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Minor trauma damages the skin causes. Skin damage and methods of protection

Skin disorders and skin damage

Causes of skin disorders

Usually distinguish internal and external causes of violations normal condition of the skin.

Among internal The reasons may include errors in diet, contact with substances that cause allergies, disruption of hormonal regulation, and lack of vitamins.

So, too much nutrition leads to the skin turning red and taking on a greasy appearance. Consumption of alcoholic beverages changes complexion, leads to swelling and other cosmetic defects due to disruption of the functioning of skin vessels.

The effect of a lack of vitamins on the condition of the skin is especially great. If there is not enough vitamin A, the skin becomes dry, cracks, darkens, and baldness often occurs. Vitamin deficiency IN 2 can lead to cracks in the corners of the mouth, brittle nails, eczema, and vitamin deficiency WITH- to subcutaneous hemorrhages.

First aid for burns

Careless handling of fire, flammable and caustic liquids, prolonged exposure to the sun can lead to thermal injuries (from the Greek. thermo- heat, heat) and chemical burns of the skin.

Mild thermal burns cause a burning sensation. The skin swells and turns red. The burned area is cooled under running water. Then wipe with cologne or a weak solution of potassium permanganate. If blisters form, apply a bandage after they burst. You cannot pierce the blisters; microbes can get into the wound. In case of severe burns, the victim is given a sterile bandage and taken to the hospital.

Sunburn and first aid

After prolonged exposure to the sun without clothing, first-degree burns often appear; burns of individual areas are second-degree.

Signs of sunburn:

Sharp redness, pain, swelling, and blisters bother the victim for 3 to 5 days.
Signs of skin burns are sometimes complemented by signs of general overheating of the body.

First aid for sunburn:

The victim should be doused with cold water, given cool water, tea, and milk.
Lubricate the skin with boric vaseline.
In case of extensive lesions, hospitalization is necessary after the administration of painkillers.

Thermal burns and first aid

Most often, burns occur due to hot liquids, flames, or contact of the skin with hot objects. Depending on the temperature and duration of exposure to the skin, burns of varying degrees are formed.

Signs of burns and their degrees

First degree burns. Damage to the cells of the stratum corneum of the skin, which is manifested by redness of the burned areas of the skin, their swelling and burning pain.

Second degree burns. The stratum corneum of the skin is completely damaged, there is a sharp redness of the burned skin, the appearance of blisters on it, and severe pain.

Third degree burns. The deep layers of the skin are damaged, crusts and scabs appear.

III A degree- the skin does not die to its full thickness, and its lower layers are preserved.
III B degree- all layers of skin die.

IV degree burns. Carbonization of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and underlying tissues occurs.

Burns of I, II, III A degrees are called superficial; such burns are capable of self-healing. Healing of deep III B and IV degree burns is impossible without skin grafting.

The course and severity of burns, as well as recovery time, depend on several circumstances:

the origin of the burn and its degree;
burnt surface area;
features of first aid to the victim.

Providing first aid for thermal burns

It is necessary to quickly remove the victim from the fire zone.
If a person’s clothing catches fire, you must immediately take it off or throw a blanket, coat, bag over the victim, that is, stop the access of air to the clothing.
Flames on clothing can be extinguished with water, sand, or extinguished by rolling on the ground yourself. Under no circumstances should you run in burning clothes.
Fire extinguishers can also be used. But we must remember that foam from fire extinguishers is dangerous to the eyes. In addition, the foam from some fire extinguishers conducts electricity. Therefore, before you begin to extinguish the flame with them, you must turn off the electrical appliances located nearby.
After the flame has been knocked off the victim or he has been removed from the stream of hot steam or liquid, sterile gauze or simply clean bandages from available material should be applied to the burn wounds. In this case, you should not tear off stuck clothing from the burnt surface; it is better to cut it off with scissors.
It is better to wrap a victim with extensive burns in a freshly ironed sheet and put him to bed.
Under no circumstances should blisters be punctured.
If the burnt person has a chill, it is necessary to warm him up: cover him, give him plenty of warm drink.
It is very important to create peace for the victim, not to disturb him by repeated shifting, turning over, or bandaging.
If the victim has lost consciousness as a result of carbon monoxide poisoning, it is necessary to bring cotton wool, a napkin or a handkerchief soaked in ammonia to the nose. If his breathing has disappeared, perform artificial respiration in the fresh air.
I and II degree burns over 10% of the body surface are always accompanied by burn shock. At first, the victims are excited and restless. Then a state of severe weakness and general depression of all body functions sets in: the victims become indifferent to everything around them. Since shock is associated with pain, measures are taken to reduce it, painkillers are given and a doctor is urgently called.

