Children left without parental care - history and current status.

Family orphanages as a legalized type of orphanage appeared in the USSR in 1988 on the initiative of one person, Albert Anatolyevich Likhanov, the head of the Soviet Children's Fund that he had created a year earlier. For those interested in historical details, read his story about how this happened - an interview with Stanislav Kunyaev, editor of the magazine “Our Contemporary”.Everything is very typical for that already forgotten time: how a young journalist Likhanov faced the misfortune of orphanhood, how he traveled to orphanages and observed their poverty, how, as an already famous children's writer and editor of the magazine "Smena", he "poked" the secretaries of the Komsomol Central Committee and how Finally, through a friend, Secretary Chernenko, he threw up his “48 points” of urgent problems, on which in January 1985 the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR was adopted “On measures to improve the upbringing, training and material support of orphans and children, left without parental care, in children's homes, orphanages and boarding schools." There is a lot of things there: from the party and Soviet power at all levels, from the administration of enterprises and educational institutions, from creative unions, the country's top leadership demanded that they all become concerned about the situation of children, primarily those who were in children's institutions, and each in their own way took part in correcting it.
And then “Perestroika” began. Likhanov, invited to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers Ryzhkov, told him for four hours about the problems of childhood in the country.As a result, in July 1987, another resolution of the Central Committee and the Council of Ministers appeared, this time on measures for “radical improvement...”. In it, in addition to scolding all departments for the “slow and incomplete” implementation of the instructions given earlier, there were several more points, including:
1) on the creation of the Soviet Children's Fund named after V.I. Lenin - “an all-Union mass organization uniting the efforts of individual citizens, work collectives, institutions, public organizations and creative unions, called upon to fully develop the Leninist traditions of a careful, caring attitude towards children,”
2) about carrying out « experimental work to determine the optimal type of institution for the upbringing, education and maintenance of orphans and children without parental care, from their birth to labor activity"and construction in 1988 - 1992 "in one of the regions of the RSFSR of an experienced orphanage family type" and
3) on the creation in Moscow of the “Research Institute of Childhood of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR and the Soviet Children's Fund named after V.I. Lenin".
Established in October 1987 Children's Fund, which still exists today, although much less is known and talked about about him and his activities than in those years.
And finally, in August 1988, a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR appeared“On the creation of family-type orphanages”.
The document is remarkable, completely unique in the enormity of the tasks set, of which practically nothing was implemented as intended. The main content, if we clear it a little from the ideological rhetoric of that time, can seem to be reduced to three points:
1. Connection of “public, collective andfamily forms of education" In practice, this meant transferring a significant part of children from state orphanages to be raised in families, but not for adoption or traditional guardianship, but so that “parent-educators” received a status equal to the status of orphanage workers - with the same pay, credit length of service, pension and benefits.
2. It was decided that these “family-type orphanages” would be created in two versions:
1) “children’s towns of single-apartment multi-room houses for families raising at least 10 orphans and children without parental care”;
2) " separate families raising at least 5 orphans and children left without parental care, living in multi-room separate apartments in ordinary houses, specialized houses or in groups of such houses.”
(I have not yet had the opportunity to ask A.A. Likhanov how he came up with the idea of ​​parallel development of these two very different versions of a family orphanage, but each of them has its own, domestic and foreign, prehistory and its own subsequent fate).
3. And I will mention as a separate point what makes this document precisely Soviet, belonging to a planned and ideocratic society with its capabilities (by that time, however, already largely illusory) for the mobilization of administrative, economic and social resources. Read:
“Gosstroy of the USSR, in agreement with the USSR State Committee for public education, the Ministry of Health of the USSR, the Councils of Ministers of the Union Republics and the Soviet Children's Fund named after V.I. Lenin to ensure the development of reference design solutions on a competitive basis in 1988...",
“The Councils of Ministers of the Union and Autonomous Republics and the executive committees of local Soviets of People’s Deputies... ensure... establish strict control...”,
“The Ministry of Health... The Ministry of Forestry Industry... to ensure...”,
“Recommend that enterprises and organizations take part, with the consent of their workforces, in construction at their own expense...”,
“Agree with the proposal of the Komsomol Central Committee to attract student and Komsomol youth construction teams...”,
“The Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR, the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, the USSR State Committee for Public Education, the Ministry of Health of the USSR together with the Soviet Children's Fund named after V.I. Lenin and with the involvement of interested organizations...",
“To recommend to the Union of Writers of the USSR, the Union of Artists of the USSR, the Union of Composers of the USSR, the Union of Cinematographers of the USSR, the Union of Theater Workers of the USSR, the Union of Architects of the USSR and the USSR State Committee for physical culture and sports...", etc.
The Soviet Union had three years left to live, and everything began to crack and collapse even earlier. So I don't know if it makes sense to think about what it would be like if it came to fruition. But caring for children who have lost their parents can truly claim to become a national cause. Is it possible to mobilize the forces of the entire society to solve orphan problems outside of that dead system - that is the question...
But we still need to trace the historical fate of these undertakings - family houses and towns separately.

