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Forms or tips: choose the best option for yourself. Which is better - tips or forms

Question, build up nails on forms or on tips, quite often rises before the masters and clients and causes a lot of controversy. Some claim that tips in practice are stronger, the second that this is an outdated way of building and need to use forms. Both in one and in the second statement there is some truth, but this should not be the determining factor in choosing tools for nail extension. Both tips and forms are only a substrate for modeling materials, and strength is rather determined by their quality and craftsmanship. Yes, tips, as an extension technology, are much older, but they are still used by masters for a reason. So why is this so and how to choose the right extension method?

What are types?

Tips are ABS plastic tips that are designed to mimic a natural nail. This is a fairly practical material for nail extension, because, despite the thinness of the tips, it is durable, quite elastic and can be easily filed. In addition, it is completely safe for human health. About the variety of types of tips, depending on their color, shape, size and contact zone, I wrote in a blog earlier, and this can be read on.

I just want to add a little about using them in building. It is better to buy tips with a contact zone for this: it is specially made a little thinner for faster cutting of the transition between the natural nail plate and the tip. The contact zone can be different in width, like they themselves, which allows you to choose them for each nail individually. If necessary, tips can always be filed along the edges for a perfect repetition of the shape of the nail. Read in detail about the technology of nail extension on tips.

What are forms?

Forms for nail extension are special templates on which gradation is applied for the convenience of nail modeling. They are disposable (most often made of paper coated with a polymer or metal) and reusable. It is more practical to use the first ones, as they allow you to more conveniently select a template for various nail shapes. Forms can be upper and lower. I wrote in detail about the first and second and the technology for their use in the article. But about the detailed technique for performing extensions with acrylic and gel on forms, read on.

When tips and when forms?

Choosing tips or forms often does not depend on the desire of the client or the master, but is chosen as necessary depending on the shape and condition of the nails:

Oval or almond shaped. This form of the nail is considered classic and in this case, both the first and the second method of extension are suitable. One has only to remember that for the forms it is necessary that the free edge of the nail protrudes at least 1-2 millimeters. if there is no free edge, then only tips are suitable here.
Flat nails. Tips and shapes can also be selected here, but you should pay attention to the width of the nail bed: if it is too wide, then use forms, as in some cases the width of the tips may not be enough.
Trapezoidal nails. When building on such nails, tips with a small contact zone are used, which have a pronounced S-bend. if you use classic tips, then the period of wearing such nails may not be long. Before building up, such nails need to be cut short.
Nails are bent down. In this case, only forms will do. But even here it is worth being especially careful and correctly fitting them to the curve of the smile, cutting them with scissors if necessary.
Rodent nails. There is such a disease as nail biting, and in order to hide or unlearn it, it is recommended to do nail extensions periodically. It is better to do it on tips with a small contact area, after cutting all the irregularities evenly.

Properly chosen method of nail extension will simplify the work of the master and make the appearance of nails more beautiful and aesthetic. Over time, it will be easier to determine what fits better, the main thing here is practice. I hope the question is how best to build up nails - on tips or on forms, I clarified a little for you. Good luck!

Nail extension on tips is one of the easiest and fastest ways to get beautiful artificial nails. After reading our article, you will learn about what you need to build nails with tips, how to choose the right shape of tips and how to stick them on your nails. Also in the article there is a detailed step-by-step instruction for nail extension.

What are tips and their history

Most of the girls know or approximately understand what tips are. Tips are frames resembling a nail plate in shape, made of plastic, nylon or polyflex.

The first plastic forms appeared back in the seventies, they were made by hand, so only noble people could afford to wear beautiful artificial nails. They were the same length, due to the lack of manufacturing skills, the first tips were very thick and rough. Since 1974, the mechanized production of tips began. Plastic heated to 150 degrees was poured into special metal molds. After cooling, the molds were opened and finished tips were taken out.

Materials for tips

Over time, nail extensions on tips became very popular, so plastic frames began to be produced in large volumes. Tips are made from various materials, often using three types of substances:

Polyflex - frames made of this substance are often used when building nails on gel tips, such use is due to fast and strong adhesion. The substance has good elastic properties, does not collapse under the action of acetone.
ABS plastic - the name arose because of the components that make up the substance, namely: acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene. ABS is the most common material used to make tips. The frameworks are durable, highly elastic and have good adhesion to extension materials.
Nylon is an impact-resistant material that holds its shape perfectly, has high elasticity, and is easy to model. However, nylon frames are not suitable for building nails with tips at home, since they are difficult to stick to the nail plate.