Chemical burns and first aid

Chemical burns occur after exposure of the skin and mucous membranes to acids, alkalis and phosphorus.

Acid burns. Acid burns are usually deep and a dry scab forms at the burn site.

Providing first aid for acid burns:

Acid-soaked clothing must be removed.
Wash the affected areas with a 2% solution of baking soda or soapy water to neutralize the acid.
Apply a dry bandage.

Alkali burns. Tissues that are dead under the influence of alkalis are moist, so burns from alkalis are more severe than burns from acids.

Providing first aid for burns with alkalis:

It is necessary to remove clothing soaked in alkali.
Rinse the affected areas generously under running water.
Wash the affected areas with a 2% solution of boric acid, a solution of citric acid or table vinegar.
Apply dry bandages.

Phosphorus burns. Burns with phosphorus cause deep damage due to the fact that phosphorus dissolves in fats, therefore it penetrates deeply into the tissues, causing, in addition to signs of a burn (redness, swelling, tissue necrosis), signs of general poisoning.

Providing first aid for phosphorus burns:

Immediate neutralization of phosphorus on the affected areas with a 5% solution of copper sulfate (copper sulfate).
Then apply napkins soaked in the same solution.
Ointment dressings should not be applied to wounds.

So, the general rules for providing first aid for chemical burns can be formulated as follows. Burnt acid The skin is first washed with running water and then with a two percent soda solution. If it gets on your skin alkali, then it is first washed off with water and then treated with weak solutions of acetic or citric acid. After these procedures, the affected area is again washed with clean water and a sterile bandage is applied.

For burns of the esophagus and stomach acids and alkalis, due to the rapid spread of the burn through the digestive canal, first aid should be given as early as possible. After interacting with the chemical, the surface layer of the mucous membrane becomes dead, severe pain appears, vomiting mixed with bloody mucus, the temperature rises, and excruciating thirst begins. In case of severe burns, the initial symptoms in the form of a burning sensation and pain do not disappear for a long time, and the victims often die. Burns of the stomach are relatively rare, especially isolated burns of the stomach, without a simultaneous burn of the esophagus. The victim needs to drink plenty of milk, water, and administer antidotes. He should be sent to the hospital as soon as possible.

Skin diseases

Fungal skin diseases. One of the most common fungal skin diseases is ringworm . This disease received this name because the hair on infected areas of the skin becomes fragile. They break off, and it seems that they were cut off in these places. There are two forms of ringworm. One of them can only be infected from a sick person. Bright red spots appear on exposed areas of the skin, flaking in the middle. This lichen usually affects the upper layers of the skin. The second form of the disease is common among both humans and animals. It is very difficult, since in addition to the skin, the fungus also affects deeper tissues. The disease is very contagious, but it can be prevented if you follow simple rules: do not wash with a shared washcloth, do not use other people's slippers and other people's clothes. You must be especially careful when in contact with animals: cats, dogs, goats, etc. After interacting with animals, you must wash your hands thoroughly and do not touch their fur with your face.

If there is a suspicion that a person or animal has contracted ringworm, you should go to the clinic and show the animal to a veterinarian. The room in which the sick animal was located and things used by the sick person are thoroughly disinfected.

