home › Health › Ornament of geometric shapes. Ornament styles

Ornament of geometric shapes. Ornament styles

"Ornament" - Create an ornament using axial symmetry and parallel translation. Mesh ornament is used to decorate the floor, ceiling, walls of the room. Peasant huts were decorated with carved patterns. Russian ornament is very diverse. Examples of Russian ornament. Planar. Parallel transfer. How the ornament was received:

"Costumes of the peoples of the Volga region" - Women's shoes - leather galoshes (kebis). Outerwear sheepskin coats and fur coats, dressing gowns and beshmets. Along with embroidery, lining with a border of colored fabric was used on everyday clothes. Elements of national ornaments. A married woman had no right to appear with strangers with an open head. Tatar costume.

"Bashkir folk costume" - Teapot with Bashkir ornament. The headdress is female. Costume history. Woodcarving. Geometric ornaments. Leather and suede appliqué, hand-embroidered Bashkir ornament. Jewelry. Bashkir ornament. Technique: heraldic carving. Lesson topic: "Bashkir folk costume." The costume of people of young and middle age was distinguished by brightness among the Bashkirs.

"Russian folk costume" - In the old days, embroidery not only adorned clothes, but also served as a talisman. Green is nettle. By clothing you can learn about the traditions and customs of your people. If the sleeves were lowered, then it was impossible to do any work. From above they put on a shower warmer. And married women always wore a kokoshnik or headscarf.

"History of the costume" - In the 20s of the twentieth century, flesh-colored stockings first appeared. Fashion 1795 - 1820 becomes an imitation of antiquity. Renaissance costume. Classicism, Empire, Empire (1795 - 1820). Costume of the early Middle Ages. Tournament era. As outerwear very popular were figaros, capes, rotundas. Second half of the 19th century.

"National costumes" - National costumes. We got acquainted with the Kyrgyz national costumes. Women's national costume. National men's suit. Conclusion. All costumes are beautifully decorated with ornaments. We learned the names of women's and men's hats. In the past, the Kyrgyz costume had territorial differences associated with the settlement of tribes.

Lesson type: Integrated lesson (geometry and national culture)

Lesson Objectives:

Educational: familiarization of students with the types of geometric shapes used in the national ornament. Introduction to folk arts and crafts.

Developing: development of interest in applied arts, the formation of skills in constructing geometric figures, the development of ingenuity, dexterity, eye, spatial imagination, intuition.

Educational: instilling interest in folk culture, love for native land, careful attitude to the heritage of ancestors, fostering respect for the work of craftswomen in tailoring national clothes, bone cutters, etc.

Methodological support of the lesson:

exhibition of teaching aids on national art;
on the blackboard - geometric shapes with definitions;
handouts with fragments of national patterns (if there is an interactive board, slides with photographs of national clothes).

During the classes

1) Org. moment.

Hello! The topic of our lesson: Geometric figures in national ornament. Today we will conduct an unusual geometry lesson that will be connected with our national culture, namely the culture of the peoples of the Far North. First, we will repeat the previously studied topics, then we will combine the knowledge gained with the national culture, we will find common ground between the two subjects studied, and in conclusion we will do a little creative work.

2) Repetition of previously studied material.

In geometry lessons, we went through the topics: "Polygon", "Quadragon", "Parallelogram", "Trapezoid", "Rectangle", "Rhombus", "Square", "Circle".

First, let's recall the definitions of shapes ( student message):

Parallelogram is called a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel.

Trapeze A quadrilateral is called a quadrilateral in which two sides are parallel and the other two sides are not parallel.

Rectangle A parallelogram is called if all angles are right angles.

Rhombus A parallelogram is called if all sides are equal.

Square A rectangle is called in which all sides are equal.

What important theorems did we go through with you in geometry courses on these topics? ( frontal survey)

3) Conversation.