Regardless of what material the tips are made of, they must be of high quality. To check the reliability, you can slightly bend one of the frames along the length.

If, after a slight fold, a white stripe appears in the center, then the tips are of poor quality.

Varieties of tips

Tips differ not only in the material from which they are made. They have different shapes and colors. To make nail extension on tips easy, you should choose the right form that suits a particular type of nail plate.

Tips forms

Tips are available in various shapes to create a specific nail design.

Varieties:

Classic - have a smooth natural curve, suitable for almost all types of nails. Most commonly used by professionals. Often sold in packs of 50 copies, the cost is from 250 rubles.
Straight - in this form, tips do not have a contact zone, so they are also called non-contact tips. Due to the lack of a contact zone, they are often used for French design. For 150 rubles you can buy a set of 100 copies.
Tapered tips - used to create nail shapes such as stylet, bridget, cat nails. The set includes 50 tips, you can buy a set for 150 rubles.
Curved frames are indispensable for nail extensions on tips in the American style.
Almond tips - used to quickly give the nail an almond shape. They come in different lengths, most often they do not have a contact zone, which makes it easier to create a French design. The price for 50 pieces varies from 100 rubles.

Each of the species described has a different length, which is written on the package. Manicurists use the maximum length of tips, special nippers are used to change the length.

Color spectrum

In addition to the shape, tips differ in color. Manufacturers produce a variety of colors to create the perfect manicure.

transparent - ideal for almost any design;
flesh or natural shade - to give the nails a natural look;
colored - it is easy to draw a picture without using the main color of the varnish;
with a pattern - tips are used to quickly create a beautiful manicure;
french tips for nail extension - quick creation of the perfect french manicure.

How to choose tips

Every girl wants extended nails to look as natural as possible. In order to achieve this result, you should buy thin, but at the same time durable tips. The thicker the frame, the worse it will look on the nails. You should not save on material, it is better to purchase tips from well-known companies so as not to fall for a fake.

When buying tips, you need to consider not only their length, but also the shape. The better the frame lies on the nail, the easier the extension process will be. If it is difficult to find the right size, then you can take the tips a little more, attach to the nail and use a file to remove the extra edges.

When choosing tips, you should pay attention to the stop line, the length of the free edge and the contact zone. The free edge is thicker and longer than the contact zone. The stop line is a conditional separator between the contact zone and the free edge. The tip of the nail plate should rest against the stop line.

Tips should be cut with a tip cutter, do not use scissors or other cutting tools.

If the natural nail is slightly raised up, for convenience and a beautiful manicure, the free edge should be made of medium length. With defects in the nail plate, it is best to use glue-gel, it is able to fill cracks and recesses, leveling the natural nail.

Features of the contact zone

The contact zone is a thin part of the plastic frame, similar to a dimple. The recess should fit snugly against the nail, in contact with it. Glue is applied to the contact area, only then the tips are glued to the nail plate.

The contact zone is of different lengths. It varies from three to six millimeters. The shorter the nail bed, the smaller the contact area should be.

The contact zone can be:

with several slots;
round;
deep;
V - figurative;
small;
big.

In the process of building, the contact zone is sawn off. Nail extension on tips at home is best to start with non-contact frames. In such species, there is no possibility of design violations.

Liquid tips

Progress does not stand still. Since 2010, liquid tips for nail extensions have been widely used in the nail industry. Such frames are made of a flexible polymer material. Liquid tips are called due to the fact that a gel is placed in them, which has a liquid structure. The molds are very durable and can be used up to 200 times.

To work with liquid tips, you do not need to buy additional glue and many forms, it is enough to purchase a gel and a rotary UV lamp.

There are 50 tips in the box, such a kit costs from 1500 to 2500 rubles. One set is enough for professionals for almost two years. Liquid tips save not only the time allotted for building, but also cash. For beginners in the online store there is an opportunity to purchase complete sets, which contain not only tips, but also a suitable extension gel.

