Antisocial and criminal youth groups plan. Features of handling polar feelings

Lesson summary.

Lesson topic: “Antisocial and criminal youth groups.”

Course title: Social studies.

Textbook title: Bogolyubov L.N. Social science. Grade 10. Profile level. – M.: Education, 2011.

Lesson type: learning new knowledge.

Lesson form: laboratory lesson.

The purpose of the lesson: to promote the formation of students’ knowledge and skills on the topic “Antisocial and criminal youth groups.”

1. Educational.

Children should know:

Concepts: group, asocial and antisocial youth groups, informal groups, criminogenic groups, conformity, subculture, antisocial subculture, antisocial norms, “hazing”;

Differences between an informal group and a student group;

Types of informal youth groups;

Manifestations of antisocial subculture;

The phenomenon of mutual responsibility;

Features of “hazing”;

Specifics of criminal groups.

2. Developmental.

Children should be able to:

1- work with facts;

2- work with documents;

3- describe, explain, analyze and work with versions;

4- apply knowledge and skills in a social environment.

3. Educational.

Children need to understand the value of:

1- feelings of patriotism;

2- demanding attitude towards oneself;

3- respectful attitude towards classmates;

4- interest in the subject “Social Studies”;

5- conscientious attitude to work.

Intra-course connections: Social studies. Textbook for 6th grade. Ed. Bogolyubova L.N., Ivanova L.F. § 7. Man in a group

Social science. Textbook for 8th grade.
Bogolyubov L.N. etc. § 26 Deviant behavior.

Intercourse connections: History of Russia, XIX century. Textbook for 8th grade. Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G.§ 20. Peasant reform of 1861

Teaching aids: textbook “Bogolyubov L.N. Social Studies. Grade 10. Profile level", PC, multimedia projector, screen, task cards.

During the classes.

Stages, UVZ, UVM, time	Teacher activities	Student activities
1. Organizational. 2-3 min. Psychological task: to provide a normal environment for work in the classroom; psychologically prepare children for communication.	1. Greeting. 2. Determination of absentees. 3. Checking readiness for the lesson. 4. Organization of attention.	1. Greeting. 2. Preparation for the lesson.
2. Stage of preparation for mastering new knowledge. 2-3 min. 1. Introduce the topic of the new material; 2. formulate the goals of the upcoming work.	The teacher announces the topic of the lesson. The teacher, together with the students, sets the goal of the lesson. 1.Informal youth groups. 3.Antisocial subculture. 4. Criminal groups.	Introduction to the topic. Formulation of lesson goals and objectives
3. Stage of assimilation of new knowledge. 25 min. 1. Give students specific ideas on the topic; 2. achieve the perception of new material; 3. formulate a moral attitude on the topic.	1. Informal youth groups. Teacher: “Guys, let’s remember the concept of “group” and why do we unite in them? Do you know what informal groups are? Let's read the paragraph in the textbook and try to formulate the concept. What are the three types of social orientation of informal groups? 2.Criminalization in antisocial groups. Teacher: “Look at the presentation slide and answer the question: What are the ways to criminalize teenage and youth groups? Formulate the definition of a criminogenic group. What is conforming behavior? Read Aristotle's expression. What do you think he wanted to convey to us? 3.Antisocial subculture. Teacher: “Let’s think, what is an antisocial subculture? How can it manifest itself? When studying the history of the 19th century, namely the paragraph of the abolition of serfdom, we came across the term mutual responsibility. Do you think it exists in groups? And does it manifest itself in the same way? We have all heard the word “hazing” many times. And what is it? 4. Criminal groups. Teacher: “What do you think criminal groups are? How are they characterized? Let's remember the definition of crime. Read an excerpt from the book of modern Russian social psychologist I.P. Bashkatov. What are the author’s views on the possible orientation of self-emerging teenage groups? What examples of antisocial actions are contained in the given fragment? What can the group described in the text be called? Justify your answer based on the material in the paragraph.”	UVM1. A group is an association of people who have common characteristics, based on their participation in activities related by a system of relations that are regulated by formal or informal social institutions. The most common reasons that force people to join groups are the following needs: achieving certain goals, strengthening power, ensuring security, communication, self-esteem, obtaining a certain status, etc. By joining groups, people feel stronger and more confident in solving various problems. Bringing people together into groups can also increase the power of its members: what is difficult to achieve alone is much easier to achieve together. An informal group is a spontaneously emerging group of people who regularly interact to achieve a specific goal. Reasons for joining are a sense of belonging, help, protection, communication, etc. Prosocial, antisocial and antisocial. UVM2. The influence of experienced criminals and without the direct influence of experienced criminals. Asocial groups in which crimes are not yet committed, but seem to be ripening, are called criminogenic groups. Conformal behavior is the situational behavior of an individual under conditions of specific group pressure (influence). Aristotle wanted to say that only those who have common interests and views can become friends. Antisocial subculture refers to various manifestations of a criminal lifestyle. The antisocial subculture manifests itself in language (jargon), tattoos, facial expressions, gestures, nicknames, oaths, as well as in clear status and role differentiation. Yes, it exists. It involves mutual concealment, revenue in unseemly matters. “Hazing” is understood as a system of informal rules for entering a new community, determining status, rights and responsibilities, and moving from super-duties to super-rights. UVM4. Criminal groups differ from other social groups in their goals, the specificity of group processes, and their special social danger. They are characterized by a clear orientation towards criminal behavior. A crime is an action that contains elements of a crime and is recognized as such in court. Spontaneous, self-emerging groups of adolescents can adhere to both a socially positive, socially neutral, and antisocial orientation. Theft, humiliating assignment, excesses and offenses, illegal actions. Criminal group.
4. Consolidation stage. 7-10 min. UVZ - consolidate new knowledge in students’ memory, promote their understanding, and develop the necessary skills.	1. Cards with tasks for options (Appendix 1). 2. Write a syncwine.	UVM1. Option 1. 1 t.z.: It all depends on the type of activity for which teenagers unite. Perhaps there could be a reorientation. Point 2: basically, people are forced into antisocial activity psychologically. From here we can say with confidence that society can influence a teenager’s opinion, you just need to find the right approach. Option 2. 1.The longer the group exists, the more selfish crimes are committed; some crimes are committed by minors; Most often, robbery, assault, theft, and hooliganism are committed. 2.Crimes of minors are complex. Mostly crimes of medium gravity are committed. 1. group 2. formal and informal 3. unites, compels, compels 4. an association of people who have common characteristics 5. community
5. Stage of informing about homework. 1-1.5 min. UVZ - inform about homework, provide instructions, interest in homework.	Part 1: §38. Part 2: answer questions from the “Think, discuss, do” section: option 1 – 1.2, option 2 – 3.5. Part 3*: In Sweden, the production of toy weapons - pistols, machine guns, tanks, etc. - has long been discontinued. In this regard, the media stated: “Playing war means learning to resolve all disagreements through violence.” Using your personal social experience and knowledge of the course, formulate and justify your own opinion about such an initiative.	Listen carefully to the teacher. Write down your homework correctly. Ask questions to the teacher.

Annex 1.

Option 1.

The literature suggests that strengthening cognitive interest and involving adolescents in various types of activities can prevent the establishment of habits of antisocial behavior and further reorientation of antisocial groups that have not managed to develop into criminal groups. However, there are researchers who do not share this opinion. They consider the tendency to antisocial activity to be a manifestation of the individual properties of individuals, which society cannot influence. Evaluate these two points of view: which of them corresponds to the humanistic approach to man and his capabilities? Justify your opinion.

Option 2.

