Social work study guides list. Social Work Theory: Study Guide

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

"OREL STATE UNIVERSITY"

D A S U K I. N.

BASICS OF SOCIAL WORK

EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL AID

Eagle - 2008
RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"OREL STATE UNIVERSITY"

D A S U K I. N.

BASICS OF SOCIAL WORK

EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL AID

UDC 364 (075.8)

GOU VPO "Oryol State University".

Reviewers:

Mityaeva A. M. - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Social Management and Conflictology, OSU,

Maslova N.F. - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor.

D 217 Dashuk I. N. Fundamentals of social work : Teaching aid - Eagle: OSU, 2008. - p.

The manual was prepared in accordance with the State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education in the specialty 031300 Social Pedagogy and is intended for independent work of students on the course "Fundamentals of Social Work".

The teaching aid includes guidelines and teaching materials for self-preparation of students for seminars.

Addressed to students of the social faculty of the Oryol State University. It can also be useful for practical social workers and social educators.

UDC 364 (075.8)

BBK 65.272 i73

With I.N. Dashuk, 2008.

Content
Preface.

Methodical instructions for seminars

1.1. Social work as a professional activity: object, subject, levels of practice

1.2. Features of the professional activity of a social work specialist

1.3. The essence, factors and prevention of emotional burnout of a specialist in

social work

1.4. Problems of scientific identification of social work

1.5. Relationship between social work and social policy

1.6. The dynamics of the formation of models of social work

1.7. Sociologically Oriented Models of the Theory and Practice of SR

1.8. Explanation of personality problems, principles and suggested methods of SR

in psychologically oriented models

1.9. Complex-Oriented Models of Theoretical Substantiation of Social Work

CHAPTER II. THE PRACTICE OF SOCIAL WORK WITH DIFFERENT POPULATION GROUPS AND IN DIFFERENT SPHERES OF SOCIETY

2.1. Social work to prevent immoral behavior and prostitution

2.2. Social work with alcoholics and drug addicts

2.3. Suicide prevention as an area of ​​social work practice

2.4. Social work to prevent violence in the family and society

2.5. Social work in penitentiary institutions

2.6. Social work with persons without a fixed place of residence and occupation

2.7. Social work with migrants

2.8. The problems of the unemployed as a subject of social work

2.9. Social work with the disabled. Social rehabilitation

2.10. Theory and practice of social work with the elderly. social services

2.11.Social work with youth

2.12. Social work with family

2.13. Social work with children. Adoption, custody and guardianship

Chapter III. FUNCTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES OF SOCIAL WORK

3. 1. Social diagnostics: goals, stages and methods of implementation

3. 2. Social prevention

3. 3. Counseling in SR

3. 4. Social security, its types and implementation mechanism

3. 5. Technologies of social foresight

3. 6. PR technologies

Exam questions for the course "Fundamentals of Social Work"

Applications

Foreword
"Fundamentals of Social Work" is the basic course in the training program for the specialty 031300 Social Pedagogy. The purpose of the course is to give students a holistic view of the content of social work, its directions, technology and organization.

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  Publisher: Justice. Year: 2019. Series: Secondary vocational education.

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• Treaties in the field of family, labor and social security. Tutorial

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• Socio-pedagogical technologies of work with "difficult" children. GEF

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• Economic bases of social work. Textbook

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• Practical bases of social protection of the population. Tutorial

  Publisher: Lan. Year: 2019. Series: Textbooks for universities. Special Literature.

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• Federal Law "On Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation". Rules for recognizing a person as disabled

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• Technologies of social work with families and children

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• Technologies of social work with youth. Tutorial

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• Social security law in questions and answers. Tutorial

  Publisher: Prospect. Year: 2018.

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  Social physics is a new social science that uses mathematical methods to study the influence of the information flow on human behavior. Sophisticated methods of studying the "breadcrumbs" that we leave behind on the Internet make it possible to predict the behavior of social groups, the productivity of new companies, guide the development of individual urban areas and ...

• Fundamentals of social work. Crib

  Publisher: RIOR. Year: 2018. Series: Crib [tear-off].

  In the cheat sheet, in brief form, answers are given to all the main questions provided for by the state educational standard and the curriculum for the discipline "Fundamentals of Social Work". The book will allow you to quickly gain basic knowledge of the subject, repeat the material covered, as well as prepare and successfully pass the test and exam. Recommended to all students and students of the discipline "Fundamentals of Social Work"...

• Problems of the General Part of Social Security Law. Monograph

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• Theory and methodology of social work. Textbook

  Publisher: Phoenix. Year: 2017. Series: Secondary vocational education.

  The textbook reveals the theoretical and methodological foundations and shows the history of the formation and development of social work. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of state policy models in the field of social work in the modern global world. The features of social work as a potentially conflict professional activity are shown. A list of social work technologies with various categories of the population is presented. The textbook comes with a glossary...

• Technology of social work (for bachelors). Textbook

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• History of social work. Tutorial

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2017. Series: Undergraduate.

  The most important problems and stages of the formation of social work as a social practice, the field of knowledge and the direction of education are considered. From the standpoint of the paradigm approach, an analysis is given of the dynamics of the development of social work in its most important systemic connections. The influence of the socio-historical context on the forms, types and directions of helping practices is shown. Written in accordance with the requirements of the new educational standard. Designed to develop...

• Technology of social work for bachelors. Textbook. GEF

  Publisher: Phoenix. Year: 2017. Series: Higher education.

  The textbook reveals the theoretical, methodological and practice-oriented aspects of social work in its main directions. The content of universal technologies in the system of social work, technologies of work with various categories of the population, technologies of social work in different types of institutions, as well as technologies for resolving conflicts in the social sphere are disclosed. The textbook is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying...

• Professional dictionary of a specialist in rehabilitation work in the social sphere. Directory

  Publisher: Forum. Year: 2017.

  The reference edition includes the terminology of a specialist in rehabilitation work in the field of family and childhood in social service organizations. Includes 230 basic concepts. Reference materials are intended for teachers of the system of additional professional education, teachers of higher and secondary professional educational organizations, as well as for practitioners and students...

• Theory of social work. Tutorial

  Publisher: Prospect. Year: 2017.

  The textbook outlines the content of the main problems of the theory of social work, systematically analyzes its practical and methodological foundations, the most important concepts and concepts. The content of the textbook complies with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education in the direction 040400 "Social Work" and the working curriculum for the training of social workers ...

• Unity and differentiation in social security law. Monograph

  Publisher: Prospect. Year: 2017.

  The monograph examines the theoretical and economic foundations of the unity and differentiation of legal regulation in social security law. The essence of unity and differentiation as features of the method and principle of this industry is analyzed. The content of the concept "criterion of differentiation of legal regulation" is formulated, the classification of criteria is given. The differentiation of social security of citizens is characterized, taking into account the specifics ...

• Publisher: Normatika. Year: 2017. Series: Crib.

  The manual provides answers to all the main examination questions in this discipline, provided for by the State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education. The most important thing that a student needs to know in order to successfully pass the exam is briefly and clearly stated. The manual, addressed to students of higher and secondary educational institutions, will help them prepare for the exam in the shortest possible time ...

• Social security law in schemes and definitions. Tutorial

  Publisher: Prospect. Year: 2017.

  The textbook in a convenient format considers the course of the discipline "Social Security Law". In the manual in the form of diagrams and definitions, the main questions included in the tickets for tests and exams are disclosed. This form was chosen for ease of use and better assimilation of very abstract theoretical material. For students, graduate students of law schools, as well as anyone interested in jurisprudence...

• Ethical foundations of social work. Tutorial

  Publisher: Prospect. Year: 2017.

  The textbook was developed in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education and is intended for bachelors studying in the field of study "Social work". The manual reveals the axiological potential and historical and cultural dynamics of social work as a socially helping activity and profession, presents the value-normative foundations of professional...

• Social security law. Tutorial

  Publisher: RIOR. Year: 2017. Series: Higher education: Bachelor's degree.

  The textbook has been prepared in accordance with state educational standards. Allows you to systematize the knowledge on the discipline "Social Security Law", obtained in the learning process. For students of legal areas of training. 3rd edition...

• Psychology of social work. Textbook for universities

  Publisher: Peter. Year: 2016. Series: Textbook for universities.

  The second edition of the textbook has been revised and supplemented. The book contains a complete and systematic exposition of the main theoretical principles and models of psychological and social assistance. The publication presents the basic modern methods of non-clinical psychotherapeutic and counseling assistance and the psychological mechanisms of adaptation and maladjustment of a healthy person in society, as well as the latest developments in this area. A number of psychodiagnostic...

• Psychology of social work for bachelors. Textbook

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• Theory of social work for bachelors. Textbook. GEF

  Publisher: Phoenix. Year: 2016. Series: Higher education.

  The textbook is written in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education and contains the most significant theoretical and practical modern knowledge in the field of social work theory, presented in a strict logical and consistent form. The main categories, theories and methods of social work are considered. Particular attention is removed to the history of the formation of social work in the world and in Russia, as well as...

• Organization of work of social security bodies in the Russian Federation (for colleges). GEF

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2016. Series: Secondary vocational education.

  The main questions of the curriculum of the course "Organization of work of social security bodies" are reflected. The most important normative concepts related to the sphere of social security of the population are considered in detail: the entire structure of the state system in this area of ​​social relations is presented in a broad and detailed manner. It is told what types of social security and...

• Social security law. Tutorial

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2016.

  The questions of the General part of the industry are briefly reflected. The main attention is paid to the institutions of the Special Part - the basic provisions that determine the key parameters of the domestic social security system and the main approaches to the regulation of relevant relations. Their content is set out taking into account the latest legislative acts on social security (as of September 1, 2012). Issues related to pension provision were also considered ...

• Philosophy of social work. Tutorial

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2016. Series: For bachelors.

  The main provisions of the philosophy of social work are presented, which are analyzed at the following levels of conjugation: philosophy as an ideological and methodological basis of social work; epistemology of social work, where it is presented as a cognitive complex of spiritual and historical practices; philosophy of the subject language of social work and social work as a social phenomenon. For bachelors of higher educational institutions studying...

• Social security law. Crib. Tutorial

  Publisher: RG-Press. Year: 2016.

  The publication contains questions of examination tickets for the academic discipline "Social Security Law" and was created taking into account the new Federal Law of November 29, 2010 No. 326-FZ "On Compulsory Medical Insurance in the Russian Federation" (questions 28 - 30). This manual is not an alternative to the textbook, but is an indispensable tool for students in consolidating the studied material in preparation for passing tests and exams...

• Social security law: study guide

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2016. Series: Undergraduate.

  Contains the main questions of the curriculum of the course "Social Security Law". Based on the latest legislation, the problems of the general and special parts of this branch of law are revealed. The appendix contains the main regulations on institutions, which makes the study of the discipline more convenient. Corresponds to the FGOS VPO of the third generation. For bachelor's, master's and postgraduate students of higher educational institutions1 studying in the specialty ...

• Disability: recognition procedure, social protection and support

  Publisher: Phoenix. Year: 2015. Series: Consulting a lawyer.

  This publication in an accessible form covers issues related to the recognition of a person as a disabled person, the rehabilitation (habilitation) of disabled people, the provision of social protection measures and support in the field of medicine, in training and employment, in the field of material security and social services, as well as other measures life support, protection and restoration of violated rights. The publication is intended for a wide range of readers and will...

• 110 questions and answers on the theory and practice of social work. Tutorial

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2015.

  The textbook presents the entire exposition of the theory and practice of social work: its history in Russia and abroad, the foundations of the theory, its place in the structure of the humanities and socio-political sciences, methodology, general and particular technologies. The manual is structured in the form of questions on the main topics of the training course "Social work" and detailed answers to them. For students of universities and secondary specialized educational institutions of a humanitarian profile, professionally...

• Social security law. Tutorial

  Publisher: Omega-L. Year: 2015. Series: Higher School Library.

  The manual deals with the main issues related to the concept of social security law, seniority, the current pension system, the procedure for providing the population with social benefits, insurance and compensation payments, and the provision of medical care. A distinctive feature of this publication is its relevance. The manual not only reflects the changes that have taken place in the national system of social security and insurance ...

• Social Security Law Cheat Sheet

  Publisher: OK-Kniga. Year: 2015. Series: First aid for a student.

  This publication will help to systematize the previously acquired knowledge, as well as prepare for an exam or test and pass it successfully. The manual is intended for students of higher educational institutions ...

• Social security law. Crib

  Publisher: Phoenix. Year: 2015. Series: Mini-cribs for universities.

  The publication contains questions of examination papers on the academic discipline Social Security Law and answers to them. The manual is intended for students of legal specialties and will help them in consolidating the studied material in preparation for passing the test and exam...

The monograph comprehensively explores the theoretical and practical issues of the sources of social security law as the most important legal category, namely: the concept, features of the sources of social security law, their place in the general system of sources of law; doctrinal sources of law; generally recognized principles and norms of international law, international treaties of the Russian Federation in the system of sources of social security law; human right to social...

• Management in social work. Textbook

  Publisher: Omega-L. Year: 2014.

  The textbook outlines the theoretical, methodological and practical issues of the theory and practice of management in social work under the program of the course "Management in social work", reveals the basic concepts, questions and topics of the training course that determine its objectives: to introduce students into the professional thesaurus and consolidate ideas about the essence and content of management in social work, to lay the foundations of professional competence ...

• Social Worker's Handbook

  Publisher: Phoenix. Year: 2014. Series: Social project.

  The reference dictionary offered to the attention of readers is an encyclopedic type publication, consisting of dictionary entries arranged in alphabetical order. The work subjected to a comprehensive analysis of a set of concepts, categories and terms that reflect the structure and content of the theory of social work. On this basis, the social phenomena studied by this science are reflected in a generalized form, as well as the connections between them by fixing their essential ...

