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An interesting custom of the Tatar people. Culture, traditions and life of the Tatar people

Khasyanova Raffia

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"Fundamentals of Islamic Culture"

Traditions

Tatar people

Traditions of the Tatar people.

Why did I choose this research topic? I am Tatar by nationality.

Each nation has its own distinctive features - traditions. The traditions of each nation are certain customs, rituals, social habits and much more inherent in each nation. They came from the depths of our ancestors and were passed down from generation to generation. It is traditions that distinguish one nation from another! I am a Tatar, and I am not indifferent to the history and culture of my people. Therefore, I decided to study the customs, traditions and life of the Tatars using the example of my family. In my research work, I will describe the wedding ceremony, naming (“isem kushu”) holidays Uraza Bayram, Sabantuy. I will tell you about the national costume and traditional Tatar dishes.

I'll start with birth, but not mine, but my family, since my parents got married. Characteristically, the wedding ("nikah") was held in the bride's house. The wedding began with a religious ceremony, a mullah was invited, he read a prayer. The wedding was attended by all close relatives, the older generation, both from the side of the groom and from the side of the bride. At the table, mom and dad were first offered to taste a crust of bread, anointed with butter and honey, so that life would be soft and sweet, like honey.

After the feast, the groom's side gave gifts, paid kalym for the bride. After the legal registration of the marriage, the rite “kilen tosheru” was performed (they let the bride go). The groom's mother (my grandmother) laid a pillow in front of her daughter-in-law (my mother), the young wife should stand on it and enter the house.

When I was born, according to tradition, a celebration was held. The ceremony of naming (“isem kushu”) was held. It was held with the invitation of the mullah and honorary elders. I was presented on a pillow to the mullah, and while reading excerpts from the Koran, he loudly pronounced my name several times. The naming ceremony ends with the ash treat.

Religious holidayscalled the word Gaet.Uraza Gaete - the holiday of fasting Kurban Gaete - the holiday of sacrifice) And all folk, non-religious holidays are called Bairam in Tatar.

Uraza - fasting was always kept by my great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers, now my grandparents are fasting, my parents usually fast for a week. Fasting is a complete abstinence during daylight hours from eating, drinking, inhaling tobacco smoke, drinking alcohol for one month. Fasting teaches benevolence, sympathy, understanding.

70 days after Uraz gaete, Kurban gaete (sacrifices) or a ceremony of gifting in front of dead ancestors is carried out. A sheep or a cow is sacrificed. Choose so that the legs and horns are not injured.

We always gather with the whole family on these holidays at the table, prepare treats, invite guests.

And now I will tell you about the most fun and favorite Tatar holiday -

This is Sabantuy. Literally, "Sabantuy" means "Feast of the Plow" (saban - plow and tuy - holiday) Now Sabantuy is held in June, after sowing. Sabantuy starts in the morning. Everyone dresses up and gathers on the Maidan, a large meadow. This is a very beautiful and kind holiday. There are a lot of entertainments on Sabantuy. Every year I visit this festival and I can list some of the traditional competitions that are held there: 1. National wrestling kuresh. The fight follows certain rules: opponents wrap wide belts around each other, the task is to hang the opponent on his sash in the air, and then put him on his shoulder blades. The winner of kuresh, an absolute batyr, receives a live ram as a reward and with it on his shoulders makes a circle of honor. True, recently a ram has often been replaced with some other valuable prize - a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, or even a car. 2. Horse racing. An interesting point: not only the winner is awarded, but also the one who came last. 3. Running with a spoon in his mouth. But the spoon is not empty, it contains a raw egg, with which you must run first to the finish line. 4. Another competition in which my friends participated was “break the pot”: the participants are blindfolded. They give a long stick in their hands and tell them to break the pot with it .. 5. Climbing a very high smooth pillar, naturally at the top, a prize awaits

All participants are awarded with souvenirs, and the winners with prizes. The very organization of Sabantuy contains the principle: “Do not offend, do not offend, do not humiliate a single person. No one should leave with a heavy heart, with a grudge."

And at this holiday, concerts are organized in which Tatar national and modern songs are heard. They are performed by professional and amateur artists.

And what's a party without food! There you can taste national dishes (bishbarmak, chak-chak, byalish) and many other delicious things.

Traditional Tatar costumein all its beauty, grandeur and femininity is the most valuable monument of folk art. It reflects the art of tailoring, a variety of embroidery, jewelry and leather mosaics.
Like many peoples, the basis of the Tatar costume is a plain, spacious shirt of a tunic cut. Often the dresses were sewn with gathered hem and decorated with wide waves, frills or fringe. As a rule, shirts were not worn separately. Over the dress, swinging clothes were always worn in the form of camisoles, sewn from heavy silk or velvet fabrics and decorated with ribbon trim.
Due to removable decorations, the costume took on a festive and more noble look. An elegant bib was popular, covering the neckline of the dress from above. A decorative braid was sewn along the rounded side of the breastplate, on which coins and brooches were attached. A baldric, also decorated with various brooches and plaques, gave a rich look to the Tatar costume.