Building on liquid tips

Step-by-step instructions for nail extension on tips for beginners:

remove the cuticle in any convenient way;
grind the nail plate;
degrease the nail;
apply a primer hitch;
attach tips to the nail, choosing the most appropriate size;
determine the size; for this, special markings on the form are used;
using a brush, put the gel into liquid tips;
grease the mold evenly to the selected length;
glue the form with the gel to the nail;
holding the shape, dry the nail for 10 seconds under the lamp;
after drying, remove the tips;
using a brush, apply a layer of gel on the finished substrate, forming a stress zone;
dry the nail under the lamp;
remove the sticky layer;
shape the free edge;
apply top gel, it should be remembered that it should be without a sticky layer;
dry under the lamp for a few minutes.

Video "Liquid Tips"

The video shows step-by-step instructions for gel nail extension on liquid tips.

Advantages and disadvantages of liquid tips

easy to substitute to a natural nail;
multiple use of tips;
no need to apply glue on the nails;
no need to trim the tips to give the desired length;
the creation of a French manicure is faster due to the highlighted smile line;
can be used even on very short nails.

Flaws:

Before using liquid tips, beginners in the nail industry should attend gel nail extension lessons on tips.
Not suitable for people with wide nails.
You need a rotary lamp, when drying in a conventional UV lamp, the gel may spread.

Acrylic

Acrylic is a durable, quick-drying material. Acrylic nails are elastic, after extension the nails are thin and look natural. When using acrylic at home, you need to choose a well-ventilated room, as the substance has a specific aroma.

Extension tools

Before moving on to creating an artificial nail using tips, you should check whether all the tools are at hand.

List of materials:

building material - acrylic;
primer or degreaser;
liquid for dissolving acrylic - monomer, with a volume of at least 50 ml;
a set of tips;
brush for applying acrylic powder;
nippers for cutting tips;

nail file with abrasive from 100 to 180 grit;
lint-free wipes;
alcohol or other disinfectant;
a jar with a lid, needed for the monomer;
dust brush;
glue for tips;
oil or cuticle softener.

After purchasing all the necessary materials, you can start creating beautiful nails.

Instruction

Before starting any manicure, wash your hands well with antibacterial soap. If this is not possible, then the skin of the hands is treated with a disinfectant, alcohol or antiseptic.

Extension process:

File the free edge of the natural nail.
Remove cuticles with an orange stick.
Remove oily sheen from nails with a nail file.
Choose the right tips for each nail, the contact zone should cover less than half of the nail plate.
Tips numbering starts with the number 1 and ends with the number 10, the first size is the widest, then the width goes down.
Arrange the tips after the selection in order.
Saw down the edge of the contact area on each frame.
Degrease the nail plate.
Apply glue to the area of the contact zone, distribute it evenly.
Tips should be held at an angle of 45 degrees, so that the glue does not spread.
Apply tips so that the stop line is in contact with the tip of the natural nail.
Press the frame to the nail plate and hold until firm adhesion.
Adjust the length of the free edge with a cutter.
Using a file, give the frame the desired shape.
With a buff, reduce the border between the tips and the natural nail, so that when you run your finger over the plate you do not feel the bumps.
Mix acrylic powder with monomer until a plastic mass is obtained.
Using a brush, evenly distribute the acrylic mass along the entire length of the nail.
You can remove excess thickness with a nail file.
Apply fixative to the nail.

After the fixer has completely dried, the nails can be coated with a plain varnish or create a special design. For beginners, it is better to use colorless acrylic for nail extensions on tips, and light pink color is suitable for. Nail extension on tips using acrylic is a very easy and simple procedure.

Gel

One of the main materials used by nail art masters to build up nail plates. The gel is easy to apply on the nail plate, it lays down well and does not dry out as quickly as acrylic. Therefore, nail extension on tips using gel will be an easy and exciting procedure that even inexperienced masters can handle.

Extension tools

The list of inventory that is needed for gel nail extensions is very similar to the list using acrylic powder. The only acrylic powder and monomer is replaced by a gel, and instead of a jar for liquid, an ultraviolet lamp and a liquid to remove the sticky layer are purchased.

Gels will need three types: camouflage or modeling gel, base and gel finish.

Instruction for beginners

Step-by-step gel nail extension on tips, the first 15 points are identical to acrylic extension. Nails should be filed, oily sheen removed and cuticles pushed back. Starting from point 16, gel nail extensions on tips will differ from acrylic designs.