• Conflictology in social work. Textbook

  Publisher: RGSU. Year: 2014.

  The textbook discusses the concepts, factors, structure and typology of conflicts in social work; stages of conflict development; destructive and constructive ways of development of conflicts; models of managing the development of conflicts in social work; professional and ethical foundations and problems of social work, as well as the principles and tasks of conflictology at the present stage of development of social sciences and their specificity in the field of social work. Particular attention has been paid...

• Social legislation aimed at protection from poverty in Russia

  Publisher: Prospect. Year: 2014.

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Introduction

The problem of building family relations today is largely due to a radical change in the old and the emergence of new socio-economic relations. Crisis phenomena are observed not only in the sphere of economics and politics, but also in the spiritual life of society. At present, individualization is manifested in family relations, the extreme forms of which lead to the disintegration of some families and the devaluation of the values ​​of the family way of life in our society.

This determines The relevance of research the process of social support of family and marriage relations.

The problem of family and marriage was dealt with by V. Satir, K. Vitek, I.Ts. Dorno, M.S. Matskovsky. Marital relations were studied by N.E. Korotkov, S.I. Kordon, I.A. Rogova, V.A. Sysenko, A.G. Kharchev, A.I. Kuzmin.

In the process of researching the problem of family and marriage relations, contradiction between the need to harmonize relations in the family and the insufficient development of measures for the social support of family and marriage relations.

Based on this contradiction, it was determined research topic: "Social support of family and marriage relations".

research problem is to determine the role of events in the social support of family and marriage relations.

The object of this study marital and family relations.

Subject of study: maintaining family relationships.

Purpose of the study: to determine the state of marriage and family relations at the present stage and the ways of their social support.

Research hypothesis is that social support is likely to harmonize family and marriage relations.

Research objectives:

1. Study the problems of family relations.

2. Give a description of family-oriented programs.

3. To develop measures for social support of family and marriage relations.

Research methods:

· Theoretical - the study of legal documents about the family, theoretical works on family problems, generalization, analysis;

Practical - conversation, survey, questioning, statistical and mathematical processing of the received materials

The work consists of an introduction, the first chapter "The state of marriage and family relations at the present stage", the second chapter "Measures for the social support of family and marriage relations", conclusions, applications.

Chapter 1. The state of marriage and family relations at the present stage

1.1 Marriage and family: concept, types, functions, life cycles of development

According to scientists, the family is one of the greatest values ​​created by mankind in the entire history of its existence. Not a single nation, not a single cultural community has managed without a family. Society, the state are interested in its positive development, preservation, strengthening; Every person, regardless of age, needs a strong, reliable family.

In modern science there is no single definition of the family, although attempts to do this were made by great thinkers many centuries ago (Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Hegel, etc.). Many features of the family have been identified, but how to combine them, highlighting the most significant ones? Most often, the family is spoken of as the main unit of society, which directly participates in the biological and social reproduction of society. In recent years, more and more often the family is called a specific small socio-psychological group, thereby emphasizing that it is characterized by a special system of relations that are more or less governed by laws, moral norms, and traditions.

V.A. Mizherikov gives the following definition of a family: “A family is a small social group based on marriage, consanguinity, whose members are connected by a common life, mutual material and moral responsibility. (17, p. 104).

V. Satir in his book “How to Build Yourself and Your Family” writes that “the family is a microcosm of the whole world”, to understand it, it is enough to know the family” (25, p. 5). Manifestations of power, intimacy, independence, trust, communication skills that exist in it are the key to unraveling many phenomena of life. If we want to change the world, we need to change the family.” (25, p. 121)

P.I ... Shevandrin gives the following concept: “A family is a small socio-psychological group whose members are connected by marriage or kinship, common life and mutual moral responsibility, and the social need for which is due to the need for physical, spiritual reproduction of the population. (33, p. 405).

R. Nemov writes in a textbook on psychology that “the family is a special kind of collective that plays the main, long-term and most important role in education. Trust and fear, confidence and timidity, calmness and anxiety, cordiality and warmth in communication as opposed to alienation and coldness - all these qualities a person acquires in the family. (20, v. 2, p. 276)

From all these definitions, it can be seen that two main types of relations are distinguished within the family - matrimony (marriage relations between husband and wife) and kinship (kinship relations between parents and children, between children, relatives).

In the life of specific people, the family has many faces, since interpersonal relationships have many varieties. For some, the family is a stronghold, a reliable emotional rear, the focus of mutual concerns, joy; for others - a kind of battlefield, where all members fight for their own interests, hurting each other with a careless word, intemperate behavior. However, the overwhelming majority of people living on earth associate the concept of happiness, first of all, with the family: the one who is happy in his home considers himself happy. People who, according to their own assessment, have a good family live longer, get sick less, work productively, endure life's hardships more steadfastly, are more sociable and kinder than those who have not managed to create a normal family, save it from disintegration, or are a convinced bachelor. This is evidenced by the results of sociological studies conducted in different countries.

The family, as a kind of community of people, as a social institution, influences all aspects of public life, all social processes are directly or indirectly connected with it (12, p. 84). At the same time, the family has relative autonomy from socio-economic relations, acting as one of the most traditional and stable social institutions. (31, p. 151)

In everyday life, and in special literature, the concept of "family" is often identified with the concept of "marriage." In fact, these concepts, which in fact have a common thing, are not synonymous.

“Marriage is historically developed various mechanisms of social regulation (customs, religion, law, morality) of sexual relations between a man and a woman, aimed at maintaining the continuity of life” (S.I. Golod, A.A. Kletsin). The purpose of marriage is to create a family and have children, therefore marriage establishes marital and parental rights and obligations. It should be borne in mind that family marriages arose in different historical periods.

“The family is a more complex system of relations than marriage, since, as a rule, it unites not only spouses, but also their children, other relatives, or simply people close to them by spouses” (32, p. 68).

Each family is unique, but at the same time it contains features by which it can be assigned to any type. The most archaic type is the patriarchal (traditional) family. This is a large family, where different generations of relatives and in-laws live in one “nest”. There are many children in the family who depend on their parents, respect their elders, and strictly observe national and religious customs. The emancipation of women and all the accompanying socio-economic changes undermined the foundations of authoritarianism that reigned in the patriarchal family. Families with traits of patriarchy survived in rural areas, in small towns (27, p. 112).

In urban families, the process of nuclearization and family segmentation, which is characteristic of most peoples in industrialized countries, has reached a larger scale. Nuclear families (the predominant type) consist mainly of two generations - of spouses and children - before the latter enter into marriage. (26, p. 18). In our country, families consisting of three generations are common - from spouses, children and grandparents. Such families are often of a forced nature: a young family wants to separate from their parents, but cannot do this due to the lack of their own housing. In nuclear families (parents are non-family children), i.e. young families, there is usually a close community of spouses in everyday life. It is expressed in a respectful attitude towards each other, in mutual assistance, in an open manifestation of concern for each other, in contrast to patriarchal families, in which it is customary to hide such relationships. But the spread of nuclear families is fraught with a weakening of emotional ties between young spouses and their parents, as a result, the mutual assistance, it is difficult to transfer experience, including the experience of education from the older generation to the younger (27, p. 93)

In the last decade, the number of small families has been growing, consisting of two people: incomplete, maternal, "empty nests", spouses whose children "flew out of the nest."

A sad sign of the present time is the growth of single-parent families arising as a result of divorce or the death of one of the spouses. In an incomplete family, one of the spouses (more often the mother) brings up the child (children). The same structure of the maternal (illegitimate) family, which differs from incomplete in that the mother was not married to the father of her child. The quantitative representativeness of such a family is evidenced by the domestic statistics of "out-of-wedlock" births: every sixth child is born to an unmarried mother. Often she is only 15-18 years old, when she is not able to support a child or raise him. In recent years, mother families have been created by mature women (about forty years old ...), who consciously made the choice to "give birth for themselves." Every year, more than half a million children under the age of 18 are left without one parent as a result of divorce. Today in the Russian Federation, every third child is brought up in an incomplete or maternal family.

The modern family is formed and functions in the conditions of the state. Therefore, it is important to overcome the traditional view of the family as a purely personal matter of the individual. The “main directions of the state family policy” adopted by the decree of the President of the Russian Federation (1996) serve to regulate the relations “family - society”. Family policy is considered as a system of measures, in the center of which is the family with its life problems and, above all, with family culture regarding the upbringing of children in a variety of cases, including divorce, adoption, their birth out of wedlock. The noble goal of family policy has been proclaimed: creating the conditions necessary for the family to achieve well-being, protect its institutional interests that ensure social security in the process of social development. “The family is a specific social institution in which the interests of society, family members in general and each of them individually are intertwined.” (11, p. 30). Being the primary cell of society, the family performs functions (action) that are important for society, necessary for the life of every person.

Under the functions of the family understand the direction of life of the family team or its individual members, expressing the social role and essence of the family. (11, p. 31).

The functions of the family are influenced by such factors as the requirements of society, family law and moral standards, and the real assistance of the state to the family. Therefore, throughout the history of mankind, the functions of the family will constantly change: new ones appear, the previously arisen ones die off or are filled with other content (33, p. 38).

Currently, there is no generally accepted classification of family functions. Researchers are unanimous in defining such functions as procreation (reproductive), economic, restorative (leisure organization), and educational. Between the functions there is a close connection, interdependence, complementarity, therefore, any violations in one of them affect the performance of the other.

The reproductive function is the biological reproduction and preservation of offspring, the continuation of the human race (Matskovsky). The only and indispensable producer of the man himself is the family. Inherent by nature, the instinct of procreation is transformed in a person into the need to have children, take care of them, and educate them. At present, the main social function of the family is to meet the needs of men and women in marriage, fatherhood, and motherhood. This social process ensures the reproduction of new generations of people, the continuation of the human race (11, p. 32).

The words “family” and “parenthood” usually stand side by side, since the birth of a new family is the most important meaning of marriage. This is a tradition that comes from the depths of centuries: if there is a family, then there must be children; if there are children, then their parents must be with them.

“The economic function provides a variety of economic needs of one's own family. At present, the content of the economic function has been enriched with new forms, such as individual labor activity, family contracts, etc. It is important that the economic function be common to all family members (11, p. 34).

The function of spiritual communication (organization of leisure) “manifests itself in meeting the needs for joint leisure activities, mutual spiritual enrichment; Leisure activities are aimed at restoring and maintaining health. The study of the level of "social well-being" showed that among the main problems that complicate the life of a modern family, health problems, anxiety for the future of children, fatigue and lack of prospects are most often noted.

The educational function is the most important function of the family, which consists in the spiritual reproduction of the population (11, p. 38). both adults and children are brought up in the family at all age stages. Education consists in cooperation, when both give and both feel endowed with gifts. There are three aspects of the educational function of the family (7, p. 39).

1. Raising a child, shaping his personality, developing his ability. Through intra-family communication, the child learns the norms and forms of behavior accepted in a given society, moral values.

2. The systematic educational impact of the family team on each of its members throughout his life. Each family develops its own individual system of education, which is based on certain value orientations. The family is a kind of school in which everyone "goes through" many social roles. Throughout their life together, spouses influence each other, but the nature of this influence changes. In the first period of family life, there is a “grinding in” of characters, habits, getting used to tastes, habits, reactions. In adulthood, spouses try to avoid neurotic situations, emphasize each other's merits in every possible way, inspire confidence in their own strengths, etc.

3. The constant influence of the children of the people (other family members), prompting them to self-education. Any process of education is based on the self-education of educators. D.B. Elkonin noted that “not so much the family socializes the child as he himself socializes those around him, subordinates them to himself, tries to construct a world that is convenient and pleasant for himself ...”. No wonder many great teachers believed that family education is, first of all, the self-education of parents. The value of each of the listed functions varies depending on the needs of society and the needs of the individual, as well as depending on the stages of the family life cycle (6, p. 418).

The life cycle of a family varies depending on the functions. Each individual family goes through several stages in its development. At each of these stages, family members face certain challenges and difficulties.

There are several periodizations of the family life cycle; we have spread the periodization of E.K. Vasilyeva, which includes the following stages of the life cycle. A young family (the birth of a family) from the moment of marriage to the appearance of the first child. The most important tasks to be solved at this stage:

1. Psychological adaptation of the spouses to the conditions of family life and the psychological characteristics of each other;

2. Mutual sexual adaptation of spouses;

3. Acquisition of housing and joint property;

4. Formation of relations by relatives;

5. Determining your reproductive behavior.

This period includes 7-10 years of family existence.

At this stage of family life, there are certain problems: material, housing, sexual disharmony, mismatch of reproductive attitudes, unplanned pregnancy.

With the advent of a child in the family, the tasks change:

1. Redistribution of duties in connection with the appearance of a child;

2. Leisure is changing, the search for new forms;

3. Establishing relationships with relatives on new grounds;

4. Determining the type of upbringing of the child;

5. Choice of educational institution.

The complex process of forming intra-family and extra-family relations proceeds very intensively and intensely.

At this stage, various problems and disturbances in the life of the family arise:

Uneven distribution of responsibilities;

Unpreparedness for the birth of a child (psychological, material), leading to a crisis;

Sexual dissatisfaction;

Change or lack of leisure;

Contradiction between professional and parental roles.

An indirect reflection of these difficulties is the number and causes of divorces.

The main stage of the life cycle is an established mature family, which includes minor children of primary school age and children aged 12 to 20 years.

The tasks of a mature family with children of primary school age:

Transformation of family life;

Organization of the child's workplace;

Building relationships with the school;

Helping the child to master the school community;

Control of educational activities.

At this stage, the family may experience the following problems:

Lack of material resources;

The unpreparedness of the child for school;

Conflict relations in the classroom or with the teacher;

Fear of influence on the child of children with deviant behavior;

Fear for the physical safety of the child;

Organization of the free time of the child.