The development of a civilized society is determined not only by its economic and socio-cultural level, but also by its attitude towards disadvantaged children. The new era - the era of openness and democracy - creates the basis for changing attitudes towards various aspects of this problem. Despite the fact that we previously suspected trouble in the sphere of family relationships, the true extent of the disaster turned out to be unexpected. According to statistics, more than 1 million children of the former Soviet Union are raised by the state in orphanages and boarding schools, most of all in Russia. Orphanhood on such a scale was known only during the terrible years of war and famine. Also noteworthy is the fact that it has changed high-quality composition orphans. If previously these were children whose parents died at the front, today the overwhelming majority of children raised in children's homes, orphanages, and boarding schools have one or both parents, i.e. are social orphans with living parents. Orphanhood as a social phenomenon has existed as long as human society itself, and is an integral element of civilization. Wars, epidemics, natural disasters, and other causes led to the death of parents, as a result of which children became orphans. Apparently, with the emergence of class society, the so-called social orphanhood also branches off, when children are deprived of parental care due to the latter’s reluctance or inability to provide parenting when parents abandon a child or withdraw from his upbringing.
Based on the provisions of Article 121 of the Family Code, the legislative definition of the terms “orphans” and “children without parental care” is given by the Law “On additional guarantees for the social protection of orphans without parental care.” It has been established that orphans are persons under the age of 18 who are left without the care of a single or both parents due to the following circumstances: the absence of such or deprivation of their parental rights, restriction of their parental rights, recognition as missing, incompetent (limited capable) located in medical institutions; declaring them dead; serving their sentences in institutions executing sentences of imprisonment, being in places of detention, suspected and accused of committing crimes; evasion of parents from raising children or protecting their rights and interests; refusal of parents to take their children from educational, medical institutions, institutions social protection population and other similar institutions and in other cases of recognizing a child as left without parental care in the manner prescribed by law1.
Analysis social reasons orphanhood shows that 3% of children entering orphanages belong to the category of “foundlings”; about 60% of parents abandon their child in the maternity hospital, citing their reluctance to raise him by the absence necessary conditions. 60% of mothers whose children enter orphanages qualify as single mothers. A certain number of mothers refer to insufficient psychological maturity and lack of maternal feelings. About 30% of children enter orphanages from parents who are alcoholics2.
Now in Russia there are about 600,000 orphans (of which 95% social orphans, i.e. their parents are alive, but have been deprived of parental rights or have abandoned the child themselves). The reasons for abandoning children and placing them in government institutions are: single-parent families, insufficient material security and poor living conditions, alcoholism of the mother or both parents. Only a small part of the children were abandoned by their parents due to a violation of one or another physical defect in the newborn, with a diagnosis of known forms mental retardation with an unfavorable prognosis, or with minor congenital malformations. There is also a category of mothers who need special mention - these are teenage mothers who are trying by any means to get rid of unwanted pregnancy, including the use of drugs harmful to the health of the unborn child. As a result, children are born who are not needed by their parents and are raised in institutions for orphans.
Such realities of modern Russian life, such as an economic crisis, unemployment, impoverishment of large sections of the population, living below the poverty line, widespread weakening of family foundations, loss by older and younger generations moral values, drunkenness and alcoholism, drug addiction, distribution among children and adults mental illness, undoubtedly formed fertile ground for many negative social phenomena and social orphanhood in particular.
Today, the state practically does not encourage the transfer of children left without parental care to another family, preferring to spend large sums on children's boarding institutions. But they are not enough either. In recent years, the number of orphans and children left without parental care has reached frightening proportions. Indifference to a child in a family has become not such a rare phenomenon, as evidenced by the increase in cases of deprivation of parents of parental rights. Ignoring the most pressing needs of the child in such families is often accompanied by abuse. According to research, every second child who ended up in a shelter was subjected to corporal punishment3. Children run away from cruel treatment, from sexual violence from relatives or acquaintances of their mother or father, from a mocking attitude towards their personality, from overprotection from parents, which takes the form of severe family tyranny. The number of children leaving their families of their own free will is growing. Recently it has increased by 15%4. An in-depth psychological examination of the pupils of one of the shelters revealed that 21% of shelter children were subjected to sexual violence, and only 1/3 were raped by an outsider. In other cases, children became victims of intra-family sexual violence by blood relatives or actual educators. Victims of incest include both young children (1.5 - 5 years old) and girls 13-17 years old. In some cases, sexual abuse by parents continued for months or even years5.
It’s not just the family that pushes people out onto the streets. Deductions from secondary schools not only teenagers, but also 7-8 year old students; there has been a sharp increase in the number of 14-15 year old teenagers who left general and vocational education and those who have not started working, a reduction in enrollment in vocational schools (which is why every year up to 1 million teenagers who have reached working age do not have a profession), the lack of competitiveness in the labor market of teenagers aged 14-18, who for some reason cannot continue their studies, etc. As a result, according to local data, among the category of teenagers who came to the attention of the commission on juvenile affairs, 22% do not work or study anywhere. And according to information from the General Prosecutor’s Office, 2 million minors aged 14-15 years do not study or work anywhere6.
The number of children left without parental care continues to increase. In 2001 there were 128.1 thousand of them, which is 4% more than in 2000. and 12.4% more than in 1999. over 40% of them are children whose parents have been deprived of parental rights.
In 2001, a total of 56.4 thousand children were taken away from parents deprived of parental rights, which is 6.2% more than in 2000. and 21.1% more than in 1999. At the same time, the number of children taken away from parents deprived of parental rights in 2001 decreased compared to the previous year by 15.9%, amounting to 3.4 thousand people, which is even less (by 2.4%) than in 19997.
The majority of children left without parental care during 2001 were placed under guardianship or adoption. Their number in 2001 amounted to 77.8%, or 60.8% of the total number of children left without parental care.
28.2% of children remaining in 2001 without parental care, were placed in orphanages, orphanages, boarding schools for orphans and children left without parental care, social protection institutions and other institutions for full state provision. The proportion of such children is decreasing: in 2001 it amounted to 29.4%, in 1999 - 30.7%. Their absolute number also decreased somewhat, amounting to 36.1 thousand in 2001 versus 36.2 in 2000.
1.7% of children remaining in 2001 without parental care, admitted to educational institutions of secondary and higher vocational education and other educational institutions with full state support.
In order to improve the situation of orphans and children left without parental care, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted a resolution “On priority measures to improve the situation of orphans and children left without parental care” dated May 14, 2001. No. 374. The specified document increased by 3 times the annual allowance paid to children during their studies for the purchase of educational literature and writing instruments; standards for material support for orphans and children left without parental care were established and extended to children transferred to foster families and family-type orphanages8. Subjects of the Russian Federation are recommended to provide funds in their budgets for preferential and free travel for these categories of children, as well as funds for compensation for food, provision of clothing, etc. children sent to non-state educational and social protection institutions; take measures to support educational institutions for orphans and specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation.