As shoes, the Tatars were widely wearingichig (chitek) . Galoshes were everyday shoes. Shoes were considered to be shoes. Women's shoes were patterned, often with heels. Shoes with a sharp, slightly raised toe were considered traditional. In winter, boots were worn, short and high.

Among men's hats, a special place was occupied byskullcap

The main headdress for women was kalfak . Muslim women braided their hair in two braids that went down their backs. Bedspreads are more typical for older women. They were different in shape: triangular, square, towel-shaped. Top hats were worn over the covers, firmly holding them on the head. These were different bandages, scarves and hats.Among the Muslim clergy, the Tatars also woreturbans .

Tatar cuisine

The culinary traditions of the Tatars have evolved over more than one century. The composition of the products was primarily influenced by natural conditions and, last but not least, by lifestyle. To this day, in the Tatar cuisine there is a wide variety in the recipe for baking from unleavened, yeast, rich, sour, sweet dough. Such Tatar dishes as kystyby (chebureks), belish, vak belish, echpochmak(kurnik), peremyach (belyashi), gubadia (pie), baursak, chak-chak extremely tasty and known not only to the Tatars. Chak-chak is the pride of the Tatar national cuisine. It is served as a special treat at weddings, ceremonial receptions..

Conclusion

In the course of research and study of the traditions of the Tatar people, I learned a lot. I became more closely acquainted with the culture and customs of my people. I learned about various holidays and rituals. Participated in the district fair "Our Origins" in the nomination "Costume. Style origins "and learned how to cook traditional dishes. And all this is thanks to my family, their stories, observance of traditions, the desire to preserve and pass on from generation to generation precious experience and knowledge about the Tatar culture.

Undoubtedly, our hypothesis was proved. Now, knowing the traditions and customs of my people, I have a different look at the people living next to me, at people of other nationalities. I realized that each culture is unique and it is necessary to respect all the peoples living next to us.

In the future, I would like to continue studying the multifaceted culture of my people, touching on other aspects of its existence.

A student of the 8th grade of the MOU "Secondary School No. 2

r.p. Novye Burasy, Saratov Region"

Polyakova Alena

Tatars (self-name - Tatar. Tatars, tatar, pl. Tatarlar, tatarlar) - a Turkic people living in the central regions of the European part of Russia, in the Volga region, the Urals, in Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Xinjiang, Afghanistan and the Far East .

The number in Russia is 5310.6 thousand people (2010 census) - 3.72% of the population of Russia. They are the second largest people in the Russian Federation after the Russians. They are divided into three main ethno-territorial groups: Volga-Ural, Siberian and Astrakhan Tatars, sometimes Polish-Lithuanian Tatars are also distinguished. Tatars make up more than half of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan (53.15% according to the 2010 census). The Tatar language belongs to the Kypchak subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai family of languages and is divided into three dialects: western (Mishar), middle (Kazan-Tatar) and eastern (Siberian-Tatar). Believing Tatars (with the exception of a small group - the Kryashens, who profess Orthodoxy) are Sunni Muslims.

In the life and culture of any people there are many phenomena that are complex in their historical origin and functions. One of the most striking and revealing phenomena of this kind are folk customs and traditions. In order to understand their origins, it is necessary, first of all, to study the history of the people, its culture, get in touch with its life and way of life, try to understand its soul and character. Any customs and traditions basically reflect the life of a particular group of people, and they arise as a result of empirical and spiritual knowledge of the surrounding reality. In other words, customs and traditions are those valuable pearls in the ocean of people's lives that they have collected over the centuries as a result of practical and spiritual comprehension of reality. Whatever tradition or custom we take, after examining its roots, we, as a rule, come to the conclusion that it is vitally justified and behind the form, which sometimes seems to us pretentious and archaic, hides a living rational kernel. The customs and traditions of any nation are its “dowry” when joining the huge family of humanity living on planet Earth. National culture is the national memory of the people, what distinguishes this people among others, keeps a person from depersonalization, allows him to feel the connection of times and generations, receive spiritual support and life support.

bayram

Each nation has its own traditions and customs, rooted in the distant past and resurrected now in the form of national holidays. Tatars have two words meaning holiday. Religious Muslim holidays are called the word gaet (ayet) (Uraza gaete - the feast of fasting and Korban gaete - the feast of the sacrifice). And all folk, non-religious holidays are called in Tatar bayram. What does "spring beauty", "spring celebration" mean.

saban oste- spring, the beginning of spring; peęn өste spring-summer and winter-autumn cycles.