The tasks of a mature family with teenage children are changing as Children of this age tend to be more independent from their parents. It:

Establishment of child-parent relations on new principles: more freedom;

Help a teenager in self-determination of life values, profession;

Organization of leisure in connection with changing interests, needs;

Taking security measures for the negative impact of others;

Correlation of professional growth, interests with the interests of the family.

In this regard, the following problems appear in the life of the family:

Conflicts with maturing children on various occasions;

Different perspectives on...?

The likelihood of a teenager being involved in a deviant company, a criminal group, drug addiction;

Conflicts with the older generation;

Contradiction of professional and parental roles;

Unplanned pregnancy.

The educational function is especially significant at this stage, because. the main violations of vital activity are connected here with educational difficulties.

Elderly family (completion of the life of the family)

This period includes the following tasks:

Organize life in a new way;

Establish and rebuild marital relations;

Adapt to physiological changes;

Learn the roles of grandparents;

Adapt to a new status - a pensioner;

Summing up life.

At this stage, the following problems are typical:

Personal crisis associated with the completion of work and retirement;

Conflicts with children;

Weakening of physical strength, illness;

Isolation, narrowing the circle of communication;

dissatisfaction with life;

Experience the death of a marriage partner;

Futility.

At each of the stages, the family faces certain tasks, without the successful solution of which, discord (crisis) of family relations and divorce may occur (34, p. 408).

None of the listed stages is more critical than others (33, p. 409). M.V. Firsov and E.G. Studenova in the book "the theory of social work in Russia" the life scenario of marriage and family relations is presented in the following aspect. In Russia, after graduating from school, children, as a rule, stay with their parents. Marriages are concluded early, young people do not yet have a very clear idea of ​​the material and everyday prospects of the family. The formation of young families often takes place in the bowels of the older one. (30, p.146).

At each stage of its development, the family experiences certain contradictions and difficulties. Turning points are defined by the concept of "crisis of marriage", most often when the family experiences life situations that can contribute to the break (30, p. 205),

The first crisis of marriage occurs in the first months and years of marriage. The reason for the breakup may be the failure of the spouses to adapt to each other, unfulfilled expectations. Divorce is not complicated if there are no children in the family.

The next crisis develops with the birth of the first child (“baby shock”), when, in fact, a real complete family is formed. At the same time, role structures change, the volume of household duties increases sharply, and their distribution has not yet taken place. This period is also characterized by a change in sexual relations, their significance and saturation, and the state of health of a young mother also changes.

The birth of subsequent children, as a rule, does not lead to a crisis situation, since certain mechanisms have already been established and are operating in the family structure, and the spouses decide to have a second child, subject to the resolution of the crisis associated with the birth of the first child.

However, the appearance of new children in the family can cause a whole range of difficulties for the first child, before the only one.

The stage of the cycle is also peculiar - a family with teenage children, whose body is undergoing changes in the physiological and moral-psychological plan. But attention must be paid not only to the problems of children, but also to the problems of spouses, who must adequately respond to the state and behavior of children.

The period of growing up of children can be called a crisis for the family. Even if during this period the children remain in the house, they behave more emancipated and gradually free themselves from the influence and power of their parents. Many families are saved only for the purpose of raising children and putting them on their feet, although there is no intimacy between spouses. At this time, when previously hidden relationships are activated and new ones are emerging, which provokes another peak in divorce, it is important to maintain close relationships with children through the strengthening of spiritual contacts, tolerance and compromise.

The stage of an elderly family is characterized by an increasing dependence of the family on others: illness and insufficient material support reduce the possibility of self-sufficiency, but the biggest problem of this period is the lack of communication.

Thus, the family life cycle is relatively closed: it has its own beginning and end. At the same time, he is a link in the continuous process of the existence of the genus, when the life cycle of parents passes into the life cycle of children and grandchildren (33, p. 386).

On the basis of the psychological theory of the personality of E. Erickson and the stages of development of the family by S. Rhodes, typical conflicts can be put in line with life and family crises (see table 1).

Thus, we can say that the family in the process of its development is going through certain stages and completion. The life cycle of an individual living in a family can be seen as premarital (a person lives in his parents' family, which is also his family), marriage (creating his own family), and postmarital (divorce, widowhood, etc.). This pattern of development is followed by most families, although it is not the norm.

1.2 Family law: state of the art

Modern ideas about the social and legal protection of the family stem from the features of the family policy of the state and are based on theoretical ideas about the family and its interaction with the state, both in legal and social aspects. In the context of the topic under consideration, the family is studied not only as a social institution, but also as an object of social and legal protection of the state. This approach involves meeting the basic needs of the family related to its material well-being, health care, education, security, etc.

Within the framework of family policy, guided by social and legal norms developed by the Russian state, the government and other state and municipal authorities, they are called upon to ensure the full functioning of the family. From this point of view, social and legal protection is a complex creative and law enforcement process, which includes not only the issuance of normative legal acts (codes, laws, decrees, resolutions, etc.), but also the implementation of the entire set of normative legal regulations and other political, economic, moral, and other rules and measures. Among the latter, the principles, methods, forms and ways of implementing family policy are among the priorities. (18, p. 59)

The foregoing determines the scientific relevance of the sociological analysis of the content of the social and legal protection of the family as a systemic education in the unity of all its most important components. In a special measure, this applies to modern Russia, in which the civilized elements of the social and legal protection of the family began to take shape only after the adoption of the new Constitution of the country (December 1993). At the same time, the scientific relevance of the study is also determined by the situation that prevailed in Russia at the turn of the century, which limits the potential for the social development of the family and society and is characterized by the following:

The modern family cannot cope with its inherent traditional reproductive, socio-economic and educational functions;

The growth of social orphanhood, which places an additional burden on the state budget, creates conditions for the criminalization of children and adolescents;

Strengthening the degradation of the primary socialization of children, laying the foundation for future dependency and deviant behavior of a significant mass of people;

The predominance of the patriarchal - paternalistic position of the state in relation to the family, which does not correspond to the current socio-economic situation;

The lack of constant sociological and social support for the reform of family and social policy;

Orientation of the family policy of the state only to protect abnormal and marginal families;

The imperfection of the legal framework for the social protection of the family and, in particular, the extreme inefficiency of the practice of execution (enforcement) of the issued normative legal acts.

The foregoing gives grounds for emphasizing the position according to which the effective application of the current legislation and its adequate implementation, including the development of new areas in the field of social and legal protection of the family, is designed to improve the social and legal protection of the family and, in general, the social situation of Russian families. The latter necessitates a scientific search for ways and effective measures to strengthen the social and legal protection of the family and strengthen the institution of the family in Russia. Indicators of the effectiveness of such measures in the future, as evidenced by world practice, are an increase in the birth rate to a simple replacement of generations and further stabilization of this process, as well as a significant decrease in the number of abortions, a decrease in divorces and the proportion of incomplete families (14, p. 197).

The foregoing clearly confirms the scientific relevance and practical significance of the sociological development of the problems of theory and practice of the social and legal protection of the family in modern Russia.

At the end of the 20th century, there was a tendency to expand the scope of the demographic approach to family-oriented research. In the Soviet period, these problems were actively dealt with by A.G. Kharchev, M.S. Matskovsky and others, who focused on social and demographic aspects. In addition to the demographic approach to the study of family and marriage relations, other concepts began to develop, representing new views on this problem. In particular, much attention began to be paid to the interaction of the family and the individual, spouses, parents and children, brothers and sisters, as well as the interaction of the family with society, social institutions and informal formations.

Interesting sociological areas include studies of the processes of family and marriage relations, presented in the works of M.G. Pankratov, N.G. Aristova, T.A. Gurko, Z.M. Aligadzhieva and others.

According to these scientists, one of the instruments of influence on the family is the family policy of the authorities. A similar point of view was also expressed by G.A. Zaikina, in whose works one can trace an interest in the analysis of intra-family relations, problems of fertility and child rearing, as well as in the “women's issue”. A change in scientific views in this area occurred in the early 90s

The 20th century was due to the fact that the state began to implement family policy, which led to a more active sociological study of the family: as a social institution and a small social group.

It should be noted that the influence of such a mechanism of state regulation as social and legal protection on family values, on the full functioning of the family as a social institution within the framework of the family policy of the state is still insufficiently studied in Russian sociological science, which determines the undoubted scientific relevance and practical significance of the sociological analysis of the social and legal protection of the family. in modern Russian society, especially in the context of the implementation in January 2005 of federal law No. 122 on the replacement of in-kind benefits with monetization, the negative social consequences of which are obvious today.

Interest in the study of the institution of the family is not weakening, but on the contrary, it is growing in our days. An extensive literature is devoted to the problem of the emergence, development and assistance to the family. The economic and political transformations that Russian society has undergone over the past fifteen years, of course, have a significant impact on family life. Many of Russian families are on the verge of survival, in the literal sense of the word. Changes in the country primarily affect the life of the family, the formation of the younger generation. Problems of this magnitude can only be solved by the state. Family members need legal, psychological and economic support. Such protection and guardianship is performed by the state.

The family is a certain refuge and guardian of the private form of the human way of life. The family gives a person life, upbringing, primary socialization and everything without which a person cannot fully live and exist. The family is especially important for a person during periods when society is experiencing a period of instability. But in the context of global processes taking place in the world, the institution of the family cannot always quickly and correctly adapt to changing conditions. In this case, the state is called upon to take care of the family. But how conscientiously the state provides for the protection of the family can only be established by assessing the social and legal protection of the family, carried out within the framework of the state family policy.

1.3 Actual problems of family relations

A wedding passes, the everyday life of real life begins - and then it turns out that people completely unfamiliar to each other connected their destinies. What is the fate of such a marriage? In order to answer this question, a more correct question to start with is another question: is it possible to predict the fate of the families of today's newlyweds? An analysis of the work carried out in the field of marriage and the family by well-known sociologists and psychologists allows us to give a positive answer to this question. To this end, a number of studies are devoted to the problem of family well-being, the authors of which each define in their own way the phenomena that affect the well-being of the family, marriage, and its harmony. The essence of some of them will be given below.

Scientists N.E. Korotkov, S.I. Kordon, I.A. Rogova believe that the basis of the strength of family ties is the compatibility of spouses, and compatibility is social and psychological (12, p. 44).

The authors define social compatibility as the similarity of husband and wife, the sameness of their main guidelines and values. There are many aspects in everyone's life - work, leisure, raising children, art, books, material comfort, friends, health care, etc. For different people, these aspects of life have different importance. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly define the extent to which the vital interests of the husband and wife coincide. A significant discrepancy, the authors argue, increases the risk of marriage. Psychological compatibility is an even more complex and less understandable thing. It lies in the dissimilarity of husband and wife.

Psychologists have established that, as a rule, dialectics operates here - the opposite is drawn to the opposite. A person seeks to get close to people who have exactly the same qualities that he lacks: indecisive, timid, hesitant, sympathizes with the bold, decisive; a quick-tempered, expansive person converges with a calm, even phlegmatic one.

The functioning of the family consists of a number of functioning spheres of family life.

Karel Vitek described a number of significant factors based on the results of his own research, which must be taken into account when entering into marriage, and subsequently have an unconditional impact on the success or failure of the functioning of the family (4, p. 114).

How the fate of the future family will turn out, whether it will be an example of well-being or, on the contrary, will face problems and difficulties that will lead it to disintegration - this, according to K. Vitek, largely depends on the atmosphere where the future spouses grew up. Here, first of all, two points are important: the personal example of parents and the quality of the educational impact on children. Sociological research data show that the divorce of parents increases the probability of a future divorce in children three times, while the probability of divorce of children whose parents are not divorced is one in twenty (4, p. 148).

Marriage is certainly influenced by many factors. It is also indisputable that children perceive from their parents not only a form of behavior, subconscious reactions, various positive or negative habits, but also existing features, models of marital relations. A survey of 800 married men and women, which was conducted in the early 90s in the Russian Federation, showed that the vast majority of those who rated their marriage as “ideal” (83.5%) also rated the marriage of their parents in the same way. Those who found difficulties in family life considered their parents' marriage "relatively good" in 69.1% of cases (5, p. 48).

The same connection was found in conflict situations. The more conflicts there were in parental families, the more often they arose in the families of children. Of those whose parents were in a satisfactory relationship, 48.1% faced conflicts in their family life. The majority (77.1%) of men and women who grew up in families where quarrels of parents were a typical phenomenon, in turn experienced conflicts in their family life.

Based on the data of these studies, M.I. Buyanov formulated the following conclusions:

1. The nature of the relationship of the spouses largely corresponds to the nature of the relationship of their parents.

2. In cases where conflicts between parents crossed all boundaries, resulting in various manifestations of mutual hostility, but it did not come to a divorce, children often perceived such relationships as an anti-model of a normal family and, entering into marriage, built their marital relations in a completely different way.

3. If the conflict of the parents reaches an extreme degree and becomes unbearable for both parties, then divorce is more in the interests of the children than the future life of the parents.

The harmony of family life of parents has other consequences for the future family life of children. So, for example, Karl Vitek found that people who positively assessed the marriage of their parents showed more ability to build relationships in their family based on sensitivity, reasonable consent and nobility. 42.8% of respondents from families where harmony reigned between parents , showed complete mutual understanding in matters of housekeeping, while those whose parents divorced showed this quality in 28.3% of cases. Of the 508 respondents whose parents lived well, 77.8% like to spend their free time with their husband (wife), which is evidence of marital harmony. Of the 326 people in whose parental families there were frequent conflicts, only 63.2% said that it gives them pleasure to spend their free time with their partner in marriage (4, p. 49). Parents whose marriages have gone well give their children the clearest and most convincing example of how a husband and wife should live together. They complement each other and thus ensure the success of education. The coordinated actions of parents are the most important prerequisite for the successful formation of personality.