Until 1917, there were 583 orphanages in Russia, housing 29,650 children. The Civil War and subsequent years of devastation could not but affect the growth in the number of children in need of state care.

Did the education reformer of the first post-revolutionary years P.N. Lepeshinsky define the education strategy in this way? “neither a family, nor individuals or groups of individuals can set and carry out the colossal task of education as rationally as the whole society, the whole state.” On December 12, 1917, the People's Commissar of the Department of State Charity adopted a resolution “On the abolition of the Council of Orphanages of the Department of Institutions of the Empress Maria.” From now on, infant homes were intended for early orphans, and for preschool and school age orphanages. In institutions of this kind, a new type of public state education of children was seen, which was to bring to life the basic idea of ​​​​the communist education of all children at the expense of the state.

Family education was recognized by the state as a temporary phenomenon, which should be replaced by incomparable public or social education. Therefore, placing a child in any social institution was a higher priority than finding a family for him who was ready to take on the responsibilities of raising him. The orphanages established by that time were not able to support all the children deprived parental care. Therefore, in 1922 - 1923, the Commission for the Improvement of Children's Lives began to attach children's institutions to Soviet institutions, to trade union organizations, military units, industrial, commercial enterprises, etc. Thoughtless experimentation, rapid change of methods of activity related to the protection of children's rights, more further aggravated the problem of growing child homelessness. So, in the early 20s, when children who had left starving areas began to return to their homeland, the state re-evacuation of minors began, which turned into a tragedy for those children who found themselves in a new family and got used to it. For example, after dozens of children from starving regions were transferred to families in Czechoslovakia, a problem arose with their return to their homeland, because “almost all of them forgot Russian speech.” Therefore, most adoptive families asked to be allowed to adopt these children, but the Soviet government did not give consent to this.

In the 1920s there already existed different kinds state boarding institutions: orphanages, children's communes and towns, labor colonies and pioneer homes. An orphanage, as one of the forms of state care for children, was recognized as the best type of educational institution by the mid-1930s.

During the NEP, in 1924, an attempt was made to create the institution of foster families, which existed until 1930, and in the number of fostered children the RSFSR ranked first in the world in the 1920s.

The mid-thirties became the most important milestone in the history of substitute care for orphans in Russia. In 1935, the resolutions “On the elimination of child homelessness and neglect” were published (the complete elimination of child homelessness in the USSR was proclaimed) and “On measures to combat crime among juvenile delinquents”, by which orphanages were transferred to the NKVD and in 1939 subordinated to the GULAG ). Responsibility for the fate of children deprived of parental care was transferred to local authorities, and in 1936 the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted the Resolution “On the procedure for transferring children for upbringing (foster care) to working families,” which in the post-war period were called foster families. Nevertheless, the number of children outside family care was still large, which is associated with the state policy of the USSR: collectivization, eviction of the kulaks, famine, and mass repressions.

During the Second World War, the question of the placement of orphans became especially acute. The Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR “On the placement of children left without parents” (1942) determined the main directions of work of government bodies and party organizations to prevent child homelessness and reduce the hardships of war for children. Hundreds of thousands of children lost their parents during the war, and it was necessary to save them and place them in children's institutions. New orphanages were created with public funds for the children of Soviet army soldiers and partisans

and children whose parents died (special orphanages). By the end of 1945, there were about 120 such houses. Funds from the public (collective farms, trade unions, police, industrial enterprises) were also used to create orphanages for children left without parents.

During the Great Patriotic War The institution of patronage (transferring children to be raised in families), which was abolished in the first years of Soviet power, was revived. In 1941-1945, 278 thousand orphans and children left without parental care were adopted and taken into custody by Russian citizens. But still, the majority of war orphans were kept in orphanages at state expense. Post-war orphanages were not prosperous: pupils complained about cruel treatment, beatings, attempted rape by teachers.

Thanks to “perestroika” and glasnost in the mid-80s, criticism of the dismal state of affairs in orphanages and boarding schools became possible. This period became a period of intensified scientific research by Soviet teachers and psychologists, revealing the problems of the development of children and adolescents in closed boarding institutions. To help disadvantaged children, they began to create charities and organizations. The “openness” of the USSR during the perestroika period promoted international contacts, so it became possible to discuss the international experience of substitute care for children deprived of parental care.

There can be no place for strong family ties in a totalitarian state. Social experiment, carried out by the Soviet state, one of its main tasks was the destruction of not only religious, but also family foundations of education. The consequences of such destruction of the educational functions of the social structure of society could not but affect the development of the demographic situation in the state. The rapid increase in the number of abandoned children in Russia is currently based on long history artificial alienation of a child from the family.

UDK 9(470)(045)

A.A. SLAVKO

CHILDREN'S HOMES AND SCHOOLS FOR ORPHANS IN RUSSIA DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR AND THE POST-WAR PERIOD

Key words: orphanages, street children, Great Patriotic War, post-war period.

The article is devoted to one of the most important problems - the elimination of mass child homelessness in Soviet Russia in 1941-1952 - the role of the state in providing conditions for the functioning of orphanages and schools for orphans. To explore the topic, a variety of sources are used, many of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

KINDERGARTENS AND SCHOOLS FOR CHILDREN-ORPHAN IN THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR AND POST-WAR PERIOD

Key words: kindergartens, homelessness children, the Great Patriotic war, a post-war period.

