Methods for early childhood development. Techniques based on visual, emotional and tactile perception

All parents want their children to be developed, study well and become educated people in the future. And you are no exception!

That is why you think about the development of a child already in the first year of his life. And you're doing it right! After all, the first three years of a baby’s life are the most productive in terms of learning and memory.

Do you really want to develop your baby, but don’t know how to do it? You have many questions: where to start, what to look for special attention, which specialists to contact, what are they, what are their features?

Today we will try to find answers to the most important issues about the early development of children.

Early development: how it happens

Early development - This is the education of a child from birth to 6 years. Every child is born with enormous potential, the baby’s brain is actively working, in the first years of life, connections between children are established and strengthened in the baby’s brain. nerve cells. It is in the first years that the baby is most receptive to information; he remembers everything perfectly, knows how to copy and has a high degree of curiosity. The child is literally interested in everything, he is open to any knowledge. These characteristics of babies should certainly be used for their education from the first months of life.

Zaitsev's technique

Tyulenev method

Waldorf pedagogy

In context, the child is seen as harmonious personality. According to this pedagogy, the child must first be taught to realize his place in the world, become bright and a free person, and only then learn to write and read. Personal relationships with parents, other children, and teachers come first.

Irina Kolpakova, : « It is believed that 80% of the information about everything, knowledge and skills that an adult possesses, he receives before the age of 3 years. Therefore it is quite clear that modern parents They want to fill their baby’s head with all kinds of knowledge as much as possible. Now there are many opportunities for this: early development groups, private kindergartens, individual lessons with teachers, computer programs, teaching materials, educational games and cartoons. It is wonderful when parents engage and develop their child. But I must note that everything is good in moderation. Overloading a child with an abundance of information is much worse than not studying at all. A 2-3 year old child cannot study 2-3 languages, one of which is Japanese, for example. And daily trips to a couple of developmental activities exhaust both mother and child. A baby overloaded with activities sleeps poorly, is capricious, restless for no reason, and may become hyperactive and disobedient. And it’s hard to blame him for this; he expresses his protest as best he can. You should be aware of another consequence of excessive exercise in early childhood. Children stuffed with knowledge, when they come to first grade, are either bored, because... they already know a lot, or they refuse to learn, because by this age they are already tired of studying.”

It doesn’t matter at all what method you choose to develop your baby, the main thing is to surround him with care, love, show him patience and attention, responding to his abilities and preferences. and also do not overdo your studies.

How to develop a baby

School or homework?

Now there are many ts early childhood development centers . Most of these centers accept children after one year, but there are also centers that take on the education of younger children. Basically, in such centers, children study together with their parents.

Of course, you can develop your baby at home if you master the necessary knowledge, consult with experts and develop your own child development program.

Irina Kolpakova, pediatrician, homeopath - Homeopathic Center named after. Demyana Popova: “Choose an early development school near your home or study at home; classes should be short. Alternate intellectual and physical activity. Remember that healthy timely sleep, diet and walks fresh air is much more important for your child than knowing foreign languages ​​and being able to read at 3 years old.”

The choice between homework and training must be made based on many factors: financial, desire, availability of free time, and so on. Remember, the effectiveness of learning does not depend on whether you studied at home or in a special center, it all depends on your diligence and diligence.

Good afternoon, dear readers! You and I all wish happiness and success to our children. So that they grow up strong, healthy, happy and smart. Most parents think about the upbringing and development of a child even before his birth. A striking example of this is the fact that many pregnant women begin to listen classical music, accustoming the baby to beauty and promoting the harmonious development of the child. Many teachers and psychologists believe that the early development of a child up to one year old contributes to his more successful adaptation and development in the future.

Early development of children no longer sounds like some kind of innovation, but as a necessity for further favorable development baby. But there's so much around different methods. What to choose? Studying according to the Montessori system? Or choose the principles of Waldorf pedagogy? In this article I will tell you about the most popular early development systems used up to one year, their pros and cons. Let's find out!

Let's start with the most popular methods of early physical development.

For babies who have just been born, the aquatic environment remains more familiar. After all, he spent 9 months in water element in the mother’s belly, so it is recommended to start practicing immediately after birth, until the children’s innate reflexes disappear.

At first, classes can be held at home in the bathtub, and after 2-3 months in the pool, as infant swimming instructors say, “in big water.”

It is better to start classes under the guidance of an experienced instructor, who will tell you how best to hold your baby, what exercises you can do with him and schedule classes for you by month. The main task of an adult is to instill a love of water so that the baby enjoys bathing and swimming.

Swimming develops almost all muscle groups, improves performance respiratory system, cardiovascular system. By swimming with a baby, we also harden the child and strengthen his immunity.

Such activities can help relieve excess tone, help relax, and even reduce the likelihood that children so often worry. But what’s most important is that they lift the child’s spirits and bring you and your baby bright positive emotions. After all, at this time the mother is close to the baby body contact. What could be better for a newborn?

The main disadvantages of this technique:

• Pool water is still often chlorinated, which can irritate your baby's delicate skin.
• Despite the fact that the water and premises are thoroughly disinfected, nevertheless, the pool is public place, accordingly, the possibility of contracting an infection increases.

If you are interested this technique, I suggest you read the book “ Swim before you walk » by V. Skripalev

Dynamic gymnastics for kids: Kitaev and Trunov

This technique differs from regular massage. It is more dynamic, emotional, you could even call it acrobatic gymnastics. Various dynamic exercises are performed with the child, including throwing up, the baby is twisted and turned in different directions. Most grandmothers, of course, will not be able to look at this calmly, especially since previously it was customary to swaddle children up to almost 6 months.

The authors of this development system propose to combine hardening, massage, exercises on the ball and in the air, thereby providing the child with a lot of opportunities for the development of physical activity. Every month the baby learns new skills - he learns to coordinate the movements of his hands, and the adult’s task is to be a little ahead of the curve, showing the child all the capabilities of his body.

Pros:

• The baby is better oriented in space.
• Strengthens the immune system.
• Develops muscle tone.

Cons:

• If performed incorrectly, exercises can be traumatic! And parents cannot always independently at home correctly calculate the load offered to the baby.

Early development of a child up to one year: systems of general early development

Glen Doman Method

Glen Doman is a neurophysiologist. His method focuses on the intensive physical development of children from the very moment of birth and active development their intelligence.

Doman believes that, taking as a basis the beautiful visual memory newborns, you can quickly teach them new words and concepts. It is proposed to use special cards on which words or dots (synonyms for numbers) are written large.