K. Vitek devoted several studies to the importance of a personal example of parents for the future family life of children. For example, in a group of 39 “ideal” married couples, the majority answered that their parents served as an example of their married life (69.2%). In the group of 149 married couples in whose relationships certain difficulties were observed, a positive example of parents was noted less often - 58.3% of the respondents.

In another study, the results of a survey of 590 people were as follows (%):

Both parents were examples - 60.0

Parents were not always an example - 31.1

Only the mother was an example - 6.0 - only the father was an example - 1.2

Didn't grow up in a family - 1.7

As can be seen from these data, the majority positively evaluates the example of parents. And yet, a considerable part of the respondents did not have a constant positive example of both parents in childhood, which, in general, negatively affected their readiness for family life.

When analyzing the nature of the educational impact of parents on children, the following picture was obtained (a group of 594 people was studied,%):

Inconsistent parenting - 29.7

Overly liberal upbringing - 1.5

And here, along with purposeful upbringing on the part of parents, situations are not uncommon when respondents negatively assess the educational impact of parents, linking this with the shortcomings of their family life.

The data obtained lead to the conclusion that the nature of upbringing in the parental family largely determines the appearance of the future family of children. The most beneficial in this regard is reasonable education, which includes the necessary exactingness, warm attitude from parents, joint spending of free time, democracy.

An analysis of the causes of divorce showed that failure in marriage is largely determined by mistakes in choosing a partner, that is, the chosen one either does not have the necessary personality traits, or the totality of his psycho-physiological characteristics, views and interests does not correspond to the ideas and needs of the elector. The author notes that disappointment in marriage can occur regardless of the fact that the partner has many of the most positive qualities. It is important that the husband and wife "match" each other on biological and moral factors, including various aspects of upbringing, political, cultural, religious views, or that the partners are tolerant of each other's characteristics.

To reduce the level of divorces, a lot of educational and educational work is needed. In this regard, the task of generalizing and theoretical understanding of empirical data in the field of marriage and family relations arises. Considering the prerequisites for future consent, the author highlights the following points (4, p. 55):

The presence in the relationship of a man and a woman of primary attraction and biological compatibility.

We are talking about indefinable inner sympathy, which can be based on such clear reasons as admiration for talent, success, social position, or an external aesthetic ideal. However, often the emergence of sympathy or antipathy is very difficult to explain. Marriage without spontaneous attraction in most cases does not guarantee a successful marriage. However, the presence of sexual harmony is still not enough for full-fledged marital happiness, since there are many other objective psycho-physiological, moral, social differences and needs.

In connection with the problem of biological harmony, a fundamental moral question arises - are premarital sexual contacts justified during the search for a partner? The old church education dealt with this issue with dogmatic uncompromisingness. Sexual contacts were allowed only in marriage and only for the purpose of conceiving a child. Currently, views in this area have undergone significant changes. However, the frequent change of partners is quite justifiably condemned by public opinion.

Harmonious marriage presupposes the social maturity of the spouses, readiness for active participation in the life of society, the ability to financially provide for their family. Such qualities as a sense of duty and responsibility for the family, self-control and flexibility are also very important. The intellectual level and nature of the partners should not differ too much (4, p. 57).

The author conducted a study in a group of 476 married men and married women. They were asked what qualities of a partner they valued most before marriage and after a certain period of married life (about 15 years). The most successful marriage turned out to be among people who valued in their partner reliability, fidelity, family love and a strong character. In the group of happy marriages, there were few of those who preferred the external appearance of their partner. External attractiveness, valued by young people, fades into the background in older spouses, qualities such as love for the family and the ability to manage the household become the main ones.

On some points, the views of men and women coincided. For example, in the fact that moral and intellectual qualities are more important than appearance. Men, however, valued the appearance of women and their love for the family somewhat more. Women attached more importance to the delicacy and poise of men, and appearance, on the contrary, was put in one of the last places. They rejected the rudeness of men, as well as their indecision and cowardice.

An analysis of the data obtained made it possible to determine that spouses living in an “ideal marriage” most often have such personality traits as restraint, diligence, caring, dedication, and flexibility. They also tend to spend their free time together. At the same time, in marriages of emotionally disordered spouses, there is a deficiency of these qualities.

Based on this, the conclusions are drawn that, firstly, before marriage, partners should pay attention to the presence of each other's traits such as self-control, diligence, caring, the desire to spend free time together, the breadth of nature, accuracy, delicacy, punctuality, dedication , flexibility. Secondly, effective work on the prevention of divorce presupposes the consistent formation of positive character traits necessary for future family life, already from childhood. Parents should understand that long before marriage, by their upbringing, they predetermine what the future marriage will be like. That is why an integral element of the work to prevent divorce should be the preparation of parents to perform educational functions.

As already mentioned, it is very important to know what were the marital relations of the chosen one's parents, what was the family structure, what is the material level of the family, what negative phenomena are observed in the family and in the character of the parents. Even minimal family trauma often leaves a deep mark on the child's soul and negatively affects his views, attitudes and subsequent behavior (8, p. 59).

Deep conflicts are inevitable where partners differ diametrically in their worldview, in political or religious positions, in their views on the upbringing of children, the observance of hygiene rules, on issues such as marital fidelity. It is well known how badly alcoholism, drug addiction, and sometimes smoking abuse affects a marriage.

The education of spouses, of course, raises the cultural and material level of the family and serves as a prerequisite for a higher level of education for children. However, the author believes that there is no reason to believe that higher education is a guarantee of marital happiness and marital stability, which, in our opinion, must be accepted.

Firstly, such spouses are more likely to critically evaluate their marriage and sometimes seek to solve what does not suit them with the help of a divorce. Secondly, universities do not pay special attention to the premarital education of young people, therefore, people with higher education do not differ in this area from their peers.

Research evidence suggests that marital well-being is affected by the labor stability of spouses. Almost every fifth marriage of the respondents who changed professions was somehow disordered. Among the rest, discord was observed in about one in ten marriages. Obviously, by nature, people who often change jobs are characterized by instability, excessive dissatisfaction, and an inability to establish normal relations with people. These qualities are manifested both at work and in the family.

Even fewer strong marriages were observed in the group of people who intended to leave work during the study period - in this group of respondents, one in four was not satisfied with their marriage. This is another confirmation that a harmonious married life and family life is one of the important labor stabilizers (10, p. 60).

The age suitable for marriage is determined by the general maturity of the partners, as well as the readiness to fulfill marital and parental responsibilities. If we agree with the prevailing opinion that maturity is achieved only in the third decade of a person's life, then men and women should marry at least 20 years old. The average marriageable age is considered to be 20-24 years. This, apparently, is the most optimal age. Marriages of younger partners, precisely because of immaturity, unpreparedness and inexperience, are more likely to be at risk of divorce.

As for the duration of acquaintance before marriage, it is very important that during this period the partners get to know each other well, not only in optimally good living conditions, but also in difficult situations, when personal qualities are especially pronounced and weaknesses of character are revealed. According to our data, most young people get married after 1-2 years of dating. This period is usually enough to get to know each other. And six or even more than three months is not enough for this.

Thus, the analysis of happy and unhappy marriages made it possible to identify some factors that play an important role in marriage, which must be taken into account already at the stage of choosing a partner.

As you know, marital harmony or disharmony is the result of the interaction of many factors that are difficult to list in order of their importance. However, some of them are still universally significant and can be traced in all marriages. If this or that factor is regularly detected in unsuccessful marriages, then its recognition already at the stage of choosing a partner can serve as a signal of future complications in married life.

People who show responsibility in the performance of official duties more easily achieve harmony in married life. For example, among the surveyed workers and employees who have an unambiguously positive attitude towards work, 88.6% considered their marriage to be “ideal” or “generally good”. And vice versa, among workers who do not hide their negative attitude to official duties, less than half called their marriage harmonious - 49.1% (13, p. 67)

Probably, the one who is more aware of his capabilities and knows how to make the right choice is more successful both at work and in his personal life. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that an interesting job, job satisfaction has a positive effect on married life and, conversely, a good home atmosphere has a positive effect on working capacity and job satisfaction.

People who observe the principle of marital fidelity live in a harmonious marriage much more often than those who violate this principle. According to studies, in the first group of respondents, successful marriages accounted for 89%, and disordered marriages - 4%. In the second group, these figures were respectively - 72 and 11%.

Optimal marital balance is difficult to achieve with 2 extreme types of reaction: fast and overly emotional, on the one hand, and slow, inhibited, on the other.

Research data suggests that the best relationships were with people who are able to solve all sorts of problems calmly and deliberately - 88.7% of harmonious marriages. A favorable situation was also observed for those who, in their opinion, "impossible to piss off" - 81 .1% of harmonious marriages.

One of the most destabilizing elements in a marriage is the tendency to conflict. Quarrels between spouses have a negative impact on the whole atmosphere in the house. For example, in a group of 136 people who said that they do not have domestic quarrels, the proportion of emotionally disordered marriages is 6.7%.

The general culture of a person presupposes interests that go beyond official duties. These interests enrich a person, broaden his horizons, favorably affect his ability to create good marital relations. As the answers of 1663 people surveyed showed, people who are interested in literature, theatre, cinema, and fine arts are happier in marriage than those who do not have such interests - 86.8 and 75.4% of harmonious marriages, respectively (13, p. 69 ).

As you know, alcoholism has an extremely adverse effect primarily on family relationships. Studies have shown that (2452 people were interviewed) among those living in an “ideal marriage”, there were 80.3% who do not drink alcohol or drink rarely. In a “generally good” marriage, the proportion of these persons was 68.6%.

It is known that the state of health is determined not only genetically, it largely depends on the original way of life, especially on physical hardening and the absence of bad habits. Studies confirm that playing sports has a positive effect both in sexual life and in marriage in general.

Among people involved in sports, the majority described their marriage as "generally good" and 29% as "perfect."

Several studies have been conducted that study the state of marital relations in certain age periods. The data obtained allow us to draw the following conclusions. There are more ideal marriages among the youngest and among the elderly. In the young, the factor of strong emotional attachment prevails, and in the elderly, the habit of each other, the experience of living together, which taught them to appreciate the advantages of a good married and family life.

The most unstable are middle-aged marriages (from 31 to 40 years). At the same time, as a rule, all sorts of family and educational problems are especially aggravated, and marital relations become commonplace, and not everyone is able to cope with this. The high level of divorces, the rather frequent violation of marital fidelity in the youngest families testifies to the thoughtlessness of marriage, insufficient preparation of the young to choose a partner.

Studies have shown that the happiest marriages are those in which love and devotion to each other dominate. In the group where love was the decisive factor in marriage, the proportion of happy marriages was 92.1%, among those in which the basis of marriage was devotion to each other - 91.5 %, in marriages existing for the sake of children - 75.3%, where sexual harmony plays the main role, happy marriages amounted to 74.3% (15, p. 72).

Satisfaction with married life to a certain extent depends on the regime of the day of the spouses, on the division of their duties, the amount of personal and free time.

Satisfaction with family life also largely depends on satisfaction with the sexual relationship of spouses. The reason for dissatisfaction with sexual life may be, in particular, an error in choosing a partner, which manifests itself in a different level of sexual needs of spouses. In addition, their unpreparedness, insufficient culture in the field of sexual and psychological relations may affect.

Dissatisfaction in intimate relationships is a common phenomenon in modern marriages. Of the 476 married men and women surveyed, 50.6% noted that sexual contacts do not bring them full satisfaction. Moreover, women complained about the purely physiological approach of their husbands to intimate contacts, about the everydayness of relationships, and their unwillingness to enrich these relationships.

41.1% of men recognized their intimate relationship with their wife as harmonious. 42.2% said that their wives are not always ready for intimacy, 6.8% noted their wives' indifference.

Some men - 8.5% said that their wives, although they do not refuse intimacy, do not themselves seek sexual satisfaction (5, p. 76).

Of course, K. Vitek formulated and described in detail and fully the areas of family life that affect the harmony of family relations.

Continuing this idea, M.S. Matskovsky and T.A. Gurko developed a conceptual model of factors affecting the success of the functioning of a young family, which more clearly and deeply considers all aspects that affect the life of the family - its well-being or disadvantage (18, p. 76).

Thus, in marital relations, there are currently a number of acute problems, such as:

Social and psychological incompatibility;

High conflict of spouses;

Mistakes in choosing a partner due to different outlooks on life, lack of social maturity;

Alcoholism, drug addiction and other bad habits;

Labor instability of partners;

Marital infidelity, sexual disharmony.

Chapter 2. Measures for social support of family and marriage relations

2.1 Formation of family-oriented social programs

The social protection of the family turned out to be one of the weakest links in our perestroika. Destructive processes in the conditions of the transition period did not bypass the sphere of social guarantees, including the arrangement of childhood and family. Former forms, guidelines and values ​​are actually dying out, and a new system of insurance for those in need and assistance to them, maintaining social infrastructure is in the process of being formed.

As for other indicators that characterize the living conditions of a family with children, such as employment and job satisfaction, self-confidence and social activity, availability of accessible preschool institutions and places of recreation, treatment with children, the state of the environment, street safety, then for the vast majority they worsened.

The movement towards the market, the restructuring of production, social relations, property relations require not only additional measures that make up for certain problems in the previous social policy, but the creation of an integrated system of social security for families with children with clear guidelines and long-term objectives, as well as reasonable measures that meet changing conditions and existing differences in the socio-economic development of the regions. The formation of such a system is associated with a revision of the foundations of social policy and, above all, with the redistribution of functions between the main participants in the social partnership for the arrangement of childhood: the family, the state, public and private structures.