Most crimes are committed by minors in groups. Most often, the group commits crimes such as robberies, assaults, thefts, and hooliganism (from 80 to 90%). At the same time, the most stable and long-existing groups commit mercenary crimes, as well as crimes in the form of socially dangerous actions. Draw all possible conclusions from these data. Describe juvenile delinquency based on them.

Above, we examined what the unfavorable conditions of family and school education are that lead to deformation of the personality of a minor. Family and school most often have a so-called indirect desocializing influence, as a result of which maladjusted adolescents cease to assimilate the moral values ​​cultivated by the main institutions of socialization and focus primarily on the norms and values ​​of informal criminogenic groups. Thus, these groups ultimately play a major role in shaping the personality of juvenile delinquents, serving as their reference groups and preferred communication environment. It is no coincidence that most crimes are committed by minors in groups. In particular, as K. E. Igoshev notes, “about 75% of the total number of minors studied committed crimes as part of groups. Most often, crimes such as robberies, assaults, thefts, hooliganism are committed by groups (from 80 to 90%), "At the same time, within the most stable and long-existing groups, selfish crimes are committed, as well as crimes in the form of socially dangerous actions. In general, it would not be an exaggeration to say: juvenile delinquency is a group crime."

And further, the same author rightly notes that the facts of the formation of groups of teenagers and young men in themselves are a natural process. Indeed, it is known that a teenager is characterized by an increased need to communicate with peers; adolescents tend to listen to the opinions of peers more than to the opinions of adults, parents and teachers. This increased desire to communicate is explained by age-related patterns of mental development in adolescence, the main psychological new formation of which is self-awareness, which is formed in communication, in interaction with others like oneself.

Consequently, the danger lies not in teenage communication and informal teenage groups in general, but only in the communities in which the criminalization of minors occurs. To find out what kind of groups these are, it is necessary to dwell in more detail on the characteristics of informal teenage groups.

According to one of the leading researchers of adolescent informal communication, I. S. Polonsky, about 85% of adolescents and young men go through spontaneous group communication. At the same time, the author believes that the organized school community and the spontaneous communication of adolescents differ in a number of parameters. A spontaneous group is prone to self-isolation, extreme isolation from adults, primarily from parents and school. In such groups, a narrow group morality arises, which in a distorted form represents the “adult” norms and values ​​so desired by adolescents.

Based on the nature of their social orientation, I. S. Polonsky divides spontaneous groups into three types:

1) prosocial or socially positive;

2) asocial, standing aloof from the main social problems, locked in a system of narrow group values;

3) antisocial - socially negative groups, 3/5, that is, the majority of the studied teenage associations belong, in the author’s opinion, to prosocial, that is, socially positive and close to this type of association.

Among prosocial groups, it is especially worth highlighting amateur informal groups of youth, which carry a socially significant constructive and transformative principle and have their own goals, objectives, and program of action. These can be environmental, cultural, socio-political, conservation-historical and other programs that voluntarily unite young like-minded people. As some researchers note, the “breeding ground” for criminal teenage groups is not the amateur movement of informal youth, but intermediate leisure groups (“fans”, “rockers”, “lubers”, “metalheads”, sports fans, “breakers”, “ “sweatshirt players”, etc.), which are formed on the basis of the commonality of their aesthetic tastes, commitment to individual musical movements, musical and sports idols, newfangled dances, extravagant fashion, etc. The reason that gives rise to such closed group associations is often excessive regulation, bureaucratization of schools, cultural institutions, art, the lack of teenage leisure centers and interest associations, a “prohibitive” attitude towards youth fashion, and reinsurance. Hence, the best educational and preventive means of preventing the development of such “gustatory” leisure associations into asocial and antisocial groups is the “legalization” of youth hobbies, providing the opportunity for a free choice of leisure activities, opportunities to realize their tastes and interests in teenage clubs and centers , where the guys can feel quite autonomous and independent.

A special group are informal youth associations, where the integrating, unifying core is the way of life, one’s own morality, spiritual values, a unique subculture, paraphernalia, and slang. Such associations and communities are built on the denial of generally accepted morality, on opposing it to a group, often very extravagant subculture. These are, first of all, hippies, punks and highlife artists. If hippies are characterized by complete freedom, including freedom of sexual relations, built on equality and tolerance, rejection of any organization and regulation, then among punks relationships in the community are built on a more rigid principle: internal hierarchy, the ritual of “omission”, cynical attitude towards girls, disdain for the law and the criminal code, reduction in the value of one’s own life.

Highlifers who promote the “beautiful life”, refined manners, a luxurious lifestyle, a comfortable life, connections, career aspirations, also contrast their group subculture with the people around them, whom they classify as second-class, trying in every possible way to limit their contacts with the “dullness”, " cattle."

It would be wrong to see every, even the most extravagant, youth group as potential criminals, to whom it is necessary to apply special preventive measures.

However, it should be noted that group isolation, corporatism, and isolation of youth informal groups that are not included in the system of broader social relations create the preconditions for unfavorable dynamics of group social orientation, “transformation,” and the development of prosocial, leisure associations into asocial, antisocial groups. Thus , the creation of ample opportunities for the realization of various taste preferences in the field of leisure, the independent participation of members of youth groups in organizing their leisure time, sports, art, music and other creativity can be classified as general preventive measures that prevent the possible criminalization of informal groups.

It is especially worth dwelling on the characteristics of antisocial groups in which criminalization directly occurs.

First of all, these groups gather mainly “difficult” teenagers who are isolated in their class groups and, moreover, who are brought up in dysfunctional families. Teenagers with a narrowly egoistic orientation emerge as leaders in these groups. Thus, in asocial groups, due to their isolation from adults and class groups, their own narrow group values ​​and subordination to a leader with an egoistic orientation, serious preconditions arise for the criminalization of minors.

This kind of asocial groups, in which juvenile crimes are not yet committed, but seem to be maturing, are also called criminogenic groups in the literature. Thus, A.I. Dolgova believes that “criminogenic groups are an environment that forms and stimulates the motivation of antisocial behavior.” Members of criminogenic groups, unlike criminal ones, do not have a clear orientation towards committing crimes; the norms of criminogenic groups, although they contradict the official ones, still do not strictly define the behavior of their members as criminals. They, as a rule, create situations of conflict with socially positive moral requirements, less often with legal ones. Therefore, members of criminogenic groups commit most crimes in problematic, conflict situations or conditions favorable for this.

In turn, criminal groups are characterized by a clear orientation towards criminal behavior; they are characterized by illegal norms and prepared, organized commission of crimes. This type of criminal group of minors is quite rare.

Informal teenage groups are not some static, unchanging socio-psychological formations.

They are characterized by their own group dynamics,” a certain development is inherent, as a result of which groups with an asocial orientation can develop into criminogenic or even criminal groups. I. P. Bashkatov suggests, based on the nature of joint activity, which, as is known, determines and mediates relationships in the group , distinguish three levels of development of criminogenic groups.

1. Pre-criminal or antisocial groups teenagers with an orientation toward antisocial activities. These are spontaneous, spontaneously emerging informal groups in the community. They are characterized by aimless pastime, situational socially disapproved behavior: gambling, drunkenness, minor offenses, etc. Members of the group as a whole do not commit offenses, since they do not yet have enough organization and cohesion for this, although individual offenses may already be committed committed. The main activity of such groups is communication, which is based on meaningless pastime.

2. Unstable or criminal groups characterized by the criminal orientation of group value orientations. Drunkenness, debauchery, money-grubbing, and the desire for an easy life become the norm in these groups. From minor, non-criminal offenses, group members move on to more socially dangerous actions. However, there is no pre-prepared and organized criminal activity in these groups yet, but there is already a tendency for individual members to commit crimes. According to the terminology of A.R. Ratinov, these groups are closest to “companies of offenders.”