The article is devoted to one of the important problems - liquidation of mass children’s homelessness in Soviet Russia of 1941 - 1952-es - the role of the state in providing conditions for kindergartens’ and schools for children-orphan functioning. To disclose the topic differents sources are used, many of which are used in scientific work for the first time.

The Great Patriotic War caused a new increase in the number of orphans, and hence - homeless and neglected children. The state immediately takes measures to accommodate children left without parents. In the first months of the war, due to the emergency evacuation of children from the front-line and front-line areas of the country, urgency in placing children in orphanages located in the rear. Densification of already overcrowded orphanages begins, the number of pupils in them increases by approximately 2-3 times. New orphanages are being opened quickly.

V.M. Bochkov noted the facts of the unsatisfactory condition of the orphanages of the People's Commissariat for Education. In the Krasnodar Territory, for example, children were not provided with clothing, shoes, or food. In some orphanages, public funds were embezzled. There was not enough fuel. In winter, some children were forced to walk barefoot and without a headdress. No more than 50% of students attended school, etc. These same problems are automatically transferred to wartime. Thus, in the Kuibyshev region to accommodate evacuated children for the period from July 1 to September 4

In 1941, 4 new orphanages were opened with 1,036 people. Previously available in the region 31 Orphanage were overcrowded, instead of 3,102 people according to the plan of the People's Commissariat for Education, they contained 3,700 children. In addition, three boarding schools were opened for evacuated children.

Directors, teachers and educators of orphanages were professionally and spiritually different people. Some people are remembered with hatred and sadness, others with gratitude for the rest of their lives. So, according to the memoirs of M.I. Nikolaev, the son of repressed people, he remembered for the rest of his life the words of the head of the orphanage M.N. Ugolnikova, who, when he was released from the orphanage in 1941, said: “You had parents, and they didn’t abandon you, Misha. They were good people» .

A survey of orphanages in early 1942 showed the following. In many of them, the director and teachers did not have the appropriate education and teaching experience. The activities of educators were planned formally or there were no work plans at all. The premises were dirty and uncomfortable, because there was not enough money for repairs. Under stove heating conditions, most stoves were fire hazards. As one of the pupils of the Petrovsky orphanage in the Orenburg region, V.B., recalls. Bolshakov, during the war, children from Leningrad, Vitebsk and Smolensk regions. The girls slept in twos on the beds, while the boys slept on the bunks - “as many as they could fit.” The orphanage was located in small houses without amenities. The pupils themselves were engaged in preparing firewood, for which they received an additional piece of bread with a pinch of sugar. There was no electricity. According to a former pupil, “we didn’t go to school in primary school, we had nothing to wear. The older ones ran to school in galoshes, and there the technicians would heat the stove, you put coals in the galoshes to make them warmer, and put them on again. There was nothing to write at school. They wrote on old books and newspapers, between the lines.” There was a shortage of qualified teaching staff, especially educators.

The war further complicated the situation for the orphanage residents. Insufficient medical service conditions in orphanages sharply deteriorated due to the mobilization of medical personnel to the front, nutritional standards decreased, and the level of morbidity and mortality among children increased.

The damage caused by the fascist invaders during the occupation of Soviet territories was colossal. As an example, let's look at data for the Kalinin region. 44 kindergartens and orphanages, 1,059 schools, 168 cultural and educational institutions, etc. were completely or partially destroyed. Other, more precise data are provided: before the war, 36 orphanages functioned in the region; during the war, 27 were completely destroyed and burned; for kindergartens: up to There were 100 wars, 36 were completely burned, 27 were partially burned.

In order to free up places in orphanages for evacuated children, according to the memoirs of V.V. Baginsky, at the end of 5th grade, at the beginning of the war, children were given birth certificates “with a plus of 2 years” and were sent either to a factory or to vocational schools.

The home front is trying in every possible way to help orphans. From June 5, 1942, for example, the Kuibyshev region decided to accommodate another 5 thousand children from Leningrad, who were distributed among orphanages and dormitories of special schools in the region, in the buildings of former children's sanatoriums. Entire orphanages were evacuated. So, in September 1942, kindergarten No. 26 was evacuated from besieged Leningrad to the village of Karatuz, Krasnoyarsk Territory. These were 50 girls and boys, exhausted and sick, who were helped not only by local authorities, but also by the population. By decision of the Government in 1942, 1,910 children were taken from orphanages in the Kalinin region to orphanages in other regions.

To relieve the pressure on orphanages, in January 1942, the Main Directorate of Labor Reserves under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was allowed to enroll children aged 14 years and above into federal education schools, vocational and railway schools. The People's Commissariat for Education of the republics were obliged to send the rest of the orphanages over 14 years old to work in industry and agriculture.

As Soviet territories were liberated from German occupation, it was necessary to urgently solve the problem of placing orphans there. In the liberated territories themselves, the premises of kindergartens

movs, as a rule, were destroyed, and construction took time. In connection with the current situation, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR issues orders that give permission for the removal of orphans to predetermined orphanages. Thus, according to the order of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR No. 556-r dated April 26, 1943, the Kalinin Regional Executive Committee removed 1.5 thousand orphans from the liberated areas, who were placed in orphanages in the Molotov and Kemerovo regions. The accompanying persons included not only service personnel, but also medical workers. All orphans and accompanying children were provided with dry rations for the journey for 15 days. In addition, funds were allocated to pay for hot meals along the way.

In conditions of the difficult economic situation in the country, aggravated by the war, the government is again resorting to already proven supply methods through the expansion of subsidiary farms.