These pictures should be shown almost from the first days of the baby’s life, gradually increasing their number and complicating the content every month. You can start with images of toys, fruits, then move on to more complex categories.

You can buy Doman cards at MyToys online store .

How does learning happen? The child is shown a card, then the adult loudly says the word written on it. Classes should be daily, in several approaches of several seconds, where for each second there is one word.

The basics of the technique are outlined in the book “ Glen Doman's Early Development Methodology. From 0 to 4 years »

Here are the main ones:

• The main and best teacher for the early development of a child is the parent himself.
• The sooner training begins, the better!
• Children at an early age can learn huge amount information.

Glen Doman attaches great importance to early physical development! He promotes the idea that physical activity contributes to the child's mental development.

The baby, having just been born, already reflexively knows and can crawl and swim. Therefore, it is necessary to try to develop these skills from the very beginning before the child forgets them.

Doman suggested using a special track at home on which a child can practice crawling.
You can place it at a slight angle, thereby making the task a little more difficult. The more active and faster your baby develops physically, the faster he develops intellectually.

Dear readers, my partner is the company Step Forward - upon purchase, the Doman track will be delivered to you absolutely free. To do this, you need to name the code word - “Svetlana Beloshenko’s Blog.” When placing an order, please inform the operator of these magic words- and the track will come to you for free).

Glen Doman's ideas are very infectious, they seem simple and accessible, because with the help of daily activities you can very quickly develop the baby's potential and his innate abilities.

But there are many controversial issues:

• A child's learning mainly involves only vision and hearing.
• A large amount of information can tire a child; interest will disappear to classes.
• None game moments leading at this age. Development occurs only through passive learning.

Maria Montessori system

Learning occurs only through the child’s imitation of the actions of an adult. This methodology is based on raising children based on spirituality and traditions.

For babies up to one year old, only natural materials are used. Classes include learning how to sculpt, getting acquainted with daily household rituals (how to wash, how to use a towel, etc.).

Actively used folklore. Using nursery rhymes (mostly fairy tales), drawing, dancing. Teachers of this system exclude tasks for the development of memory and thinking. Until the age of 7, teachers do not teach children reading and counting, believing that abstract concepts such as letters and numbers are not clear and unnecessary at an early age.

Waldorf educators claim that until the age of 3, children learn most intensively. Children acquire a huge amount of knowledge and skills through play. No special tasks or exercises, but only communication with parents, brothers/sisters, and peers.

Observing what is happening around, children imitate an adult, for example, his speech, and thereby learn. The goal of Waldorf pedagogy is to develop the child’s innate talents and abilities.

Lack of “training”, rejection of various technical innovations and inventions. It is believed that watching TV, various videos, even specially selected ones for children, overloads the child’s nervous system. Supporters this method They believe that all kinds of technical innovations and toys do not allow the development of imagination, fantasy and children's ingenuity. Harmonious development occurs through reading, drawing, and imitation of adults.

The main advantages of Waldorf pedagogy:

• Friendly educational atmosphere.
• Individual pace of development for each child.
• Independence from ratings.
• Variety of forms of gaming activity.

Disadvantages of Waldorf pedagogy:

• Education occurs in isolation from the achievements of civilization.
• Not enough attention is paid to the development of intellectual activity.
• There may be difficulties in further adaptation to a regular school (since children are not taught reading and arithmetic).

Cecile Lupan developed her own system of early childhood development, using Glen Doman's methodology as a basis. She moved away from the rigid framework of Doman. Added more emotion and creativity. Cecile described her experience of raising two daughters in the book “ Believe in your child ».

This technique is based on following principles:

• The best teacher is a parent.
• Supporting the child’s interests and desires to learn new things.
• Training must be completed before the child gets tired.
• If your baby's interest wanes, change the type of activity.

The first year of life is of great importance! During his first year, the baby learns a huge amount of new knowledge and skills. During this period of time, Lupan invites parents to solve four main problems:

1. Teach your child to love himself. Show him that he is desired! It is very important to show your love for the baby in every possible way, smile at him more often, caress him, show care, and rejoice at his achievements. If your baby is crying, be sure to go to him! After all, children under one year old cannot manipulate yet. And if your baby cries, it means he needs your attention.
2. Stimulate and develop all five main channels of perception:
   Development of vision. Make faces at him, show him bright pictures, decorate his crib with beautiful bedding, place toys around the house, etc.
   Hearing development. Hum a variety of melodies and songs; when talking to your baby, change your intonation; Listen to different music and fairy tales with your baby. Remember that your speech is a role model, speak clearly and correctly.
   Development of touch. Use various fabrics, give your baby smooth, prickly and soft objects, introduce the concepts of hot and cold.
   Smell and taste. Introduce your child to different scents. For classes, you can make special bags filled with different aromatic herbs. Also encourage your baby to explore different taste sensations. Since small children up to one year old learn the properties of objects by pulling them into their mouths, you can choose different safe toys, which he could gnaw and chew.
3. Encourage your baby to engage in any physical activity. Immediately after the birth of the child, Lupan suggests performing various gymnastic exercises, bend arms, legs. As soon as the baby tries to sit on all fours, encourage him to crawl, etc.
4. Speech development. Speech develops from the moment the baby is born. So talk to him often. Voice your actions, name the objects surrounding your baby, change your child's clothes, name parts of the body. Read fairy tales, poems, write stories. Onomatopoeia occupies a special place in the development of speech. Your baby sneezed, repeat it, he said the first “Aha”, say it again with a smile.

Lupan suggests using illustrated cards. See picture below:

This technique recommends making sure to draw up a schedule of classes for a week in advance, or better yet, by month. Yes, you may not be able to do everything exactly as you planned, but you will at least be able to figure out what you have mastered and what you haven’t tried yet.

It is very important, according to Lupan, when actively developing intelligence, to remember the child’s personality, his desires and needs. And the main thing is not the content, but the atmosphere. The main thing is that your baby finds it interesting.

Developmental benefits from 0 to one year

Today, many enrichment programs incorporate the best of basic early development techniques. There are many different educational aids available in the market for children right from birth.

For example, benefits " 7 Dwarfs Schools " Almost every mother has probably heard about him. The annual set consists of several brightly illustrated notebooks. With their help, every parent can easily and naturally introduce their baby to the first poems and jokes, introduce the concepts of day and night, illustrate primary colors, and introduce the concept of “shape.” Although, of course, the School of the Seven Dwarfs does not affect the sphere of the child’s physical development.