Like many other peoples, the rites and holidays of the Tatar people largely depended on the agricultural cycle. Even the names of the seasons were denoted by a concept associated with a particular work: saban oste- spring, the beginning of spring; peęn өste- summer, haymaking time. The ethnographer R. G. Urazmanova, on the basis of extensive ethnographic material, divides the rituals of the Tatars into two unequal groups: spring-summer and winter-autumn cycles.

spring-summer cycle

spring-summer cycle
Ceremonies and holidays held before sowing. Sabantuy
Rites associated with the beginning of sowing.
Ceremonies and holidays held after sowing. Jien.

Autumn-winter cycle

Autumn-winter cycle
Unlike spring-summer, it does not have a clear division, since it is not tied to the folk calendar, but rather to agricultural life. R. G. Urazmanova highlights the following features of this season:
Help. Assistance in carrying out particularly difficult work. This was especially noticeable when processing slaughtered geese - kaz omase where people were invited, even if it was not necessary.
Christmas time. The period of the winter solstice. Nardugan.
It was found everywhere in the Volga region, among the Tatars it was common among the Kryashens and Mishars. Divination was a special element of these holidays.
1st of January. New Year. This holiday occurred only sporadically.
Pancake week. One of the most common holidays among the Kryashens.

In Muslim society, marriage, accompanied by the birth of children, is a religious obligation, and celibacy is a deplorable state. The Qur'an allows a believer to have four wives at the same time. In the sura of the Koran, which is called “Women”, it is said: “Marry those that are pleasing to you, women - and two, and three, and four. And if you are afraid that you will not be fair, then on one ... ". Socio-economic needs are at the forefront of the Shariah legal norms relating to marriage and family relations.

The wife must:

Live in the husband's house;

Obey his orders, if they are not reckless;

Do not appear without good reason in public places;

Without the permission of the husband, the wife has no right to acquire property or hire servants. It should be noted that a disobedient wife cannot claim to be supported by her husband for the entire period until she submits to his will. If the wife fails to comply with these requirements, the husband may divorce her and refuse to support her. The husband has the right to deprive a disobedient wife of freedom and, after exhortations, subject her to light corporal punishment.

The husband must:

Maintain an adult wife in accordance with his and her condition, and in case of inequality of conditions - according to the average calculation. The husband maintains his wife in a permanent marriage, after giving a divorce at the request of the husband, in case of divorce if the wife is pregnant. Absence of a husband from home for a period of 6 months and refusal to support his wife for the same period are grounds for divorce.

If a husband has more than one wife, then he is obliged to give each of them a separate sleeping quarters, which has its own separate exit to the courtyard, and, if possible, equally divide his property between them, treating them equally in other respects.

In case of refusal of the husband from marital cohabitation, the wife can apply to the people's judge, who, however, acts on the spouses only by exhortation

The husband is obliged to allow his wife to visit her parents once a week, children from a previous marriage to visit them often enough, and also to allow her to visit and receive her own relatives who are in degrees of relationship.

The husband is not subject to punishment (neither civil nor criminal) for non-observance of marital fidelity, with the exception of the case of keeping a pagan concubine in the same house with his wife. This can be seen as an insult to the religious feelings of the wife, constituting an act of "cruelty", in the broad sense of the word, justifying the wife for not wanting to live with her husband and giving her the right to demand maintenance from him, despite the refusal to live with him.

A husband should treat his wife well and treat her in the manner required by custom.

The husband is obliged to buy his wife various clothes for summer and winter, for wearing day and night, as well as all necessary linen, a blanket, pillows, carpets, etc.

Folk holidays

Spring is a time of awakening of nature, a time of renewal and expectations. A good spring is to be a good harvest, and therefore a prosperous life.

Boz carau

As in the cultures and traditions of all peoples, Tatar villages were located on the banks of rivers. Therefore, the first "spring celebration" (beyrem) is associated with ice drift. This holiday is called boz karau, boz bagu - “to watch the ice”, boz ozatma - seeing off the ice, zin kitu - ice drift. All the inhabitants of the village came out to watch the ice drift on the river bank. The youth dressed up, played the accordion. Straw was laid out and lit on floating ice floes.

Another of the traditions, when in early spring the children went home in their village to collect cereals, butter, eggs. From the food they collected on the street with the help of older cooks, the children boiled porridge in a large cauldron and ate it.

Kyzyl yomorka

A little later came the day of collecting painted eggs. The housewives dyed eggs in the evening - most often in a decoction of onion peel and in a decoction of birch leaves and baked buns and pretzels.

In the morning, the children began to walk around the houses, brought chips into the house and scattered them on the floor - so that “the yard was not empty” and shouted out such sing-songs, chants, for example, “Kyt-kytyyk, kyt-kytyyk, are grandfather and grandmother at home? Will they give you an egg? Let you have many chickens, let the roosters trample them. If you do not give an egg, there is a lake in front of your house, you will drown there!