Gel application steps:

open a jar of base gel;
drip the gel into the center of the nail plate;
evenly distribute the material over the entire surface of the nail, leaving 1 mm indents from the tank rollers and cuticles;
dry the nail under ultraviolet light for 3 minutes;
apply modeling or camouflage gel, leaving most of it in the stress zone, in the cuticle area and on the free edge, the gel layer should be minimal;
dry the layer under the lamp for three minutes;
remove the sticky layer;
form the arches of the nail;
use a nail file to make the free edge of the nail thinner;
clean the nail with a brush;
evenly distribute the gel finish over the nail;
polarize the nail for 2–3 minutes;
remove the sticky layer if the finish coat leaves it;
smear the cuticle with oil or an emollient.

The gel allows the nails to breathe, it does not have a specific smell, so this material is more popular in contrast to acrylic powder.

french design

French manicure gained its popularity a long time ago and still holds a leading position. French nail design can be done in two ways:

Express - quick nail extension on french tips. To do this, you need to buy special tips, with a traced smile line. Stick them on a natural nail and cover with a finishing gel.
The standard creation of a jacket assumes the presence of a light pink camouflage gel. It is applied after the base layer to the entire surface of the nail. After drying and removing the sticky layer with a white gel, a smile line is drawn. Finally, you need to apply a topcoat.

Glitter extensions

If you want to make a bright, shiny manicure, then the modeling gel can be mixed with sparkles. It must be applied in the same way as described in the step-by-step instructions. To give a more saturated color, you can make two brilliant layers. Each dry separately under the lamp.

Nail care

In order for artificial nails to look beautiful and last longer, you should monitor their condition. It is advisable to make the first correction two weeks after the extension. Subsequent ones can be delayed for three to four weeks, it all depends on the growth rate of the natural nail.

When working with chemicals and with a lot of water, it is advisable to wear gloves so that the nails do not peel off. Sudden temperature changes should not be allowed, as the gel nail may crack. To remove varnish from artificial nails, you need a liquid that does not contain acetone. Extended nails should not be tapped on the table or other hard objects.

Differences from building on forms

After looking at the table, you can understand which type of extension is better to use.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages:

rapid increase in length;
less chance of allergies;
ease of extension, which even a beginner of nail art can easily cope with;
you can make smooth nails, even on deformed nail plates;
you can create an exclusive nail design, maximum length and various shapes.

Flaws:

difficult to achieve a natural look;
at the first stages, large expenditures of funds are required;
due to the thick free edge, artificial nails are inconvenient to use.

Nail extensions have been in demand for a long time. However, the simplest question of the master about what exactly to carry out the procedure for: on tips or forms, sometimes confuses. Even those who apply not for the first time for such services. What are types? Is this some kind of extension? Or is it some kind of auxiliary tool? In fact, everything is much simpler.

What it is?

Tipsy are plastic which are used at building. They are glued to natural ones, then cut with special tongs and carefully washed down. There are many different types of tips that are used by craftsmen today.

Classic

Tips for nails originally had only one form and were made of plastic. No others simply existed. Until now, this type is called classic, because it is suitable for any build-up (gel, acrylic, mixed technology). Tips are one of the ways to create a beautiful and neat manicure even without the use of artificial materials. And you can do it yourself.

Quick manicure

Tips for nails can be used without gel or acrylic. It is enough to choose the correct size of the plate, carefully glue them, cut and file. And last but not least, you need to not only file the free edge, giving it a shape, but also carefully sand the entire surface so that the transition between the tips and the natural nail is not noticeable. Neither visually nor by touch. After that, you can cover the modeled nails with varnish. Such a manicure will not last too long, but for some special evening it is enough. For example, for or institute.

Express french

Most often it is done with, although acrylic pros sometimes practice it. The reason for this is not entirely clear, but the masters who work using this technology often offer an express jacket on tips to those who cannot make a choice. The process itself takes much less time than with the classic full extension. However, the result is obtained at a time, and then it will not be possible to correct it.

Step #1: Preparation

Despite the fact that this is an express jacket, you cannot do without this stage. First, the old coating is removed from the nails, then the free edge is filed down to a length of 1 mm. The cuticle is pushed back and then removed. Usually unedged: using a special gel. The surface of the nails is degreased and polished to remove all roughness and irregularities. Brush-basting sweep away the resulting dust.