So, we have repeated our material. Now the interesting part of our today's lesson. Please look at the following picture (“bile” - decoration winter shoes). What do you think are the geometric shapes used here? What do you think they mean? For example, a circle is the sun, a triangle is a dwelling (uras, yurt), etc. (viewing patterns, discussing shapes, analyzing the meanings of each shape)

Squares - "chests" (often used in men's bile, clothes)

The following figure uses such geometric shapes as a circle, a triangle means "sun, light, goodness." Such an ornament is used to decorate children's national clothes.

Or when decorating various panels, rugs:

The following ornament using an oval, rhombus can mean "boat, lake, eyes"

"Chum, yurt, mountains, marigolds"

4) creative work students.

Now each of you is given individual work, that is, within 10 minutes, you must use geometric shapes to come up with and draw your ornament on national clothes. Let it be bile, basting, outerwear, hat, mittens, etc. Remember - the main thing is not the number of geometric shapes used, but the QUALITY.

(If there is time, those who wish can tell about their work, what geometric shapes they used..)

5) Summing up. Grading.

Thanks for the work, so what is the main result of our lesson we can come to? Geometric figures are widely used by all peoples. And each value of this or that figure is different. It turns out that it is not so easy to take and draw a certain geometric figure. Do you know that our craftswomen and craftsmen not only have to draw an ornament, but also choose the right material (beads, bone, etc.), make a beautiful ornament. To correctly and beautifully draw a pattern, you need to have good diligence, diligence and the right eye.

Thanks for the lesson, bye!

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Branch of the main general education of the municipal

Budgetary educational institution Secondary comprehensive school the village of Staropetrovo, the village of Bekmurzino of the municipal district of the Birsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Research work

Elements of geometric shapes

in patterns of decorative and applied art of the Mari peoples

Birsk 2011

Introduction…………………………………………………………………
Chapter 1. Symmetry - the principle of the structure of the world…………………….
Chapter 2. Ornamental motifs of Mari embroidery……………..
Chapter 3. Conclusion…………………………………………………….
Bibliography…………………………………………………….
Application…………………………………………………………….

Introduction

At the beginning of the third millennium, when modern man is surrounded by the world latest technology, people's interest in manual labor is increasing, people are increasingly turning their attention and attention to applied art.

The folk art of the Mari has deep centuries-old traditions. Since ancient times, the Mari people have their attitude to beauty, wealth creative fantasy and expressed the subtlety of aesthetic taste in the decorations of household, household and ritual items, clothes, headdresses. Embroidery took leading place in Mari folk art. Every Mari woman mastered the art of embroidery, learning to weave and embroider from childhood. Embroidered patterns were widely used in everyday, festive and ceremonial clothes, in the interior of the hut, in gift items. All details of the costume were decorated and trimmed with embroidery: dress shirts and caftans, headdresses and aprons, wedding head covers and waist towels, which can be called genuine works of folk craftsmanship.

The color of the clothes, the abundance of embroidered patterns and decorations testify to the tastes and traditions of the Mari people, their understanding of beauty and harmony.

The history of Mari is reflected in the arts and crafts, the ancient traditions of which have been vividly embodied in the artistic processing of wood, in patterned weaving, and appliqué. But the most striking and expressive was embroidery. Her originality and high artistic merit attracted my attention.

The relevance of research due to the consideration of the composition of the ornamental motif of the composition in the Mari patterns from the point of view of mathematics.

Objective - research geometric patterns in the ornament of Mari embroidery

Tasks:

1. Identify the types of symmetry in the ornamental forms of the Mari patterns

2. Describe the compositional features of patterns

3. Consider the location of the ornament on the Mari costumes

Object of study: Marie costume embroidery

Subject of study: geometry of patterns in embroidery

Symmetry - the principle of the structure of the world

Beauty and harmony are closely related to symmetry, this was noticed by ancient architects and artists. The word symmetry comes from a Greek word that means "same measure".

Everyone has at least an intuition about symmetry. It is enough to look around to make sure that this is so: fish and birds, animals and insects, monkey and man, flowers and leaves, mushrooms and algae - there is symmetry in everything in life. ! What is symmetry?