Sabantuy

Perhaps the most massive and popular holiday now includes folk festivals, various rituals and games. Literally, "sabantuy" means "Feast of the Plow" (saban - plow and tui - holiday). Previously, it was celebrated before the start of spring field work in April, now Sabantuy is celebrated in June - after sowing.

Sabantuy starts in the morning. Women put on their most beautiful jewelry, ribbons are woven into the manes of horses, bells are hung from the arc. Everyone dresses up and gathers on the Maidan - a large meadow. There are a lot of entertainments on Sabantuy. The main thing is the national wrestling - kuresh. To win it requires strength, cunning and dexterity. There are strict rules: opponents wrap wide belts around each other - sashes, the task is to hang the opponent on his belt in the air, and then put him on his shoulder blades. The winner (batyr) receives a live ram as a reward (according to tradition, but now they are more often replaced with other valuable gifts). You can participate and demonstrate your strength, dexterity, courage not only in wrestling kuresh.

As you know, the Tatar people are famous for their hospitality. Tatars even say that "an inhospitable person is an inferior person." But this is far from the only feature of the Tatars worth mentioning. In addition to respect for guests, Tatars are very polite, ethical and emotional in their dialogues, and Tatar culture is rich not only in customs and traditions, but also in special dishes of local cuisine.

Tatar speech etiquette

Tatar speech etiquette is characterized by respect for the interlocutor, tact, positivity and emotionality due to numerous interjections in speech.

Basically, Tatars greet each other with the word " Isyanmesez!”, which corresponds to the Russian “Hello”. If you want to sound less trite, you can say " Hyaerle irtya/kon/kich”(Good morning / afternoon / evening), but usually these words are used in the official sphere of communication. There are also simpler, informal ways to say hello: Syalam!" (Hi!), " Saums?"(Are you healthy?)," Nihal" (How are you?).

It is interesting that during the greeting it is customary for the Tatars to shake both hands. Greeting with one hand, especially with older people, is a sign of disrespect.

When there is an appeal to native people, the Tatars use, one might say, “related words”: “ apa" (sister), " life" (uncle), " baldyz"(sister-in-law). The use of such words is a feature of Tatar speech.

The conversation among the Tatars takes place sitting at the table. The host treats the guest with tea, showing respect to the interlocutor. After a short, friendly conversation, the guest reports the purpose of the visit and gets down to business. At the end of the dialogue, the guest thanks the host for the treats and wishes well-being, with the words “Syegyzga ryakhmyat” (thanks for your treat) or “hormyategezgya ryakhmyat” (thanks for the respect).

Saying goodbye, the Tatars say: khush» (« khushigyz"") - goodbye (goodbye), " sau bul» (« sau bulygyz”) - be healthy (be healthy).

Considering the above examples of Tatar speech, we can conclude that the behavior of Tatar speech is emotional, well-mannered and polite to the interlocutor.

Etiquette of the Tatar people

In addition to friendly dialogues, the etiquette of the Tatars is felt in their congratulations: “ beyaryam belyan"(Happy holiday)," Tugan konen belyan" (happy birthday), " Yana ate Belyan" (Happy New Year).

Dinner, the Tatar people wish each other " tasty food", as the equivalent of "bon appetit" in Russian: " ashlargyz tyamle bulsyn(may your food be delicious).

Tatars are especially ethical at the wedding, wishing the newlyweds a happy wedding (“ tuylarygyz boilers bulsyn”), eating honey (“ ashaganyn bulsyn"") and drinking oil (" Chumergyanen May Bulsyn»)

But even the amiable Tatar people have their own “evil” wishes: “kulyn korygyry” (let your hand wither), “suksyn will kick” (damn you).

Tatar hospitality etiquette

Hospitality is one of the main qualities of the Tatar people. Tatars are hospitable because:

they say " ryahmyat toshkere, maktap yorisen ikyan"(may you be blessed) to the people seen at dinner time;
Tatars are asked to sit down at the table with the words " utyrygyz, ashtan oly tugelsezder bit"(Sit down, you are not above food), and while eating they say" avyz itegez"(taste)," lifeshegez"(have time);
their requests are quite expressive, for example: " idya, kittek"(come on, let's go)," barabyz!" (let's go to!);
the interlocutor can be greeted with a nod of the head, and raising his hands: the Tatars still do it with respect;
Tatars thank for the invitation with the words " growl" (Thanks), " bik telap(willingly);
the older generation is treated with great respect.

Cultural heritage and family values

In general, the real value for the Tatars is the upbringing of good qualities in children - moral and moral. Tatar fathers raise their sons, accustoming them to work, and mothers devote more time to their daughters, teaching them about housekeeping.

In addressing their loved ones, the Tatars do not skimp on emotions, saying “ kaderlem" (My dear), akkoshym"my swan" zhankisyagem”(a particle of my soul), the Tatars value their family so much.

In a Tatar family, the father is the head of the family. His opinion is always listened to, he is responsible for the well-being of the family. The mother is also important in the family, she is the beloved member of the family. Tatar children are taught from an early age to be well-mannered, to respect their elders and not to offend the defenseless.