The war demanded from orphanages increased attention to subsidiary farming. With their help, food procurement was carried out in such a way that the orphanage residents would have enough food for the entire coming year. To do this, they tried to buy a cow, pigs, and chickens. The land plots were mainly cultivated by the pupils. These were considerable areas, for example, in the Karchemsky school orphanage in the Ust-Kulom district of the Komi ASSR, the land plot, according to data from March 1942, was 4.5 hectares.

From the beginning of the war, subsidiary farms functioned in all orphanages, except those under occupation. After release, they are immediately created here. Although the supply of food to orphanages from subsidiary plots, from an official point of view, was supposed to be an additional source of supply, in reality, subsidiary plots of orphanages were often the main source of food. For example, as follows from the report “On the state of the Ust-Kulom orphanage” as of November 10

1942, children were fed mainly from subsidiary farming and the help of collective farms. From May to November, we received almost nothing from trading organizations, although it was emphasized that “In wartime, the children of those who went to the army and others stay in the orphanage, they need to create home conditions so that the child feels that the orphanage is the same for him native home". Particular difficulties arose due to the lack of soap and kerosene. In the Tver region, subsidiary farms at each orphanage began to be created in

1943. For this, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR demanded that the regional executive committee transfer land plots to subsidiary farms “for arable land from the land of the State Fund and, by agreement with the directors of state farms, from the lands of state farms.”

To ensure the activities of subsidiary farms of orphanages, the People's Commissar of State Farms of the USSR was obliged in 1943 to sell 2,200 milk cows and 6 thousand piglets to orphanages. Another department - the People's Commissariat of Meat and Milk Industry of the USSR in the same year sold 3 thousand milk cows to orphanages from among those supplied for meat procurement. The People's Commissariat of the USSR sold 200 thousand chickens to orphanages in 1943. Along with this, the regional and district executive committees had to buy from 3 to 5 work horses for the subsidiary farms of each orphanage. From that time on, orphanages began to be allocated cutting areas for harvesting timber and funds from allocations for education for the construction of buildings.

In war conditions, it was necessary to more actively develop military-psychological and patriotic education. For this purpose, display cases with materials about the Great Patriotic War were prepared in orphanages. The children corresponded with soldiers of the Red Army, especially with former pupils of their orphanages, and actively participated in the Timur movement, helping the families of those killed or those at the front. In turn, tangible assistance to orphanages came from public organizations. In the Kalinin region, for example, in 1943, “6,910 pieces of linen, 2,180 coats, 4,678 boots, 4,754 meters of textiles, 7,438 kilograms of grain, 3,953 kg of potatoes and 1,532 rubles of money” were collected for orphanages.

In connection with the organization in 1943 of a new type of children's institutions for the maintenance of children and adolescents - labor educational colonies, children from orphanages began to be sent to them, who systematically violated the internal routine and disorganized the normal organization of education and education in orphanages.

In the first half of 1943, an inspection of orphanages was carried out throughout the country, in which there were 308 thousand children. Based on its results, a special resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 942 of September 1, 1943 was adopted, which summarized the results and outlined ways to improve the work of orphanages. Among the main ones, two problems stood out: work on placing children left without parents, and the immediate elimination of overcrowding of children in orphanages, as well as equipping them with all the equipment necessary for normal living, beds, furniture, utensils, etc. Council of People's Commissars of the autonomous republics, regional and regional executive committees the opening of new orphanages was allowed beyond the approved plans.

On September 1, 1943, Resolution No. 942 of the Council of People's Commissars introduced unified state standards for the supply of food to children in orphanages. Centrally according to the plan, the orphanages began to be supplied with required quantity medicines, bacterial preparations and disinfectants.

In 1943-1944. in all orphanages, great demands were placed on existing or newly created workshops - metalworking, carpentry, shoemaking, sewing, knitting, etc. The goal was twofold - labor training for pupils and solving their everyday problems. The workshops of orphanages were accepted by enterprises to supply them with production waste. Special attention began to focus on personnel selection. For this purpose, educators who do not have completed secondary education and special pedagogical training began to receive secondary education by correspondence Teacher Education.

Medical care for children in orphanages is gradually beginning to improve. For this purpose, doctor’s appointment schedules were established. Each orphanage began to employ a nurse who constantly monitors the health of children. During September 1943, a medical examination of the pupils of all orphanages in the country was carried out.

During the war years, special orphanages were also created as charitable institutions. From the time of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 12, 1941 “On the amnesty of former Polish citizens” until mid-1944, 40 Polish orphanages were opened and functioning on the territory of the USSR. So, in 1943-1946. In the village of Malaya Minusa, Minusinsk district, Krasnoyarsk Territory, there was an orphanage evacuated from Poland. However, as follows from the memoirs of former orphanage residents, Polish children were also brought up in this orphanage, whose parents

were deported from Brest and died, the granddaughter of a Pole exiled to Siberia long before the Great Patriotic War, etc. It was a special orphanage in which the Union of Polish Patriots of Moscow was given permission by the Soviet government to collect Polish orphans. In 1944, 110 children were kept here, served by 47 people. The children studied in the same school as the villagers, but the entrance was different, and classes were held separately. The Polish orphanage was helped by various humanitarian organizations, including America. The older pupils worked on the collective farm and for this the orphanage was allocated bread, milk and vegetables. The exchange of flour and things sent from America for collective farmers' products helped. Polish doctors served not only the orphanage, but also local residents, since there was no medical center in the village. All the teachers, doctors, pianist, priest, and auxiliary workers were from Poland, approximately half of the entire service staff.