You can purchase other sets or individual manuals at link .

All our children are different. And the approach to the development of each child should be individual. Whatever development method you choose for your baby, the main thing is love and respect!

You can choose the best, in your opinion, from the proposed methods and create your own program for your baby. Do things with your baby that you like, and then your baby will love it. Find time for your activities only when you and your baby are in a good mood and success will be visible very soon.

All parents want their child to be smart, healthy, and developed physically and mentally. At an early age, a child learns the world around us through the game. To do this, suggesting various activities, parents play with him. Hypothetically, we can assume that a child already at birth has a certain amount of knowledge. Nature tried to ensure that the baby acquired it during the process of intrauterine development.

The maximum program presupposes not only the circumstance in which the child grows up healthy and smart, but also the need for comprehensive harmonious development personality. This concept includes sports, music lessons, and any other values. In parental practice you can find many things that, in their opinion, can help with this. Some play classic works by Mozart and Vivaldi for infants, while others take infants on a field trip to a museum. Some parents even give English lessons to their infants.

But is all this really useful? Maybe there is a lot of unnecessary stuff in all this? Nowadays there are such a huge number of ideas and advice related to child development that they can really make your head spin.

Variety of development types

According to Anna Rappoport, development should be understood as a process associated with the active upbringing of a child in the age range from 0 to 2-3 years. This phenomenon is associated with obvious benefits, although at one time it experienced a lot of ridicule from society. The reason for this is that the embodiment of such a phenomenon in life is associated with the presence of many forms and different interpretations.

The process of raising children under three years of age is antagonistic to what is accepted in the traditional understanding of educating children 6-7 years old, based on the canons of European culture. The meaning involves activities like infants, and with primary and secondary preschoolers.

Taking into account traditional developmental psychology, early childhood development can exist in three types. This division is carried out depending on the adequacy in relation to the age category:

1. Premature appearance. For a number of reasons, the baby’s psyche cannot perceive the amount of information that they are trying to “push” into it. This fully applies to the skills that they are trying so hard to instill in him. It is quite clear that, say, teaching a baby to sit at that age is simply impossible. No matter how they try to do this, his physiological characteristics will not allow it.

2. Late development. In this case, the situation is exactly the opposite. They are trying to instill in a child what he should have had in his arsenal of knowledge and skills long ago. For example, a circumstance in which a child began to read only after 8 years is considered late. Of course, he will learn this, but the process will proceed with less productivity and rationality. The child is 10 years old, and his parents send him to ballet school. Late. As they say, the train has already left. This child will never turn out to be a first-class dancer.

3. Timely option. With it, you can observe a situation in which the age and parameters of the child are in full accordance with his knowledge and skills that are instilled in him. This variety is the most adequate type. With her, everything is in harmonious accordance. The main task is to set the goal correctly. Parents' actions should never go against the child's wishes. Everything must be backed up by common sense and taking into account his physical condition.

Basics of education

As soon as the baby is born, from that moment the process of raising him begins. It creates conditions that will set the baby up to get acquainted with musical world, painting. The child needs to read fairy tales and play audio recordings. It is necessary to create corners that are filled with various objects. All this will help the baby develop sensory organs and motor activity. Not only the mother, but also other related people should actively communicate with the child. In conversational terms, information should not be limited only to what delicious mashed potatoes he is about to eat.

It is necessary, for example, to inform him that it will soon begin to rain and streams of water will pour from the sky. It is necessary to explain to him in an accessible form where it comes from. Or, say, explain that the bead will never pass through this particular labyrinth. Another bead standing in her way will prevent her from doing this. Various other points are explained.

Simply put, the activities are aimed not only at preparing for preschool or school. They imply something more, namely, the creation of an atmosphere in which the child will receive comprehensive spiritual and harmonious development. Efforts should be aimed at developing the child logical thinking, attention and imagination. He must learn to synthesize and analyze information. But you should not strive to raise a child prodigy. Not everyone is given this ability by nature.

Raising children at an early age can be done using various techniques. Each of them has its positive sides. But at the same time, they also imply the presence of certain shortcomings. To visualize their essence, we should dwell in more detail on the characteristics that the methods of early child development suggest.

Glenn Doman and his technique

This author was a fairly famous American physiotherapist at the end of the last century. Through his efforts, a whole theory of raising children at an early age was developed. Initially, Glenn Doman's technique was developed for children who had various disorders of the central nervous system. But over time, it was adapted to healthy children. It turned out that it is quite applicable for healthy children. The leitmotif of this concept is the statement that children under the age of 6 are just learning about the world around them. At this time, it is simply impossible to teach them anything. This should be done only when the child sits down on the school bench. In this, this theory is closely intertwined with the views associated with traditional European education.

Doman strongly recommends showing children various cards with words written on them. You can start doing this from 1-4 months of age. Such actions will allow the baby to more quickly master writing and reading. This is justified by the fact that certain letters are deposited in memory. The card must contain large letters. The written word is spoken loudly and clearly.

The procedure is repeated many times with different cards. In this case, the scientist believes, the child will remember both spelling and pronunciation. If the card says, say, “orange,” then you can show the real fruit at the same time. This method of visual perception will contribute to faster adaptation to the environment. At this age, this will be quite enough for the child. One should not naively believe that he will be able to read a complex, lengthy novel.

Practice shows that after such classes, children learn to write and read faster, and adaptation to the environment occurs more actively.

This technique is not ideal, and its shortcomings can be found in its very essence. It is unlikely that a baby at the age of one year will be able to sit in one place for as long as is required for this type of training. Many children are more interested active games or watching cartoons than long, tedious activities that involve using one sitting position. He will master no more than four cards. Then his attention will turn to something else. This technique is more applicable to those kids who are slow in nature.

Maria Montessori

As an educator, philosopher and active political activist, she turned out to be more insightful than the previous author. The Montessori method turned out to be able to take into account the circumstances in which the statement that it is much preferable for a child to actively move rather than look at pictures while sitting has a right to exist. According to her recommendations, the room is divided into different zones, and the baby is provided complete freedom choosing your activity. Let him do exactly what he most wants to do in at the moment.

Whether it is a teacher or a parent, the main task here is to arouse the child’s interest in his actions. He needs to be explained and shown a more rational way of using certain items. We must ensure that the entire range of items in the room is proportionate to the baby’s parameters. Everything here should be small, dishes, books, and other items. Even the shelves should be of such a size that the baby can easily get everything he needs without any problems. It's okay if someone uses a porcelain service. This will teach the baby to be careful and concentrate his attention.

