Boots chrome, ash, tarpaulin and yuft and their differences. Types of leather for shoes

Varieties of leather by raw material

The skins of almost all kinds of animals are used for the production of leather, and even many types of fish that people eat. There would be no leather production - and all this wealth would simply be thrown away. Nowadays, tanneries create real masterpieces, make seemingly inconspicuous skins sparkle with all the colors of the rainbow, reveal the complex natural textures of the skin. Fine leather products adorn our lives, connect us with our history, give beauty and feelings of warmth and comfort.

The basis of production technology -

• Tanned with oak bark and ingredients of vegetable origin.
• Chrome mineral tanning.

Shoes, boots, bags made from calfskin are durable and beautiful.

Calfskin is ranked according to the age of the hide. It is divided into subspecies:

1. Mucus - the skin of unborn calves. In the cross section of the mucosa within 0.9 - 1.5 millimeters.

2. Raw leather, made from the skins of reared calves, the maximum age is not older than six months. The calves were supposed to be dairy-fed. These leathers are very soft, resilient, elastic, which means they are of especially high quality. Therefore, they are the most valuable for the production of shoes. The thickness of the flasks is from 0.9 to 1.5 millimeters.

3. The outgrowth is the skin of one-year-old calves that were vegetable-fed. Not as soft and elastic as calotine. The thickness of the outgrowth is from 0.8 to 1.7 millimeters.

4. Half-skin is the skin of one and a half year old calves. Such skins are less soft and not so thin, therefore they are sawn. The thickness of the half-skin is from 0.9 to 3.5 millimeters.

5. Cowhide leather or goby - this skin is made from the skins of young bulls (the maximum thickness of this skin is up to 5 millimeters), and cowhide (the thickness of cowhide is from 1.1 to 4.5 millimeters). The skin is also subjected to longitudinal cutting (in thickness).

6. Bull and buffalo - bull and buffalo leather. This is the thickest and heaviest skin of all cattle skins, has a rough, slightly loose and fleecy structure. The heaviest and thickest of all is the buffalo. Although the leather of this grade is especially strong and wear-resistant, it is very rarely used in shoe making due to its rarity.

1. Chevro (from the French "chevreau" - goat) - this type of leather is produced from the skins of six-month-old kids. Of the chrome types of leather, chevro is one of the most expensive. A distinctive feature of the chevro are small wrinkles on the front side.
2. Goat - leather made from chrome-plated goat skins that have reached adulthood.
3. The next is chevret leather, which is made from sheepskins using chrome tanning. The structure of the front side resembles a chevro. Used on shoe uppers. They sew clothes and leather goods from chevret.

Pig skins.

Deer skin.

Andrey Kupchinskiy,

The PAT company continues to talk about the intricacies of shoemaking. And this time we will talk about the leather used in the production of safety shoes. It would seem that genuine leather is such a familiar material that nothing new can be learned about it. But we will try to reveal some secrets to you.

The modern world is faced with a shortage of genuine leather for shoes. The fact is that the number of animals specially bred for production is becoming smaller in relation to the number of shoes produced. This trend is due to the increased global need for leather clothing and, in particular, shoes, the reduction of pastures for livestock, an increase in the population of the earth, etc. That is why manufacturers began to resort to some tricks that help meet the high demand for leather shoes. Since safety shoes, and especially those sold in Russia, belong to the category of inexpensive economy class products, then, as a rule, all manufacturers try to use fairly cheap leather, while continuing to indicate that it is of high quality.

Types of shoe leather

In the production of special footwear, cattle leather is used: cow leather or buffalo leather (buffalo), as a rule, from India and Pakistan. Buffalo leather is more common. It is in itself cheaper than cowhide leather (cow), has a greater thickness, which can be cut into a greater number of layers - splits, each of which can be used in various areas of shoe production. Thus, the leather for the uppers of shoes, which is used in the production of safety shoes, is divided into three main types:

• leather with a natural front surface (front leather / leather goods);
• sanded leather (skin with polishing);
• shoe splits (coated genuine leather).

Skin with natural grain

This is the uppermost layer of the skin, which has the best characteristics compared to the lower layers: high elasticity, resistance and strength, durability. The skin from the top layer of the skin is better breathable and does not let water through due to the presence of animal fat in its composition. However, in the mass production of special footwear, this type of leather is rarely used due to its high cost. Manufacturers solved this problem by sawing (sanding) thick leather (about 1.5 cm) into layers. This is how splits appeared.

Leather with a natural grain surface is divided into two main types depending on the method of tanning:

• chrome leather;
• yuft.

Chrome leathers

Chrome leathers are soft leathers tanned with basic chromium salts - chromium-potassium and chromium-sodium alum and chromium peak. Tanning is carried out in special rotating drums for 8-12 hours using a specially developed technology. The skin of this finish becomes soft and supple.

This method of finishing provides the skin of the legs with normal perspiration, breathing and optimal temperature. Its features: it has increased thickness and elasticity (which improves the resistance of the upper to repeated bending), resistance to impact and abrasion, water, dirt and dust.

With all its advantages, this method is quite expensive, and therefore chrome-tanned leather is rarely used in the production of safety shoes. Chrome leathers with a natural grain surface can be both smooth and incl. with a pattern (meria) and velvety (with pile), like nubuck.

Nubuck

Nubuck is a specially treated leather that goes through a chrome tanning process. It has a weak pile on the front surface, which gives the skin a good appearance - it becomes velvety. Genuine leather nubuck has good breathability and is poorly wetted by water, has a waterproof effect. The disadvantages of this skin include the need to care for products. Nubuck is a high-quality material, therefore it is used only in the production of high-class shoes.

• Beige work boots with metal toe "Hummer"
• Brown work boots with metal toe "Hummer"

Yuft leather

Skin gets rid of titelny tannins. Yuft leathers are thick, soft leathers with a high fat content (26-30%), waterproof. Unlike chrome leather, they have a high content of fatty substances, as well as water resistance and wear resistance, but are less elastic. To give these qualities, the skin is treated by long-term gilding and abundant fatliquoring (the fat content in yuft is up to 25% of the skin mass). This method is less expensive compared to chrome tanning, so it is more often used by manufacturers of safety shoes. Sometimes yuft tanning is combined with chrome treatment.