In the Soviet territories liberated from the fascist invaders, special orphanages are urgently opened for “children of Red Army soldiers and partisans of the Patriotic War, as well as orphans whose parents died at the hands of the German occupiers.” In the former occupied territories, so-called “individual orphanages” were also created. The initiators, as a rule, were enterprises, collective farms and state farms, which took upon themselves the maintenance of such orphanages.

At the end of 1943, the task was set to open collective farm orphanages in every district of the European part of Russia by mid-March 1944. Thus, by the end of 1943, 6 special orphanages for 1.5 thousand places were created in Orel in four months, and in the first quarter of 1944 it was planned to open 6 more for 800 places.

Financial situation and the supplies of these orphanages differed significantly from the ordinary type orphanages opened earlier, for the better. All special children's homes were relatively fully staffed with educational and service personnel. The work was carried out strictly according to plan. In all orphanages, children were distributed according to age groups, and the work in each group was carried out using a special method. All school-age children attended school and were fully provided with school supplies. Pioneer detachments were created at orphanages, and various circles worked. The children were fully provided for bedding both winter and summer clothes. The pupils received food four times a day. It was complete. There was enough fuel (wood and coal). The main difficulty was the lack of transport, since the available horses could not meet all the needs of the orphanages.

By June 1944, plans to open new orphanages were fully implemented and, for example, in the Oryol region, 12 special orphanages were successfully functioning, in which the planned number of children stayed - 230 people. In the Kalinin region in

In 1944, there were 16 orphanages with 1,710 children, 36 general orphanages with 3,138 children, and 14 collective farm orphanages with 785 children. At the same time, special orphanages were fully provided according to the standards of the Council of People's Commissars.

The orphans of the Great Patriotic War were significantly different from the street children of the previous decade. They did not experience the “camp science”; the period of their stay “on the street” was insignificant to break the child’s psyche. War orphans were more trainable. The state especially noted the importance of “failure-free admission of all children left without parental

tel, and eliminating crowding in existing houses” located in territories liberated from the Germans. For example, in just two months, July and August 1944, 26 additional orphanages were opened in the Kalinin region. 35 young teachers were sent to work there. Teachers in the amount of 40 people per short term finished specialized courses.

In 1944, there were 534 thousand children in orphanages. However, in many ordinary-type orphanages the situation with food and clothing continued to be unsatisfactory in 1944. There was not enough clothing and children went to school in winter demi-season coats. Cases of frostbite were common. As, for example, it was noted in the Kalinin region, the situation in orphanages remained unsatisfactory, industrial enterprises fulfilled their obligations poorly, and the situation with hard equipment in orphanages was unsatisfactory. The weak deployment of workshops was explained by the reason complete absence raw materials and equipment.

Children from orphanages were forced to write complaints about poor food and lack of clothing. In just one month, January 1944, the Kolpoli military censorship point received 199 letters from children from orphanages who complained about poor food and uniforms. In the Seryoginsky orphanage with. Nazarovo (now the city of Nazarovo), according to September 10, 1944, children lacked clothing and shoes, and food was limited.

Then urgent measures are taken to improve the situation in orphanages. There is a change in the management of orphanages everywhere, many of which are being put on trial. The new directors “are taking all measures to improve the entire life” of orphanages.

To improve the situation of children in orphanages, it was necessary to solve the problem of procuring the full amount of fuel for the cold season; provide orphanages with draft power and productive livestock; remove all children with tuberculosis to tuberculosis sanatoriums. From that time on, the chairmen of the executive committees of district councils were required to make monthly personal visits to all orphanages located in the territories entrusted to them. Industrial enterprises of the Kalinin region were required to produce for orphanages “600 tables, 2,500 chairs, 100 cabinets, 250 bedside tables, 3,000 beds, 1,250 water tubs, 130 troughs, 250 kettles, 130 pots, 500 buckets, 60 bedons, 60 baking sheets , for 50 thousand rubles of glassware and 2.0 thousand rubles of clay.” Positive results were received immediately. For example, another inspection of Kimry orphanage No. 2 showed an improvement in children’s nutrition. All the outfits were purchased by Raitorg. The orphanage became cleaner and order was restored.

On August 29, 1944, by order of the Deputy People's Commissar of Education of the RSSR No. 592, the instruction of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR “On the protection of the property rights of children in orphanages” was approved. From that time on, the directors of orphanages were entrusted with the responsibility of protecting the property rights of the pupils and the safety of the property itself, if any. From now on, the pupils' money or jewelry had to be deposited in a savings bank or bank in the child's name. If it was considered that storing the pupil’s property was inappropriate, then its sale was allowed. The proceeds from this were also deposited into the re-

benka. When leaving the orphanage, all this had to be given to the pupil against receipt.

By the end of the war, the number of orphanages in a number of regions was declining due to a decrease in the number of homeless and neglected children, while in other places it was increasing. So, for example, if in Orel in 1941 there were 37 orphanages with 2,065 pupils, then in 1944 there were 20 orphanages with 1,330 pupils. In the Kalinin region, on the contrary, if at the beginning of 1943 there were 1,780 children in 17 orphanages, then as of March 1, 1944, there were 40 orphanages in the region, accommodating 3,840 children.

Depending on the sources of funding, orphanages were divided into budget, collective farm and special. Thus, out of 40 orphanages in the Kalinin region, there were 1,200 people in 10 special orphanages, 2,120 people in 19 budget orphanages, 5,201 in 11 collective farm orphanages. Some of the children were housed in NKVD orphanages and children’s rooms at Rono.

The normal functioning of orphanages, even special ones, was hampered by constant underfunding. Thus, in the Likhoslavsky special house, according to the plan for 1945, the budget expenditure estimate was approved in the amount of 531,639 rubles. In reality, 38,700 rubles were received, as well as for financing - various goods and materials from the Oblono warehouse in the amount of 23,460 rubles. As a result, the expenditure part was not completed completely - by 78%. “Therefore, the orphanage has accounts payable for food in the amount of 12,000 rubles. and was not able to purchase necessary equipment and equipment".