Girls in a Tatar home are taught more than boys, as they are prepared for a future life with a spouse. Already from childhood they are taught to be economic, modest and complaisant.

Tatar customs are very diverse: from the annual sowing of the crop to rituals during the birth of children.

For example, during a wedding, a special ceremony is performed - nikah. During nikah, several tasks must be completed in order for the marriage to become valid.

On the birthday of a child, guests come to the newborn, and with. In addition to them, an Islamic priest also comes - a mullah, who drives away evil spirits from a child.

Sitting positions can also be attributed to the Tatar traditions: men sit with both legs tucked up, and women bend one leg under themselves, press the other to their chest. Sitting differently is considered a little indecent.

There is also a custom during the feast. This tradition requires the oldest to take food first, and then younger people reach for food.

Tatars are not only hospitable, polite and well-mannered people. We tried to expand these associations by showing that the Tatar people also have a sense of humor, emotionality, and ethics. He observes traditions, loves his family and respects close people. It is not surprising that the Tatars are a happy people!

Russia is a multinational country, more than a hundred peoples live in it. Most of them are indigenous peoples and nationalities for whom Russia is the main or even the only habitat.

The foundation of any nationality is folk culture. Knowledge of the basics of folk life, rituals, traditions, literature and art helps to cultivate interest and respect for the native culture of other peoples and is one of the aspects of educating human culture in general. Studying national literature, we come into contact with the worldview of people of different nations and their value attitude.

Russians and Tatars have been living together on Kasimov land for almost six centuries, which is why our region is known for the bright history of the peaceful coexistence of these peoples, completely different in origin, faith and customs. No wonder our famous poet Yevgeny Markin emphasized that "Kasimov is not a monument to the yoke, but to the brotherhood of Russians and Tatars."

Currently, about two thousand Tatars live in the Kasimovsky district and the city. Muslim organizations are active in the city of Kasimov and the Kasimovsky district. Both Russians and Tatars have their own holidays and customs, dating back centuries.

1. Russian holidays, traditions and customs.

Christianity gave Russians such wonderful holidays as Easter, Christmas, Maslenitsa.

1.1. Nativity

On January 7, the entire Orthodox world celebrates Christmas. On this day, in the small town of Bethlehem, an unprecedented event took place - the Divine Infant, the Son of God Jesus Christ, was born into the world. Coming to earth, Christ was not met with honor, nobility and wealth. He did not even have a cradle, like all children, there was no shelter - He was born outside the city, in a cave and was placed in a manger where they put food for animals. The first guests of the divine baby were not kings and nobles, but simple shepherds, to whom an angel announced the Nativity of Christ: “I proclaim to you great joy that will be for all people: for now a Savior has been born to you in the city of David, who is Christ the Lord! And here is a sign for you: you will find the Baby in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger.

The shepherds were the first to hasten to bow to the newborn Savior. At this time, with gifts to the King of the World, the wise men from the east came. They were waiting for the great King of the World to come to earth soon, and a wonderful star showed them the way to Jerusalem.

The Magi brought gifts to the Child: gold, frankincense and myrrh. These gifts had a deep meaning: gold was brought as a tribute to the King, frankincense as to God, and myrrh as to a person who is about to die (fragrant oil). For the Orthodox people, this has become a great holiday.

The Nativity of Christ ends the forty-day Advent fast on the eve of the holiday, a strict fast is observed. After Christmas, Christmas time comes - holy days or 12 days during which the holiday is celebrated.

After the onset of Christmas, people did not sleep, but went from house to house, sang carols (ritual songs), for which guests were treated to various goodies. Now this custom is still preserved, in the old days they were used by kings and nobles, who usually dressed in carnival costumes. The poor, on the other hand, turned their clothes inside out and put on animal masks. Children especially liked to participate in carols, who were always treated to sweets for the songs. And now this ceremony continues, children go from house to house and glorify Jesus Christ.

1.2. Baptism

The Orthodox people have one of the sacraments - the rite of Baptism.

It means accepting a person into the bosom of the Christian church. After baptism, they say: “He became a man of God,” that is, he joined the religion. In the Orthodox Church, a baby is dipped into water three times. It is customary in Russia to invite relatives and friends to christening, to lay a festive table.

In addition, in Russia, at the christening of an infant, godfather and mother are chosen, who are later called "godfather" and "godfather", and who are called upon to help the child in all his future life in all difficulties, and most importantly, to pray for him. Over time, this rite has not changed: people still go to church, where the priest says a prayer of agreement, blesses the water, dresses the baby in a baptismal shirt, presents a pectoral cross, performs the sacraments of chrismation and baptism.

1.3. Pancake week

In the old days Maslenitsa was considered a holiday of commemoration of the dead. So the burning of Shrovetide is her funeral, and pancakes are a memorial treat.