3. Sustained criminal or criminal groups. These are stable associations of teenagers formed to jointly commit any crimes. Most often these are thefts, robberies, assaults, hooliganism, violent crimes, etc. They already have a clear organizational structure. A “guiding center” is identified - the leader, “preferred” performers. Groups have a system of unwritten laws" of norms and values ​​that are carefully hidden from others. Failure to comply with or violation of these "laws" leads to the disintegration of the group, therefore violators of the "convention" are persecuted and punished. In groups there is a strict dependence of members on each other, the basis of which is a mutual responsibility. Therefore, the quantitative composition of such groups is more or less constant. A crime plan is developed and approved in advance, roles are distributed, and the timing of “criminal” operations is outlined. Group members are often armed with bladed weapons. All this makes such groups the most dangerous, A. R. Ratinov classifies such associations as "gangs", and armed ones as "gangs", although there are no big differences in the plans of their organization and activities. As already noted, among teenagers such stable criminal groups are less common in our country, but still the practice of investigation crimes registers such formations.

Thus, as various studies indicate, spontaneously emerging informal teenage groups, firstly, differ significantly in the degree of their criminalization, in the degree of involvement in criminal activity, which cannot be ignored in preventive and precautionary activities. And, secondly, they are very dynamic in their internal structure, they have their own inherent patterns of development and criminalization, knowledge and understanding of which are necessary for the successful prevention of group crime among minors.

First of all, in criminal groups of minors, attention is drawn to the fact that most often they were created not for criminal activity, but by chance, for spending time together. Thus, according to Ukrainian researchers, 52% of selfish and 63% of aggressive crimes were committed by groups that were not organized for criminal activity. But even specially organized groups committed most crimes without prior preparation.

Such disorganization and situational behavior in the commission of crimes, which characterizes a significant part of criminogenic adolescent groups, forces us to carefully understand the socio-psychological mechanisms that seem to spontaneously lead them to criminal activity.

To do this, first of all, we should consider in more detail the main characteristics of these groups, their composition, who is included in them, what are their norms and other signs of a group subculture, how they are managed, and leadership processes take place.

Informal youth associations as a social phenomenon

Along with children's public associations and organizations, so-called “informal associations of children, adolescents and youth” also function in our society.

Definition: Informal youth association - a unique cultural movement, including a large number of young people, existing for several decades, often having an international character. Informal associations are a way of free self-expression, unlimited manifestation of initiative and uncontrolled (by adults) communication.

They can take on larger or smaller quantitative dimensions, have the character of an unhealthy epidemic, and have both socially significant or indifferent (neutral, not posing a threat to society) and asocial goals. The orientation of informal youth associations is represented by a wide spectrum: from clearly asocial groups to completely harmless and law-abiding ones. Various informal youth associations have their own ideology, specifics of typical activities, symbols of clothing, slang, etc.

Informal youth associations should be distinguished from such related entities as an informal group, an informal group and an informal organization.

Definition: Informal group - a group whose activity is determined primarily by the activity of its members, and not by instructions from any authority. Informal groups play an important role in the lives of children, adolescents and young people, satisfy their informational, emotional and social needs: they provide the opportunity to learn things that are not so easy to talk about with adults, provide psychological comfort, and teach them how to fulfill social roles.

As noted by V.V. Voronov, the less a student is involved in official structures, the more he strives to join “his company,” which indicates the need for developmental contacts and recognition of the value of his personality. Typically an informal group numbers from 3-5 to several dozen people. The contacts of its members are of a clearly personal nature. This group does not always have a clear organization; more often the order is based on tradition, respect and authority. The factors of its unity are likes, habits, interests its members. It has one or more informal leaders. The main form of activity is communication between group members, which satisfies the need for psychological contact.

As a rule, schoolchildren communicate in small contact groups of 5-10 people, often consider themselves to be supporters of one movement or another, which are characterized by different characteristics: age and social affiliation, form of organization, orientation.

Classification of informal groups (non-core level):

Thus, according to the orientation of groups, they can be prosocial, asocial, or antisocial.

For prosocial groups are characterized by socially approved activities, for example, participation in solving environmental problems, protecting monuments, etc. Antisocial groups stand aloof from public issues. They are characterized by the presence of a more or less clearly expressed motive for gathering: to drink alcohol, to sort out relations with a neighboring group, etc.

Antisocial- These are criminal, aggressive nationalist groups. A particular social danger is posed by the obvious growth of nationalist youth and teenage organizations - either informal or hiding behind the guise of “patriotic” activities. Belonging to one or another informal group is often an obligatory element of the socialization process in adolescence. It is by joining one or another peer group that a teenager has the opportunity to master models of interpersonal communication and “try on” various social roles. It is well known that children, adolescents and young people who, due to various reasons, did not have the opportunity to constantly communicate with peers (disability, psychological characteristics of the individual, living in a place distant from people, etc.), later in life experience difficulties in creating a family and in relationships with colleagues, intrapersonal problems, etc. Most members of informal associations, unlike their peers who are not members of such associations, are characterized by maturity in social terms. They are less susceptible to youthful infantilism, independently determine the truth of social values, are more flexible in their behavior in conflict situations, and have a strong-willed character.

The process of the overwhelming majority of adolescents entering one or another informal youth group is a process of consistent satisfaction of basic human needs: the needs for self-affirmation, communication and self-realization.

The informal communication environment is sometimes the only area of ​​socialization for a teenager (especially for a teenager at risk). Often, having difficult relationships in the family or not regularly attending any out-of-school institution, a teenager is forced to join one or another group (cluster), automatically accepting its system of norms and values, which is not always socially positive.

For a very large number of adolescents, value orientations and moral principles preached by a reference group (that is, serving as a role model) are personally significant, and this significance far exceeds “family” and “school” norms and values ​​in the adolescent’s mind. This largely explains the low effectiveness of educational measures on a difficult teenager: in his mind, the negative action he has committed is not such, since it is approved from the point of view of the reference group (for example, rudeness towards a teacher at school is not regarded by him as a violation of norms behavior, but as a feat that will be supported and approved by peers).

There are many classifications of informal youth groups

(level of specialized socio-economic or socio-humanitarian class)

Fradkin classified informal associations according to the following criteria:

1) prosocial, asocial, antisocial;

2) membership and reference groups;

3) large and small (here we are not talking about quantity, but about quality: groups in which all teenagers directly communicate with each other are small, where they cannot communicate - large);

4) constant and random;

7) same-sex and different-sex.

Frolov offers the following classification:

1) by affiliation: in-group (mine), out-group (strangers);

2) by relationships: primary (those in which each member of the group sees the other as an individual), secondary (impersonal);

3) according to the degree of communication: small (where each member of the group is in personal communication with other members of the group), large (in these groups there is no direct communication).

According to A.V. Tolstoy, the classification is presented as follows:

1) socio-political groups. These groups aim to promote certain socio-political views and are non-aggressive;

2) radicals. Representatives of such groups are aggressive, the leaders are mainly from the older generation;

3) environmental and ethical. These groups try to keep the environment clean;

4) lifestyle groups. These groups are united by common interests and values ​​(punks, hippies);

5) non-traditional religious (Satanists, Buddhists, cult groups);

6) interest groups (iconists, philatelists, sports and music fans).

Youth subcultures are not alike, they are all different. They differ in structure and classification.

Among all informal associations, two types can be distinguished, different in their structure:

1) democratic (based on social roles);

Both types of associations are characterized by group dynamics. Group dynamics refers to the interaction of members of social groups with each other.

There are many types of relationships and interactions. TO
processes of group dynamics include: management, leadership,
formation of group opinion, group cohesion, conflicts,
group pressure and other ways to regulate the behavior of group members. A group may report to one or two of its members, but the management process may involve all of its members. These and many other patterns of behavior make up the dynamics of the group.