Waldorf system

Its direction is related to the physical education of the baby. In addition, it instills creativity in him. Particular attention is paid to active games and dancing. Within the framework of this system, actions are carried out in which speech development techniques, math classes find themselves in the background. The main condition for it is that the development of qualities and skills should be carried out without any advance. The method achieves consistency in several other components of the harmonious development of the child’s personality. These primarily include the mental, physical and spiritual sphere.

This concept is not used when conducting training, the place for which is a regular school and kindergarten. The isolation of Waldorof schools and kindergartens is observed. In them, for activities with children, you will not find those toys that are made from artificial components. The predominant ones are wooden toys, objects made of clay and stone. TV and computer are used minimally in the education process. More attention is paid to walks in the fresh air and reading books.

In the training program foreign language has been used since first grade. At the same time, more classes are devoted to drawing and sculpting. According to this concept, the emphasis is placed on the cultural component of the child’s personality.

Zaitsev and his system

The only domestic method that has gained great popularity throughout the territory after the collapse of the Soviet Union is the Zaitsev system. The St. Petersburg author is an innovative teacher. He outlined the concept of teaching children to read and write using blocks. The main audience for its use are children aged 3-4 years. The author has proposed various means to achieve results when using this technique. These tools are cubes, cards, tables and even short songs (Zaitsev's songs). While learning, children move from table to table, and all this is accompanied by dancing and singing. Zaitsev's cubes serve as a kind of “warehouses”. They mark the location of the syllables. Their teacher asks the children to pronounce and remember. This method, according to the author, is an alternative to teaching the alphabet.

The cubes have different color, which is determined by whether the syllable is soft or hard. Using cubes you can build a word or a whole phrase. But this is done only when all the syllables are well mastered by the children. It should be noted that children are happy to learn this technique. This, to a certain extent, explains its popularity. This technique smoothes out sharp corners imperfections in the education of preschoolers and schoolchildren of our time.

Along with this, there are other methods that can be discussed in more detail.

Doman-Manichenko concept

The author became a follower of Doman in our country and gained wide fame. His concept became extremely popular. He simultaneously studied pedagogy and psychology. Andrey Manichenko founded his own company, which was called “Umnitsa”. His methodology has been adapted to the educational process in our country. The main difference from the initial author's concept is that the basis of learning is a game form. Supposed active participation the child himself in the educational process.

The concept of this technique can be reduced to the following positions:

1. Lessons of short duration, held in the form of a game.
2. Complexity in the learning process. Cards are gradually being replaced by books.
3. Various means are used during classes. These can be a variety of learning tools.

Development according to the method of Cecile Lupan

She was a mother who channeled all her passions into studying early childhood development. She raised her two daughters using the Doman method. In practice, she was able to experience all its pros and cons for herself. Naturally, she made certain adjustments to the methodology, the need for which was determined by the results obtained from her own experience. The advantage over Doman’s original method was that it placed emphasis on the individuality of each child, and not on the average statistical indicators that occurred with the founder of such a concept.

She chose more subtly various methods training. At the same time, the child’s inclinations towards something and increased interest in conducting a particular activity were taken into account.

The Cecile Lupan system is based on the following positions:

The best teachers for a child are his own parents. The child is not indifferent to the fact that adults show interest in his needs. But you shouldn’t be overprotective.

The child learns using play forms. Classes continue until the parents see that the baby is showing signs of fatigue. The child should always be happy to attend classes. His parents rejoice with him too. You should not test your child's knowledge. There should be more improvisation and less actions aimed at creating blanks.

Understanding the world should begin with speech. The child needs constant conversations with him. You need to talk even when the child doesn’t understand anything yet.

In order for a child’s natural abilities to be fully revealed, each child must be approached individually, using elements of flexibility and sensitivity.

Since physical activity is the basis for mental development, special attention should be paid to it. The author fully advocates the benefits of swimming for infants, while promoting the method of Claire Timmermans.

Developing talents using the Shinichi Suzuki method

This author was a Japanese violinist. He founded a school of talents. In his opinion, musicality is not a manifestation of talent, but is only an ability that can and is important to develop. For him the game is various instruments akin to learning the basics native speech and in achieving the goal in both cases there is no fundamental difference. Some people call his technique the “Native Tongue Method.” His students played the violin brilliantly, delighting the people present with their performance. This fully proves that such a technique has a right to exist.

Fundamental points of the methodology:

1. The basis of the learning process lies in the love, care and attention of parents. The friendliness of the atmosphere will help ensure that the child’s abilities are fully revealed.

2. Instilling a love for music should begin from the moment of birth.

3. Learning music involves repeated repetitions, and this will contribute to the development of hard work. The child will learn to understand the meaning of the piece he performs.

4. Learning should be viewed as a game, and not a direct responsibility. Then this process will only be a joy for the child.

Masaru Ibuka and his technique

Being a Japanese engineer and successful businessman, he was one of the founders of the famous Japanese company Sony. But he gained great fame as the author who created a unique technique related to the early development of children. It was called the Masaru Ibuka system. It provides recommendations regarding absolutely every aspect of the life of young children. He was the father of an only son who suffered from a serious illness. Its name is autism. This circumstance made him study various techniques related to upbringing and education.

He concentrated all his attention on children and teenagers. Based on the results of his observations, he wrote the book “After Three It’s Too Late.” In his opinion, in the first three years of a child’s life, his mental abilities are formed. This period is the “golden” time for teaching the baby. Parents shouldn't miss it.

Highlights:

In the first years, the child lays the foundation for his entire subsequent life. It is the parents' job to provide a favorable environment for this. It is necessary to constantly communicate with the baby, show care and affection towards him. The author believes that the environment in a child’s development is a determining factor.

“Overfeed” the child new information impossible. The brain itself will simply block access to excess information.

It is important to introduce the child to real art. He is introduced to various reproductions of paintings by famous artists, and is offered to listen to works by outstanding composers.

The child should not be provided with a large number of toys. This will contribute to the dispersion of attention rather than its concentration.

If you are strict, this should be done in the first years of the baby’s life. Then it will be too late, since the child will already have developed a sense of self-esteem. At the same time, if you put undue pressure on a child, this will certainly cause a protest on his part.

At an early age, children need to be taught foreign languages.