Due to the lack of places in orphanages, children continued to be transferred to other regions of the country. Local authorities had a negative attitude towards this, since “The removal of children outside the region had a strong impact on the state of economic and educational work; Along with the children, the necessary uniforms (coats, underwear, shoes) were also taken out, and a constant change children's composition did not allow for proper organization of educational work.”

In addition, at the end of the war, in contrast to the beginning, a process began to be observed when teenagers aged 14-15 years old were admitted to orphanages, but with certificates that they were 12 years old. Often these were street children who had more than once fled from orphanages and foster homes, who became leaders among younger orphanage residents and influenced the latter negatively. Now children fled from orphanages not only because of the unsatisfactory living conditions in them, but also in search of their parents.

To eliminate the turnover of children in orphanages, the question of stopping the removal of children from orphanages was raised to higher government bodies. Since that time, children from orphanages began to be sent to other regions, for which their network is expanding.

Due to the huge military losses, the number of military orphans was constantly growing. This required the annual organization of additional orphanages, kindergartens and nurseries. Thus, on May 1, 1945, in the Kuibyshev region there were 37 orphanages for 4,343 people, mainly orphans of military personnel. On August 1, 1945, an additional 8 orphanages, 22 kindergartens for 1 thousand children and 100 nurseries for 4.5 thousand people were opened in the region. Along with this, the active use

Patronage, guardianship and adoption were introduced: 1,783 children were placed under patronage, 1,311 under guardianship, and 396 orphans under adoption.

At the end of the war, children of deported families also ended up in orphanages. It was most difficult for them to perceive new customs, requirements, and often other national traditions. For example, one of the former pupils of orphanage No. 1 named after. IN AND. Lenina in the city of Yeniseisk, Krasnoyarsk Territory, recalled: “Life was difficult during wartime. In 1944, children were brought to us from Kalmykia, Old Believers children. Exhausted, exhausted to the limit, fear in the eyes. The clothes were light, dirty, and what was most striking was that they were wearing wooden shoes.”

After the war, orphanages are allocated budget resources for the construction of new buildings and renovation of old ones. In 1946, compared to 1945, the number of pupils decreased, and the planned indicators also normalized. So, if on January 1, 1945, there were 3,005 children in orphanages of the Komi ASSR with a planned 2,567 places, then a year later, on January 1, 1946, there were 3,241 children in orphanages with a planned 3,400 places. Many former pupils note the improvement of life in orphanages immediately after the war. The construction of labor and recreation camps begins, where children go on summer vacation. The holiday was complete, with games, bonfires and songs.

In orphanages in the first post-war years, the fight against theft, squandering and illegal spending intensified food products. All cases of theft were investigated and the perpetrators were severely punished.

By the end of 1945, 120 new orphanages were opened for 17 thousand children. During this period, collective farms supported 4 thousand orphanages. But even in 1945, the situation in orphanages remained quite difficult. Thus, in the Serezhsky house, as noted by the Nazarovsky district committee of the CPSU (b) and the executive committee of the district council on August 21, 1945, there was overcrowding, there was no room for workshops, the children of the orphanage for the coming winter were not provided with “winter clothes, leather and felted shoes, worn out bedding linen, which creates a threat of disruption to students’ attendance at school.”

The situation in orphanages began to improve in 1946, although there were many problems. Due to the new increase in the number of homeless and neglected children, since 1947 the network of orphanages has been significantly expanded. New ones are opening and existing ones are being reconstructed. For example, according to the report of the Oryol region for the 1947/1948 school year, a new school orphanage was opened general type in the city of Mtsensk, destroyed buildings and outbuildings of orphanages are being restored. Overcrowding was not observed in all, but only in some orphanages. Regional authorities constantly turn to higher structures with requests to open new ones. But the main reason preventing a positive solution to this problem was the lack of free premises.

However, the situation gradually improves in subsequent years. According to data at the beginning of 1948, the planned number of children in special and sanatorium-type orphanages was largely fulfilled. Overcrowding, but small compared to previous years, was observed only in general orphanages. The subsidiary farms of orphanages became so strong that their products were used not only by the pupils, but also by the workers and employees of these children's institutions. Part of the production was handed over to the state and could be sold. Almost all children's

the houses had horses and cows at their disposal, although in single copies and at the age of 15 years and above. After the war, the restoration of destroyed schools and premises of orphanages in places liberated by the Red Army from the German invaders is actively underway.

Beginning with the 1948/49 academic year, preparations have been made for the implementation of compulsory seven-year education, which has been introduced in cities and villages since the 1949/50 academic year. At the same time, “as a rule, schools do not have the simplest sports equipment, there is no room for physical exercises; there are no notebooks for drawing, paints, brushes, no musical instruments, gramophones, radio.” If you look at the budget execution for all types of orphanages in the Oryol region in the first half of 1948, then the least amount compared to the approved indicator was funding for the purchase teaching aids- 7.5% and books - 61.4%. In the explanations to the report, the Oryol oblon stated that the underfulfillment of the plan for the purchase of books was “due to inattention to this section of the work of orphanages,” and the overfulfillment of the plan for household expenses and equipment is explained not by successful activities, but by the fact that the approved plan for these items “could not satisfy the most minimal needs of children.”

Medical services are gradually being improved. All orphanages were now fully supplied with medicines. Medical services were improving, but there were still not enough doctors. Therefore, in many orphanages there were no regular medical examinations of children, and dental treatment was poorly done.