Depending on the socio-economic conditions, cultural and historical characteristics and political culture in different countries at different stages of the development of the state, sharing responsibility for the younger generation with the family, it takes on these or other functions. If we turn to the models of the Chicago School, which consider the child from the point of view of the neoclassical theory of consumption, as an object for investment over a long period of time, then the “costs” for children can be divided into direct costs (costs directly related to the child’s life support: food, clothing, leisure, education, recreation, medical services) and indirect income (income that parents are forced to give up, devoting part of their time exclusively to raising children).

Theoretically, not only costs can be associated with children, but also possible future incomes of parents, but this is not typical for developed countries.

The state has effective tools to reduce both direct and indirect costs for children, and this function should be considered as socially necessary, if only because the future provision of today's workers and families depends on the younger generation. This economic side of state assistance to families with dependent children is characterized by various forms of assistance - cash benefits, financing of medical services, education, as well as measures that compensate for the indirect costs associated with the interruption of professional activity in favor of raising children (expansion of accessible preschool institutions, creation of opportunities for part-time and flexible employment .

The presence of a system of social support for the family is typical for almost all countries with a market economy. The experience of foreign countries testifies to the expediency of combining the responsibility of society and the family for the younger generation, strengthening the social status of the family. Along with the creation of conditions for self-sufficiency and the formation of a system of state support for the family, the participation of private business in the development of a family-oriented social infrastructure through the introduction of various programs at the enterprise level is becoming increasingly important (16, p. 37).

However, not all foreign models of social security suit us. So, given the economic difficulties of the transition period to the market, the tension of the state budget, we can perceive the Swedish model, according to which the main criterion for the provision of various benefits and high-quality social services is citizenship, as an ideal of the distant future.

In many respects, we are closer to the American experience of building assistance programs based on the principle of need and implementing them with the interaction and separation of functions at all levels of government (federal, state, local).

Social programs in the United States are funded and administered by federal, state, and local governments. Thus, the main assistance program for families with dependent children (cash benefits) is carried out jointly by three levels of government: the bulk of the funds are provided by the federal government, and state and local governments act as facilitators of this care to recipients. The medical care program is partially subsidized at the federal level. In the jurisdiction of the states there is a program of insurance for sickness, pregnancy, and a program of assistance in obtaining education - under the jurisdiction of local authorities.

The effectiveness of assistance programs, especially at the initial stages, largely depends on a clear definition of priorities, criteria for granting benefits, the composition of potential recipients, as well as on a reasonable distribution of roles at all levels of government.

In addition to those listed above, there are dozens of ongoing targeted assistance programs for families, refugees, and schoolchildren in the United States, which are supplemented by temporary programs, such as emergency food assistance.

The share of the federal government in funding programs to help families with dependent children in medical care is determined depending on the ratio between the average per capita income in the state and the average per capita income in the country and ranges from 50 to 80%.

There are legally established restrictions, according to which this share cannot be higher than 83% and lower than 50%.

Almost all programs are based on the principles of means. For example, only those families whose income does not exceed the poverty level established in a particular state (the state average is approximately 70% of the federal poverty level) can receive cash assistance under the program for families with dependent children. State governments under this program can provide assistance to single-parent low-income families. In order to stimulate the self-sufficiency of recipients, since 1990, another condition for receiving financial assistance has been introduced - all able-bodied recipients of benefits must enroll in retraining or training courses and look for work. When calculating the subsistence minimum, part of the income received as a result of employment is not taken into account for the first time.

Federal grants under the Medicaid program are provided to the states in the form of a special grant, while the state governments must meet certain conditions, in particular, assistance can only be provided to groups whose composition is approved at the federal level, with a certain set of medical servants. Federally approved beneficiaries include families with dependent children, children under the age of one, and pregnant women with family incomes below 100% of the poverty line, and some others. , services of doctors, nannies and nurses, medical services for the frame, services during childbirth.

Medicaid also provides assistance to middle-income families who cannot pay for medical care if they need to use it frequently. The composition of this group of recipients is determined at the state level and funded from the state budget.

An important stage in the development of the system of assistance to needy families was the adoption in 1988 of the "Family Support Law". Among the specific measures provided by this law, it should be noted an increase in Medicaid benefits for people receiving additional income; mandatory provision of assistance to complete families if the head of the family became unemployed; increasing the responsibility of fathers who do not pay alimony up to the automatic collection of them from wages, etc.

The experience of developing the social sphere, assistance programs in countries with a market economy testifies to the necessity and expediency of forming a multilateral responsibility of the state for the social security of the family. Family-oriented social development programs at the enterprise level, covering both the workers themselves and their families, can be a highly effective means of protecting a significant part of the family from “sliding down” the socio-economic ladder and joining the ranks of the needy.

A feature of modern social programs at the enterprise level is the possibility of their free choice, when the employee is entitled to receive benefits in the form of social services or a cash equivalent. This may be additional insurance, preferential purchase of shares, medical services, etc.

A special place in the system of social services organized at the place of work is the provision of preschool institutions for children. Among over 10,000 companies surveyed by labor ministries, two out of every three provided some form of parenting assistance, both direct (organization of child care programs, partial financing of preschool services, payment for medical services, etc.) and indirect (the ability to work for children). flexible hours, at home, part-time, etc.).

Depending on the type of benefits or assistance to employees with young children, these companies were distributed as follows:

The right to freely choose the beginning and end of the working day -43%;

Flexible working hours - 42.9%;

Part-time employment - 34.8%;

Work "in half" (dividing one rate for two) - 15.5%;

Work at home - 8.3%;

Information and other services in the search for children's institutions -5.1%;

Assistance in paying for child care services - 3.1%.

Approximately 2.1% of firms have organized child care centers for their employees (with partial or full payment). , lump sum allowance, etc. Some companies are joining forces to organize children's centers where children can stay not only during the day, but also in the evening, at night, as well as on weekends and holidays.

Many company-based childcare centers operate 24 hours a day, providing added convenience for parents working evening and night shifts. The costs of maintaining such centers are usually covered jointly by employers and employees. Contributions paid by parents depend on the age of the child, the provision of food, the length of stay in the center.

More and more companies are realizing that caring for working women with children is not only a humane gesture, but also a manifestation of concern for the future of the nation. In a situation where women are increasingly involved in social production, it is necessary to create optimal working conditions for them so that mothers work effectively and thoughts about arranging children do not distract them from the labor process.

The directions in which assistance is provided for working women with children is very diverse and often mothers have the opportunity to choose one or another type of benefits. Subsidies for employees of large corporations usually pay for childcare.

The experience of supporting families with children in Russia shows the expediency of creating a family service information system at the regional level with the participation of enterprises and associations of various types and forms of ownership.

The main tasks of the service:

Identification of families with children in need of material, medical, socio-psychological and other assistance;

Providing support in resolving emerging difficulties (issuing applications for assistance, assistance in finding employment and achieving economic independence);

Study of the reasons that forced the recipient to seek help, and their elimination, preventive measures;

Conducting legal consultations, psychological, pedagogical consultations, as well as consultations on entrepreneurial activities (family and individual)

Organization and coordination of the work of social rehabilitation of persons in need;

The study of the social demographic, educational, migration structure of the population, employment and the dynamics of family income in order to prevent and, if possible, eliminate, mitigate the emerging causes of possible conflicts and tension in the life of the family and the arrangement of children.

The accumulation of such data will contribute to the organization of the most efficient work of social services, as well as to conduct research that will allow assessing the quality of ongoing activities and predicting the structural demand for various types of assistance.

The resuscitation of the social activity of the private sector, public associations, as well as the responsibility of every able-bodied citizen for the material support of himself and his children, is of particular importance for Russia in transition. This is due both to the limited funds for social needs and the need to overcome the population's belief, which has taken root over the past decades, in the exclusive social responsibility of the state, in its duty and ability to provide social guarantees. At the same time, the development of countries with a market economy indicates that a social deficit is no less dangerous than a budget deficit, and in the deteriorating situation of a significant part of Russian families, in fact, there is a delayed-action explosive device, the mechanism of which will definitely work in the economic, social, and criminogenic areas.

Taking into account the specified specifics of the current moment, it is necessary to focus state efforts on solving the most acute problems of childhood while simultaneously developing the foundations of the social security system for families with dependent children as an integral part of political, economic, social transformations in Russia in conjunction with the social needs of not only today, but also tomorrow.

The priority tasks should include overcoming the equalization of all-encompassing state benefits and the transition to a clear classification of categories of recipients - according to the degree of need, and assistance programs - according to their functional purpose, form of provision (monetary, in-kind), period of receipt. At the same time, needy families with children may be given the right to choose the type of allowance. Depending on the age and health of children, parents, employment of the latter in social production, recipients can decide for themselves what is most important for them at this stage: medical services and medicines, allowance for paying for a pre-school childcare facility or educational courses, assistance in paying for housing, electricity, or purchasing a ticket to a children's health camp, etc.

Along with unified federal standards of assistance to needy families with children and a gradual increase in the minimum allowance to a level of guaranteed income not lower than the subsistence level, a kind of balance should be found for participation in social programs of republican and municipal bodies. Depending on the characteristics of a particular region, funding for individual programs may be opened (3, p. 216).

The ongoing transition from the categorical form of providing social services to the family to the targeted form has led to the emergence and accelerated development of fundamentally new types of institutions.

The basic institution in this system is the center of social assistance to families and children, which is able to provide multidisciplinary complex services in all areas of social work in solving problems of self-sufficiency, in overcoming difficult situations relying on the own forces of each family, each person, as well as accumulating extremely necessary and important social information, facilitating management decision making.

Of course, all this is possible only if these centers exist in every small settlement, in every microdistrict. One or two centers in a regional (regional) city does not solve the problem, because work with every family, social patronage of families under these conditions is simply impossible. To create such a center in every microdistrict today is an unrealistic task, but this task must be set for the future and systematically solved (23, p. 133).

In many social service centers (where services were previously provided only to the elderly and disabled), departments for working with families are being opened. This is a natural process that has its own logic. At work with the family, it cannot be limited to the presence of one department. Either there should be a full set of departments provided in the "family" centers, or such centers should be independent.

The sluggish process of developing psychological services, especially centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance to families and all categories of the population, cannot but arouse concern. It seems that, along with the underestimation of their positive potential, there are other reasons. In some places on the ground, the broad focus and multidimensionality of psychological assistance is understood narrowly, as a result, the matter is limited to the opening of a “hotline”, which cannot always be called centers for emergency psychological assistance by telephone, as they work only a few hours a day and sometimes not every day.

Meanwhile, full-fledged psychological assistance, consultative, diagnostic, and coordinating, which is so necessary at the present time to strengthen the psychological level of the population and families, presupposes the presence of not only “helplines”, but also individual and group consultations, mutual assistance groups, etc.

The centers of psychological and pedagogical assistance that exist in a number of territories and are under the jurisdiction of public education authorities in some cases solve local problems, in others they actually play a broader social role and they should be more under the jurisdiction of social protection authorities.

In any case, it is necessary to combine the capabilities of the psychological service to meet the needs of the population in this type of service.

Thus, in recent years, social support and protection measures have been taken for families, women, children, including in the field of improving legislation on the protection of social rights, the implementation of established support guarantees, new methods of social support have been developed, and the range of social services provided will expand.

However, the new system of social guarantees and mechanisms for their implementation have not been fully formed and do not provide sufficient protection in situations of social risk. Efforts are mainly aimed at supporting families who are already in a difficult life situation, measures for the prevention of social risks are not developed enough.

It is necessary to implement the developed state social policy in relation to the family, women and children.

2.2 Method "RRERARE" in the study of marital relations

The increase in the number of divorces among young married couples, which began in recent decades in our country, has led to the interest of scientists in this stage of family formation.

Domestic scientists T.A. Gurko and I.V. Ignatova analyzed the premarital behavior and characteristics of those entering into marriage, including from the point of view of the successful functioning of a young family. As variables, mainly the socio-demographic characteristics of the bride and groom, their role expectations, the attitude of the closest social environment towards marriage, and awareness of certain aspects of family life were considered. The assessment of these variables as "risk factors" was carried out by comparing the same variables in divorcing or unhappy families.

In the work of these authors, the results of a study of 871 couples entering into marriage are analyzed. The methodology was developed at the University of Minnesota by D. Olson, D. Fornier and J. Druckman, the research was funded by the Center for Human Values ​​under the leadership of M.S. Matskovsky.

Couples were interviewed applying for marriage registration, provided that at least one of the partners entered into marriage for the first time, and the other did not have children from a previous marriage.

The sample included: 32% of grooms and 37% of brides - students, 88 and 91% - married for the first time, 62 and 67% - Orthodox, 85 and 90% were Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians, 19 and 47% were under 21 years old The rest were between the ages of 21 and 29.

The used methodology "Premarital assessment of personality traits and relationships" summarizes the results of many studies carried out in the United States. It is based on the works of Rappoport, Rauch and Duval, devoted to the analysis of the tasks that young spouses must solve in order to achieve harmonious relations, and the socio-psychological factors that affect the creation of a stable young family (24, p. 38).

The PREPARE method is used both as a diagnostic tool in the practice of premarital counseling and as a research tool. In the first case, its use in many Western countries has revealed high efficiency in comparison with other forms of preparation for marriage, such as public educational and lecture courses, conversations, reference to self-education literature, psychological training groups, programs for improving interpersonal relations and other areas of premarital counseling.

The method was tested by its creators on a sample of 17025 pairs for reliability and validity. In addition, two longitudinal studies were conducted on 164 and 179 couples three years after marriage to investigate the predictive validity of the technique.

Discriminant analysis revealed that with up to 80-90% accuracy, the technique predicts divorce, separation, or failure in marriage. Moreover, the most predictive were the areas that were already involved in premarital relationships, and the least predictive were those where it was about the future - finances and parental roles.