Step #2: Nail bed

To glue the French tips correctly, you need to slightly lengthen it. Therefore, first a thin layer of the base gel is laid out, which is dried in and then the design camouflage gel. Here it is slightly pulled out of the natural nail bed. That is why it is required to file the free edge up to 1 mm. When the constructive layer polymerizes, the nail plate is shaped with a nail file.

Step 3: Tips

This is the most important but simple step. Special tips for express French are glued to an elongated nail plate. Why is it simple? French tips have a special tab on the side of the free edge, for which it is convenient to hold them. When the procedure is carried out on each finger, you can remove this holder with tongs. It is noteworthy that all French tips are made without a contact zone, which means that they do not have to be filed to remove the transition between the nail and the tip.

Step #4: Clear Gel and Filing

Building on tips does not take much time if everything is prepared correctly. Therefore, immediately after removing the auxiliary label, a transparent layer of gel is applied to the entire surface of the nails. When it polymerizes in a UV lamp, the action is repeated. Only this time attention is paid to the formation and strengthening of the stress zone in the area. The apex (the convex part of the nail) must be correctly modeled. Before the final stage, everything is carefully sawn and polished. Modeled nails should be as similar to natural as possible. Excess dust is swept away with a brush.

Step #5: Finish

Gel extensions on tips or forms always end up making the nails shiny. There is a special "Finish" or "Top" for this. Most often, it looks like an ordinary transparent varnish, only in a dark bottle, with a convenient brush. Nails are covered and then polymerized in a UV lamp. Depending on the company chosen, it may or may not be necessary to remove the dispersion (sticky) layer.

How long does it last

On average, the extension on tips lasts about 3-4 weeks, after which a correction is required, since natural nails grow under the material. And this, in turn, leads to the fact that the gel or acrylic begins to "creep" over the surface, the apex and the stress zone are displaced. However, express extension is not subject to correction. If contactless tips were used, as described above, then the smile line also "creeps" up, it is not possible to return it to its place. Therefore, express extensions are usually simply removed after 3 weeks. Sometimes girls decide on a full-fledged modeling of nails, and sometimes they choose naturalness instead of artificial material. This is an individual question.

What are the types of tips?

In addition to the classic, those that appeared very first, now there are many varieties. And not only in color. The shapes of the tips are also very different: square, pipe, stiletto, age, almond. Each is beautiful and in demand in its own way. However, the masters still prefer to model the most complex forms on their own, without resorting to tips.

Flaws

Each girl is unique in her own way. And hands too. That is why standard tips do not always fit, which professionals often face. But the right size is already half the success. Another disadvantage of tips is that experienced craftsmen do not consider them necessary at all. Often standard universal shapes and sizes are useless. In addition, the strength of the modeled nails is inferior to those that were made on paper forms, consisting entirely of material.

Advantages

Many girls note that building on tips is carried out many times faster. And others notice that the nails are easier and more natural. And this is definitely the benefits of tips. By the way, if a professional master was chosen, then, regardless of the type of extension, modeled nails will bring joy. It is only important not to save money while looking for your pro.

In the process of building nails, the master can use tips or forms. Both one and the other method has its adherents and opponents. Someone believes that tips greatly enhance natural nails. Someone thinks that building on forms looks more natural. How exactly to create magnificent nails, either the master or the client chooses, but the decisive decision can be made based on the shape and present state of natural nails. Both forms and tips serve only as a kind of lining material for a gel or acrylic mass, the quality of which determines the strength and durability of the created manicure.

"Superimposed" extension

Tips are plastic ready-made overlays of a certain thickness, repeating the shape of the nail. They are made of durable elastic material, completely safe for humans. These overlays are glued to the nails on 2/3 of the plate, filed to smooth the transition between the natural nail and the overlay and coated with the chosen material: gel or acrylic. The length can be customized to your liking.

Tips can be different:

in shape - classic, narrowed, straight or curved (C-shaped).
by color - colorless, natural pink or decorated with a design (for example, French). You can also choose the degree of transparency.
according to the zone of contact with a natural nail - according to the size of the fit and the thickness of the fit: even or with a recess.

What are forms?