If a child shows creative initiative, then he should receive all kinds of encouragement from his parents.

Constant physical activity is required. It must be trained from infancy.

How the child will be raised is decided by the parents themselves. But there is no need to approach this issue with excessive fanaticism. Everything is done in strict accordance with the individual characteristics of the baby.

Parents' attitudes towards such methods vary widely. There are both their supporters and opponents. How many people, so many opinions. This is influenced by various stereotypes that are present in a particular society. Naturally, almost every parent encounters them, which leaves an imprint on the formation of attitudes towards this issue.

Be that as it may, we should never forget that every baby is characterized by the presence of certain age standards and features.

Modern pedagogy offers a whole list of methods for the development of children. Many mothers try to follow one or more methods. It is difficult to constantly come up with new activities and games with your baby, but the methods already include a collection of ready-made options that need to fill the child’s everyday life.

From 1 to 1.5 years the child loves:

• Walk around the apartment holding something in your hands;
• Get up and sit down;
• Play while squatting;
• Walk up the stairs;
• Climb onto a sofa, armchair;
• Imitate your actions;
• Object by saying “no”;
• Use 1-2 words in combination with gestures;
• Achieve what you want, be the center of attention, have listeners;
• Answer simple questions;
• Hide, hide and look for hidden toys;
• Throw objects with great accuracy, throw and kick a ball;
• Add two or three cubes, create simple buildings and immediately destroy them;
• Fill and empty bags, boxes, drawers;
• Play with sand, with water;
• Eat on your own.

Provide a child from 1 to 1.5 years old:

• Your attention;
• Time to play together;
• A place to play on the floor is good if part of the space is in the space under the table;
• A comfortable place to walk - stable furniture, a non-slip floor or a fleecy carpet, securely pressed against the furniture;
• Children's stable chair and table;
• Cubes - build simple buildings, load them into the car and transport them;
• Sorter with 2-3 different simple holes (ball, cube, triangular prism);
• A pyramid of three to four rings that can be strung in any order;
• Round and square cups - build towers, put one into the other;
• Various boxes, caskets, old bags;
• Large toys for the street - a bucket, a shovel, molds, cars with a body;
• Toys that can be pulled and pushed - various types of gurneys with rotating parts, cars;
• Large soft toys- feed them, comb their hair, put them to bed;
• Items for playing with water - plastic cups, watering can, water mill, floating toys;
• Toys that can be knocked on - a plastic or wooden hammer and objects for hammering - pegs, balls, etc.;
• A toy telephone, plastic dishes, other household items - a comb, a sponge, so that the baby can play, imitating your everyday actions;
• A cardboard book with simple, clear pictures;
• Musical toys and simple tools with different ways of producing sound - tambourine, metallophone, pipe;
• His own plate, cup, spoon - comfortable and unbreakable.

From 1.5 to 2 years old, the child loves:

• Use words in speech;
• Use sentences of 2-3 or more words;
• Run, help around the house;
• Affirm “mine”;
• Observe elders;
• Come when called;
• Climb on all objects;
• Listen to melodies, dance, move to the music;
• Carry and bring items;
• Examine, recognize and show parts of the face and body;
• Sort items;
• Dig and stir;
• Putting objects in place;
• Scribble on paper;
• Turn pages, show pictures in a book;
• Screwing and unscrewing.

Provide your child 1.5 to 2 years old with:

• Sorter - with 3 - 4 different holes;
• Children's tape recorder, activated by pressing;
• A bag for carrying items;
• Pastels, large crayons and paper;
• A picture book showing simple steps: the cat washes itself, the dog chews a bone;
• Books with simple, familiar fairy tales;
• Simple constructor, simple puzzles;
• Shelves for toys and help in putting things in place;
• Plastic jars with screw caps;
• A constant favorite toy - a doll or a teddy bear and a set of story toys, a steering wheel.

I think that after reading the lists, you are convinced that this is exactly the basis that must be adhered to for harmonious development. Me before I buy it for my daughter new toy, I’m studying these lists for missing items.

Since we are talking about development one year old child, then you should know what we strive for in the development of a one-year-old baby - the thresholds for the development of children at 1.5-2 years (according to data, again Polina Lvovna from the forum of the Discussion Club of the Russian Medical Server) :

• speech- by 1.5 years, a vocabulary of about 10 words (a phrase consists of 1-2 words and a gesture) -> by the 2nd year, a vocabulary of 50-200 words (the phrase becomes expanded and it becomes possible to describe what is happening in words).
• thought processes— an understanding of the connection between objects and their functions appears: sweeping with a broom, combing one’s hair with a comb. As a result, the child can foresee the outcome of actions. Those. The child acquires the ability to predict and he begins, first of all, to mentally test it on all the objects that surround him - he fantasizes what will happen to this or that object if he is treated in a certain way. If the child is provided with toys that are analogues of real objects, the child will try to imitate imaginary situations on the toys.
• socialization- increasing the number of contacts with peers regarding toys and other objects -> imitation in the game -> joint play.

Guidelines for development

It is best to start forming your approach to development by studying the development programs recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation and developmental methods. When applying techniques, it is necessary to avoid their disadvantages. Read in detail about existing programs and methods.

Basic principle development of children of any age is to focus on meeting age-related needs. For maximum effect, you should monitor the emergence of these needs and satisfy them - offer activities, games and toys in accordance with the soon expected needs;

How to develop a child at 1 year old | Practical exercises

For maximum effect, you should ensure the baby’s development in all main directions. The table shows options for classes in various areas.

You can find even more activity options in development methods.

I hope that reading this post will allow you to take a more systematic approach to the development of your baby.

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The problem of intensification of development causes a lot of controversy among teachers, pediatricians and psychologists. Some experts are convinced: the sooner classes begin with a child, the sooner he will acquire skills and opportunities useful for later life.

Other experts are sure that early education is just a tool for satisfying mom or dad’s ambitions and pumping out money. Some doctors even believe that some methods are harmful to children's health.

What early development methods are popular today? Below is information about the advantages and disadvantages of such programs. All this will allow parents to make their own judgment about each of them.

3 types of child development

The term “early development” refers to a wide variety of phenomena. For some, early education is synonymous with premature and inadequate interference in the natural course of development of a little person.

According to experts, early development is the use of active educational methods in the age period from 0 months to 2 - 3 years.

However, such upbringing often conflicts with traditional educational systems, in which a child’s education begins at 6 or 7 years old.