Processing the results of the couple's survey involves three main areas:

The scale of positive agreement in each of the areas shows whether both partners are satisfied with the relationship in this area or whether they are focused on such a model of relations in a future marriage, which, according to researchers, is optimal in terms of marital happiness (for example, the groom, like the bride, believes that he will have to take an active part in housework and the upbringing of children);

The individual scale reveals the opinions of each of the partners in the analyzed area, taking into account two circumstances. First, his / her answers on a special scale, which can be conditionally called “rose-colored glasses”.

This scale assesses the tendency of respondents to over-romanticize or exaggerate the merits of their relationship with a partner. Secondly, the standard for each area is taken into account. These so-called cultural norms are usually specific to each country. In Russia, they can be calculated after conducting a large-scale, and therefore expensive, study;

Special scales summarize individual responses to questions from different areas. They are used as auxiliary in the process of counseling and include such features of the bride or groom as, for example, traditionalism - liberality, dominance - subordination, the presence or absence of external or internal emotional support, indecision, etc.

Since data processing on an individual scale is currently impossible, the article describes only the results of data processing in the first direction, i.e. on a scale of positive agreement in pairs for each block.

The authors of the methodology analyze 5 distances on this scale: the coincidence of less than 3 positive answers (out of 10 possible) - this is a weak sphere of relations and needs to be discussed and agreed upon; the coincidence of 3 or 4 answers is probably a weak point; the coincidence of 5 answers is both a strong and weak side of the relationship; the coincidence of 6 and 7 answers is probably a strong point; a match of 8 or more is a strong point.

To describe the results, we will use the summary indicator of the "strong or likely strong" side of the relationship (ie, the proportion of couples that scored more than 50 points) in each of the considered areas. In addition, we will use linear distributions of answers to test questions, considering them as independent indicators.

It should be noted that, in general, the array did not reveal significant differences between the answers of brides and grooms, even in questions that relate to women's choice between family and work, and which are usually presented as an area of ​​gender-role conflicts. At the same time, more significant differences in the views of the bride and groom were found in specific couples. That is, a potentially symmetrical distribution of marriage partners does not find its embodiment in reality.

Probably, not all young people choose to marry a person who is most suitable in terms of their psychological characteristics and attitudes to create a stable and successful family.

realism expectations. Only in 0.6% of the couples surveyed this side of the relationship is strong, and in another 1.4% it is both strong and weak. This means that the vast majority of couples are too romantic and idealistic about the future of their marriage. So 41% of grooms and 38% of brides believe that after the wedding it will be easier for them to change what they don't like in their partner, and 32 and 34%, respectively, found it difficult to answer this question. In addition, 35% of brides and grooms think that most of the difficulties they face before marriage will disappear immediately after the wedding (31 and 37% could not answer this question).

Of course, some romanticization of relationships before marriage is normal. However, when overly high expectations subsequently collide with the reality of marriage, disappointment often sets in - for some in marriage, as such, for others, the inevitable difficulties of the first years of life are transferred to the personality of the spouse, who is their culprit.

Marital roles. On the one hand, the tendency of Russians to an asymmetrical distribution of roles, which has developed in our culture, and the rapid spread among young people, mainly native citizens, of Western trends about the need for partnerships between spouses, on the other hand, give rise to a noticeable dissonance in marital expectations. This fact has already been confirmed in a number of earlier studies in the early 1990s (9, p. 46). Since then, the situation has changed little. According to the data obtained, only 20% of couples have role expectations that coincide and are a strong side of their relationship, with 2% of these preferences being egalitarian, and 18% traditional. their role. As for the divergence of ideas about marital roles, a number of studies conducted in our country found that it negatively affects the satisfaction with the family life of both spouses (9, p. 52).

Financial sphere is a strong side of the relationship only 4% of respondents, while 88% of couples have significant problems in their future marriage. They can be caused both by the unresolved housing issue and uncertainty about future material stability, or by the divergence of expectations of the bride and groom regarding the methods of receiving and distributing money, including those related to parents. Many couples have disagreements in the financial sphere already in the premarital period. So 50% of grooms and 46% of brides agreed with the statement: “I want my spouse to manage money more economically”, and 27% - 32%, respectively, “I am very worried that one of us has debts.”

Sphere of relationships with friends was separated from the "Friends and Parents" block, since in the conditions of Russia the relationship of a young family with parents is of particular interest. Relations with friends are characterized by a number of problems both in the period before marriage and after its conclusion.

For example, in a study by N.G. Aristova, it was found that already high school students assume a change in the value of friendship after marriage, and boys more often than girls count on an increase in this value (2, p. 5).

According to the study, only in 14% of the couples surveyed this side of the relationship is strong or both strong and weak. Thus, 26% of grooms do not agree with the statement “the bride treats all my friends well”, and 25% do not know her opinion yet. Almost the same number of brides - 28% - do not agree that “the groom treats all my friends well” , and 22% do not yet know his opinion. 29% of brides and 25% of grooms think that their future spouse spends too much time with their friends before marriage. Subsequently, probably, conflicts on the basis of friends and girlfriends can only worsen, especially after the appearance of a child in the family.

Relationships with parents- a fairly common cause of conflict in a young family, especially in cases where representatives of both generations are forced to live together. The same reason often serves as a reason for divorce.

According to the results obtained, in 16% of couples this side of the relationship is relatively strong, and for the rest it is a potential source of conflict, including due to unresolved issues related to relations with parents before marriage. Approximately a quarter of brides and grooms at the time of filing the application, the parents practically do not know the future daughter-in-law or son-in-law.

Spending free time- strong or partially strong side of the relationship in 18% of the couples surveyed. The main sources of disagreement: different interests in this area or their absence (21% of grooms and 15% of brides are worried that their partner has no hobbies), pressure on a partner, unequal preferences regarding the balance of time spent together and apart, as well as activity - passive leisure, and, finally, a general attitude towards what it means to have a good time.

Ways to resolve conflicts. In accordance with the concept underlying the methodology, conflicts are an attribute of premarital, and even more so, family relations. The success of a relationship is determined by how these conflicts are resolved. Among the surveyed couples entering into marriage, this area is relatively strong in only 19% of couples. For the rest, disagreements are resolved either inefficiently, or ideas about ways to overcome conflicts are different. 49% of brides and grooms agreed that “from time to time we argue seriously over trifles”, 43% of brides and 52% of grooms prefer to remain silent if they disagree with a partner in some way, and 41 and 31%, respectively, believe that the future spouse is not serious about existing disagreements.

Sphere of interpersonal relations includes assessments of each other's personal qualities.

Only in 20% of couples these estimates are mutually positive. Practically no gender differences were found in assessing the negative traits of a partner: the nature of the future spouse sometimes worries 54% of brides and 53% of grooms, stubbornness - respectively 50 and 55%, a bad mood of a partner when it is difficult to get along with him (her) - 52 and 55 %, excessive criticality - 42 and 43%, excessive addiction to alcohol - 37 and 38%, isolation - 37 and 38%, behavior "in public" - 35 and 32%, jealousy 29 - 27%, unreliability in business 25 and 26% , the desire to achieve superiority in relationships - 18 and 24%. Thus, even looking through "rose-colored glasses", future spouses are often dissatisfied with each other's personal characteristics. Nevertheless, they marry because they are sure that after the wedding it will be easier for them to fix what they don’t like in their partner today.

Future Parenthood is a strong point in the relationship of 28% of couples. For the rest of the couples, the expectations associated with the appearance of a child either do not coincide or do not correspond to the real difficulties that arise in a young family in connection with this event. But more often those entering into marriage do not think about it at all: from 30 to 50% of the answers to the questions of this block are “I don’t know yet”, despite the fact that in 15% of couples the bride is already pregnant. Of course, as with other future blocks, the predictive power of the test is not that great. We should not disregard the peculiarities of our country, where, at least in the past, unlike the West, life was generally not rationally planned. Nevertheless, it is known that it is the appearance of a child in a young family that sometimes creates insurmountable problems, which, according to experts, lead to such a significant proportion of divorces among families with a marriage of up to three years.

Communication is a relatively problem-free area in 34% of the surveyed couples. In other cases, there are serious disagreements already in the premarital period. 37% of grooms and 34% of brides do not always trust what their partner says. 41 and 39%, respectively, noted that the bride (groom) often does not understand their feelings and experiences, and 36 and 39% themselves cannot express their feelings to their partner for fear of being misunderstood. Subsequently, in the process of forming intimacy, the problems caused by constraint and constraint can most likely be smoothed out. In other cases, when inadequate skills are rigid, since they are firmly learned in the parental family, special training is needed to correct them.

The sexual sphere turned out to be the only one in which the majority of the respondents (67% of couples) have a coordinated and mutually satisfactory relationship. On the one hand, this is extremely favorable for the future of marriage. Thus, according to the results of studies of young families, sexual harmony and consistency of expectations about the behavior of partners are extremely important for the stability of a marriage. On the other hand, as the German scientist R. Bormann wrote, "the legalization of sexual relations seems to young people the most favorable form of eliminating all moral objections and obstacles that come in the way of sexual life." Marriage, on the other hand, must have not only everything that is usually associated with love, but also the ability to bear the burden of responsibility that comes from marriage.

The presented results confirm at the empirical level the previously stated hypotheses about the peculiarities of marriage choice in Russia:

The prevalence of orientation on marriage in order to create a family, but to legitimize sexual relations. Probably, such a situation was more typical for the former USSR (than for Western countries), where neither moral considerations nor material conditions allowed young people to cohabit before marriage;

The frivolity of youth at marriage. Add to this that, probably, such frivolity was the result of the irresponsibility of people who grew up in a social system;

An irrational approach to marriage, which is due, among other things, to cultural factors, in particular, in comparison with the United States, the predominance of the emotional over the pragmatic.

The results obtained are largely specific to large cities, where the heterogeneity of married couples according to social characteristics is higher than in non-capital cities. This circumstance can also explain the fact of a significant discrepancy in the socio-psychological characteristics of parental families in the vast majority of couples (how the respondent perceived his family when he (she) was 14-16 years old).

These studies indicate the need for the creation of premarital psychological counseling services, as previously stated on the basis of experience with divorcing young spouses (8, p. 62). However, such work can be carried out, obviously, if the couple is ready for a kind of rationalization of relations. It can be assumed that, in connection with the foregoing, the proportion of such pairs is not very large.

In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that at the present time there has been a trend towards postponing marriages and raising the age of marriage, as well as postponing first-born births. The most obvious reason for these trends is material and housing problems, unemployment among young people. The reason is less obvious - one of the few positive consequences of the crisis socio-economic situation - a possible increase in the responsibility for marriage, when neither society nor parents in most cases are able to help a young family.

So, the family is considered:

As a social institution;

as a small social group.

In our study, the family is studied as a small social group, as it allows us to trace the relationship of spouses in the family, determine the difficulties that exist in certain families, and also determine the causes of divorce.

Proceeding from this, we consider the family as a small social group, whose members are connected by marriage or kinship, common life and mutual moral responsibility, and marriage as the sanctioning of these relations, allowing a man and a woman to have a family life based on the intimate personal relationship of a husband and wife for the sake of birth and upbringing. children.

When studying the factors that have a beneficial effect on the life of the family, we have revealed various aspects of studying the success of the functioning of the family.

On the basis of which it can be argued that the success of the functioning of the family is influenced by many factors, however, after analyzing them, we have identified the main ones that affect the successful functioning of the family.

Among them are the living conditions of the family and the individual characteristics of the spouses, as well as the correlation of these characteristics among the spouses.

Important factors in the well-being of the family are the premarital characteristics of the spouses: the conditions and relationships in the parental families, because it is the parental family that has a significant impact on the married life of children.

2.3 Family counseling as a technology of social work with families

In recent years, attention has increased to the study of the family as an educational institution on the part of pedagogy, psychology, sociology and other sciences. However, the possibilities of scientists in the study are limited by the fact that the family is a fairly closed cell of society, reluctant to let outsiders into all the secrets of life, relationships, values ​​that it professes. The family never fully opens up; it lets other people into its world as much as it gives a more or less positive idea of ​​it.

Methods for studying the family are tools that collect, analyze, summarize data that characterize the family, reveal many relationships and patterns of marriage and family relations.

A researcher, a specialist in social work must remember the permissible boundaries of "intrusion" into the family and marriage and family relations, because. these boundaries have legislative criteria: respect for human rights, the inviolability of the privacy of the family. Proceeding from this, the parameters of the object under study, methods of carrying out the work are determined.

Methods for studying the family, marriage and family relations are tools with which the data characterizing the family are collected, analyzed, summarized, many relationships and patterns are revealed.

Let's talk about counseling as one of the effective methods of work of a specialist.

The word "consultation" is used in several meanings: this is a meeting, an exchange of opinions of specialists on any case, advice from a specialist; an institution that provides such advice, such as legal advice (21, p. 603).

Thus, to consult means to consult with a specialist on some issue.

In our country in the early 90s, counseling became widespread. It has a pronounced specificity, which is determined by how the consultant realizes his professional role in the individual logic of family life, the harmonization of marriage and family relations. The peculiarities of counseling are influenced by theoretical preferences, the scientific approach to the school to which the consultant belongs (26, p. 137).

With all the differences that are observed today in understanding the essence of psychological counseling and its tasks, theorists and practitioners agree that counseling is a professional interaction between a trained consultant and a client aimed at solving the problem of the latter. This interaction is carried out face to face, although sometimes it may involve more than 2 people. The rest of the positions differ.

Some believe that counseling is different from psychotherapy and is centered on more superficial work, for example, on interpersonal relationships, and its main task is to help the family, spouses look at life situations from the outside, demonstrate and discuss those aspects of relationships that, being a source of difficulties, usually do not are realized and not controlled (1, p. 51). Others consider counseling to be one of the forms of psychotherapy and see its central task in helping the client find his true self and find the courage to become this Self (19, p. 112).

