a multi-layer polymer material that has a velvety texture and is similar in appearance to natural nubuck. Synthetic nubuck, unlike natural nubuck, does not absorb water and has a higher wear resistance.

Nubuck-oil is nubuck, which during the production process was protected from moisture by treating it with fat impregnation. Nubuck is soft and velvety to the touch, while oil nubuck is moist and heavier than regular nubuck. It is more durable and unpretentious than regular nubuck.

Buckskin- Leather, in the process of dressing which uses fat extracted from the brain of animals, or other types of fats. The end result is a stretchy, suede-like material, usually heavily smoked to prevent cell decomposition. This type of leather is commonly used to make briefcases and wallets.

opoek- Soft, supple leather obtained from the skins of suckling calves.

opoek- the skin of a young suckling calf still living on its mother's milk. The most valuable skin. The fibers are thin, elastic, dense weave. The hairline of a calf is thicker, thinner and more beautiful than that of an adult animal. The skin of the calf is soft, full, with a beautiful measure.

Parchment- leather, which got its name from the name of the Greek city of Pergamum. This is untanned leather made from the skins of lambs, goats, and calves. It is used to make musical instruments such as drums, some machine parts, book bindings, and women's jewelry. In the old days served as the main material for writing.

fish skin- The dressing of fish skin began in ancient times, before it was one of the main materials for sewing clothes and shoes. Fish skin is a material with excellent consumer properties, beautiful and varied texture. Leather is made from fish processing waste and has excellent development prospects. Every skin is good in its own way. Salmon is cellular, carp is shaggy, sturgeon is with spikes and stars. Now fish skin has begun to be used in industrial production, it is used to make: clothes, shoes, various accessories and decor items.

Morocco- (goatskin, maroquin leather, saffian leather) - thin, soft leather of different colors, vegetable tanned, usually from goat skins, less often - skins of sheep, calves and foals. Mainly used for top national shoes. The secret of its production has been known in Russia since the 12th century. Currently not produced.

Sklizok- Stillborn Calf Skin

split(split-velour) - A layer of leather obtained as a result of lamination (scraping) of chromium and chromium-fat cattle and pig skins. Shoe and upholstery leathers are made from thick and dense split cattle by applying an artificial measure and split velor for the production of clothing. Split velor is made from split pigskin for shoe production

split-(split leather, split) - part of the skin (skin) obtained after doubling. Distinguish front and bahtarmy split. Shoe and upholstery leathers are made from thick and dense split leather of cattle by applying artificial measures and split velor for the production of clothing. Split velor is made from split pigskin for shoe production.

Shagreen- (shagreen leather, shagreen, fr. chagrin) - a rough and porous rough type of untanned leather, made from the dorsal part of the skins of horses or kulans and usually dyed green. "Shagreen" today is usually made from goat, sheep skins, as well as from the skin of sharks and rays.

Kid- Gloves made of chevro

Soft, dense, durable leather made by chrome tanning from goat skins. On the surface (more) it has a peculiar pattern in the form of small wrinkles.

chevret- Dense, elastic leather made from sheepskins with chrome tanning. According to the drawing of the measure, it looks like a chevro.

Cheprak- (butt) - heavy, dense, thick skin, developed by fat tanning from cattle skins taken from the back of an animal. This type of product is usually used for leather for both men's and women's belts, as this is the most dense part of the skin.

Shora- Dense, thick skin, developed by fat tanning from cattle skins, is more plastic than saddlecloth.

Yuft- Thick leather made by fat tanning from cattle skins taken from the belly of an animal. Much softer and more ductile than saddlecloth or shor.

Yuft(yuhta, Russian skin) - is made from barren or cow raw materials and the skins of one-year-old bulls, with the exception of calf raw materials. After washing and skinning, the raw material is subjected to ashing, washing, trampling and kneading in crushes and drums, cutting, shavings, pushing the face, squeezing in jelly, filling in weak tanning juice and then juice and transfer tanning. Yu is white, red and black. The best skins are selected for the white Yu.... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

chevret(sheep skin, sheep leather) - dense, elastic leather made from sheep skins by chrome tanning. Used for shoe uppers and haberdashery. According to the drawing of the measure, it looks like a chevro.

Kid(glazed kid leather, chevreaux, goat leather) - soft, dense, durable leather, up to 60 dm2 in area, made by chrome tanning from goat skins. On the surface (more) it has a peculiar pattern in the form of small wrinkles. Used for shoe uppers.

Sanded leather and embossed leather- The fact is that the skins often have many natural defects. On the skins there are also scratches from bushes, branches, insects can bite through them through. A hole is formed, which is no longer tightened. These defects are removed during the production process by grinding, then some kind of coating is applied - so that the surface is even. Sanded leather in without fail must be dyed. Thanks to grinding, the well-known velor is obtained.

If there are still defects after grinding, embossing is applied. Large plates are used to press the heated skin. By pressing, you can get a smooth surface and with a pattern (for example, dusty - very small, or large, in a box - depending on the purpose of the skin).

Shora- dense, thick skin, developed by fat tanning from the skins of cattle, is more plastic than saddlecloth.

Yuft- (juff, Russian leather) thick leather, produced by combined tanning from the skins of cattle, horse and pork skins taken from the belly of an animal, with a high content of fats. Much softer and more ductile than saddlecloth or shor. Used for shoe uppers.

Yalovka- cow skin. Skins of females are usually more valuable than males. The skin turns out more elegant, more elastic and more elastic, the front side is smoother and more beautiful. Yalovka is suitable for the manufacture of shoe uppers, soles, heel counters, welts, lining soles and light straps.

stable climate and optimal conditions keeping livestock in Europe is a good argument for "Rostok" to buy upper leather primarily here. Each purchased skin is tanned by experienced experienced specialists and controlled by Rostok for the quality of processing and the flawlessness of the front layer of the skin.

What kind of skin makes a career with Rostock?


Sheep nappa. Sheep skin is particularly supple and soft. Optimal for soft women's and men's moccasins. Appearance: smooth surface and delicate measure.	opoek. Leather from the skins of young calves. With a delicate measure, well formed, with a silky sheen. Ideal for elegant urban models.	cowhide leather. Soft felted very flexible and wear resistant. Especially suitable for unlined moccasins. Natural optics of the measure.

Deer skin (suede). A peculiar structure of fibers, unusually soft leather for super-comfortable moccasins in noble optics.	Buff. Wear-resistant and dense fibrous structure. Preferred for free time shoes and sandals. Shine effect.	Goat skin leather (chevro). a kind of measure, wear-resistant and yet very soft. Good for dyeing.

Nubuck. (Skin without facial layer). Cowhide leather or flask sanded on the front side, soft to the touch. Particularly well dyed.	Velours. (Skin without top layer). Cowhide leather or flasks sanded from the bakhmarta side. If you run your hand over the pile, a gentle color change occurs.	hunting calf. (Skin without facial layer and cattle skins). The polished bakhtarma is worn outside, softly measured inside. Can be done without lining.

patent leather. At Rostock - only from the most gently calciner and therefore especially soft, flexible and pliable.	fantasy skin. Natural, gentle padding. A fashionable appearance is achieved by printing or embossing.	reptile embossing. Basis: Natural, gentle flask. Fashionable embossing "under the scales" of reptiles.