Psychological literature traditionally shares the early mental development baby on three types according to the degree of adequacy to the age characteristics of the child:

• premature. Let's bring simplest example: a newborn cannot be taught to sit, stand, and especially walk. In general, with premature development, the child is not able to perceive information due to psychological and physical “imperfection”;
• later. It's no secret that in childhood There are so-called sensitive periods of development when the child in the best possible way perceives certain information: visual, speech, etc. In case of delayed development, the process of mastering skills and knowledge becomes less productive. For example, it is too late to teach a child to skate at age 12 if you want to raise a great skater;
• timely. This traditional version development of children, in which the information provided maximally corresponds to their age and psychological characteristics.

The last option seems to many to be the most adequate and correct. However, in real life, all three types of child development occur.

In this case, we are more interested in early learning. Does it always correspond to premature education? No. If you correctly assess your own and your children’s capabilities, as well as follow the methodology and common sense, you can more likely talk about advanced development.

Development of young children involves creating conditions that would facilitate the most effective acquisition of skills and knowledge in infancy.

Conditions mean:

• organizing a developmental environment - filling corners with various objects and play aids that expand motor activity, develop children's sensory skills, vision and hearing, etc.;
• introducing the child to musical, artistic and literary works;
• intensification of communication with the child both from the mother and from other household members. This means stimulating children's speech, adults pronouncing their actions;
• acquisition or production of special educational materials and manuals (this is especially true for Montessori and Doman methods).

Early learning is not just preparation for kindergarten or school education, but creating conditions for harmonious and comprehensive development, memory training, attentiveness, imagination, logical thinking, processes of analysis and synthesis of information.

Below are time-tested and modern techniques early child development, which are most often used by parents at home or by specialists in educational centers.

Let us make one important reservation: an ideal developmental program that takes into account all aspects of a child’s personality simply does not exist. Every child is bright personality, therefore, what is suitable for one will be unnecessary for another.

That is why, when choosing the optimal method of early education, parents should know about the strengths and weaknesses of the preferred system, about its advantages and disadvantages. This will help pay attention to the “sinking” directions.

The most popular methods of early development of children from 0 to 3 years old

If you decide to purposefully and regularly work with your baby using a certain developmental method, you need to understand that the preparatory work and the actual classes will take you a huge amount of time, and the result can only be assessed after a couple of years.

We should not forget about the natural needs of the baby. For example, at 6 months of age, it is much more important for a child to learn to sit or crawl than to learn letters and words or swim. Common sense will only enhance the effectiveness of the techniques used.

The main principle of this worldwide popular educational system is to help the child demonstrate independence skills when learning in specially created conditions.

The educational program, developed by the author at the beginning of the 20th century, takes as a basis an individual approach to the child’s personality from the moment of his birth. This is necessary to reveal the inclinations and intellectual potential of each child.

The method includes 3 main parts: the child, the teacher and the organized environment. The central area is occupied by the baby, around whom a special environment is created that allows for independent study.

The teacher only helps children without interfering particularly with the natural course of development.

The main principle of the program is monitoring the child and refusing to interfere in his affairs, except in situations where the child himself asks for support or help.

• sensory;
• mathematical;
• speech;
• practical life;
• space

The designated area is filled with various teaching materials (Montessori avoided the word “toys”) that correspond to the child’s age: books, sorters, pyramids, containers, brushes and dustpans, etc.

IN classic version The method involves starting classes at 3 years old, but some exercises will interest children older than one year of age.

Montessori groups are always of different ages: in some classes there are children from 1 to 6 years old, in others there are children from 7 to 12 years old. This division has certain advantages, since older children take care of the kids, and they, in turn, learn from their older friends.

Pros and cons

This technique has both positive and negative aspects, which should be discussed in more detail.

Advantages:

• stimulation mental processes with the help of special teaching materials, taking into account sensitive periods child development;
• a huge selection of manuals and educational materials;
• improving self-care skills;
• formation of self-discipline.

Flaws:

• many classes still require the participation of a teacher or parent, since they will need to explain to the child the rules of interaction with a specific aid;
• very expensive Montessori materials (though you can make them yourself);
• To strictly follow all the precepts of Montessori, the child must be taken to a special center. Moreover, it is important to make sure that teachers really work entirely according to this methodology, and do not use individual elements;
• Most of the exercises are aimed at intelligence, sensory skills, and logical thinking. However, the creative, emotional and play areas develop to a lesser extent;
• The traditional method rejects role-playing games and reading fairy tales, considering these teaching techniques to be unimportant.

In general, the Italian doctor’s method is popular among Russian and foreign parents. However, in the author’s version, the system is used extremely rarely; rather, mothers and fathers take some of the most successful moments from it, diluting them with activities and exercises from other educational programs.

This educational and educational program puts forward the following postulate - the maximum development of the capabilities of each child and his self-confidence.

Unlike many other developmental systems, this technique refuses to provide the child with any types of intellectual tasks if he is not yet 7 years old.

So, children only start learning to read in third grade. Before entering school, children are given toys made from natural materials(straw, pine cones, etc.).

Waldorf school teachers place another emphasis on the comfort of the educational process. There are no grades in the lessons, there are no competitive “notes”, classes are filled with a small number of students - no more than 20 children.

The priority in the program is artistic and theatrical activity children, improving imagination. For the same purpose, the methodology prohibits children from using modern gadgets such as mobile phones, computers and TVs.

Teaching principles are built taking into account the age factor:

• a child under 7 years old learns through imitation of adults;
• children aged 7 - 14 years old connect the emotional component to the process of acquiring knowledge;
• From the age of 14, logic and intelligence are activated.

Advantages:

• focuses on imagination and creativity;
• comfort of the educational process;
• development of an independent personality.

Flaws:

• too late development of intellectual functions;
• absence preparatory classes to schooling;
• poor adaptation to modern realities (a telephone is a necessary thing for a child today).

This technique is unique, so many parents are wary of it. On the Internet you can find the most various comments about the Waldorf school: both positive and negative. Is it worth doing this program? It's up to the parents to decide.

The American scientist Doman, studying the characteristics of the psyche and learning of children with brain damage, established the following pattern - developmental activities are effective only during the period of greatest activity of the cerebral cortex, that is, under the age of 7 years.

More detailed information about what classes the author offers and what the basic principles of this educational program are can be found by reading an article by a child psychologist.

The main task of parents is to maximize the enormous potential of a newborn child.