Depending on the life situation of the family (as a collective client), the goals of counseling may be certain changes in self-awareness (formation of a productive attitude to life, acceptance of it in all its manifestations; partners responsible for each other, etc.), behavioral changes (the formation of ways for productive interaction of family members with each other and the outside world).

Psychological counseling is a holistic system. It can be thought of as a process unfolding over time, a joint-separated activity of the consultant and the client, in which two main components stand out.

Diagnostic - systematic monitoring of the dynamics of the development of a family or its members who applied for help; collection and accumulation of information and minimal and sufficient diagnostic procedures. On the basis of joint research, the specialist and the client determine the guidelines for joint work (goals and objectives), distribute responsibility, and identify the limits of the necessary support.

When working with a married couple, the goals and tasks are unique, just like her life situation, but if we talk about the general task of counseling a family, then this is to help accept life in all its manifestations, rethink your relationship with yourself, others, the world as a whole, take responsibility for your life and the lives of their loved ones and productively transform the life situation.

The consultant creates the conditions for change and stimulates this process: organize, direct, provide favorable conditions for him, striving to ensure that it leads to the harmonization of marriage and family relations. Thus, the goal takes into account the specifics of customers and their life situation as much as possible.

The main stage of social work by the family is the selection and application of means that allow creating conditions that stimulate positive

changes in family relationships and conducive to mastering ways of productive interaction. At this stage, the social worker comprehends the results of diagnostics (joint research, tracking) and, on their basis, thinks about what conditions are necessary for the favorable development of the family and personality, the acquisition of positive attitudes by family members towards themselves, others, the world as a whole and flexibility, the ability to successfully communicate with each other and society, adapt to it. Then he develops and implements flexible individual and group programs for the socio-psychological support of the family, its development, focused on a particular married couple, taking into account their characteristics and needs.

Features of the distribution of family roles, expectations, claims in marriage, the compatibility of spouses can also be investigated using the following methods.

The questionnaire "Communication in the family" (Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman, E.M. Dubovskaya) measures the trust of communication in a married couple, similarity in views, common characters, mutual understanding of spouses, ease and psychotherapy of communication.

The method "Role expectations and claims in marriage" (A.N. Volkova) reveals the spouses' ideas of the significance of certain roles in family life, as well as their desired distribution between husband and wife.

The methodology “Distribution of roles to the whole family” (Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman, E.M. Dubovskaya) determines the degree of realization by the spouses of one or another role: responsible for the material support of the family, owner (hostess) of the house, responsible for raising children, organizer family subculture, entertainment, sexual partnership.

To establish a measure of personal compatibility and inform the spouses about the peculiarities of their character, the method of individual psychological research is used (A.N. Volkova, T.M. Trapeznikova).

Personal compatibility (psychological level of marital compatibility): automatic distribution of psychological stress, development of optimal ways of communication, understanding of spontaneous manifestations of a partner and adequate response to them is one of the forms of corrective work aimed at improving mutual understanding. It is carried out using such methods as determining the type of temperament (G. Eysenck), "16 personality factors" (R. Cattell), the method of drawing frustration (S. Rozetzweig), color test (M. Luscher) and others.

The spiritual interaction of partners, their spiritual compatibility is manifested at the socio-cultural level of marital relations. This is a commonality of value orientations, life goals, motivation, social behavior, interests, needs, as well as a commonality of views on family leisure. It is known that the similarity of interests, needs, values ​​is one of the factors of marital harmony and stability of marriage.

The questionnaire "Measuring the attitudes of a family couple" (Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman) makes it possible to identify a person's views in ten areas of life, the most significant in family interaction:

1. attitude towards people;

2. attitude towards children;

3. an alternative between a sense of duty and pleasure;

4. autonomy of spouses or dependence of spouses on each other;

5. attitude towards divorce;

6. attitude towards love of a romantic type;

7. assessment of the importance of the sexual sphere in marriage and family life;

8. attitude towards the "forbiddenness of sex";

9. attitude towards the patriarchal or egalitarian structure of the family;

10 attitude towards money.

The questionnaire "Interests - Leisure" (T.M. Trapeznikova) reveals the relationship between the interests of the spouses, the degree of their agreement in the forms of leisure activities.

To study the microenvironment of the family, social workers can use the method of conversation or interview. This factor is of great importance for the stabilization of marriage and the family as a whole.

Very effective in working with married families is such a research method as psychological and pedagogical training. They usually cover members of several families with similar problems. Participants are offered various tasks, the implementation and joint discussion of which helps to develop certain skills, corrects views and positions, and activates reflective activity. With skillful leadership, the group of participants in the training turns into a kind of self-help and mutual aid group. Criticism, condemnation are excluded, conditions are created for a frank discussion of the problem, the exchange of experience, knowledge, and the expression of experienced feelings.

As a result of group meetings, participants of trainings, interviews increase their competence, culture of communication, which has a beneficial effect on the harmonization of marital relations.

Various "role-playing games" are an effective technique. The most popular game is "Role Exchange", when the spouses play scenes from family life, playing the role of the opposite sex, which is described in the book by Tutushkina M.K. "Psychological assistance and counseling in practical psychology" (29, p. 206) Gives good results the use of the "Mirror" technique, when the spouses break up in pairs and try to repeat all the movements and words of each other, as well as role-playing games related to a certain area of ​​married life (joint housekeeping, family on vacation, communication, and so on). In the group, a research psychologist conducted a general role-playing game "Family Outdoor Recreation", where each member of the group played himself. Everything was simulated, except for the participants with their real personal characteristics. During the game, in an interesting and accessible form, the group worked out those elementary psychological rules, without which a harmonious family life is impossible. The participants dispersed, tired but satisfied, actively discussing everything that had happened in the classroom.

Another form of psychological counseling for married couples is an individual conversation with them. This option has its advantages and disadvantages. Positive here is greater contact with the psychologist, but, on the other hand, there is no effect of feedback and group learning.

An individual consultation usually begins with a clarification of purely formal data: when did they meet, how long did they meet, how long have they lived together, where. Then the spouses can be asked to draw a non-existent animal so that they relax, and the psychologist gets a primary idea of ​​the personal characteristics of the counselees.

Psychological counseling is a multi-stage process. Its procedural analysis involves the allocation of dynamics, which consists of stages, steps, and one should distinguish between the dynamics of a separate meeting (consultation, training) and the dynamics of the entire consultation process.

To understand the dynamics, one can use the metaphor of a joint journey from the current situation to the desired future. Then counseling will appear as helping the client solve three main tasks:

Determine “the place where the family is at the time of the appeal” (what is the essence of the disharmony of marriage and family relations and its causes?);

Reveal "the place where the satellites want to go", i.e. the state that the spouses want to achieve (to form an image of the desired future, to determine its reality) and the choice of the direction of change (What to do? In what direction to move?);

Help spouses move there (How to do this?).

The process of solving the first task corresponds to the diagnostic component of support; the third can be thought of as transformation or rehabilitation. There is no ready-made term for the second task yet; it is resolved in the course of an agreement between clients and a psychologist. Conventionally, this stage can be called a "responsible decision" or "choosing a path."

This three-term model is present in a number of integrative approaches to counseling in psychology and social work by V.A. Goryanina and J. Egen.

At the initial stage of mastering the profession, the consultant needs simpler and more mobile schemes as a guide. According to the content, it is possible to distinguish three general stages of the support process: awareness of not only external, but also internal causes of life's difficulties; reconstruction of a family or personal myth, development of a value attitude;

Mastering the necessary life strategies and tactics of behavior.

Thus, we see from the studies listed above that today modern sciences use a variety of methods to provide assistance in marriage and family relations with the identification of criteria and indicators for the development of harmonious relations between spouses. If the client has a high motivation for introspection and self-change, a significant correction of his own life and marriage and family relations is possible. An effective condition for this is the help of social work specialists, psychologists, psychotherapists, who in their activities rely to the greatest extent on the individual characteristics of the personality and its activity.

In conclusion, I would like to note that basically all family problems are solved with the help of social work specialists, because even if the spouses encounter financial difficulties, the impact of external objective unfavorable factors or problems in intimate relationships, it is enough to change the structure of perception of these situations in their minds and It is already possible to have different options for exits. Then you can choose the best solution and move towards the normalization and harmonization of family life, thus, family counseling has great potential to prevent destructive processes in marital relations and maintain the normal functioning of the family.

Conclusion

As a result of theoretical studies, the problem of harmonization of marriage and family relations can only be solved by the person himself, because generally accepted is the view of the family, the development of non-harmonious relations, as a product of a long historical development. Over the long history of its existence, the family has changed, which is associated with the development of mankind, with the improvement of forms of social regulation of relations between the sexes.

An analysis of the literature showed that social work is organized around various family problems, including: family planning, mental health, social and psychological compatibility, harmonization of marriage and family relations, personal example of parents, lack of social maturity, bad habits, theoretical understanding of the problems of family relations received in the works of V .Satir, K.Vitek, I.V.Dorno, M.S.Matskovsky, A.G.Kharchev and other authors.

At the same time, the social protection of the family turned out to be one of the weakest links in our perestroika. It is necessary to improve the legislation on the protection of social rights, the implementation of the established guarantees of family support, because the new system of social guarantees and the mechanisms for their implementation have not been fully formed and do not provide sufficient protection in situations of social risk. The efforts of the state are mainly aimed at supporting families who have already found themselves in a difficult life situation.

It is necessary to implement the developed state social policy, the formation of real family-oriented social programs. The state of modern family law in Russia is carried out by the state in various, not always effective acts at all levels - from laws, international declarations - to decisions and resolutions of municipalities.

Such a disunity of legal problems leads to serious omissions in the field of protection and support of the family, a decrease in the effect of legal mechanisms aimed at protecting the family, marriage, and its social support.

An analysis of the methods of family counseling in social work with the family showed that today modern sciences use a variety of methods to provide assistance in marriage and family relations with the identification of criteria and indicators for the development of harmonious relations between spouses. An effective condition for this is the help of social work specialists, psychologists and other specialists who, in their activities, rely to the greatest extent on the individual characteristics of the individual and his activity.

Family counseling has a great potential for preventing destructive processes in marital relations and maintaining the normal functioning of the family.

Further studies of psychological approaches to the harmonization of marriage and family relations should be devoted to the study of new technologies, methods of psychological counseling; the opening of family counseling centres; premarital counseling; family interest clubs, social assistance centers for families, etc.

The problem of harmonization of marital relations is complex and needs further research. In conclusion, I would also like to emphasize that the work of a social work specialist is focused not only on solving family problems, but also on strengthening and developing it. And also for the restoration of internal potential for the implementation of numerous socially significant functions of the family, the stabilization of the demographic and socio-economic situation in Russia.

Bibliography

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formation of marriage and family relations. M., 1989, p. 51.

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demographic aspects. L., 1984, p.60.

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"Vlados", 1995.

Applications

Table 1

Family typology Parental functions Needs and tasks during the life cycle Typical problems and crises Family expecting a child and a family with a baby Preparation for the roles of father and mother; adaptation to a new stage of life associated with the appearance of a child; taking care of the needs of the child, the distribution of responsibilities for the home and child care The main thing is the formation of trust; child's perception of the world and family as a safe place where there is care and participation Inadequate behavior of spouses as parents; absence of father or mother, parental abandonment, neglect, disability, mental retardation Family with preschool child Development of child's interests and needs; getting used to the increased, with the advent of the child, material costs; support for sexual relations between spouses; developing relationships with parents; formation of family traditions Achievement of autonomy, development of locomotor skills, exploration of objects, formation of relationships to parents such as "I myself", the formation of an initiative-guilt Inadequate socialization, insufficient attention from parents, excessive parental care; misbehavior Schoolchildren's family Raise interest in scientific and practical knowledge; support for the child's hobbies; caring for the development of marital relations Intellectual and social stimulation, social inclusion of the child, development of a sense of diligence, completeness, diligence - inferiority Failure in studies, membership in deviant groups

child

senior

school

age

Transfer of responsibility and freedom of action to the child as they grow up and develop, distribution of responsibilities and division of responsibility between family members, raising growing children on worthy images, acceptance of the child's individuality ideals” Identity crisis, alienation, addictions, crime Family with adult children entering the world Detachment from the maturing child, the ability to abandon the former power, creating a benevolent environment for new family members, creating good relations between one’s own family and the adult child’s family, preparation to fulfill the role of grandparents Opportunities in self-realization, in the performance of adult roles, intimacy - isolation, love as the ability to entrust oneself to another person, respect, responsibility Fatherhood, motherhood without marriage, increased dependence on the parental family, conflict in b cancer, crime, misbehavior at work, in an educational institution

middle

age,

Renovation of marital relations, adaptation to age-related physiological changes, strengthening relationships with relatives and friends Expanding opportunities for self-development in life roles, productivity - stagnation, productivity - inertia Break in the family, divorce, financial problems, inability to manage the household, the conflict of "fathers and children" , career failure, disorganization Aged family Changing the home to meet the needs of the elderly, cultivating readiness to accept the help of others as strength decreases, adapting to life in retirement, awareness of one's attitude to death Opportunities for self-development as an elderly person, integrity - despair Widowhood, chronic helplessness, misunderstanding of one's role with retirement, social isolation

What is your marriage like?

Questions for men yes sometimes no

Do you have a desire to change your family life and start over?

Do you think that your wife dresses tastelessly?

Do you take out your bad mood on your family?

How often do you spend evenings at home?

Do you know what kind of flowers your wife likes?

Do you often think about your single life?

Do you think that spouses should spend holidays separately?

Do you compare your wife to other women?

Do you enjoy hanging out with friends outside the home?

Questions for women yes sometimes no

Do you think that you don't need a husband?

Do you ask your husband to talk about his official affairs?

Do you love your children more than your husband?

Can cake improve your mood?

Do you think your friends have better husbands than you?

How often do you go home in pajamas?

If your husband has a hobby, does it annoy you?

Are you happy with your husband's career success?