A geometric object is considered symmetrical if something can be done to it, after which it will remain unchanged. For example, a five-pointed star, being

rotated by 72=(360: 5), will return to its original position

Symmetry, perceived by a person as a pattern of structure, as outward manifestation internal order, has aesthetic value, is perceived as beauty.

In the art of ornament, such types of geometric symmetry as borders, rosettes, nets are used.

Ornamental motifs of Mari embroidery

BORDER- this is a periodically repeating pattern and is a type of portable symmetry, when each previous figure coincides with the next one during translational movement along the curb at a constant interval (symmetry step).

Any border can be aligned with itself by a parallel move. When drawing borders, in addition to parallel translation, symmetry with respect to a straight line and central symmetry are used.

The border is characteristic in the compositions of embroideries of the headdresses of married women among the Mari - in sharps and nashmaks.

The pattern is formed from several rows of ornamental stripes placed one above the other parallel to the narrow horizontal edge of the canvas. These stripes include various geometric elements: crosses, zigzags, straight and diagonal intersecting lines, triangles, openwork stars and rhombuses, etc. In each of the strips, the same element repeats or alternates with another.

The nature of the patterns was mainly influenced by counted seams. Therefore, all elements of the ornament are rectilinear and geometrized; The most common motifs are rhombuses, squares, triangles and other geometric shapes, which are formed by straight and broken lines, various curvilinear formations.

The most common is a rhombus with extended sides; its construction has various variations with extended sides at all four corners, on two opposite sides (with hook-shaped curls); stepped rhombus; a rhombus formed from comb motifs; rhombus with smooth edges, etc.

The embroidery is also placed on the apron with a border: a wide strip along the hem and a narrow one at the junctions of the panels. The apron was often sewn from three narrow panels of canvas.

The border is often used to mask seams or emphasize edges. individual parts both men's and women's suits, such as hem lines, sleeve cuffs, collar hem. On the women's shovyr (caftan), embroidery highlighted the waist line on the back, emphasized the sleeves and the edge of the hem.

In all cases where a curb was used, there was an application small pattern from various geometrized zoomorphic and plant motifs.

The existence of ornamental patterns of zoomorphic origin is associated with ancient beliefs and magical rites. The most expressive plots are those with a pair of waterfowl facing each other, a pair of stylized elk-deer. The ancient Mari idolized animals and birds, revered the bear, deer, and horse. The image of these animals and birds, according to legend, protected the Mari from troubles, and these icons also spoke about the occupations of the people. Deer - hunting, horse - agriculture. Everything that was depicted on embroidery reflected the surrounding nature, life and way of life of the people.

Horses, deer are often combined with plant forms of a flower, leaf, small coniferous branch, with a motif of a hook or horns in the form of two opposite curls. Floral and plant motifs are also varied. They are formed from rosettes, rhombuses, straight and inclined lines and form the prototypes of stylized "bushes" with branches and flowers.

An ornament inscribed in a circle or in a regular polygon is called a rosette. This type of ornament is closed and limited to a certain geometric shape. As a rule, the basic shape of the rosette is a circle. To fulfill its plan, the circle is divided into parts, in one part it draws a geometric figure, and then, with the help of symmetry, repeats it in other parts of the circle.

Marityar (Mari embroidery) is dear to us first of all as a manifestation of national culture, traditions and features that determine the unique image of the national decorative arts mary.

Embroidery was used to finish all the details of the female national costume: outerwear, headwear, wedding shawls and bedspreads, belts, for decoration men's shirts. But the main accessory of Mari clothing in the past was a shirt decorated with embroidery. Embroidery was on the chest, back, along the hem and at the ends of the sleeves. On the chest, it was wider and consisted of various geometric patterns. Woman suit in addition to embroidery, it was distinguished by a variety of finishes.