Glen Doman's method consists of from four main components:

• physical development;
• check;
• reading;
• encyclopedic knowledge.

The American doctor was convinced that the nervous system of a child under one year old is so unique and perfect that even at that age the baby is able to memorize and systematize various facts and information.

Surely many mothers are familiar with the term “Doman cards”. This teaching material consists of cardboard cards certain size, which contain words, dots, mathematical operations, photographs of plants, birds, animals, famous people, etc.

The amount of information is amazing. For better systematization and ease of use, cards should be divided into groups. Throughout the day, the parent displays these cards for a few seconds, regularly introducing more and more new images into circulation.

Advantages:

• intensification of child development;
• active involvement of parents in activities with children;
• expanding children's opportunities by providing the child with a large flow of information;
• development of children's attention.

Flaws:

• you will simply need a huge amount of didactic material;
• little attention is paid fine motor skills, sensory development and subject activity;
• Doman cards do not develop a child’s logical thinking, ability to analyze and systematize facts;
• the methodology does not pay due attention to creativity and play activities;
• Possible overload of children's room nervous system due to too much information, as a result of which the child develops tics, enuresis and other problems.

The Doman system is a typical example of intellectual techniques. The child is not taught, but rather trained with the help of cards. At least that’s what many mothers and neurologists think. However, other parents praise this training program for the opportunity to develop from the cradle.

St. Petersburg teacher Nikolai Zaitsev several decades ago developed a unique developmental system that includes a set of manuals for teaching a child literacy, mathematical skills and English.

The Zaitsev program is based on the leading activity of a child of early and preschool age- game. And this allows you to develop both the physical and emotional sides of the child’s personality.

Information is provided in the system, but at the same time in game form, which is why the child happily joins in the activity. Moreover, it is not so important whether it takes place alone with a parent (teacher) or with a group of children.

Relaxed atmosphere - important condition Zaitsev education system. During the lesson, children are allowed to make noise, laugh, clap their hands and stomp their feet, change game material, moving from cubes to tablets or board.

However, such liberation does not mean that classes are entertainment. It is in the process of such play that children not only gain knowledge, but also make an independent choice of their preferred activity.

Advantages:

• wide age range - from 1 year to 7 years;
• can be practiced both at home and in kindergarten;
• crash course in learning to read through games;
• development of competent writing skills.

Flaws:

• at homeschooling the parent will have to first learn this technique himself, since it differs from traditional methods training;
• experts point out that a child who has learned to read using Zaitsev’s method “swallows” endings and gets confused when dividing a word into syllables, since he previously divided it into words;
• first grade is an important milestone in the life of every child; it is at this moment that children who studied using this method begin to have difficulties, since there is a discrepancy in the color designation of vowels and consonants.

According to many parents, Zaitsev's cubes are the best reading aids of their kind. A child can learn to read as early as 3 years old, and this skill remains with him for the rest of his life. In addition, mothers also include game techniques that make the activity fun and spontaneous.

The Belgian actress Cecile Lupan was forced to develop her own method by dissatisfaction with Glen Doman's system, which was taken as a basis.

This training program can hardly be called scientific; the developed method is rather a set of activities that take into account the child’s individuality, interests and inclinations of each child.

The author of the technique in his books advises communicating with the baby literally from the first seconds of his life, and there is no need to worry that he will not understand something. Lupan is convinced that the sooner a child learns something, the sooner he will understand certain patterns and connections.

In the first months, the child only gets used to the parent’s speech, and then seemingly meaningless sounds begin to be filled with meaning. As soon as he begins to pronounce the first words, he should move on to reading (usually at one year of age).

The main idea proposed by Cecile Lupan is the following: a child does not need attention-care, he needs attention-interest, which only a loving parent can provide.

Advantages:

• the opportunity to study from 3 months of age to 7 years;
• much attention is paid to early physical development;
• The technique is suitable for home practice;
• exercises affect the intellectual and emotional sphere, sensory;
• Very close communication mother and child;
• stimulation cognitive interest baby.

Flaws:

• requires complete dedication from the parent;
• a lot of teaching materials that mom will need to make;
• a kind of infant swimming training.

Since the author is not an educator, her approach cannot be said to be completely scientific. However, mothers can take some things into account, for example, creating homemade books about their child, into which they can write author’s fairy tales and insert his photographs.

The name of the authors made a splash back in the days of the Soviet Union. Married couple began to raise children according to her own program, which could amaze an unprepared person with unusual techniques and educational methods.

The Nikitins did not recommend limiting the child’s experimental nature with devices, so they had a negative attitude towards any strollers (including strollers) and playpens, calling them prisons.

The spouses also followed the principle of children's independence in choosing activities for the child. They refused special training and activities. The kids could do what was closest to them, without restrictions. Parents only helped to deal with difficulties.

The Nikitin system includes hardening and techniques physical education. To do this, it is necessary to create a special environment in the house, including sports equipment and exercise equipment. These devices should not stand out; they are as natural as, for example, furniture.

The authors are convinced that a child should not be “overorganized” or abandoned. Moms and dads should not be indifferent to child development and pastime, however, when participating in children's games, one should not take the position of a supervisor and controller.

The main principle of the system is the Montessori version of sensitive periods - the fading of the child’s ability to develop effectively as he grows up. Simply put, if certain abilities are not developed in time, they will not reach the optimal level.

Advantages:

• used from birth to school age;
• children's independence;
• The child’s intelligence develops well;
• improving logical thinking and imagination;
• game as a teaching technique;
• special attention is paid to physical development;
• invention of special educational toys- for example, Nikitin cubes, unicube.

Flaws:

• restlessness of the child due to the fact that he chooses his own activities;
• this lifestyle is more suitable for rural areas;
• hardening is considered a rather extreme type of education;
• Due to advanced development, children may not be interested in studying at school.

This system has both ardent supporters and no less categorical opponents. However, some points have not lost their relevance today, while other techniques are questionable.

This program, called "method intellectual development child" was developed by P.V. Tyulenev, a teacher and sociologist. By studying MIRR, you can teach your child literacy, mathematics, and develop musical and sports abilities.

The author of the system is convinced that a child needs to be developed from the first days of life. The most important thing at this moment is to provide him with a variety of tactile stimuli so that the cerebral cortex can actively form.