New working boots with an adjustable drawstring, made of grain yuft leather, polyurethane/thermopolyurethane soles, with a composite toe cap reinforced with Kevlar threads, a Kevlar anti-puncture insole, CAMBRELLE lining PA081b, and natural fur lining PA081b G. FUR:

Sanded leather

The animal, even during its lifetime, could damage the skin or have other skin defects in case of illness. Also, animal skins can be damaged during their removal from the carcass, transportation or storage. In this case, the manufacturers grind the damaged areas, but the front layer in these areas is also destroyed (damaged). Sometimes animal skins are in such a state that the entire surface has to be sanded. In this case, the quality of buffed leather is very similar to split leather.

splits

Leather split or leather split is a layer of leather that is obtained using special equipment. The skin is stratified into several layers, sometimes up to 5-6. There are split front, middle and mezdrovy (or Bahtormy).

When stratification occurs, a violation of the structure of the skin, so the splits receive a number of disadvantages. They are loose, heavy, and since the fibers remain in the upper layer, the split does not stretch well and does not restore its shape after deformation. Like the top layer of leather, split leather allows air to pass through, but quickly absorbs and accumulates water vapor, is less waterproof, and usually dries worse. Shoe splits are less elastic, strong and durable. The artificial coating of split leather can crack or completely lag behind the leather base.

To restore the properties of split leather and expand its scope, namely, in the shoe industry, it is embossed with a hot press with various additives or impregnations, creating a 100% artificial surface on one side so that it looks like leather. There are many different technologies for applying artificial surfacing to split wood. As a result, it is almost impossible to distinguish split leather from leather in the finished product. Once chemically treated, split leather is sometimes referred to as "faux-faced" or coated leather.

With a certain processing, the split can be coated on one side. Often they are treated with polyurethane application: coating split wood with a film based on microporous polyurethane. The process of applying foamed PVC or polyurethane films to a split consists of coating the split with an adhesive (usually applied on a roller machine), then the split is fed to the film and fixed by pressing. Sometimes liquid polyurethane is sprayed onto the skin, which makes it possible to obtain splits with excellent appearance and physical and mechanical characteristics, but at a higher price.

Thermoplastic, polyurethane and PVC films create a dense surface with good performance. However, the performance characteristics are significantly different from genuine leather with a natural “face”, so this technology allows the production of only inexpensive split leather articles.

Another simple technological solution is split wood trim with acrylic resins. The finish is applied by watering machine or by spraying. After applying one or two primer layers by cutting (pressing), the effect of the front surface is created. Finally, the surface is varnished. The advantage of this finishing method is its economy. Application of acrylic resins does not require special equipment; standard machines available to tanneries can be used.

Sometimes combined mixtures of polyurethane, acrylic and other substances are used.

THE PRINCIPLE OF WORK OF OUR ORGANIZATION "RAT" IS TO ALWAYS COMPLETELY AND RELIABLY INFORM CLIENTS ABOUT THE MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES THAT WERE APPLIED IN THE PRODUCTION OF SHOES AND ALL RISKS THAT MAY ARISE DURING THE OPERATION OF SPECIAL FOOTWEAR.

FOOTWEAR FROM THE FIRM "RAT" HAS ALL THE NECESSARY CERTIFICATES AND WARRANTY. BUYING SPECIAL FOOTWEAR FROM US, YOU ARE GUARANTEED TO RECEIVE A HIGH-QUALITY PRODUCT FROM PROFESSIONALS WITH THE BEST PRICE/QUALITY RATIO!

The company "RAT" with due attention monitors the quality of the production of its safety shoes. Including the materials from which the goods are made. Leather is the basis of safety shoes, so the control over the proper protective and comfortable characteristics is carried out at the highest level. The RAT company uses only high-quality split wood processed using the latest technologies, which allows maintaining its high positive characteristics without compromising product quality.

The RAT company offers wholesale safety shoes made of high-quality coated genuine leather and with delivery to any corner of Russia and the world:

• Work boots with black metal toe "Hummer" on rubber soles;

There is another type of leather - pressed or restored. It is made of a material produced under pressure from natural leather production waste: scraps and patches, chrome shavings, leather dust and other waste. Scattered particles are crushed into a fine powder, which is mixed with synthetic materials that act as binder fibers. The production is completed by filling with a paste, which fixes the resulting material. Next comes the stage of drying and coating with polyurethane, acrylic or other substance.

It is quite clear that this is done to save raw materials and reduce the cost of products. It is one thing - a product from a single piece of leather, and quite another - from shredded leather waste. At the same time, "pressed leather" has all the properties of synthetic leather. This is a non-woven base on which a layer is applied that imitates the front surface of the skin. This skin does not breathe well, does not allow moisture and air to pass through. In addition, it is not wear-resistant and brittle. The material is made as similar as possible to genuine leather, it is difficult to determine it “by eye”. RAT company never used similar tricks in the production of all kinds of their shoes. All safety footwear produced only from high-quality materials is the main rule of the company.

One of the many examples of the use of this rule: for food, medical, chemical and electronic industries with a metal carrier made using artificial leather "Microfiber". This is a stylish, high-quality and durable material; Waterproof leather is wear-resistant, does not absorb water and dirt, and is easy to apply and maintain. Made from silicone and polyurethane. Microfiber leather is only used for some safety shoes. This material is unfriendly to the growth of microorganisms and is suitable for frequent washing in the washing machine. Thanks to all these qualities, sandals are very much appreciated by our customers throughout Russia.

Shoes are a necessary attribute of the wardrobe of a modern person. As a rule, when choosing shoes for themselves, the buyer focuses on several indicators: type of shoes, sole, upper material, lining material, manufacturer, price.

The top material sometimes becomes the main criterion to which the buyer pays special attention. After all, the appearance of shoes is the hook that all buyers fall for.

Today it is no secret to anyone that leather shoes are the best option for everyone without exception. This material has high wear resistance and excellent appearance. That is why no matter how the trends of the shoe industry change, leather shoes always occupy a pedestal. Let's look at the types of leather used in the manufacture of shoes.

Types of leather for footwear production

Cattle leather is exceptionally durable, durable and more moisture resistant than other types of leather. But the shoes are mostly hard, except for models made from calf. In Italian shoemaking, outgrowth, half-skin, cowhide and bullock are collectively called vitello.

opoek- the skin of a calf that has not yet mastered the vegetation. Differs in special softness and elasticity.

outgrowth- the skin of a calf that has mastered roughage.

Half-skin- the skin of a young bull or heifer.

Yalovka- the skin of a mature cow.

Bychyna- the skin of a mature bull.

Nappa- thin and elastic skin, made of cattle breeds.

Shoes made from MPC leather are distinguished by their softness and ability to quickly take the shape of the wearer's foot.