Do you think that your work is more important than the affairs of your husband?

Summing up the results

For men:

69 points or more. You are not very happy in family life. The reason is your own behavior. Try to pay more attention to your wife.

From 40 to 68 points. You are satisfied with your marriage. It is calm and pleasant.

Less than 40 points. You sometimes quarrel with your wife, but in general your marriage is successful.

For women: 68 points or more. Your marriage is failing. You think that the husband is to blame, but this is not always the case. Try to take a more critical look at your behavior. From 40 to 67 points. You understand that there is no perfect marriage, and therefore put up with the shortcomings of your spouse. You try to drive dark thoughts out of yourself. Less than 40 points. Are you alright. You won't find a better married husband.

© Kurbatov V.I., 2015

© Publishing House KnoRus LLC, 2015

Foreword

At present, social work, as an important social phenomenon, is a kind of model of real social assistance that society implements in a given specific historical period, in accordance with all the features of economic, national, cultural, socio-political development and the entire social policy of the state. We can say that this is an extremely broad interpretation of social work. In a narrower subject-professional sense, social work is a socially necessary activity aimed at the social security of the individual, human rights and is the guarantor of the political and social stability of society, as it is designed to prevent the growth of marginalized strata of society.

Social work tasks include:

– social adaptation of clients in society;

– creation of real conditions for self-affirmation of representatives of “weak” groups; diagnostics of social and personal problems;

– social prevention; social assistance and social security for those in need, counseling clients in social services;

– social rehabilitation and therapy;

– social supervision and social guardianship;

– social design and expertise of social projects;

– mediation on a certain range of issues between clients and various organizations;

Social work, in accordance with this, can be defined as a specific form of state and non-state influence on a person in order to ensure the cultural, social and material standard of living of the population.

The domestic history of the practice and theory of social work is rooted in the deep humanistic traditions of human existence, due to the biological, mental and social nature of man, family and kinship relations. Social work as a profession is also associated with spirituality, moral and ethnic principles, adherence to various religious and other beliefs, which had a significant impact on the formation of the principles of human society.

Various socio-anthropological concepts have always emphasized and developed the best qualities of a person in his relations with other people, among which are service to one's neighbor, caring for the sick and the weak, who find themselves in a difficult life situation, in trouble, poverty and not having the opportunity to independently solve their life and vital problems. Social work has come a long way from personal, personal or collective philanthropy, often based on religious beliefs, to theoretical scientific or organized philanthropy, and then to the recognition of the real responsibility of society for the social well-being of its citizens and for the effectiveness of the work of special professional social services, from voluntary assistance, based on common sense, life experience and intuition, to professional activities.

At the initial stage of the development of historical practice and the theory of social work, the overwhelming majority of representatives of various philanthropic and feminist movements were engaged in it.

An important role in establishing the profession was played by representatives of the American school, who expressed different socio-philosophical views on the causes of social problems, and accordingly developed different approaches to filling social work.

The social work of modern society is usually associated with the development and flourishing of industrial capitalism, which led to such grandiose changes in the social structure in the social forms of the West that one can speak of a qualitatively different type of relationship between man and society. The development of social work was influenced by the ideological and theoretical views of the liberal, conservative persuasion, as well as the theoretical socio-philosophical systems that existed in the 19th - early 20th centuries. Such systems include, for example, Marxism, social Darwinism, the theory of social action, etc.

The views of representatives of positivism and liberalism at the end of the 19th century. in Great Britain and the USA contributed to the formation of concepts about the responsibility and moral duty of the state to a specific person for the inability to provide him with all the conditions for a normal existence in society, and also about the fact that progressive social reforms are the most rational (and, accordingly, scientific) way to solve emerging social problems with an individual and personal approach to each person in need of help.

Work with problem people gradually lost the unorganized nature of pure charity and philanthropy and acquired a new quality, along with the corresponding name of social work. At the same time, various new organizational forms of activity emerged. In the process of organizing a variety of specialized services, a search was made for models of real social assistance, and not only urgent or one-time, but also preventive or even preventive, designed for a long time period. Among the activities that subsequently opened certain areas of professional social work and the system of social welfare and social security, one can single out insurance. In the field of upbringing and education - work at school, with the family, with persons of antisocial behavior, etc.

It should be noted that social work received a new impetus along with a new round in the development of social science and practice in Western society in the 1970s–1990s. This period is characterized by global changes in the production of industrial products, characterized by a high degree of automation and computerization, and a decrease in the number of industrial workers in connection with this. This largely led to the emergence of an independent, developed service sector, and later the social sector, in which social workers played and continue to play the most significant role.

In the recent history of Russia, the development of social work is mainly due to the fact that on April 23, 1991, by the decision of the State Committee on Labor and Social Affairs, the list of professions of the Russian Federation was supplemented with three relatively new specialties and areas of scientific and practical activity: “social pedagogue”, “social worker" and "social worker". Since that time, the professional training of social workers in the field of secondary specialized and higher professional education began.

It should be noted that in the history of domestic social work, it is most noteworthy that the formation and development of the professions "social work" and "social pedagogy" was prepared by the long-term pre-revolutionary historical tradition of broad social charitable activities in the field of assistance, as well as the experience of educational, cultural and mass and educational work among the population in the Soviet period.

This, apparently, is the main feature of the formation of the domestic model of social work. Its other feature is determined by the fact that, on the one hand, in our country there is a largely unique historical experience in the field of social assistance, and on the other hand, this once developed tradition of social assistance in pre-revolutionary Russia was irretrievably lost during certain events. As a result, by now the following situation has developed: in the field of social assistance, we have an unprecedented historical experience, which is practically impossible to put into practice without a radical revision, adaptation to the conditions of modern reality. In other words, those unique developments that have been preserved only in archival sources and have come down to us may well be reconstructed and developed. But this is not easy to do, because the historical context of their formation and development is too different, namely the historical conditions of pre-revolutionary charity and modern domestic realities. Therefore, the revival of the previous experience of social work cannot be the result of blind copying. Obviously, this is precisely why, unlike countries with a well-established historical tradition of social work, Russia is forced almost anew, although not from scratch, but nevertheless to create its own modern national system of social work.

The next feature of the current state of domestic social work is organically related to the previous one, since the burden of unresolved problems in the social sphere initially puts specialists in the field of social work in front of the need to simultaneously establish an effective system of social protection, while simultaneously developing a scientific concept that is adequate to the requirements of the moment. In fact, the formation of social work as a professional field of activity goes simultaneously with the scientific and practical development of the main methodological, conceptual provisions that determine the essence of social pedagogy.

And finally, another feature is rooted in the close unity of such social concepts, processes and phenomena as "social work" and "social pedagogy". Historically, social work in Russia is not only an activity to provide direct social assistance to those in need, but also work on the upbringing, socialization, adaptation, training and education of a person.

A social worker must master the basics of the theory of social work. He should be characterized by special professional and spiritual and moral qualities, such as humanism, mercy, compassion, conscientiousness, responsibility, a sense of civil and social justice.

The general professional baggage of a social worker is an understanding of the place of social work (socionomy) in the system of social and humanitarian knowledge, which is primarily associated with understanding the foundations of the theory of social work, knowledge and use in theory and social practice of philosophical, sociological, socio-psychological, legal, statistical, socio-pedagogical and other methods. The result of the real practical action of a social worker is, first of all, the ability and ability to use various general and private technologies, including social diagnostics, prevention, adaptation, rehabilitation, correction and therapy, social expertise and forecasting, social mediation and counseling, social security and insurance , guardianship and guardianship.

The use of certain social technologies is determined by the subject areas of action of social workers, the results of their clientele activities: work in the field of employment, family, settlement of relations among migrants, the unemployed, the low-income, etc.

1. What are the main ways to solve social problems?

The first is revolutionary and transformative. The Marxist direction, the essence of which is to solve social problems, can only be done in a revolutionary way: by transforming society itself. In practice, as we know, this approach was embodied in the USSR, the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, and some countries of Asia and Latin America in the 20th century.

The second is reformist, whose representatives also looked for the causes of social adversity in society, but saw a way out in the gradual reform of society. The social development of most countries with a capitalist economic system followed this path. The Scandinavian countries were especially successful in this.

The third is anthropological. Proponents of this approach believed that the causes of a person's social ills lie in himself. The founder of this trend is M. Richmond, the author of the book “Social Diagnoses”, which became a classic for the theory of social work, published in 1917. Based on the American ideology of individualism, Richmond considered poverty as a disease, the inability of an individual to independently organize his independent life. The client acted as a kind of patient, and the task of the social worker was reduced to "social healing" of an individual who was in an unsatisfactory condition, and preparing the ward to be able to independently solve their problems.

2. What does social work mean as a type of social activity?

It's kind social activities aimed at harmonizing personal and social relations through the provision of assistance to individuals, groups of people and communities experiencing difficulties in social functioning, through protection, support, correction and rehabilitation, as well as by changing or reforming individual elements of the social system. Social work uses the principles, methods and approaches of a number of scientific areas to solve social and humanitarian problems.

3. What does social work mean as a social theory?

This theory, which studies the ways and methods of promoting social adaptation and the implementation of the subjectivity of an individual and a group in accordance with social norms and values ​​of society in different spatio-temporal situations.

4. What is the meaning of social work as an academic discipline taught in the field of secondary specialized and higher professional education?

Social work as an academic discipline of a multilevel nature is taught in higher, secondary specialized educational institutions, as well as in the system of advanced training of social workers. Its goals and objectives are to form the personal and professional qualities of a future social worker with a stable attitude towards self-education, to teach theoretical knowledge and transfer the necessary skills and abilities, the system of technologies existing in social work.

5. What does social work mean as one of the varieties of social practice?

Social work is one of the social action means the following: the main efforts of targeted manipulations in professional social work are focused on creating conditions under which the object of action (the client) will socially function on the principles of self-sufficiency, as well as on corrective or rehabilitation work with people of asocial or deviant behavior. The boundaries of social work as spheres of social action can be defined only in specific spatial and temporal coordinates, since at the professional level social work is largely limited by the framework predetermined by the social policy of a particular state in a specific time period of its historical development. Social work is characterized by continuity, which is due to the fact that social and humanitarian problems in society, as well as theoretical and practical approaches to their resolution, arise in parallel with the development of both the society itself and the individuals that make it up. The scope of social work is expanding simultaneously with and accordingly with the expansion and complexity of the nature and scope of social ties in society.

6. How is social work expressed as a type of professional activity?

social work as has features that distinguish it from other professions of a similar nature in a social orientation (doctor, teacher, psychologist, lawyer, etc.). One of the main distinguishing features is the very nature of the process of social action and interactions between the specialist and the client. Unlike the role-based subject-object relationships that are characteristic of other types of helping professions, and in this regard the act of decision-making in the process of action, social work is dominated by subject-subject relationships that are of a trusting nature, in which the client retains the right or advantage in making decisions. solutions. Clientele specifics social institutions consists in the fact that mainly representatives of financially unsecured, socially vulnerable or marginalized strata of society apply for help. This means that social work cannot have a high degree of prestige and bring large incomes to professional social workers, especially in a market economy and the influence of both liberal and conservative ideologies in society. Social work is often mistakenly referred to as the services of auxiliary or technical personnel of social services or charitable organizations engaged in social services, whose work usually does not require high qualifications and appropriate training in the program of higher or secondary specialized education, while the professional services of a social work specialist , solving personal problems of a client at the level of a consultant-psychologist or teacher, a specialist - a personnel (personnel) manager or organizing social-analytical, research or prognostic activities, require thorough theoretical and practical basic training.

7. What public areas does social work cover?

How professional activity General social work covers three broad areas: 1) social therapy at the individual-personal and family levels for the purpose of social adaptation and rehabilitation of the individual and the resolution of conflict situations in the context of his environment; 2) social work with a group, and groups can be classified: by age (children, youth or groups of elderly citizens), by gender, by interests or similar problems (confessional, associations of single parents, single mothers, single fathers, groups of former alcoholics or drug addicts, etc.) . Often social workers have to deal with asocial or even criminal groups (children's or teenage crime, vagrancy, organized prostitution, drug addiction, antisocial youth groups, etc.); 3) social work in the community, at the place of residence. It is focused on expanding the network of social services, strengthening community ties, creating a favorable socio-psychological climate in places where people live compactly, as well as organizing various kinds of local initiatives, self-help groups, etc.

8. What is the specificity of social work?

To understand the specifics of social work, it is necessary to correlate it with charity, religious and secular, that is, to define the activity of social workers as "professional". It is the word "professionalism" that is the key to defining the essence of social work by its elite. In the modern sense, using the term "profession", they indicate a certain range of problems and a set of techniques by which these problems can be identified and resolved. Thus, each profession is based on its specific system of knowledge, both theoretical and practical, as well as on its own criteria for successfully solving given problems. In addition, each profession develops a special system of ethical principles that sets certain “correct” ways of dealing with clients, colleagues, and external authorities. Educational institutions and professional associations guard these principles, turning them into rules of conduct. The connection between the operational and ethical components of activity is especially clear in those professions that are commonly called the most humane. These professions, self-defining in the spirit of scientific objectivity, often set the task of "engineering" human relations, but in any case, everything has an ultimate goal determined by the interests of the client. Knowledge, skills, concepts and norms of professional activity are transferred from generation to generation through the system of professional training. Moreover, special attention is paid to the development of practical skills, as well as the transfer of professional traditions directly from experienced professionals to beginners.

9. What are the characteristics of a specialist professional in the field of social work?

Specialist personality and its professionally significant qualities are formed in the process of multi-stage selection. A social worker is, in a sense, a generalist, but his universalism has fairly clear subject boundaries, set by the content of the client's life problems and possible ways to solve them. He does not replace the psychologist, sociologist or teacher, just as they, even taken together, cannot replace or replace the social worker.