Sanatorium-type orphanages played a positive role in the health of children; the duration of a child’s stay in them was determined on average to be 3 months. As the examination shows physical condition pupils of orphanages in the Oryol region in 1948, among orphanages with good physical development 45% of children were satisfactory, 8% were satisfactory. The latter figure was mainly made up of newly arrived children.

Distinctive feature educational work in orphanages in the second half of the 1940s from the first is the increasing role of public self-government in the form of general meetings of pupils and children's councils. As a rule, the following commissions worked under children's councils: educational, labor, cultural, and sanitary. Teachers supervised the work. Issues considered at children's councils were then brought to general meetings of children. All this contributed to strengthening discipline, improving academic performance, and the formation of a cohesive children's group.

All orphanages of this period had pioneer organizations. “At team meetings, conversations are held about leaders, Heroes of Socialist Labor, Stalin Prize laureates, issues of study, discipline, life and everyday life of the orphanage are discussed.” At the end of the 1940s, the bulk of orphanages in the country were funded by the regional budget.

In 1950, there were 6,543 orphanages in the USSR and 637 thousand children in them. At the same time, despite the overload of orphanages, in 1950 in the RSFSR their number was significantly reduced. An audit of financial and economic activities showed numerous cases of theft Money and property of orphanages. At the same time, in a number of territories and regions - Stalingrad, Molotov, Sverdlovsk, Ulyanovsk, Altai Territories, financial audits were carried out irregularly, and the majority of inspectors-auditors,

who did this work did not have special education. Payment for meals by teachers was not regulated.

And in 1952 there were many problems that orphanages faced. In the Oryol region, for example, not all children in need were accepted into orphanages. In the Tomsk region, some orphanages were located in unsuitable premises. In the Krasnoyarsk and Primorsky territories, there was a high turnover of personnel among the directors of orphanages in which the “overcrowding” of children was not eliminated. Orphanages in the Vologda and Tomsk regions were unsatisfactorily financed and supplied with food, and funds allocated for food were not fully realized. But these were problems of individual orphanages, and not of the entire system of children's institutions as a whole.

Literature

1. Baginsky V.V. But the man lives! / V.V. Baginsky // www.sormovich.nnov.ru.

2. Borzenko E. Children and war / E. Borzenko // www.memorial.krsk.ru.

3. Memories: from the memoirs of Varvara Borisovna Bolshakova // www.cdat.orb.ru.

4. State Archives of the Russian Federation.

5. State Archive of the Oryol Region.

6. State Archive of the Tver Region.

7. Children of the Gulag: 1918-1956: (Russia. XX century. Documents) / comp. S.S. Vilensky [and others]. M.,

8. Zhidenko N.S. House on the outskirts / N.S. Zhidenko // www.memorial.krsk.ru.

9. History of Russia // www.history.ru.

10. History of the Stalinist Gulag: the end of the 1920s - the first half of the 1950s: collection of documents: in 7 volumes. T. 5. Special settlers in the USSR / resp. ed. and comp. T.V. Tsarevskaya-Dyakina.

11. Krivonosov A.N. Historical experience in the fight against homelessness / A.N. Krivonosov // State and law. 2003. No. 7.

12. National Archives of the Komi Republic.

13. Samara Volga region in the 20th century: collection. documents and materials / comp. P.S. Kabytov. Samara, 2000.

14. Serezhsky orphanage // www.memorial.krsk.ru.

15. Sidorenko A. Man and war / A. Sidorenko, A. Berezina. 2004 // www.memorial.krsk.ru.

16. Collection of resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. 1942. No. 2.

18. Filippova I.S. Living conditions of Polish orphans in the Minusinsk region during wartime / I.S. Filippova. 2007 // www.memorial.krsk.ru.

SLAVKO ANDREY ALEXANDROVICH - Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Public Administration, Russian State University for the Humanities (Tver Branch), Russia, Tver ( [email protected]).

SLAVKO ANDREY ALEKSANDROVICH - candidate of historical sciences, associate professor of department state management, Tver branch of Russian State University of Humanities, Russia, Tver.

These laws were very useful in subsequent years. During wartime, many children were left homeless, lost relatives and were forced to wander in order to get food for themselves. In this regard, on August 7, 1942, a resolution of the Komsomol Central Committee was adopted “On measures of Komsomol organizations to combat child neglect and homelessness,” and on June 15, 1943, a resolution of the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR “On strengthening measures to combat child neglect, neglect and hooliganism” was adopted. By order of the NKVD of the USSR dated June 21, 1943, departments were created at the NKVD departments to combat child homelessness and neglect. By the end of the war, more than a thousand so-called “children’s detention rooms” operated in the USSR, where children detained on the street for vagrancy and offenses were taken. As of 1945, the Central Military Children's Information Desk in Buguruslan registered 2.5 million children without parental care. Children's reception centers were overcrowded, and there were not enough places in orphanages. Children were often released on condition that they not leave, and they went back to wandering. Many from the street ended up in juvenile detention centers, usually for theft. In prisons, children and teenagers often found themselves together with adult criminals who taught them wisdom. After this, they often emerged as complete criminal elements. It was also hard for those children who ended up in orphanages. There were not enough clothes and shoes. Employees of the Central Children's Reception Center, located in Moscow in the building of the Danilovsky Monastery, were forced, after sending a child to an orphanage, to take away from him the body and clothing issued by the reception center. outerwear so that you have something to wear for the next party. Thus, even in winter, children sometimes remained in underwear or rags. It is not surprising that many soon ran away from orphanages where they did not have the basic necessities: it seemed to them that it was easier to survive on the street. Who doesn’t remember the slogan: “Thank you to Comrade Stalin for our happy childhood!” But little is said about the fact that thanks to Stalin, millions of children were imprisoned, in unbearable conditions, and even died. Because it's too hard to believe...