Kid- soft goatskin, with a small pattern of the measure and processed in a chrome way. Very expensive due to dressing and elitist appearance.

Kid

Shagreen- made from the skins of goats and sheep. It has a large scale pattern, it is used in the shoe industry for the manufacture of shoe uppers.

Shagreen

chevret- Sheepskin, made by chrome tanning, is distinguished by high elasticity, softness, and a peculiar funnel pattern of the measure. For shoes, chevret is made from sheepskin of steppe and Russian breeds of sheep, their skin is less loose and more durable.

Morocco- MPC leather, dyed in bright colors.

Rough, pimply and rough, characterized by increased moisture permeability and breathability. As a rule, it is used for the production of summer open shoes.

Pigskin

It is used for the production of expensive, exclusive shoes. Famous designers use iguana skin, eel skin, lizard skin, crocodile skin and snake skin.

Leather: types of leather, methods of leather dressing.

Leather- it is a strong and durable material that is made from the skins of various animals. Leather production is one of the most ancient. Man has long learned to process leather and use it to make clothes, shoes, bags, accessories and various household utensils. Genuine leather is classified according to several criteria: by purpose, by the type of raw materials used, by the method of dressing and finishing.

Leather dressing methods

Leather is usually divided into three main types: raw leather, rawhide and tanned leather.

Raw leather (raw, naked)— leather material of the most ancient way of production. Usually, she only cleans the mezra and removes the wool, that is, this is what is called “needle” in the leather industry.

Rawhide (rawhide, ball)- leather material of the ancient method of dressing. It is produced by loosening the structure of the skin with the fixation of this state with fattening substances. It was ubiquitous, but has now been practically replaced by tanned leather.

Tanned leather (sheepskin coat)- naked (raw leather) treated with tanning agents to give plasticity, strength, wear resistance, etc. In the old days, oak bark was used in the process of leather dressing, hence the name "tanning".

Despite the difference in methods and recipes for processing leather, there are common mandatory steps. First universal operation - mind-blindness, in which the skin is deprived of the remnants of meat, fat and subcutaneous fatty tissue. Then, if required, dehairing or ashing is performed, removing wool and epidermis. The resulting product is called naked.

Mereya- this is a pattern on the surface of the skin, formed by traces of hair bags removed along with the epidermis as a result of dressing the skin.

bakhtarma- the inner surface of the skin, formed after mezdreniya.

Types of leather tanning

After the initial processing of the skin, they begin to tan it. According to modern concepts, tanning is the process of bonding collagen molecules with tanning agent particles (cross-linking of molecules). There are a lot of types of tanning now:

vegetable tanned- in the process of dressing, oak bark and other ingredients obtained from plants are used. The result is a brown elastic material. The desired shade is achieved by varying the quantity and quality of the ingredients used and by selecting the color of the raw materials. Vegetable tanned leather is not waterproof. When exposed to moisture, it changes color, and if it absorbs liquid and then dries, it will decrease in size (shrink) and harden, become less elastic. In hot water, this type of leather shrinks strongly and becomes a hard, brittle material, which affects its quality and limits the possibility of its use.

Iron tanning- is used very rarely due to the negative properties of ferric iron to catalyze the destruction of collagen.

aluminum tanning- For tanning, aluminum alum is usually used, which, when hydrolyzed, forms tanning basic aluminum salts. Compared to chromium salts, tanning basic aluminum salts give a weak tanning effect. Aluminum tanning is used mainly for the manufacture of glove leathers (likes). To increase heat resistance, it is possible to use aluminum and organic tanning agents simultaneously.

Chrome tanning— Trivalent chromium salts are used for tanning. The softness and elasticity of chrome-tanned leather is higher than that of tannin tanning. More resistant to high temperatures. In humid conditions, they get wet faster and dry more slowly. Chrome tanning agent colors bakhtarma in a gray-green color.

Zirconium tanning- zirconium tanned leathers have good strength and resistance to abrasion. Zirconium tanning agent paints bakhtarma white.

titanium tanning— skins obtained by titanium tanning are basically of a quality similar to zirconium tanned leathers and do not stain bakhtarma.

Fat tanning- In fat tanning, the skin is treated with fats containing unsaturated fatty acids. These include the fats of marine animals (seals, sperm whales and fish). The mechanism of fat tanning is complex and is currently interpreted in different ways. It is usually believed that during the tanning process, unsaturated fats are oxidized due to the addition of air oxygen double bonds in place. Oxidation products enter into a chemical bond mainly with the amino groups of collagen. Fat tanning is used to produce one type of leather - suede. Fat tanning gives the leather high water resistance and softness. When in contact with water, suede leather at first passes it through, but as it swells, it becomes waterproof. This property also allows the use of suede as special filters.

tannide tanning- In tannin tanning, vegetable tannins and synthetic tannins (syntans) are used. They are compounds of the carbocyclic series, being derivatives of polyhydric phenols. Raw materials for the production of vegetable tanides are plant extracts containing tannins (for example, willow, spruce, oak, quebracho). The raw materials for producing syntans are phenols, resorcinol, naphthalene rezotan, etc. Tanides bind to the amino groups of collagen molecules. In addition, they are deposited as filler in the skin. Tanides give the skin a number of valuable properties: increased thickness, plasticity. They are mainly used in the production of plantar leathers. Currently, due to low heat resistance and wear resistance, purely tannide tanning is not used. Tanide tanning is usually combined with chrome, titanium and zirconium. This makes it possible to obtain leathers with the virtues of these tannings.

Aldehyde tanning- Of the aldehydes for tanning, formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde are used. They are currently not widespread. Formaldehyde tanned leathers are thin. Of great interest is tanning with glutaraldehyde. In terms of physical and mechanical properties, glutar leather is close to chromium leather, but is distinguished by high sweat resistance, alkali resistance, softness and elasticity. Such tanning, due to the high perspiration resistance and microbiological stability of the leather, is advisable to use for the production of insole leathers.

Combined tanning— Combinations of tanning agents are used to give the leather the useful quality of each type of tanning. For example, the use of chromium compounds for tanning gives leathers high wear resistance, heat resistance; tanidov - plasticity and increased thickness; zirconium compounds - density, strength, etc. Of the combined tannings, the most widely used for the production of plantar leathers are: XP (chrome-vegetable), XTS (chrome-titanium-sintan).

With poor penetration of tanning agents into the structure of the dermis (in the case of thick and dense skin tissue), such a skin defect as a non-produb occurs (in the form of a light strip in the center of the transverse section of the skin).