CRIMINALIZATION IN ASOCIAL GROUPS

Informal associations influence the socialization of adolescents and young people depending on their composition, orientation, leadership style, and most importantly, on the degree of significance for one or another of their members. I.P. Bashkatov identifies four types of criminalized informal associations. Criminal groups differ from other social groups in their goals, the specificity of group processes, and their special social danger. They are characterized by a clear orientation towards criminal behavior. They are distinguished by illegal norms and prepared, organized commission of crimes. Therefore, such groups are also called criminal groups.

The emergence of a criminal group can be partly viewed as a spontaneous phenomenon. Criminal groups are formed, as a rule, by people without specific occupations, who do not work or study anywhere: hooligans, rapists, thieves, drug addicts, tramps who commit various crimes in order to satisfy personal interests and needs.
Gradually, the criminal group moves on to more complex organized groups and the most dangerous form of complicity - criminal communities, the main features of which are cohesion and a goal orientation to commit especially serious crimes, the presence of complex organizational and hierarchical connections with careful secrecy, a system of protective measures, internal counterintelligence, security guards, militants, etc. Organized criminal groups have a collegial leadership body, an information base, charter in the form of a list of informal norms, traditions, laws, sanctions.
Researchers of criminal groups identify in their structure an “inner circle,” consisting of a core, which includes the leader-leader and his closest assistants, as well as an “outer ring,” consisting of ordinary members, or “fellow travelers.” In groups there is always a strict dependence of members on each other. Criminal groups are led by clearly authoritarian leaders who seek to suppress all other members. With their leadership style, they turn other group members into puppets, depriving them of the right to choose, to dissent, and often the right to leave the group. The role of the leader as a kind of “detonator” that triggers the entire mechanism of the formation of a criminal group is obvious. It determines its “specialization”, the scale of criminal activity, and the nature of intra-group relations.
Adults, often previously convicted leaders, involve teenagers and young men in the activities of criminal groups. They use a wide variety of, sometimes very cunning, methods: “profitable” selfish offers, “comradely” requests and obligations, flattering persuasion, advice; the gradual introduction of teenagers and young men to drinking together, and sometimes to debauchery. Blackmail, threats, deception, as well as beatings and torture may be used.

Type I: socially neutral (mischievous) communication groups.

The main types of these groups are self-emerging “mischievous” groups of children and adolescents, formed according to the house, yard or street principle at the place of residence. The main goal of these groups is to satisfy the need for intimate and personal communication with peers, most often expressed in games, in conversations about anything. A characteristic feature of these groups is that the relationships between adolescents in them are not actually mediated by joint activities. There is no preparation for group activities. Immoral actions and misdeeds are committed by individual members suddenly on the initiative of the most mobile and active members of a spontaneously emerging group. There is no intra-group structure either. Interests, norms and values ​​exist only at the personal level and can be both positive and negative. The general direction of activity and communication in these groups is socially neutral, with a tendency to develop in an asocial direction. Much depends on the previous experience of each teenager, on his involvement in socially useful activities. It’s good if teenagers in such informal associations are included in positive socially significant activities, but if yard and street groups of teenagers find themselves outside the control of adults, schools and public organizations, and left to themselves, then we can confidently say that they will develop along criminogenic lines. ways.

Type II: pre-criminal or asocial imitation groups .

These are asocial groups of teenagers and young men who were formed on the basis of an imitative interest in foreign rock music, “heavy metal” - a group of “metalheads”; technology - groups of “night motorcyclists-rockers”; politicized fashion - groups of "hippies", "punks", "blackshirts" and "brownshirts"; groups of sports fans - “fans” and others. The nature of their group activity is asocial and has an intimate and personal bias. The main thing for teenagers is to be noticed, to be distinguished from adults and peers. Therefore, everyone, to the best of their strength and capabilities, tries to stand out and attract attention: some with clothes, some with hairstyle, some with behavior, some with knowledge of technology, music, etc. Most often, their joint activities are of a hooligan nature, resulting in a violation of public order. Individual members of groups can commit more serious crimes: use, sale and storage of narcotic substances, theft of personal and state property, etc. But these crimes are not group crimes, since they are not committed by the entire group, but only by individual members. Behavior deviating from moral norms and an asocial orientation in outlook on life indicate that these groups are on the verge of illegal activities. If preventive measures aimed at preventing the emergence of pre-criminal groups are not taken in a timely manner, then they will soon develop into unstable criminal groups.

Type III: unstable criminal or antisocial groups. The main types of these groups are groups of hooligans, thieves, rapists, tramps, drug addicts, substance abusers, etc. Utilitarian interests and inclinations, base needs of group members are satisfied in antisocial or criminal ways. Members of such groups already commit crimes in full force and immediately disintegrate. But over time, groups can meet again. The leader and the antisocial core of the group are clearly identified, around which the remaining members rally. The distribution of rights and responsibilities is noticeable. A characteristic type of activity is antisocial behavior and the commission of various crimes in order to satisfy base personal interests and needs. If unstable criminal groups are not identified in a timely manner and preventive measures of corrective labor and medical treatment are not applied to them, then they can develop into stable criminal groups.

IV type: stable criminal or criminal groups.

These are stable associations of teenagers, which, as a rule, are well organized. The successful commission of crimes is facilitated by the high preparedness of criminal groups for illegal actions. They show a clear organizational structure. The quantitative composition of stable criminal groups is more or less constant. A “guiding center” is identified - the leader, preferred and performers. These criminal groups have their own “laws,” norms and values, which are carefully hidden from others. Failure to comply with or violate these “laws” leads to the disintegration of the group, so violators are prosecuted and punished. In groups there is always a cruel dependence of members on each other, mutual responsibility. The activities of such a group are clearly negative and antisocial in nature. Today in our country there are tens of thousands of informal youth associations of various directions, the activities of which are impossible to monitor. The attitude towards informal youth associations is ambiguous.

Antisocial youth subculture

The antisocial youth subculture stands out in the general mainstream of the youth subculture as a negative socio-psychological phenomenon, reflecting a specific way of life of a group, morally and psychologically isolated and alienated from other groups. In a broad sense, an antisocial subculture refers to all negative socio-psychological manifestations of people’s activities, relationships and communication; in a narrow sense - norms, values, traditions, customs, habits, and lifestyle of offenders.

Elements of such a subculture are concentrated in criminal groups and other closed and semi-closed communities. The signs of an antisocial subculture include its secret nature, the negative attitude of group members towards generally accepted rules, a system of attributes and symbols that are mandatory for all carriers of the subculture.

The emergence of an antisocial subculture is associated with the stratification of society, the economic inequality of people, which creates differences in many spheres of life. One of the reasons for such a subculture is the discrepancy between the ideals publicly proclaimed in society and the real means of achieving them. The shortcomings of the education system, the decline in the role of the school as a center of personal socialization, cause adolescents to strive to compensate for the missing activities with spontaneously occurring informal leisure. As a result, young people often fall under the influence of an antisocial environment, in which they develop values ​​that conflict with universal values, and develop interpersonal relationships that alienate a person from society.

An unfavorable situation in the family can be considered as the reason for the formation of an antisocial subculture, when a teenager tries to compensate for the lack of interpersonal communication with loved ones in antisocial groups that are able to take into account his needs and, in turn, use all means to alienate the teenager from his family and society.

Various concepts are also being developed that try to explain the causes of antisocial subculture. Some theorists see the origins of the antisocial subculture in the residual effect of criminal laws and traditions; others proceed from the characteristics of the sexual isolation of people in closed communities; Still others consider the conflict between the individual and society to be the main factor of inequality.