Mesh ornaments

In the art of ornamentation, the plane is often filled with identical rectilinear figures. In mathematics, such a tiling is called mesh ornaments. It is known that only two kinds of figures - various parallelograms (including rectangles, squares and rhombuses) and hexagons with pairwise parallel sides fill the plane completely, without gaps and overlaps, with the help of translations alone, preserving orientation

The appeal to the Mari embroidery is of interest to the people today. Each family has preserved embroidered items made in the past. Some carefully preserve them as a memory of their ancestors, others use them on national holidays, shows amateur performances, in the performances of professional art groups and folklore and ethnographic ensembles, at concerts.

The warmth of the hands and the love invested in the product manual labor felt by those who come into contact with it. Therefore, wearing a national costume, you feel completely different, it transforms a person.

Ornament as one of the types of syncretic art is rooted in ancient times human history. Then decorative forms carried magical, protective, identifying, decorative functions. To this day, ornamental motifs surround people everywhere. Their use can be observed in the decoration of national costumes, interior design solutions and many other areas of human activity.

In national costumes, decoration techniques that recreate an ornament of geometric shapes are an indispensable attribute of the decoration of sleeves, hemlines, necklines of shirts and dresses.

In the formation of the interior ensemble, most designers also use similar forms of art, with the aim of emphasizing some national feature.

Classification of ornaments

Each ethnic group has its own styles of ornaments, due to mentality and geographical features. The masters themselves also often combine various elements and thus create new types of decoration. Therefore, it makes sense to consider a classification based on technical performance.

Types of ornament are represented by graphic, pictorial and sculptural. In form, it is geometric or vegetal, sometimes it takes fantastic forms.

The main classification features of ornamental art are its origin, purpose and content.

Types of ornament differ in construction and are called rosette, border and rapport.

Rosetta is a closed composition built using a plane or axis of symmetry. Its varieties are as follows. Mirror, axial (rotary version) and on the basis of which a pattern is built in a circle.
A border is a closed composition, an ornament, the scheme of which has a rhythmic repetition of elements in two opposite directions. It forms a stripe.
Rapport, or static mesh ornament, is an unlimited composition in which lines (or planes of symmetry) intersect with each other, forming a grid.

Sumero-Babylonian form of ornament

The developed Sumero-Babylonian culture represented by the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians and Akkadians since the 4th millennium of our era conveys to modern man the unique forms of Mesopotamian art. It, due to religious and mental features, is characterized by uniformity and rationalism. Sacrifices, persecution of animals and other moments Everyday life Babylonians are vividly reflected in decorative and applied fine arts.

Clearly separating the background and the image itself, the Mesopotamian ornament of geometric figures has an extremely simple rhythm. combination of triangles simple circles, squares was dominant decorative motif, contrasting with the large central images. The absence of curved lines, the predominance of pyramidal forms make the ornament, the photo of which is given below, harmonious and balanced.

Ornament of ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt left a certain imprint in Religious dogmas put the Egyptian above the earthly. Therefore, the ornament of geometric figures that adorns the walls of tombs, sarcophagi and household items that were placed in the grave has a magical function. He seems to be trying to fill the main space of the image.

Lotus buds and flowers were the most favorite ancient Egyptian drawings included in the composition of the linear ornament. The Egyptians also used various colors, structured according to human psychology. A large number of light colors, dark stroke and black contrast elements.

Aegean culture ornament

The Aegean civilization included the peoples who inhabited the territory of Asia Minor, the Balkans, as well as the surrounding islands of the Cyclades and Crete. Due to the fact that the Aegean culture is a synthesis of the Minoan and Mycenaean, the absence of religious and artistic canonical pressure contributed to the expansion of the area of ornaments to the entire inner surface of the walls of buildings. Without outlined corners, friezes, belts, forming a rhythmic composition of endlessly unfolding and converging lines. Ribbon spiral motifs flowing around a rosette, waves and flexible spiral curls, heart-shaped ribbon figures, plant leaves and animal figures inscribed in them - all these ornamental elements represented an endless composition in the Cretan-Mycenaean interior. The ancient masters also had at their disposal numerous colored natural pigments, with which they gave the pattern a lively dynamic look.