But time passed, and the Russian people turned the sad holiday into a daring Maslenitsa. But the tradition of baking pancakes remained - round, yellow and hot as the sun, and horse-drawn and sleigh rides from the icy mountains, fist fights, mother-in-law gatherings were added to it. Shrovetide rituals are very unusual and interesting, as they combine the end of the period of winter holiday rituals and the opening of a new, spring period of holidays and rituals, which should have contributed to a rich harvest.

1.4. Easter

And one of the main Orthodox holidays, of course, is Easter.

During the celebration of Easter, Russians remember the life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. In the houses of the housewives, they bake Easter cakes (sweet bread) and color the eggs. The egg, which was traditionally painted in red colors and its shades, has become an obligatory attribute and symbol of Christian Easter since the 12th century. And Easter cake was always baked from yeast dough of a round shape, which, according to legend, symbolizes the shroud of Christ, which, according to legend, has the same round shape. During the meal, the Easter cake is cut not lengthwise, but across, keeping the top intact in order to cover the rest of the sweet dish with it.

In the morning, after festive services and religious processions around the churches were held in all churches, people gather go to their relatives or friends to give Easter cake or a colored egg. Gifts are presented with the words: “Christ is risen!”, To which the recipient must answer: “In truth, He is risen!” and give in return either Easter cake or a painted egg. This custom is called "Christification".

1.5. wedding ceremonies

Since ancient times, the Russian wedding has been one of the brightest and most unique rituals of the culture of Rus'.

It was customary for young people in Rus' to marry at an early age, starting at the age of 12. At the same time, it was in the order of things that the bride and groom did not know each other well enough before their wedding, and often they had never seen each other at all. The decision for the young man was made by the parents, and he was only informed of "his fate" shortly before the wedding itself. But in some parts of the country, not everything was so strict for a potential groom (for example, in our area). The guy who looked at the bride should, first of all, tell his father about it. If he received approval from him, then two matchmakers with bread were sent to the girl's house.

In general, weddings lasted an average of 3 days. Sometimes they went on for a week. But any wedding, of course, was preceded by the so-called "conspiracy" and "matchmaking." There were cases when it was the parents of the future bride who initiated the wedding. They sent a person close to them to the groom's house, and he acted as a matchmaker. If he received consent, then future relatives proceeded to matchmaking in the usual manner.

Sometimes the bride's parents resorted to tricks: if their daughter was not particularly beautiful and good, they replaced her with a servant for the time of the bride. The groom did not have the right to see his bride before the wedding, so when the deception was nevertheless revealed, the marriage could be terminated. However, this happened very rarely.

They usually went to the bride's house to woo with relatives. Various gifts were presented to the bride's parents. According to tradition, the father of the bride for some time did not have to agree to give his daughter. But following the results of the conspiracy, in the end, he blessed her for the wedding. The agreement between the families went like this: before signing a paper about the details of the upcoming celebration, the parents sat opposite each other and were silent for a while. The contract also specified the dowry given along with the bride. Usually it consisted of the bride's things, various little things for the house, and if prosperity allowed, then money, people and some real estate. In the event that the bride came from a poor family, then
the groom was required to give the bride's parents a certain amount of money to create the appearance of a dowry.

On the eve of the wedding, a bachelor party and a bachelor party were held in the houses of the bride and groom, respectively. At the bachelor party, the father or brother of the groom called numerous friends. As "invited" they went from house to house with gifts and invited to a bachelor party.

At the bachelorette party, the bride was preparing for the upcoming wedding: the bridesmaids were talking evil spirits. Often the bride lamented, saying goodbye to her own family and the girl's share, fearing an unknown future in a strange family. Sometimes the bridesmaids sang choral songs.

After all the preparations for the wedding, the wedding ceremony took place. The young people had bread wine with them, which the priest gave them three times to drink. Further, according to one tradition, the young did not rush to the table, but went home - everyone dined at home. Having received the last blessing of his parents, the groom went to the bride. That's when the wedding games began. To get the bride, the groom paid a ransom, after which he whipped the girl several times so that from now on she would obey her husband. From that moment on, the festivities moved to the groom's house.

According to another tradition, on the first day of the feast, the wedding dinner was held at the bride's house. Young people had to eat and drink practically nothing. On the second day, the wedding moved to the groom's house. On the third day, the bride boasted of her cooking skills and treated the guests to her pies.

There was a belief that unclean forces cause damage to the house where the wedding is celebrated. Therefore, the first night the newlyweds never slept inside the house itself. Usually for this they used a sennik.

This is how an old Russian wedding took place. Some traditions have survived to this day, and in different variations are successfully used to this day.

2.Tatar holidays, traditions and customs.

2.1. Mawlid

Mawlid is the celebration of the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad. It is held on the 12th day of the third month of the Muslim lunar calendar.