In the subculture, a system of subordination of rights, responsibilities, means and methods of communication develops. Signs of a subculture can be both verbal means - jargon, nicknames, shouting, whistling, etc., and non-verbal ones - specific fashion, tattoos, facial expressions, etc. Among members of antisocial groups, all kinds of “oaths”, “registrations”, etc. are common. With the help of signs, such individuals inform others about their isolation. Signs represent a kind of indicator of a person’s popularity and authority. They can also act as a specific means of self-expression for subculture carriers. The degree to which members of informal associations master the elements of a subculture varies and depends on the place that a particular member occupies in it. There is a special stratification of community members. (mostly developed in relation to the criminal world, but typologically similar strata are also inherent in other antisocial groups). Depending on the role functions, rights, responsibilities and privileges of group members, 6 strata (steps in the subculture hierarchy) can be distinguished. “Authorities” are the actual leaders of groups, usually older and more experienced. They ensure the cohesion of their communities, control the behavior of their participants, apply repressive sanctions to violators of the laws of the subculture, etc. Their “authority” is based on knowledge of the rules of the subculture, the ability to violate generally accepted norms with impunity, and on connections with the criminal environment. Those “close” to the leaders are their advisors and executors. “Hard workers”, “men” are persons who have received a certain authority, who know the rules of the subculture, but do not always adhere to them. “Preferred” are persons who have passed the probationary period, been accepted into the association and received some privileges. Among them there are already teenagers who have distinguished themselves in front of the community. “Rejected” - persons who have not completed the probationary period, the so-called. “sixes” who are obliged to do any work. “Outcasts” and “offended” are powerless objects of bullying and exploitation. The transition from lower to higher levels is the desired goal of each group member and requires significant effort.

Such stratification allows leaders to keep their subordinates in obedience. Teenagers who find themselves in antisocial associations turn out to be the most defenseless due to lack of experience and physiol.-psychol. characteristics of your age. An antisocial environment has a particularly negative impact on the development of the personality of a teenager and young man, destroys the moral foundations of behavior, and forms a character deprived of independence and a sense of self-respect.

The position of a teenager in an antisocial subculture also depends on the orientation of the group and the length of its criminal activity. Group norms are divided into prohibitive, obligatory and regulating; Each norm has a clear disposition and provides for strict sanctions for its violation: deprivation of status and transfer to lower levels of the hierarchy, violence, blackmail, expulsion from the community. Group norms act as personifications. factors that create a traumatic situation for a teenager’s personality.

Conclusion:So, drawing a conclusion, we can say that the concept of “youth subculture” is defined in different ways: for V.T. Lisovsky it is the culture of a certain young generation, and N.G. Bagdasaryan defines it as a system within a general system and L.A. Karpenko designates it as a community consisting of adolescents and young people, and characterized by a number of integral features. Thus, based on these characteristics, the type of youth subcultures that have their own negative and positive qualities is determined.

The classification of informal groups is also not unambiguous. This indicates that informal groups of youth are diverse and each has its own characteristics and structure.

Literature: Gernet M.H., In prison. Essays on prison psychology, M., 1925; Wieligura B., Human functioning in conditions of prison isolation, Poznan, 1974; Struchkov N. A., Pirozhkov V. F., Asocial subculture and its prevention, “Corrective Labor Institutions,” 1982, No. 20; II and p about zh to about in V. F., Prevention and overcoming social negative phenomena among vocational school students, M., 1988; Gurov A.I., Prof. crime: past and present, M., 1990; Bashkatov I.P., Psychology of groups of juvenile offenders, M., 1992. I.P. Bashkatov.

As you already know from the previous paragraphs, groups have the power to enhance what is within us and create something greater than what an individual is capable of on his own. In a group, runners run faster and spectators laugh louder. Intellectual students, communicating with intellectuals like them, mutually enrich themselves. Young people prone to crime communicate with each other, and this leads to an increase in their antisocial orientation. Depending on what manifestations the group strengthens or suppresses, it can either benefit or harm the individual.
In this paragraph we will mainly talk about groups that harm both the individual and society - asocial and antisocial groups. Such groups are studied by psychologists, sociologists, lawyers, and teachers. The subject of special attention are antisocial And antisocial youth groups.

INFORMAL YOUTH GROUPS

Many teenagers and young men, for various reasons, cannot satisfy their interests and needs in student groups. They are willing to join informal groups that exist outside of school. Some seek support and participation in such a group, others try to assert themselves, others lack emotional involvement and unity with the group, others find it important to command and dominate others, others are brought to an informal group by academic failures and conflictual relationships with classmates, teachers and parents. Domestic teacher S. T. Shatsky (1878-1934), describing associations of “street boys,” said that these associations “are good because they are free, mobile, in close contact with life and diverse.” Such groups provide young people with the opportunity to be together, communicate, belong to an association where they are guaranteed psychological, moral, and physical protection.

Informal groups that arise outside of school differ from student groups in their tendency to self-isolate, extreme isolation from adults, primarily from parents and teachers.
Based on the nature of their social orientation, there are three types of informal youth groups:
1) prosocial, or socially positive;
2) asocial, standing aloof from the main social problems, locked in a system of narrow group values;
3) antisocial, or socially negative, criminal groups.
An example of pro-social groups are amateur informal groups of youth that have socially significant goals, objectives, and an action program, for example, environmental, cultural, historical preservation, sports associations, social support groups (for example, for the disabled), clubs of experts like “What? Where? When?" and etc.
The second type of group is represented by informal youth associations, where the unifying core is a unique way of life and their own norms. Such associations are built on the denial of generally accepted morality, opposing group values ​​to it. Eg, punks allow a cynical attitude towards girls, a disdainful attitude towards the law, a decrease in the value of their own life; rockers during group night rides on motorcycles, they violate not only the peace of sleeping citizens, but also traffic rules; sports fans often ready to get into a fight with fans of another team. In antisocial yard groups“difficult” teenagers and young men who are isolated from family and school often gather. Some of them unite after leaving home for groups of tramps And beggars.
The isolation of antisocial groups and their own narrow group values ​​create serious preconditions for the criminalization of young people and their transition to antisocial groups.