The choice of activities depends depending on the child’s age:

• in the first two months, the baby is shown triangles, squares and other geometric figures depicted on a piece of paper;
• from 2 to 4 months, children are shown drawings of animals, plants, letters, numbers;
• at 4 months of age they play “Toyball”, when the baby throws cubes and other game accessories from the crib;
• from 5 months they place it near the baby musical instruments. The baby, touching them, tries to make sounds and develop musical inclinations;
• from the age of six months they master letters by looking at a special magnetic alphabet. At 8 months the child is asked to bring a letter, at 10 months - to show the letter, and then - to name the letter or a whole word;
• from the age of one and a half years, they play chess with the baby;
• from the age of 2, the child not only puts words together from letters, but tries to type them on a computer keyboard;
• From the age of three, children try to keep a diary on a laptop or computer.

Advantages:

• diversified development of the baby;
• exercises will not require much time from adults;
• exercises are suitable for every child;
• good preparation for schooling;
• revealing all the inclinations of the baby.

Flaws:

• It’s not easy to find benefits;
• it is difficult to talk about the effectiveness of exercises;
• too strict restrictions from the author;
• are not always taken into account age characteristics baby;
• restriction of the child’s cognitive freedom;
• the prevalence of the intellectual component over all others.

An ambiguous technique that many specialists do not like. However, you can also find in it interesting points that can be implemented in practice. It is only important to monitor the child’s reaction to the innovations being introduced.

Other proprietary developmental techniques

In addition to those described above, there are other developmental or educational systems. Their use allows the child to better master preschool or school curriculum, develop certain abilities or simply grow into a well-rounded personality.

Some of the most popular include the following teaching methods:

1. “After three it’s too late.” A Japanese entrepreneur and simply caring father wrote this literary work, in which he described the importance of a child’s early development in the first years of life.
2. Dynamic gymnastics. M. Trunov and L. Kitaev, having put together ancient Russian gymnastic exercises, offer parents effective methods for the development of the physical sphere, as well as for the correction of increased or decreased muscle tone, clubfoot, torticollis, etc.
3. Gmoshinskaya's technique. Best method instill in your child artistic skills - drawing from infancy. Even before the age of 1 year, a child can create “canvases” using his palms, fingers, and soft felt-tip pens.
4. Musical program by Vinogradov. The creator of the method is convinced that even a one-year-old child can already understand the most complex classical works. There is no need to explain the meaning of the music to the baby in detail; let him decide on his own emotions and impressions.
5. Music by the Zheleznovs. This is another one musical technique for small children. The discs contain lullabies, nursery rhymes, music for finger and outdoor games, performances, massage, fairy tales, learning the alphabet, learning to count and read, etc.

Of course, this list is not entirely complete. However, the presented methods are enough to understand how diverse and interesting they are. When developing them, the authors took into account their own experience or took their pedagogical heritage as a basis.

It is interesting that these systems can be combined with each other using the most successful individual elements. Experiments are welcome.

Pros and cons of early development

Moms and dads are convinced that they themselves decide how to raise a child. However, this opinion is not entirely correct, since the process of education is increasingly influenced by social initiatives and various stereotypes.

One of the most controversial issues is the early development of children under 1 year of age. Typically, specialists and mothers take two extreme positions: some advocate the use of developmental techniques, others are extremely negative towards any intervention. Let's consider their arguments.

Arguments for

1. The modern world presents more high demands to a person. In order for a child to have time to master the necessary and important skills, his abilities have to be developed from infancy.
2. Children who study in accordance with such methods usually have a higher level of development compared to their peers. Children master all kinds of skills earlier: reading, writing, counting.
3. Complex educational systems, covering the development of several aspects of personality at once, help to identify a child’s inclinations and aptitudes for certain activities. This allows you to enroll your child in specific courses in the future.
4. If a child studies at a development center in the company of peers, this allows him to socialize earlier and get used to life in a children's group.

Arguments against

1. A healthy and normally developing child is able to learn basic skills on his own when the time comes. This is why you should not “mock” the child’s psyche.
2. Intensive classes can harm a child if a parent or teacher does not take into account the age characteristics of the child’s body, its temperament and adaptive capabilities.
3. Many popular techniques place the main emphasis on intelligence and “physics,” but emotional and social development undeservedly forgotten. This can disrupt adaptation in children's society.
4. It is extremely difficult to work with your baby every day, fulfilling all the requirements and conditions of the method. If you follow all the rules, then mom has no time left for anything else. If you perform tasks from time to time, all knowledge will evaporate very quickly,” and the effectiveness will be very low.
5. Many experts pay attention to the untimely acquisition of certain skills. For example, a six-month-old baby needs to learn to sit down or crawl, since this is his most important “task,” but reading or counting is completely unnecessary at this age. Most likely, before school he will have completely forgotten all his skills and will be on par with his peers.
6. Excessive demands on a child and the desire to raise a genius can negatively affect the child’s entire future life. Children whose parents feed them unnecessary information often grow up to be neurasthenics and perfectionists. Therefore, problems with socialization cannot be ruled out.

Thus, each side has compelling arguments, which is why parents will have to choose for themselves whether to use methods or follow the natural course of child development.

In the first 12 months, the child's development proceeds at an accelerated pace. At this time, the baby has time to explore the world, gain a good vocabulary, and build initial and elementary logical chains.

Many experts are convinced that if you don’t work with your baby in the first year or two, then the child will not be able to compensate for the lost knowledge and skills.

However, excessive fanaticism and adherence to literally all the dogmas of developmental methods can, on the contrary, not bring benefit, but harm child development.

If you decide to use the child development methods mentioned above, you must follow certain rules. They will help avoid negative consequences and make learning more natural:

• Observe your baby's reaction carefully. If he doesn’t like the activity, he expresses protest in the form of tears or throwing away the offered toys, you need to stop and occupy him with something else;
• The baby should not be taken away from the activity he is currently passionate about for the sake of development. If your baby prefers to play with blocks rather than look at pictures, wait until he finishes the game;
• all exercises and tasks included in the educational system you have chosen must be understandable and trustworthy. You should also rehearse all activities before approaching your child with them;
• The child’s education should be comprehensive. In no case should you develop only physical or cognitive sphere. It is necessary to pay attention to all aspects of the child’s personality, including emotional and social;
• there is no need to turn the process of acquiring knowledge and skills into an automatic action. It is important to stimulate the child’s interest in the process itself, to develop curiosity, inquisitiveness and observation.

Having considered all the main nuances of each method, you can make a preliminary selection of the most preferable training system. However, you should focus not on the opinions of other parents, but primarily on the characteristics of the child. After all, its development is a responsible matter!