Non-produb

Types of leather according to the type of raw materials used

Skin of cattle (cattle)

Calfskin- is considered the highest quality and most valuable of the skins. It is used to make shoes, clothes, belts, accessories, furniture upholstery and is an affordable and popular material for making bags. Calfskin is smooth, soft, durable, does not break or form cracks on its surface. Production includes chrome and vegetable tanning. Calfskin bags are very elegant, do not wear out for a long time.

Calfskin, depending on the age of the animal, is divided into the following types:

1. Sklizok- skin of unborn calves. Skin thickness from 1.0 to 1.4 mm. It is used for the production of haberdashery leather.

2. Opoek- skin of calves up to 6 months of age, breastfed. Soft, delicate, elastic, it is considered the most valuable skin. Skin thickness from 0.5 to 1.4 mm.

3. Outgrowth- the skin of calves up to a year old, eating plant foods. The skin is less elastic and soft than opokok. Skin thickness from 0.7 to 1.6 mm.

4. Half-skin- skin of calves under the age of 1.5 years. The skin is tougher, subjected to sawing. Skin thickness from 1.0 to 3.0 mm.

5. Yalovka- the skin of a non-calving cow is more dense and uniform in thickness; surpasses bullock and bullock in quality. The skin of a calving cow is distinguished by a small saddlecloth and large thin floors. Cow skin is 1.2 to 4.0 mm thick. The skin is cut.

6. Bull- skin of a young bull (up to 5.00 mm thick). It is used for the production of shoe and technical leathers.

7. Bull- the skin of castrated bulls. Has a sparse hairline. It is used for the production of shoe, saddlery and technical leathers, rawhide.

8. Buffalo- leather of bulls. It is the thickest and heaviest among cattle skins, has a rough and loose structure. The heaviest and thickest is buffalo skin. Such leathers, due to their thickness and strength, have a long service life, but they are rarely used in production. Compared to bullock, it has thickened floors, collars, rump; more wrinkled skin. It is used for the production of technical leathers and rawhide.

Sheep and goat skins

Sheep skin have a large thickness of the papillary layer of the dermis - from 50% in fine-fleeced to 80% in coarse-haired. Such skins are characterized by low strength and good plasticity. Due to the weak connection between the reticular and papillary dermis, these layers may lag behind. It is used for the production of chevret and haberdashery leather.

Goat skin- durable, soft and thin material with a beautiful measure. Goat skins have a large thickness of the mesh layer (up to 60%), a dense plexus of collagen bundles, which makes these skins dense and durable with a small thickness. Used to make chevro.

1. Chevro(from the French "chevreau" - goat) - leather made from the skins of goats up to 6 months. It is considered one of the most expensive lame-tanned leathers. Very beautiful, dense, elastic chevro leather has a strong structure with an original pattern on the front side in the form of small wrinkles. It is used for uppers of footwear (including children's), haberdashery, clothes, furniture upholstery.

2. Kozlina- the skin of a goat, dressed from an adult.

3. Chevret- leather made from sheepskins by lame tanning. According to the drawing, the measure is similar to a chevro. It is used for the top of shoes, clothes and haberdashery.

Pig skin

Pigskin- the most economical and unpresentable type of leather, differs in appearance and structure from the skin of cattle. Pigskin is now mainly used as a lining material and rarely as a base material. This is due to the fact that pigskin is not elastic enough, gets wet quickly, has a rough and hard surface, and also has a persistent smell. In addition, it is not strong enough, and the ugly perforated texture in the product does not look interesting.

horse skin

Horse skins are not often used in leather goods production. Due to the numerous highly developed sweat and sebaceous glands, the dermis is looser than that of cattle skins. The front is more suitable for making soft leathers; Khaz is used to make tough leather.

1. Sklizok- skins of unborn or stillborn foals. There is almost no hair, the mane is not developed; in properties close to calcining. It is used for the production of haberdashery leather.

2. Foal- the skin of dairy foals is a valuable material. The skin is uniform in thickness and has almost no defects, which is why it is highly valued. It is used for the production of haberdashery leathers and leathers for shoe uppers.

3. Urostok- the skin of foals who ate plant foods.

4. Notch- skins of young horses up to a year old. It is used for the production of leather upper shoes.

5. Large horse stock- up to 400 sq. dm., thickness 1.5-3 mm.

deer skin

Deer skin- very elastic skin, possesses the high durability and thermal protection. Most often, suede material is made from deer skin. It is used for the production of gloves, briefcases, bags, wallets. The warmest gloves are made of deer skin.

Elk skin- elegant, durable, silky to the touch skin, similar in properties to deer, but has a slightly more porous structure. It is used for tailoring men's outerwear and accessories.

camel skin

From the skin of camels, a low-strength leather of low quality is obtained, which is used mainly for leather goods.

Cutting raw materials from finished leathers

In production, leather is cut and has various configurations. This is determined by the size of the hide and the range of finished hides.

- Whole skin.
- Half-leather- half the skin, cut along the spinal line.
- Kulat- a skin with a cut collar.
- Vorotok- part of the skin from the neck, usually has many defects.
- Cheprak- the most valuable part of the skin is the dorsal part, which does not have a floor and a collar. It can be up to 55% by area of ​​the area of ​​the entire skin. It can be divided into "upper saddle" and "lower saddle". Usually used for the production of belts, bags and other products that require a high density of raw materials.
- Croupon- a saddle, cut in the form of a rectangle.

Areas of the skin with the most defects:

- Paws.
- Paula- part of the skin from the peritoneum.
- Flanks- parts of the skin adjacent to the paws from the ventral side.

Horse skin is divided into the following sections:

- Haz- the back of the skin (croup and legs).
- Spiegel- compacted areas of the skin located above the articulation of the pelvis and femurs. Khaza area.
- Front- skin without haz. The most valuable part.

Classification of finished leather by purpose

- Shoe skins.
- Clothing and haberdashery leather- for sewing clothes, hats, gloves, bags, wallets and more. For these purposes, use chevret, husky, suede, cattle skin. By type of tanning - mainly chrome and chromotannide tanned leathers are used.
- Saddle leathers- for human and equestrian equipment. The skin of cattle and pigs is used.
- Technical leathers- for mechanisms (for example, drive belts).