CRIMINALIZATION IN ASOCIAL GROUPS

Asocial groups in which crimes are not yet committed, but seem to be ripening, are called criminal groups.
Members of criminogenic groups, unlike criminal groups, do not have a clear orientation towards committing crimes, but often commit them in problematic, conflict situations or under favorable conditions for this.
In all informal teenage groups, leadership processes are quite clearly visible. The authority of a leader rests on respect for experience, “experience,” strong-willed qualities, and often physical strength. Isolated from the outside world, groups with narrow group values ​​are easily susceptible to the negative influence of leaders who are ex-criminals. They are captivated by the false romance of the criminal world, a sense of permissiveness and an easy attitude towards moral values, law, and life.
The influence of experienced criminals is one of the ways of criminalizing adolescent and youth groups.
Another way is without the direct influence of experienced criminals, due to internal socio-psychological mechanisms and patterns of group development. Let's look at some of them.
First of all, we note that the conditions of an informal youth group enhance the manifestation of conformity. The more readily the members of a group place themselves at its disposal and the more satisfaction their unity with others brings them, the more pronounced it becomes conformal behavior.(Remember what it is and in connection with what phenomena of group activity you studied it.) In addition, there is another mechanism of influence in the group - social “contagion”, manifested as excitement fueled by others, the loss of restraining mechanisms. It's hard to imagine a rock music fan screaming alone during a concert for a small audience, but no one would be surprised by a screaming band at a gala concert. Through social “contagion,” groups also strengthen the aggressive tendencies of individuals and set in motion mechanisms of deindividuation—the loss of a person’s own “I.” For example, one of the rockers declares: “We are not people, we are animals on motorcycles. We love fast driving and girls. Nothing else".
The “us” – “them” distinction, which we talked about as one of the important characteristics of a group, in criminogenic groups begins to be replaced by the opposition “us” - “strangers”. If you are “one of our own”, then you should be like “one of our own” in everything: in clothes, style of behavior, moral principles. Imitation (and this is also the result of group influence) in youth groups often takes on the character of an epidemic. This is noticeable, for example, in the passion for pop music, discos, group symbols, music, and sports fanaticism.
From various films, and perhaps from your own experience, you know groups of schoolchildren who systematically harass their weaker classmates. In Scandinavian countries, such groups are given a special name - “packs”. The "pack" phenomenon is a noticeable phenomenon in informal youth groups. The “flock” completely obeys the leader and trusts his opinion. In a “pack”, a teenager easily commits delinquency and even crime, as evidenced by facts of group vandalism, hooliganism and other crimes. They note that crimes in the “pack” are committed with particular cynicism. The mechanism of competition is turned on: who will invent more sophisticated methods of bullying the victim. This phenomenon in criminology is called group eclipse of consciousness or group blinding.
More cultural and intellectually developed young people suffer first from conformity. The lower the intellectual level of an informal community, the more intolerant its members are of individual differences. Immoral young people seek to bring the morality of others in the group down to their level. The lower the culture of adolescents and young men, the faster they form a “pack”, the more conformity they exhibit, the more aggressive they are towards those who are different from themselves.

The effect of socio-psychological mechanisms of criminalization is aggravated by alcohol, leading to the removal of social control, “switching off” conscious regulators of behavior. In addition, an additional motive for criminal acts arises, which is to search for funds to purchase alcohol. Thus, initiation into alcohol significantly increases the crime risk of adolescents and young adults. More than 80% of crimes in our country are committed by young people while drunk. And among those convicted of aggressive crimes, the percentage of those who committed them while drunk reaches 90%.

ANTI-SOCIAL SUB-CULTURE

The term “antisocial subculture” is usually used in a broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, it is understood as all the socio-psychological characteristics of behavior that contradicts social norms. In a narrower sense, antisocial subculture refers to various manifestations of a criminal lifestyle. These include a hidden, secret nature; opposition to existing norms in society; rejection of socially useful goals of activity; the presence of immoral, illegal group norms and sanctions. The antisocial subculture manifests itself in language (jargon), tattoos, facial expressions, gestures, nicknames, oaths, as well as in clear status and role differentiation.
Antisocial norms are aimed at highlighting the leaders and their superiority, as well as at forming a perverted understanding of the principles of morality and moral concepts. Courage is distortedly understood as risk and bravado, demandingness - as pickiness, friendship and camaraderie - as concealment and misrepresentation, compassion - as a sign of weakness, unworthy of a real man. A person ceases to be the highest value and becomes a means. Labor ceases to be the only source of achieving well-being and a criterion for assessing personality. Other sources and methods of acquiring all kinds of benefits are no longer perceived as illegal and immoral. Universal human values ​​are replaced by the values ​​of the criminal world, where life is a “penny”, work is not valued, status depends not on the level of education and knowledge, but on compliance with the rules and laws of the antisocial group.
A special phenomenon of antisocial subculture is mutual responsibility, implying mutual concealment, revenue in unseemly matters. The biggest “misdemeanor” is considered to be honest confession and surrender of accomplices in court or to a commission for juvenile affairs, unwillingness to take all the blame on oneself and shield the leader. Those who commit such an “offense” are subjected to humiliation and often become targets of violence. Under the influence of mutual responsibility, juvenile offenders and young people often demonstrate “inflexibility” in court, which is used by more experienced criminals to evade responsibility.
The antisocial subculture has its material basis in the form of a “common cauldron.” The “common pot” was widespread in pre-revolutionary tsarist prisons; with its help, prisoners ate together and distributed things among themselves. In modern conditions, on the basis of a “common pot”, offenders are united. The group’s desire to replenish the “common pot” pushes it to commit crimes, extortion and extortion from people who are not members of this group. The principles of distribution from the “common pot” reflect rights to material goods in accordance with the status occupied in the group.
One of the elements of relationships in an antisocial subculture is placing the debtor on the “counter”. The "counter" is turned on when the "debtor" has an actual or imaginary debt that he cannot repay. By paying off the “debt”, he turns off the “counter”. The actual debt is created “openly”, by lending a certain amount of money or some thing, and “in secret”, by treating him to alcoholic beverages, drugs, cigarettes, delicacies, etc. For example, a creditor treated a teenager to cigarettes at a discotheque, and through for several days he announced: “Repay the debt for cigarettes.” At the same time, he determined the size of the debt based on his own considerations, and not on the basis of the real price of cigarettes. “If you don’t pay it back today, I’ll turn on the counter.” Tomorrow you will pay double the amount. And every day overdue the amount will double.” This is how the debtor becomes dependent. An imaginary debt arises from intra-group collections. For example, a high-status member of a group can impose an “alcohol,” “holiday,” or “disco” tax on low-status members. If someone has not paid, a “counter” is turned on. When dealing with those who have not paid the “meter”, teenagers and young men are often more creative than adult criminals.
In an antisocial subculture, newcomers are always perceived as “outsiders.” They become “ours” after a probationary period. The system of relations towards newcomers in an antisocial subculture is called “hazing.”
“Hazing” is understood as a system of informal rules for entering a new community, determining status, rights and responsibilities, and moving from super-duties to super-rights. The legislators of these norms are old-timers, or “grandfathers”. Hence the name of this phenomenon.
The history of “hazing” goes back to the time of Peter I, when, according to the military regulations, an experienced old-timer mentor - an “uncle” - was assigned to each recruit. He was given responsibility for preparing the recruit for battle. For this, the recruit had to serve the “uncle” - clean his weapons, wash his uniform.
Over time, “hazing” took on a negative connotation. Its signs are noticeable in descriptions of the barracks of the royal military schools and cadet corps. She found herself in a special form of group pressure on the newcomer wherever there was a closed or semi-closed community of people, there was a barracks type of residence: in boarding schools, special institutions for juvenile delinquents, army units. In any closed or semi-closed group, hazing is a serious problem.
In some US military academies, hazing is actually legalized - junior cadets are required to unconditionally follow any orders of senior students. In the modern Russian army, it sometimes takes on sophisticated forms and turns into a cruel violation of human rights. In the army, hazing comes down to an informal hierarchy of military personnel depending on length of service, with a corresponding set of rights and responsibilities for each category. The psychological basis of “hazing” is the difference in status in the group of “newcomers” and “grandfathers.”
A report by the international organization Human Rights Watch on the state of affairs in the Russian army, published in 2004, quotes the words of one of the “grandfathers”: “When we arrived here as recruits, no one pitied us, we were slaves for our grandfathers, we were beaten more than today's newcomers... And we didn't complain, we didn't run away, we later became friends with our grandfathers. Now it's our turn." The rule is: “I treat my neighbor the way I was treated.” By humiliating newcomers, the “grandfathers” are getting rid of their own past humiliation.
Hazing is contrary to Russian and international laws. Many facts of its manifestation become the subject of consideration in court. Measures to combat its manifestations are taken by military authorities, unit commanders, and the military prosecutor's office of the Russian Federation. Helplines, consultation centers, inspections of military units are being organized, and interaction with public organizations is being established.