Templates or forms are placed tightly under the base of the natural plate, and an artificial nail is modeled on them. The template is made of foil-coated cardboard, metal or plastic. Depending on the materials used in the manufacture, the forms are disposable or reusable. Disposable forms are more convenient, as they can be adapted to any nail plate. There are marks on the surface of the template indicating the size of the nails, which helps the master immediately form the length.

When is it better to use forms, and when - tips?

If the natural nail has the correct oblong almond-shaped shape, then you can use one method of extension or the other.
If the natural nail plate is wide, for example, trapezoidal, then it is better to use forms, because the width of the tips may not be enough, and the surface will turn out to be uneven.
If the nails are very short, then the only suitable option is to use tips. Forms can only be used under nails with a length of 1-2 mm, and under very short and uneven nails it will not work to tightly enclose the template.

This is an eternal question that torments our clients and because of which there are constant disputes between the masters: what extension is better on tips or on forms? Naturally, each master proves that his extension technology, on which he works, is the best. In fact, the opposition of these two technologies usually leads to a dead end, since a master who owns these two technologies can make nails in such a way that it is almost impossible to distinguish tips from forms. The method of modeling, most often, is selected by the master and depends on the shape and condition of the client's nails.

So, what is the difference between tips and forms?

TIPS. Tipsy (from the English word tips- tips), these are plastic blanks, with the help of which they give shape and length to a natural nail. The most common material for manufacturing is ABS plastic. Tips made from this material meet all the requirements for tips, namely, they must be: thin, elastic, safe for human health, easy to file, stick well and hold the applied material for extension.

Tips distinguish:

1. By contact area- the place where the tips are glued to the nail. The contact zone can be large or small, deep or not, and there are tips without it at all (non-contact). The area of the contact zone is selected depending on the characteristics of the nail. If the nail bed is short, then the contact area should be minimal, if the nails are bent down - the same. Non-contact tips are French tips or tips with a pattern that do not need to be filed in the bonding area at the border with the natural nail.

2. By shape- tips are straight, classic (with a slight bend), curved, narrowed, etc. They also come in different lengths, but usually they are made quite long. Curved tips are designed to create the effect of curved nails. Most often, classic forms are used with a slight bend that mimics the natural bend of a natural nail. With a short and medium length, the bend will be almost imperceptible.

3. by color- tips come in natural, transparent, colored and with designs. French tips are used to create a French manicure. They are usually non-contact and very thin.

FORMS.

Forms are devices (templates or stencils) that are placed under the edge of a natural nail. On which the material for building is laid out. Forms are disposable and reusable.

Paper disposable forms are:

2. "Square"- for nails with broken proportions, square or trapezoidal nail bed. The shape is convenient when used on flat nails, as well as on nails with an overgrown free edge.

Teflon or metal molds - designed for reusable use.

The strength of nails does not depend on the type of forms, which cannot be said about the appearance. Nails made with paper forms are more beautiful, because the master has the opportunity to "fit" the standard form to any nail.

WHEN TIPS. WHEN FORMS?

1. If the client's nails are normal, have a regular, almond-shaped shape, then there will be no problems with the choice of extension method and the master can offer any of the two shapes or tips.

2. If the shape of the nail is flat, then in this case you can also choose any of the two methods, but taking into account the following nuances:

If flat nails are wide enough, then it is better to use forms, because the master may simply not find the right size tips,

If the client insists on building with tips, then it is necessary to first cut the contact zone of the tips to the required size.

3. If the nails are bitten, then it is better to build on tips with a small contact area. The surface of bitten nails is always uneven, as if the nail is buried in high fingertips. In this case, the master needs to carefully file all the irregularities and create a flat surface for gluing the tips.

4. If the nails are bent down, then it is better to build on the forms. Moreover, the shape must be selected along the smile line under the natural nail. If only universal forms are available, then before building up it is necessary to cut out the necessary smile line in them and glue them from the wrong side to the free edge formation zone, which will significantly strengthen the form itself.

5. If the nails are trampoline-shaped, then it is better for the master to offer the client an extension on tips, having previously shortly filed the free edge of the nail and removed its thickness with a file. After that, carefully select the tips for each nail. One feature - for nails with a trapezoid shape of nails, tips with a more pronounced arch and with an S curve and a small contact zone are needed. Tips of the classical form for trampoline nails do not fit well, because. their wear time is drastically reduced.

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