In some Muslim countries, it is celebrated quite splendidly and throughout the month: posters with verses from the Holy Quran are hung in cities, people gather in mosques, religious chants (nasheeds) are sung, sermons are read about the life of the Prophet Muhammad, etc.

Mawlid is also called the gathering of Muslims, where those who gather do the same as on a holiday, but such meetings are not timed to a specific date. In some peoples who traditionally profess Islam, it is also customary to call meetings on the occasion of a wedding, the birth of a child, etc., mawlids.

For the first time, the Mawlid began to be celebrated in the 12th century at the direction of Muzaffaud-din ibn Zainud-din, the ruler of the Syrian locality of Irbil. For the first Mawlid, he gathered famous scholars and Sufis who knew Hadith well.
Mawlid consists of reading prayers and words of remembrance of Allah, praise to the prophet, poetic narratives and lectures about his life and birth. On Mawlid, it is customary to express joy over the arrival of Muhammad, whom Muslims consider the last messenger of Allah, to this world, and to thank the Almighty for this, turn to Allah with prayers, distribute alms to the poor and conduct pious conversations with each other.

2.2. Eid al Adha

After the completion of the holy month of Ramadan, one of the two major holidays of Islam comes, called the holiday of breaking the fast, Eid ul-Fitr. The holiday of breaking the fast for a Muslim is, first of all, farewell to the blessed days of the month of Ramadan, when every Muslim was given a good opportunity to grow spiritually, pacify passions through fasting, a greater desire for piety, and helping those in need.

In Uraza Bayram, Muslims are instructed to indulge in the mood of the holiday, eating food and drink, but it is impossible to fast on this blessed day. On this day, Muslims from all over the world, having performed ablution, put on festive clothes and rush to the mosque for collective prayer.

After that, believers exchange congratulations, go to visit or invite them to a festive meal. The holiday is also marked by an extremely important requirement of religion: on this day, Muslims pay obligatory donations to needy people, called zakat ul-fitr. Also on this day, it is customary to visit parents, elders and the sick, visit cemeteries, commemorate the dead, read passages from the Holy Quran over the graves and ask the Almighty to alleviate their plight.

2.3. wedding ceremonies

The main wedding among the Tatar people is held in the bride's house.
The groom's parents are special guests, they bring kalym and treats with them. All this is delivered in a beautiful chest and on a special cart. Together with the groom's parents, his relatives also come: brothers and sisters, aunts and uncles. The wedding began with a religious marriage. The invited mullah wrote down in the registration book the conditions of the marriage, the size of the kalym.

The wedding feast began with the removal of honey and butter. The guests helped themselves and put money on the dishes, which were transferred to the young couple. After serving the meat, treats brought by the groom were brought to the table. The wedding at the bride's house lasted two or three days. On the third day, a farewell meal was arranged; The main treat that day was dumplings and millet porridge.

The wedding at the groom's house was arranged later. When a young wife moved to her husband's house, not only relatives, but also neighbors gathered to meet the newlyweds. Everyone wanted to look at the young wife and evaluate in their own way: is she smart, pretty, generous? The young were showered with hops, raisins, coins, and among the Kasimov Tatars, rice and flour.

There was a custom of dressing up at home, when on the day of the arrival of a young wife, curtains and wall cloth decorations were removed from the house and new ones were hung from her dowry. Everything was accompanied by funny jokes, and for every thing they managed to get a ransom. There was also a ceremony of transferring living creatures to a young wife, usually it was a sheep or a heifer. The young wife in return gave her husband's parents an embroidered towel.

Entering the wife into the house, they gave her a bridle in her hands, and she held it until the father-in-law announced that the donated living creatures become the property of the young wife. Then the young people were seated at the table, and the young wife was offered to eat a crust of bread anointed with butter and honey, so that she would be accommodating and accommodating in her husband's house, and her life would be soft as butter and sweet as honey. She drank a couple of cups of tea, after which her hands were dipped in flour so that she would not know poverty and lack of anything. This is how the ceremony of meeting the wife in the husband's house took place.

2.4. Home construction

A very important event in a Tatar family is the construction of their own house. Traditionally, a single-family home should not be too big, like a barn, but not too small either.

When building a house, it is not customary to rush: according to ancient customs, one row of brick or stone masonry should be erected in one day and no more than one crown of a wooden frame should be cut. The new house is usually decorated with carved platbands and cornices. According to Tatar customs, it is forbidden to keep a dog in the house; as an exception, it is allowed to have it to guard the house or hunt. At the entrance to the house you can not step on the threshold - this prohibits an ancient custom. The house should have a guest room or a separate guest house.

2.5. Birth of children

The main character in this rite is a specially invited midwife. When a child was born, she bathed him in specially prepared water.

Salt was necessarily added to this water and a silver coin fell, which, after bathing, went to the midwife. The child was then wrapped in the father's clean shirt so that the newborn would be loved by the parent.