CRIMINAL GROUPS

Among the carriers of the antisocial subculture, they are especially dangerous criminal groups. Criminal groups differ from other social groups in their goals, the specifics of group processes, special public danger. They are characterized by a clear orientation towards criminal behavior. They are distinguished by illegal norms and prepared, organized commission of crimes. Therefore, such groups are also called criminal in groups.
A crime as a legal fact is actions that contain elements of a crime and are recognized as such in court. You will also study crime and crime as manifestations of deviant behavior in the 11th grade course. Now we touch on crime only in the light of the activities of criminal groups and pay attention to the socio-psychological aspects of this phenomenon. From a psychological point of view, a crime is a fact that is characterized by a feeling of guilt and responsibility, regardless of whether this event is given a legal assessment. In this sense, we can talk about crime from the perspective of the Russian writer F. M. Dostoevsky (1821-1881) and his famous work: crime is a conflicting way of satisfying needs and achieving goals.
The emergence of a criminal group can be partly viewed as a spontaneous phenomenon. Criminal groups are formed, as a rule, by people without specific occupations, who do not work or study anywhere: hooligans, rapists, thieves, drug addicts, tramps who commit various crimes in order to satisfy personal interests and needs.
Gradually, the criminal group moves on to more complex organized groups and the most dangerous form of complicity - criminal communities, the main features of which are cohesion and a goal orientation to commit especially serious crimes, the presence of complex organizational and hierarchical connections with careful secrecy, a system of protective measures, internal counterintelligence, security guards, militants, etc. Organized criminal groups have a collegial leadership body, an information base, charter in the form of a list of informal norms, traditions, laws, sanctions.
Researchers of criminal groups identify in their structure an “inner circle,” consisting of a core, which includes the leader-leader and his closest assistants, as well as an “outer ring,” consisting of ordinary members, or “fellow travelers.” In groups there is always a strict dependence of members on each other. Criminal groups are led by clearly authoritarian leaders who seek to suppress all other members. With their leadership style, they turn other group members into puppets, depriving them of the right to choose, to dissent, and often the right to leave the group. The role of the leader as a kind of “detonator” that triggers the entire mechanism of the formation of a criminal group is obvious. It determines its “specialization”, the scale of criminal activity, and the nature of intra-group relations.
Adults, often previously convicted leaders, involve teenagers and young men in the activities of criminal groups. They use a wide variety of, sometimes very cunning, methods: “profitable” selfish offers, “comradely” requests and obligations, flattering persuasion, advice; the gradual introduction of teenagers and young men to drinking together, and sometimes to debauchery. Blackmail, threats, deception, as well as beatings and torture may be used.
The more complex the crime, the longer it takes to prepare. Crime plans are developed in advance, roles are assigned, and results are summed up. These groups often use weapons when committing crimes.
Criminal communities are difficult to detect, as they are able to disguise themselves, attempt legalization in various areas of business, infiltrate government structures, and develop systems of protective measures.
According to modern researchers V.M. Bykov and L.N. Ivanov (Law and Politics. - 2001. - No. 1), every third criminal case contains signs of a crime being committed by an organized criminal group.
The exposure and subsequent verdict of the court or the decision of the commission on juvenile affairs suppress the criminal activities of one or another criminal group, but, as a rule, do not eradicate the criminogenic orientation of its members, and often increase their tendency to illegal aggressive behavior.
Basic concepts: informal youth groups, antisocial subculture, criminal groups.
Terms: criminal groups, hazing.

1. Why should you choose wisely and consciously when choosing which group you want to join and influence?
2. Using convincing arguments, confirm or refute the statement of one of the representatives of legal psychology: “Groups of adolescents left to themselves are the most reliable predictor of crime growth.”
3. It has been noticed that when two fifteen-year-old teenagers who are capable of delinquency are neighbors, they come together and create more mischief than either could do separately. Explain why this happens.
4. In Sweden, the production of toy weapons - pistols, machine guns, tanks, etc. - has long been discontinued. The media in this regard stated: “Playing war means learning to resolve all disagreements through violence.” Using your personal social experience and knowledge of the course, formulate and justify your own opinion about such an initiative.
5. Express and justify your attitude to the statement of one of the researchers: “Killing a person in the future will be considered the same disgusting act as cannibalism is considered today.”

Work with the source

An excerpt from a book by modern Russian social psychologist I.P. Bashkatov, who has studied asocial and criminal groups of adolescents and youth for a long time, is presented.

<...>Spontaneous, self-emerging groups of adolescents can adhere to both a socially positive, socially neutral, and antisocial orientation. Everything will depend on the leader, the degree of his social and pedagogical neglect, on his outlook on life, on the relationships being built with group members and teachers. In addition to the leader, the group includes persons occupying second and third places. They are distributed according to the degree of authority. And if there can be several second and third numbers in a group, then there is only one leader. Nobody makes this stratification of roles and positions. It depends on the individual qualities of the teenager, on the one hand, and the socio-psychological characteristics of the group, the level of its development, on the other. The self-affirmation of a teenager’s personality in a group depends on these reasons, which is expressed in the fact that he strives to occupy a position that provides him with respect, recognition, help, and support. The “rejection” of individual group members is persistent. They are the subject of ridicule, sometimes bullying. In the group, they most often act as a “jester”, a “scapegoat” and are constantly dependent on the most popular members. Leaders can use them for their own selfish purposes: force them to steal something, carry out a humiliating task, etc. Their rejection occurs due to their personal qualities, physical or mental inferiority. With direct or indirect instigation of leaders, “outcasts” can provoke various excesses and offenses, illegal actions on the part of other persons.
Questions and tasks: 1) What are the author’s views on the possible orientation of self-emerging teenage groups? 2) What factors, according to the author, determine the stratification of roles and positions in a group? Name the roles and positions indicated in the text. 3) What examples of antisocial actions are contained in the given fragment? 4) What can be called the group described in the text? Justify your answer based on the material in the paragraph.

Presentation on the topic: Antisocial and criminal youth groups.

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Presentation on the topic: Antisocial and criminal youth groups.

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Assessments of the behavior and personality traits of a teenager and young man are given from the standpoint of controllability, the degree of obedience, if one may say, its “convenience” for teachers. Assessments of the behavior and personality traits of a teenager and young man are given from the standpoint of controllability, the degree of obedience, if one may say, its “convenience” for teachers.

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NOMs (informal youth associations) never set anything “from above; NOMs (informal youth associations) never set anything “from above; They are completely autonomous and do not fit into higher order structures.

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Ingroups are groups with which a young person identifies himself. Ingroups are groups with which a young person identifies himself. Outgroups are groups from which a young person separates himself and feels different. According to the specific behavior of group members, they are distinguished: prosocial; asocial; antisocial. Prosocial – groups that do not pose a threat to society, are positive and helpful. Asocial - they criticize some of the foundations of society, but this confrontation is not extreme. Antisocial - not only criticize social orders and foundations, but also strive to destroy them.

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Politicized subcultures – actively participate in political life and have a clear ideological affiliation; - politicized subcultures - actively participate in political life and have a clear ideological affiliation; - ecological and ethical subcultures – are engaged in the construction of philosophical concepts and fight for the environment; - non-traditional religious subcultures - mainly a passion for Eastern religions (Buddhism, Hinduism); - radical youth subcultures - characterized by organization, the presence of older leaders, and increased aggressiveness (criminal youth groups, skinheads); - lifestyle subcultures - groups of young people forming their own way of life (hippies, punks); - subcultures based on interests - young people united by common interests - musical, sports, etc.; - the subculture of “golden youth” - typical for capital cities - focused on leisure activities (one of the most closed subcultures).

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amateur associations that have a program and conduct useful work; organizationally established communities (there is a structure, membership fees, elected leadership); amateur associations that have a program and conduct useful work; organizationally established communities (there is a structure, membership fees, elected leadership); actually informal (addressed primarily to the leisure sector).