A broader classification includes the following items:

- Leathers for shoe uppers- for these purposes, they use chrome-tanned cattle leather, horse fronts and notches, chevro with various finishes - nubuck, velor, split leather, varnish. For the top of heavy shoes, yuft is used.
- Lining leather- Designed for shoe lining parts. Basically, pig skins are used for these purposes.
-Leather for the bottom of the shoe- are used for the manufacture of insoles and shoe soles. For these purposes, pig skins and cattle skins, as well as horse hazy are used.
- Glove leathers- are produced from sheepskin, goat, pig, dog and horse fronts.
- Furniture leather- for upholstery of furniture, car interiors. Used chrome-tanned cattle leather.
- Parchment- dried untanned skins from cattle skins. It is characterized by high hardness and is used in the manufacture of musical instruments.
- rawhide- untanned skin of cattle, pigs and elks. Used to make horse harness and equipment.

Skin types

There are many classifications of leather, which differ in the type and age of the animals from which they are obtained, as well as in the way they are processed and dyed.

Here are some examples:

bull leather- its thickness, unlike calfskin, is 2.5-5 mm, and the size of the skins can exceed 2.5 sq.m. Traditionally, it is called "saddle-saddle". Initially, it was used for the production of saddles, harnesses and other elements of harness. Currently, bovine is used, as a rule, for the manufacture of denim belts, ethnic-style bags, wardrobe trunks and backpacks. This type of leather is best suited for manual and mechanical embossing. Due to the thickness and strength of leather, products made from it can last almost forever.

bull leather

An example of a bovine leather jacket. The photo shows the thickness of the skin and its characteristic texture.

buffalo leather- according to its main characteristics, it is very close to bovine skin, but the skins have an even larger size and an interesting “coarse-grained” (or “reaped”) texture of the front surface. Resistant to moisture and mechanical damage. Very popular in the manufacture of jackets and accessories for bikers. Unfortunately, this type of skin is not common in Russia.

buffalo leather

Buffalo leather bag.

Cowhide- plastic, elastic, durable leather with an imposing natural texture of the front side. Well perceives various types of dressing, processing and coloring. Allows you to get a significant range of leather materials of various colors and textures, including elite and exclusive ones. It has a wide range of applications, including: tailoring, footwear and haberdashery, furniture upholstery, upholstery and decoration of car interiors, residential and office premises, production of decorative and gift items.

Cowhide

Cow's skin- strong skin, less thickness and stiffness than bull. It has a pleasant natural texture, wear-resistant. It is used for the manufacture of haberdashery, outerwear, shoes and accessories in a moderate price range.

Cow's skin

Women's bag made of cowhide.

Calfskin- thin, soft, plastic, silky to the touch skin, has a natural "breathing" structure, high strength and wear resistance. The characteristics, use and cost of calf leather depend on the age of the animals. The skin of calves of milk age (up to 6 months) - calf - perfectly drapes and keeps its shape, has high elasticity and resistance to deformation. It is used to make high quality clothing and accessories. The skin of calves up to one year of age - an outgrowth - is thicker, less elastic and is used for the manufacture of high quality shoes, bags and other haberdashery and accessories. The toughest and densest skin of calves up to 18 months of age is half-skin. It is used both for the manufacture of high-quality shoes, bags, suitcases and various souvenirs, as well as in interior design.

Calfskin

opoek— Soft, supple leather obtained from the skins of suckling calves. The most valuable skin. The fibers are thin, elastic, dense weave. The hairline of a calf is thicker, thinner and more beautiful than that of an adult animal. The skin of the calf is soft, full, with a beautiful measure.

opoek

outgrowth- the skin of a calf that has switched to vegetable food, changing the primary hairline in the process of molting. The quality of the skin is worse than that of the calf, the interlacing of the fibers is weaker. The finished skin is even, thick, with a beautiful measure, but not as full as the calf. The uppers of shoes and leather goods are made from it.

outgrowth

Pigskin- rather thin and light leather with a characteristic large-pore texture. It takes dressing and coloring well, but does not differ in strength and water resistance. It is used for mass production of inexpensive haberdashery goods, clothing, footwear, accessories, upholstery and lining materials.

Pigskin

Pigskin wallet.

horse leather- rather dense, high-strength leather of medium plasticity, which requires quite a long processing time to achieve quality. It is used for the manufacture of high-quality men's outerwear, hats, shoes, accessories, as well as natural upholstery and lining materials.

Horse leather jacket.

Goat skin- tender and soft, very thin and durable, has a unique wavy pattern, is quite water resistant, retains heat well, is plastic and elastic. Used to make high quality elegant accessories and light outerwear.

Goat skin

Sheepskin (sheep skin)- flexible, soft, elastic skin, with high extensibility. It is perfectly processed and keeps the given form. It is considered one of the best materials for the manufacture of high-quality model clothes, hats and accessories.

Sheepskin

Men's sheepskin jacket.

Buckskin- Leather, in the process of dressing which uses fat extracted from the brain of animals, or other types of fats. The end result is an elastic, durable, velvety material similar to suede. It retains its shape well with frequent changes in temperature and humidity. Perfectly retains heat, protects from wind and moisture. This type of leather is commonly used to make briefcases, handbags, purses and wallets.

Buckskin

Elk skin- elegant, durable, silky to the touch, similar in properties to deer, but has a slightly more porous structure. It is used for tailoring men's outerwear and accessories.

Elk skin

This is how the details of a hunting jacket made of elk skin look like.

Skin of reptiles and exotic animals— very expensive and noble skins. These are skins - crocodile, python, monitor lizard, ostrich, kangaroo. Recently, designers have paid attention to the skin of the eel.

Monitor lizard skin

reptile skin

eel skin

Crocodile skin- characterized by noble beauty, complex, long and laborious processing, strength, elasticity, absolute resistance to moisture and pollution, very high cost. According to raw materials, properties and price, they are divided into: caiman skin - more rigid and less durable; crocodile skin and alligator skin. Shoes, clothes, haberdashery and accessories made of crocodile skin are made mainly by hand, by masters of the highest class and adorn the collections of the world's leading designers.

Crocodile skin

Crocodile leather bag.

Snake skin is smooth and elastic, with fantastic patterns and texture, strong, durable and perfectly accepts various types of dressing, processing and coloring. The most popular leather python and cobra. Snake skin is used to make shoes, clothes and accessories, giving even the smallest item a uniqueness and originality.

Snake skin

Cowboy style snakeskin wallet.

Ostrich skin- dense, plastic, rather strong skin, has a very effective texture of the front surface. One of the most popular materials in the collections of many famous designers. It is used for the manufacture of shoes, outerwear, haberdashery, decor elements and interior decoration.