* How does a tan form? What is the function of the sweat and sebaceous glands? Why do the ducts of the sebaceous glands flow into the hair follicle, where the hair roots are located? Tell us about the function of nails. Why shouldn't you chew them? Name the properties of oily, dry and normal skin.

Causes of skin disorders Usually, a distinction is made between internal and external causes of disorders of the normal condition of the skin. Internal causes may include errors in diet, contact with substances that cause allergies, disruption of hormonal regulation, and lack of vitamins.

The effect of a lack of vitamins on the condition of the skin is especially great (see also § 38). If there is not enough vitamin A, the skin becomes dry, cracks, darkens, and baldness often occurs. A lack of vitamin B2 can lead to cracks in the corners of the mouth, brittle nails, and eczema, and a lack of vitamin C can lead to subcutaneous hemorrhages.

Skin burned with acid (chemical burn) is first washed with running water and then with a two percent soda solution. If alkali gets on the skin, it is first washed off with water and then treated with weak solutions of acetic or citric acid. After these procedures, the affected area is again washed with clean water and a sterile bandage is applied.

Skin diseases Fungal skin diseases. One of the common fungal skin diseases is ringworm. This disease received this name because the hair on infected areas of the skin becomes fragile. They break off, and it seems that they were cut off in these places.

The side surfaces of the fingers and the inner surfaces of the thighs are attacked by the tick. The sick person often scratches the affected areas. Microbes are introduced into scratching, and serious complications arise. If you suspect scabies, you should consult a doctor immediately.

The disease can be cured in a few days if it is not advanced. It should be borne in mind that infection can occur not only through direct contact, but also through the use of things that the patient had: bedding and underwear, notebooks, toys.

The skin has two important functions:
- coverage of all internal organs and systems;
- protection.

The outer surface of the skin is regularly exposed to aggressive influences from the external environment. The skin participates in the process of moisture evaporation, prevents overheating and retains heat. Skin is an organ of touch. It is capable of contracting, stretching, and withstanding mechanical shocks. The body removes harmful and toxic substances through the skin.

Skin structure

The skin consists of several layers. The epidermis (upper outer layer of skin) of an average build and height weighs half a kilogram and has an average area of 1.5-2 m2. At the border with the atmosphere there is the first outer layer of the epidermis - the barrier layer (horny layer). The stratum corneum of the skin is the first to be exposed to external influences. It consists of cells filled to such an extent with keratohyalin (a protein substance) that they become similar to lamellar horny scales. Horny cells fit very tightly to one another and have special outgrowths on the outer part of the shell, with the help of which they are connected. Most microorganisms, contaminants, and viruses cannot penetrate beyond the stratum corneum. Damage or removal of the stratum corneum greatly increases permeability to pathogenic microorganisms, liquids, and irritants. The cells of the stratum corneum are in a continuous process of wear and renewal.

Below the epidermis layer is a layer of skin called the dermis. It contains lymphatic and blood vessels. With their help, the entire skin is constantly nourished.

Skin damage

The skin is regularly exposed to stress. External physical and chemical influences can damage its integrity. The skin is physically affected by: mechanical irritants, electric current, low and high temperatures. Among chemical influences, the most destructive are acids and alkalis. The degree of skin damage depends on the properties of the aggressive factor, the time of its exposure, and the depth of physical damage.

The most common causes of skin damage are household injuries, as a result of which a person can receive puncture or cut wounds, bruises, irritations, and burns. Different types of wounds require different approaches to treatment. If the wound is deep, surgery may be necessary. In this case, the edges of the wound are sutured. After healing, a scar may remain in its place.

Abrasions are superficial injuries to the skin. They can be extensive and painful, but after healing they almost never leave scars. Cuts are deeper damage to the skin. They affect, in addition to the epidermis, also the dermis, in which there are many small blood vessels that cause heavy bleeding.