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blurred moral standards, criminal values ​​and attitudes; blurred moral standards, criminal values ​​and attitudes; Such associations may include punks, hippies, metalheads, hooligan "gopniks", drug addicts, pro-fascist communities, etc. Sometimes non-criminal groups (rockers, metalheads, fans, etc.) develop into criminal ones.

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the formation of a perverted understanding of the principles of morality, moral concepts: the formation of a perverted understanding of the principles of morality, moral concepts: Courage is distortedly understood as risk and bravado, demandingness - as pickiness, friendship and camaraderie - as concealment and non-reporting, compassion - as a sign of weakness, unworthy of a real man. A person ceases to be the highest value and becomes a means.

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The criminal subculture does not like publicity. The life activities of persons belonging to asocial and criminal groups are largely hidden from the eyes of teachers and adults. The criminal subculture does not like publicity. The life activities of persons belonging to asocial and criminal groups are largely hidden from the eyes of teachers and adults. The norms, values ​​and demands of this subculture are demonstrated only if there is no opposition to them.

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1. Painting/design - "Graffiti" - "scratched" wall paintings and drawings; 1. Painting/design - "Graffiti" - "scratched" wall paintings and drawings; 2. Dance style - "Break dance" ("break dance"), a dance unique in its plasticity and rhythm, which laid the fashion for the entire culture of hip-hop - sportswear; 3. Musical style - "Rap" ("rap") rhythmic recitative with clearly defined rhymes and musical rhythm set by the DJ. Rap has three classifications: "fast rap" (one rapper talking to another); "life" rap (often contains obscenities); "commercial rap" (hip-hop, r`n`b and dance rap).

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Plus size clothing is welcome. There are two versions of why this is part of fashion: Plus size clothing is encouraged. There are two versions of why this is part of fashion: 1. The clothes of prisoners in the USA used to be made large to fit prisoners of different sizes; 2. Adult brothers or fathers handed over their worn clothes, which were large in size, to the younger ones. Often, rappers' shirts hang down to their knees, and their sliding jeans touch the floor. However, the clothes must be clean; they are distinguished only by careless bagginess. Beanies, backwards baseball caps, waist-length backpacks, chains, sports jackets, T-shirts - all these are the obligatory gadgets of a young rapper.

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Goths are representatives of the gothic subculture, inspired by the aesthetics of the gothic novel, the aesthetics of death, gothic music and consider themselves to be part of the gothic scene. Goths are representatives of the gothic subculture, inspired by the aesthetics of the gothic novel, the aesthetics of death, gothic music and consider themselves to be part of the gothic scene. Representatives of the movement appeared in 1979 on the wave of post-punk.

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Black (or dark, hereinafter simply black) or black with elements of other colors (mostly red) clothes; - black (or dark, hereinafter simply black) or black with elements of other colors (mostly red) clothes; - black long hair. The face is unnaturally pale (using powder); - high lace-up shoes, boots or other informal shoes (New Rock, Swear); - black corset, tight-fitting black arm ruffles and black maxi skirt (for girls), antique clothing, bell-shaped sleeves, leather clothing (depending on belonging to one or another branch of the subculture); - black bandages on the hands (wrists); - studded collar; Contact lenses stylized to resemble animal eyes or simply imitate a colorless iris.

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Mopey Goths are individuals who are constantly depressed, mostly withdrawn, and are said to “take life too seriously”; Mopey Goths are individuals who are constantly depressed, mostly withdrawn, and are said to “take life too seriously”; Perky Goths (often spelled PerkyGoff) are those who have a more “relaxed” approach to goth, they like to hang out in clubs (naturally gothic) and spend time as they please, depression is not for them.

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Cyber ​​Goths are a youth subculture formed in the 90s, which have never formed a specific ideology and manifest themselves only externally, and also gravitate towards various club electronic music. Cyber ​​Goths are a youth subculture formed in the 90s. , which has never formed a definite ideology behind itself and manifests itself only externally, and also gravitates towards various club electronic music

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Emo fashion is a strange trend in street fashion, generated, as is often the case, by a musical genre; Emo fashion is a strange trend in street fashion, generated, as is often the case, by a musical genre; True emo hairstyle: Straight, most often black hair, side-swept bangs, shiny from styling products and covering half of the forehead, while the back of the head is usually raised and tousled. The hair may not be black, but some of the strands are dyed pink or black. Make-up True emo: Whitened face, pale lips that almost match the skin tone and very brightly lined eyes. Sometimes “emo” draw black marks on their faces, supposedly from makeup blurred by tears, and draw tears with a black pencil. Black varnish on the nails. Boys too. True emo piercing: Piercing is an integral part of the image of a true "emo". Tunnels, piercings in the lips and anywhere on the face. True "emo" shoes: They don't change their favorite brands: they wear Converse and Vans. Plump sneakers, preferably black or black and white checkered. Perhaps with pink laces. True emo clothing: Skinny jeans in dark colors, tank tops and T-shirts, perhaps a polo 2 sizes smaller with funny prints depicting cartoon characters or with the names of rock bands.

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Slide no. 23

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A subculture that arose on the basis of Japanese rock and glam. The essence of Visual Kay is to convey part of your soul and talent not only through music, but also through your appearance: to shock people and thus attract listeners. Visual kei often borrows imagery from Japanese animation (anime), fine art (manga), and video games as parts of Japanese culture. - a subculture that arose on the basis of Japanese rock and glam. The essence of Visual Kay is to convey part of your soul and talent not only through music, but also through your appearance: to shock people and thus attract listeners. Visual kei often borrows imagery from Japanese animation (anime), fine art (manga), and video games as parts of Japanese culture.

Slide no. 24

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Football fans are considered a subculture close to criminal. This is aggravated by the fact that fans are one of the most active teenage groups in Russia. Football fans are considered a subculture close to criminal. This is aggravated by the fact that fans are one of the most active teenage groups in Russia. a group of Spartak fans “Gladiators” avoids fights, but protects the “younger” (newcomers). They promote a “clean lifestyle.” Among such groups there is also one such as “Koldir Boy-Front” (“Koldir” is slang for “drunkard”), these are alcoholic fans. Their age category is 17-18 years old, but there are also older ones.

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A narrow circle of “insiders” accepted newcomers only after selection, and only those who could defend their convictions with their fists. Strength and training were cultivated, muscles were built up, and the appearance became more and more intimidating. A narrow circle of “insiders” accepted newcomers only after selection, and only those who could defend their convictions with their fists. Strength and training were cultivated, muscles were built up, and the appearance became more and more intimidating. This movement has not yet fully formed among children from families with low incomes. But it is no longer biker. These are small groups without any attributes or even a name. They no longer associate themselves with bikers.

A popular pastime among Tolkienists is “fighting” using wooden weapons; A popular pastime among Tolkienists is “fighting” using wooden weapons; They may also meet to communicate, discuss scenarios for the next meetings, but they invariably behave according to their chosen roles, without leaving their character.

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The closed nature of this society, which does not like to advertise its actions and its existence in principle, attracts young people. The closed nature of this society, which does not like to advertise its actions and its existence in principle, attracts young people. have something in common with ecologists: constantly “communicating” with underground communications, they warn about subsidence of the foundation and environmental problems that may be fraught with the earth’s bowels.

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Slide no. 31

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Modern anti-fascists in Russia are represented both by informal groups (which call themselves “antifa”) and by organizations (Youth Human Rights Movement, Network against Racism and Intolerance, Memorial International Society) that share anti-fascist ideas. Modern anti-fascists in Russia are represented both by informal groups (which call themselves “antifa”) and by organizations (Youth Human Rights Movement, Network against Racism and Intolerance, Memorial International Society) that share anti-fascist ideas.