Saying appropriate prayers, the midwife lubricated the baby's mouth with honey or oil and wished him well-being and good luck in life.

The most honored guest on the day of birth was the mother of the woman in labor. For the firstborn, she brought a child's dowry: a blanket, a pillow, diapers and treats. On the seventh birthday, the child was given a name.

2.6. Sabantuy

Kasimov Sabantuy is annually celebrated on June 12 on the Day of Russia and
became a multinational holiday of unity of all peoples. On smartly
decorated Maidan gather people of all ages and professions, nations,
beliefs.

Hosts of the holiday greet guests in Tatar and Russian
languages, Tatar and Russian songs are heard, fun contests are held,
based on Tatar and Russian national folklore.

Sabantuy is a bright and original holiday of the Tatar people - it has collected all
the best of the distant past and present, preserving their traditions,
rituals. And he enriched himself at the expense of new modern sports and became
even more interesting and colorful. Young people especially like sports competitions: walking on stilts, getting a rooster, fighting with bags on a log,
tug of war, lifting two-pound weights, running with yokes,
traditional national wrestling Kuresh, stick pulling, etc.

In our area, competitions are traditionally held between two teams: s. Podlipki and the village of Akhmatovo. Based on the results of the competition, the strongest team is determined. And at the end of the competition, a batyr is chosen - this is a daredevil, a hero, a favorite of the people. He is awarded the main prize - a ram, which is the symbol of Sabantuy. Particular attention is paid to the malls, where guests of the holiday can taste dishes of the Tatar national cuisine.

We constantly communicate with representatives of different nations, perceive their culture, because more than 150 nationalities live in the Samara region. And the second largest ethnic group in the Samara region are Tatars (126,124 people, which is 4.1% of the total population). Do you know anything about their traditions and customs?

Historically, a large role in the ritual life of the Tatars of the Samara Volga region was occupied by the Muslim religious calendar. And the most significant holiday in this calendar is Uraza-Bayram, associated with the end of the 30-day Muslim fast, during which they refrain from eating and drinking from sunrise to sunset. The terms of fasting, as well as the dates of the holiday itself, are mobile and every year they come (according to the Gregorian calendar) 11 days earlier.

Many of us have heard about such a famous Tatar holiday as Sabantuy, which did not have an exact calendar date and day of the week, but was celebrated depending on the readiness of the land for sowing. Initially, the purpose of the festive rites was to appease the spirits of fertility, contributing to a good harvest. But over time, magical rites lost their meaning, and Sabantuy turned into a fun folk holiday, marking the beginning of field work. It was not customary to invite guests from other villages to Sabantuy - they gradually drove up on their own, because of which the holiday dragged on for several days. Preparation for the holiday began in advance and consisted in cleaning the house, yard and street, as well as in preparing the appropriate dishes. For the celebration, they found meydan - flat hollows, glades surrounded by trees and
a bush where sports competitions were held: keresh - wrestling on sashes, the winner of which received one of the best towels; running for short distances (up to 1-2 km) with a finish on the meydan; races for 5-8 km with a finish also on the Maidan. Participation in the latter was prestigious, so everyone who could exhibit horses. Riders were teenagers 8-12 years old. All participants in the races were awarded: the winner also received one of the best towels, the owner of the winning horse - a Saban, a harrow. Even the last horse to arrive was tied with a towel, specially agreed upon by the donor, as a "consolation" prize. An obligatory element of Sabantuy was evening youth games. They were arranged either on the meydan, or on the traditional places of games - in meadows or clearings.

Family ceremonies also play an important role, in which the wedding occupies a central place. The main wedding ceremony is nikah tui, which was held in the bride's house. The groom's parents with 3-5 pairs of guests brought kalym and refreshments. The wedding began with the religious ceremony of marriage nikah (keben). The mullah wrote down the conditions of his imprisonment, and then asked the consent of the young to marry. His father was responsible for the groom, two witnesses for the bride (she was hidden behind a curtain at that time), after which the mullah read excerpts from the Koran. Then, with the removal of honey and butter, the feast began. In a certain sequence, the guests were treated to the obligatory wedding dishes. In the bride's house, the wedding was played for 2-3 days, after which it continued with relatives.

A special place in the family rituals of the Tatars is occupied by funeral and memorial rites. According to tradition, older people prepare for death in advance. Each woman collects for herself and her husband things necessary for burial, material for shroud - kefenlek and towels, as well as things for distribution in the form of gifts - sadaka: cuts of fabrics, shirts, scarves, towels, etc. They try to carry out the funeral as soon as possible, as a rule, the day after death.

Of course, in the modern world there is a blurring of traditional national features, but in general, the Samara Tatars retain their language and cultural characteristics that are characteristic of their ethnic group.

The material was prepared by students of the School of Interethnic Journalism in Samara

Text: Rufiya Kutlyaeva

Photo: Rufiya Kutlyaeva, Valeria Kutsenko

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