Ostrich skin

Ostrich leather gloves. The characteristic texture is visible.

Kangaroo skin- plastic and springy, light and durable, has high air permeability and hygroscopicity, perfectly retains its properties and shape in finished products. It is used for tailoring clothes, shoes, including sports shoes, haberdashery and accessories.

Kangaroo skin

Hiking boots made of kangaroo leather.

shark skin- It is considered the most durable among natural leathers, while being light and elastic. In its natural state, it is covered with very hard and sharp scales, which are quite difficult to remove. Shoes, outerwear, haberdashery and various accessories, decorative elements and souvenirs are made from shark skin.

shark skin

Shark skin wallet, handmade.

Stingray skin- has a very attractive fine-grained texture of the front surface, is very durable and difficult to dress and process, but it is waterproof, resistant to dirt and does not require special care. It is used for the manufacture of high-quality outerwear, shoes, haberdashery and accessories, decor elements and even women's jewelry.

Stingray leather

Iphone case made of stingray leather.

Boiled leather vegetable-tanned leather that has been immersed in hot water, boiling wax, or similar substances to increase its strength. Historically, such leather was used as armor due to its hardness and light weight, and was also used for book bindings.

Boiled leather bag.

Krast(Krust) - the general designation of dense leather with a preserved natural front surface, obtained mainly from the skins of cattle. Such leathers undergo chrome or chromium-free tanning and are subjected to covering or through dyeing. To protect against moisture, the front surface of the crust is treated with natural wax, while maintaining the natural breathability of the skin. Krast is used for the manufacture of shoes, haberdashery and office items, furniture upholstery, the manufacture of goods for riding (saddles, harness) and special-purpose goods (sheaths, game-bags, holsters, etc.). Products from trust are durable, with long-term use in places of folds and constant friction, they acquire a darker color (patina) and the effect of natural aging.

Krust

Vegan(Vegan) - crust tanned with substances of natural (vegetable) origin. To obtain a vegan, both cattle skins and pig skin are used, with a thickness of 1 to 3 mm. Designed specifically for the manufacture of carved elements, carving and embossing, which are widespread in subcultures, among bikers, as well as in the manufacture of traditional elements of costume and everyday life of residents of the western United States (belts, game bags, holsters, sheaths, etc.). Vegans are used to make decorative and gift items, accessories and household items in ethnic, "country" and "crazy" styles, elements of traditional costumes, riding goods (saddles, harnesses).

Vegan

Velours(fr. velours - velvet, from lat. villosus - hairy, shaggy) - leather made from pig, less often sheep skins, chrome-tanned with a front surface treated by grinding. Velor is an inverted skin, which has bakhtarma on the outside, and the front side (mereya) on the inside. Sometimes velor is tucked under suede from the wrong side. This material can equally be soft and thin, as well as hard and thick, it all depends on the processing technology. It is used for the manufacture of shoe uppers, clothing and leather goods.

Velours

Gloves made of natural velor.

Suede- fat-tanned leather (i.e. raw skins subjected to preliminary preparation. When tanned, they are impregnated with fats). Serves for the manufacture of shoes, gloves, haberdashery, outerwear, jackets, skirts, as well as a filtering and polishing material. High-quality shoe suede is obtained from the skins of deer calf, outgrowth and Russian short-tailed sheep, technical - from sheepskins of Russian long-tailed sheep, wiping - from the skins of adult deer, Russian sheepskin. Suede has a high ductility and porosity, which makes it highly breathable. Suede is distinguished by its special softness, which it retains not only after soaking in water, but also after washing in soapy water, which is why Suede is also called “washable leather”. This material is less wear-resistant than smooth leather and requires careful maintenance.

Suede

Laika— Thin, soft, elastic skin. In the old days, it was made from dogs - hence the name, now it is mainly made from the skins of lambs and kids with chrome or chrome-fat tanning. The surface of the measure should be perfectly smooth, without wrinkles. Despite the softness and tenderness of the husky, it is quite durable and wear-resistant. It is mainly used for the manufacture of gloves, decorative items and jewelry, much less often - in the manufacture of light shoes and haberdashery. Laika does not tolerate moisture, and after drying it loses its shape and properties. Laika products require proper care.

Laika

Laika gloves.

Nappa— Thin semi-aniline leather made from cattle hides and sheepskins. May have a thickness of 0.5 to 1.0 mm. Nappa leather is an extremely soft and supple material commonly used for high quality wallets, toiletries, haberdashery, various accessories and decorations.

Nappa

Napplac- Lacquered leather. Most often it is lacquered nappa.

Napplac

Nubuck(nubuck) - fine-haired chrome-tanned leather with a front surface polished with fine-grained abrasive materials (for example, sand). It is used for the manufacture of haberdashery, shoe uppers and upholstery of upholstered furniture.

Nubuck is similar to suede, but is made from other types of leather, usually from cattle. Nubuck is less resistant to dirt and greasy faster than suede. Nubuck requires careful attention, especially in the first month of wearing. Nubuck, like a sponge, absorbs any moisture and it will be good if you are especially careful during this period. It passes later. Remember that light-colored nubuck things darken over time, and dark ones lighten. Nubuck is durable and wear-resistant, with proper care.

Nubuck

Distinguish: natural nubuck, artificial nubuck, nubuck-oil.

natural nubuck is made from genuine leather. It has a weak pile on the front surface, which gives the skin a good appearance - it becomes velvety. Genuine leather nubuck has good breathability. The disadvantages of this skin include low wear resistance and the need to care for products. Natural nubuck products must be cleaned with special products.

natural nubuck

Faux nubuck or synthetic is much cheaper than genuine leather nubuck. This is a multi-layer polymer material that has a velvety texture and is similar in appearance to natural nubuck. Synthetic nubuck, unlike natural nubuck, does not absorb water and has a higher wear resistance.

Artificial uh uh

Nubuck oil- this is nubuck, which during the production process was protected from moisture by treating it with fat impregnation. Nubuck is soft and velvety to the touch, while oil nubuck is moist and heavier than regular nubuck. It is more durable and unpretentious than regular nubuck.

Nubuck oil

crazy(Crazy) - Sophisticated leather with an elegant matte face and pull-up effect. Unlike nubuck, after sanding, it undergoes a special stretching treatment and a wax coating. This treatment gives the effect of lightening and "floating" of color in places where the skin is stretched. It is also used for making shoes and as a furniture material.