Wounds due to bites are not very deep, but are almost always lacerated and are fraught with the risk of bacterial and viral infection. Such wounds require special treatment and consultation with a doctor.

Puncture and deep incised wounds are distinguished by the fact that the hole on the surface of the skin is almost always smaller than the depth of the lesion. Stab wounds can cause severe damage to tissues and internal organs underneath.

Medicines to treat skin lesions

To prevent infection of superficial abrasions and scratches, shallow wounds, and burns, it is useful to have emergency supplies in your first aid kit. This is a group of antiseptic and disinfectant substances. Bactericidal agents actively act on bacilli, protozoan microorganisms, bacteria, fungi. Iodine-containing solutions (iodine, iodinol, Lugol's solution, iodoform, iododicerin) are halogen-containing agents with antiseptic (preventing the vital activity of microorganisms) action. Such compositions treat superficial skin lesions. If they come into contact with sensitive mucous membranes or eyes, they may cause serious irritation.

The subgroup of oxidizing agents in the line of antiseptics includes the well-known potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) and hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 3%.

A large group of antiseptics intended for local external use is represented by medicinal compositions based on a number of metals (zinc, lead, bismuth). Metal compounds in various concentrations destroy microorganisms, have an astringent effect, reduce the severity of inflammatory processes, and create a film of albuminates on the surface of the wound due to the denaturation of proteins.

Local disinfection means include:
- anionic disinfectant detergents (soap);
- ethyl alcohol (medicinal);
- acids (salicylic, azelaic, boric);
- phenols (resorcinol);
- alkalis (tetraborate);
- aldehydes (cidipol);
- dyes (brilliant green, methylene blue);
- herbal medicines (chamomile, calendula, sage).

Every day our skin is exposed to various damaging environmental factors that can disrupt its functions and worsen its appearance. In order to reduce their harmful effects, it is not necessary to interfere with the physiological reactions and internal life of the skin.

The main factors that can cause skin damage:

1)Dust and dirt

2) Frost and wind

3) Ultraviolet radiation, excess sunlight

4) Toxic chemical liquids

5) Radioactive isotopes and ionizing radiation

6) Microbes, viruses and fungi

All these factors act on the skin through two main mechanisms: direct and indirect.

Types of skin damage:

Direct – direct effect on the skin. For example, sand can be mechanically damage the skin, scratching her; Surfactants in and other chemical liquids destroy the epidermal barrier; Frost and wind dry out the skin, etc.

Indirect (mediated or indirect) is when there is no direct influence, but certain mechanisms are launched through which the skin damage. For example, they are activated, which in turn damage skin cells. Allergic reactions also belong to the indirect mechanism.

In order to somehow help the skin protect itself from the above factors, people have come up with cosmetic preparations that are called skin protectors (protectors)

These include:

I) Film-forming substances:

Chitosan
Hyaluronic acid
Aloe gel
Collagen
Synthetic and semi-synthetic polymers

All these components form a thin film on the skin that does not interfere with its breathing, does not disrupt skin function and at the same time protects against dirt and dust, minor damage and some microorganisms. The film is also able to retain moisture, which helps protect against dehydration.

II)- these substances protect against free radical reactions.

III) Antimicrobial cosmetics – protect against skin damage various microbes and their metabolic products, and are also used to prevent the penetration of infection from the surface to the inside. Usually, for these purposes, preference is given to plant extracts that have an antiseptic effect - chamomile extract, aloe and others.

IV) Animal and bird fats have long been used to protect against wind and cold. Now special creams based on these components are used.

Let's summarize everything written above. Using cosmetics containing skin protectors is a smart step, but not everyone needs it. Some people’s skin copes and protects itself, so why apply cosmetics to it once again. But people with weak immune systems, impaired skin function and allergy sufferers should be recommended this type of protection.

As for radiation and toxic chemical liquids, cosmetics are unlikely to help. In these cases, you need to use personal protective equipment, for example, rubber gloves when working with detergents, special clothing when exposed to radiation, etc.

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