Crazy

Morocco- high-quality, thin, soft leather of juicy bright colors, vegetable tanned, usually from goat skins, less often from the skins of sheep, calves and foals. It has high strength, resistance to dirt and mechanical damage, has an elegant rich look. It is used for the manufacture of stylish bags and accessories, decorative items, jewelry and elements of national clothing. The secret of its production has been known in Russia since the 12th century.

Morocco

split- natural leather material obtained by mechanical separation - grinding - of natural leather into layers, usually from 3 to 6 layers. Stratification is subjected to chromium and chromium-fatty skins of cattle and pigs. By foliation, front, middle and purl (bakhtarmy) splits are obtained. Thin facial splits are used to obtain high-quality haberdashery and photo leathers. Thick front and middle splits form split velor, which is used for the manufacture of technical footwear, workwear and for the manufacture of furniture leather.

split

Split velor

Cheprak(butt) - heavy, dense, thick skin, developed by fat tanning from cattle skins taken from the back of an animal. This type of product is usually used for leather for both men's and women's belts, as this is the most dense part of the skin.

Cheprak

Shora- Dense, thick skin, developed by fat tanning from cattle skins, is more plastic than saddlecloth.

Shora

Shagreen(eng. shagreen leather, shagreen, fr. chagrin) - a rough and porous type of untanned leather with a decorative convex-grained texture, made from the dorsal part of the skins of horses or kulans and usually dyed green. Shagreen leather these days is usually made from goat and sheep skins.

Shagreen

Galishia(fr. galuchat) - shagreen obtained from stingray and shark skins, which have a natural granular structure. It is used for the manufacture of shoes, outerwear, haberdashery and various accessories, decor elements and souvenirs.

Galishia

Kid(fr. chevreau, eng. kidskin) - Soft, dense, durable leather made by chrome tanning from goat skins. On the surface (more) it has a peculiar pattern in the form of small wrinkles. Used to make gloves, shoe uppers. Also, various haberdashery, decorative elements and souvenirs are made from it.

Kid

chevret(Chevrette) - elastic, viscous, dense and loose leather obtained from young sheepskin by chrome tanning. The pattern of the front surface resembles a chevro, but is much less durable and of poorer quality. It is used for the manufacture of outerwear, shoes and haberdashery. To increase the strength, loose chevret is treated with polymer and other materials. A more durable variety of chevret, better suited for sewing shoes, is obtained from the skins of sheep of coarse-haired steppe breeds.

chevret

Cordovan(Cordovan) - durable, strong, elastic exclusive vegetable tanned leather with a shiny smooth front surface. It is made from separate sections of horse skin by very long manual dressing (about 6 months). Cordovan is waterproof, durable, easy to clean from dirt, retains shine for a long time. Used for tailoring exclusive men's shoes.

Cordovan

The famous Indy boots in cordovan.

Yuft- Thick leather, worked out by fat tanning from cattle skins taken from the belly of an animal. Much softer and more ductile than saddlecloth or shor. It is made from barren or cow raw materials and the skins of one-year-old bulls, with the exception of calf raw materials. After washing and skinning, the raw material is subjected to ashing, washing, trampling and kneading in crushes and drums, cutting, shavings, pushing the face, squeezing in jelly, filling in weak tanning juice and then juice and transfer tanning. Yuft is white, red and black. The best leathers are selected for white yuft.

Yuft

cowhide leather- "Yalovy" in the Slavic languages ​​meant animals that had not yet given birth. Cowhide leather for boots was made from the skins of one-year-old bulls or still nulliparous cows. Such leather was optimal for durable and comfortable shoes. Older or younger animals were not suitable - the delicate skin of calves was still not strong enough, and the thick skins of old cows and bulls, on the contrary, were too hard and heavy to wear.

Cowhide boots

Chromium- Chrome colts made from foal skins are considered chrome foals. This subspecies of leather is produced in very small quantities, since the bulk of the raw material is used for dressing fur. The thickness of the skins ranges from 0.4 to 1.0 mm. This raw material is mainly used for the manufacture of officer chrome boots.

Chrome boots

Kirza- an abbreviation for the Kirov Plant, where they began mass production of these products during the Great Patriotic War, - a dense, durable multilayer fabric. The term is more often used in relation to shoe tarpaulin - a composite material consisting of a multilayer fabric treated with film-forming substances (actual tarpaulin). Used as a leather substitute. The surface of the shoe tarpaulin is embossed to imitate the texture of pigskin. It is mainly used in the production of tops of army boots, as well as for the manufacture of rubberized drive belts, pouches, tablets.

Tarpaulin boots

Aniline leather(aniline leather) - leather dyed with organic dyes with minimal technological processing. It is the highest quality of all leathers. It is characterized by traces caused by nature, such as scars and different color shades. It is this type of leather that is more sensitive and prone to patination (acquisition of an antique look) during operation.

Aniline leather

Smooth skin- made from the highest quality raw materials, not polished. Only hair is removed. The pores of the skin remain in a natural state: the skin "breathes" and, at the same time, the service life of the product is increased. Products made from this type of leather are more durable. In the process of wearing, a natural “patina” appears on the surface of the product and it becomes more beautiful every year. The highest quality furniture and shoes are made from smooth leather.

Smooth skin

brushed leather- the skin is polished and broken down. Sanded on one side where natural pores are present. The other side is smooth. It is used for the manufacture of shoes, haberdashery products, clothing.

brushed leather

embossed leather- leather, in which the pattern on the front surface is obtained by the action of molds or stamps. With the help of embossing, defects and flaws on the front surface of the skin are eliminated. The pattern obtained as a result of embossing can imitate the skin of reptiles (snakes, crocodiles), exotic animals.

embossed leather

Parchment- leather, which got its name from the name of the Greek city of Pergamum. This is untanned leather made from the skins of lambs, goats, and calves. It is used to make musical instruments such as drums, some machine parts, book bindings, and women's jewelry. In the old days served as the main material for writing.

Parchment

Belt leather- smooth leather, which was originally used for the production of pulley driving belts. This type of leather is often used to make briefcases and wallets. It is quite thick, hard and smooth to the touch. Belt leather is the only type of leather used for luxury products that can hold its shape without the need for a frame. This material is heavier than smooth leather.

Belt leather

Leather belt

fish skin— The dressing of fish skin began in ancient times, before it was one of the main materials for sewing clothes and shoes. Fish skin is a material with excellent consumer properties, beautiful and varied texture. Leather is made from fish processing waste and has excellent development prospects. Every skin is good in its own way. Salmon - cellular, carp - shaggy, sturgeon - with spikes and stars. Now fish skin has begun to be used in industrial production, it is used to make: clothes, shoes, various accessories and decor items.

fish skin

Fish skin shoes

patent leather- this is chrome-tanned leather with a lacquer coating or dubbed with a lacquer film, which gives the surface a mirror shine. The quality of patent leather largely depends on the properties of the varnish coating, which must have a certain thickness, the necessary ductility and resistance to repeated bending. Benign patent leather should have a shiny, no sagging film, uniform color. An amazing glossy, shiny finish gives natural patent leather an exquisite originality, but unfortunately, it has poor strength and low resistance to temperature effects. At temperatures below -10°C and above +25°C, patent leather becomes cracked. Patent shoes are not recommended to be worn in bad weather. From dampness and street dirt, the shiny lacquer surface gradually fades and becomes covered with small cracks. Patent leather shoes require special care. Periodically, shoes are lubricated with glycerin, petroleum jelly or castor oil to protect them from premature cracking in heat or frost; patent shoes should be stored wrapped in paper.

Ladies handbag made of genuine patent leather.

Men's boots made of genuine patent leather.

Compiled by: Patlakh V.V.
http://patlah.ru

"Encyclopedia of Technologies and Methods" Patlakh V.V. 1993-2007

The peak of popularity of cowhide (yuft), tarpaulin and chrome boots fell on the period of the last century, but they continue to be relevant in some cases. Today they are in demand among:

• employees of chemically hazardous industries;
• railroad track crew workers;
• electric welders;
• foundry workers;
• participants in the reconstruction of historical events;
• some of the hunters, villagers, etc.

The appearance of tarpaulin, cowhide and chrome boots, in their modern form, fell on the Soviet period and is associated with the appearance of tarpaulin fabric. This thick cotton fabric takes its name from the English word "kersey", which was synonymous with coarse linen, a type of technical fabric. Over time, the pronunciation she received the name familiar to us - kirza. For the production of tarpaulin shoes, a material treated with a film-forming substance applied to a multilayer fabric was used. The cheapness of this leather substitute predetermined its mass use for the production of first military and then special footwear.

Tarpaulin boots

For their time, they were distinguished by enviable wear resistance. In addition, their production cost the state treasury much cheaper than leather shoes. Tarpaulin boots held heat well, which allowed them to be all-season shoes. In the face of a shortage of natural leather, the ability to establish an uninterrupted supply of footwear to troops also played a role in widespread distribution. In conditions of insufficient production of civilian shoes, they could often be seen on ordinary citizens, especially in the post-war period.

Advantages of tarpaulin boots:

• low cost;
• sufficient wear resistance;
• keep the legs from the effects of various deformations and shock loads;
• protection of the feet and shin from the effects of aggressive liquids and
• moisture resistance, including in rough terrain.

Cowhide and yuft boots. Is there a difference?

The use of yuft (calf leather) made it possible to improve the quality, convenience and durability of boots. The latter was made from the skins of cattle, horses and pigs. Despite the rough dressing, it was already a natural material with all its inherent qualities: hygroscopicity, the ability to retain heat, high strength, and hypoallergenicity. The use of yuft affected the comfort of wearing, the skin took on the natural shape of the leg better, which could not be said about the artificial material.

Another name for yuft is “Russian leather”. It goes through several stages of tanning and is produced from the skins of dry (not older than 1-1.5 years) cattle, horses and pigs. The technology of its manufacture changed over time, new methods of tanning were introduced (chromium salts were used), but the quality always made it possible to use it for the production of durable shoes. Cowhide leather, used in their manufacture, was considered optimal for the conditions of hazardous industries, where boots, at that time, had no equal.

GOSTs have been repeatedly developed that regulate the quality of footwear made from yuft. Because of the name of the skin used in the manufacture, yuft boots were called barren. There are practically no differences, except for the thickness of the material, which could differ slightly.

Cowhide leather boots were part of clothing uniforms issued in the Armed Forces, were in demand in rural areas, by workers in hazardous industries. They perfectly preserved the legs of hunters, village workers from cold, moisture and shock loads. Steelmakers used them at high temperatures, where the skin showed its best qualities, effectively removing excess moisture and protecting it from sparks. Welders valued them for their effective dross protection and dielectric properties.

Advantages of cowhide (yuft) boots:

• resistance to various types of deformation;
• protection against ingress of aggressive liquids (gasoline, oil, etc.);
• moisture resistance;
• protection against electric shock;
• available in the skin allow it to "breathe", allowing them to better retain heat;
• hypoallergenicity.

How to distinguish cowhide (yuft) boots from tarpaulin

The first thing you need to pay attention to is the bottom of the boot. Leather is advantageously different from tarpaulin fabric, including in appearance. The naked eye can see its inherent pattern and texture, which differs from the tarpaulin. The latter only undergoes processing in the form of embossing "under the skin", therefore it is less similar to it. Other differences between yuft (yal) boots and tarpaulin boots include:

• they are warmer, due to the better ability of the skin to retain heat;
• dry better after getting wet;
• after a while, the lower part takes the shape of the leg, which makes the sock more comfortable;
• resistance to any kind of deformation, protect the leg from impact;
• in the hot season, cowhide leather removes moisture better, allowing the feet to stay dry;
• high dielectric properties of the skin;
• higher cost (leather shoes always cost more).

Chrome boots

At the beginning of their appearance, they were available to the officers, the Airborne Forces, the military personnel who were part of the guard of honor companies. The leather of chrome boots is very soft, goes through a more thorough dressing and is very beautiful in appearance. Shoes made from it are more elegant than tarpaulin or cowhide. Over time, the situation has changed, the industry produces many models of chrome boots, especially for women, due to their comfort, elegance and beauty.

Differences between chrome boots and cowhide (yuft) and tarpaulin boots

They are rightfully considered the most comfortable of all three shoe options, which predetermined the female interest in them. Other differences include the following:

• undergoes a better dressing compared to barren, in particular, chromium salts are used, which gave the name to the boots;
• the soft leather of chrome boots lends itself better to dyeing, embossing, finishing the front of the leather surface;
• convenience in wearing, due to greater elasticity and plasticity;
• beautiful appearance, due to the fact that they retain their shape better compared to tarpaulin or barren;
• less resistant to prolonged extreme stress than tarpaulin or cowhide, because their skin is thinner.

Beauty and elegance made chrome boots practically unsuitable as special footwear. In terms of their working qualities, they are inferior to barren, yuft and tarpaulin.