Very rare in ornamental compositions are zigzag and checkerboard motifs. Scientists consider them as ancient prototypes of the image of water.

Ornament of Ancient Greece

The ornamental art of Ancient Greece developed and prevailed in two directions. Namely vase painting and architecture. Through them one can trace all the stages of the development of the Greek visual arts. Decor from the simplest wave-like motifs and concentric circles evolve into an ornament of geometric shapes: the pictures on the left show new stage artistic understanding of symbols.

There is a division of the composition of the ornament into belts: the upper "heavenly", the central and the sea as a reflection of the life of people at sea. Here a linear meander appears - a geometric zigzag, covering the body of the vessel with continuous belts and perceived as a symbol of water.

New for ancient Greek art was the appearance of a palmette - a leaf-like opening form, built into linear ornamental rows, crowning the capitals of columns framed with curls of currencies that were placed on commemorative plates.

Thus, there was a unification of the internal interior forms of buildings, connected by common elements in the field of decorating architectural forms and

Ornament of Ancient Rome

AT Ancient Rome there were two periods of development art. The first, pre-republican, is associated with the predominant influence of the Etruscan culture. The second, actually Roman, is marked by the victory of Greek art, which modified Roman stylistic and artistic decoration techniques.

The Etruscans were the bearers of the richest culture of forms. They used naturalistic images of plants, animals, griffins and palmettes to decorate clothes, buildings, tombstones. In the Roman costume, Etruscan forms of decorating fabric with crosses inscribed in circles with dots were imprinted.

The Romans expanded the decorative color range, began to use the game of element sizes to achieve the illusion of an internal increase in the building. The Roman ornament, the photo of which is presented on the left, has naturalistic plant forms, located vertically, symmetrical, rhythmic, perfectly combined with the main artistic composition of the painting and complementing it. It uses items ordinary life: altars, torches, musical instruments, fruits of plants.

The architectural Roman style is triumphant and overloaded with details. The use of the Corinthian capital and its decoration huge amount currencies, palmettes and scrolls became the hallmark of the Roman building. The color scheme of this ornament is bright and rich, full of unusual combinations.

Arabic ornament

Before the adoption of Islam, the Arabs did not have their own culture. But, having conquered Palestine, Egypt, Syria and Persia, they as soon as possible created their own unique artistic layer, closely associated with religion. The prohibition of the Koran on the image of living beings brought the artistic imagination of the ancient masters to a new level. He generated luxurious with his infinity and ornate known to man far from Islam. Arab artists use both an ornament of geometric shapes and stylized images of plants, intertwining with each other and creating a luxurious, breathtakingly complex cover. It is located on the external and internal architectural and interior parts of temples, covers carpets and clothes of people, is printed as illustrations in books and applied to household items.

Principles of constructing an ornamental composition

Ornamental composition can be both independent and complementary.

In the first case, each element is subject to its own theoretical meaning and is located relative to the classical compositional structure or according to the canons of the ancient masters. For example, details can be placed with or without the golden ratio; with the implementation of a realistic transfer of volumes and shapes, or with the use of techniques to increase the main elements and reduce secondary ones, and so on.

If the ornament is used only as a component that complements the picture, its appearance and meaning are by no means reduced to simplicity. However, in this case, the dimensions of the image itself are greatly reduced, and the compositional structure is characterized by some cyclical repetition, designed not to distract the viewer's attention from the center, but to supplement its meaning with its symbolism.

The use of ornamental motifs in decorating objects

The use of national ornamental motifs in decorating things and household items has always been widespread. Modern life is characterized by the use of such patterns in the process of creating individual style dwellings. The ornament can decorate the objects of the garden and park ensemble. Decorating clothes with national elements sets people in a friendly mood, stimulates the interest of others in the person of its owner and simply brings an individual zest to the image of a person.

Children's ornament

Children's ornaments related to folk art do not have any significant differences from other patterns. An exception here is ritual clothing designed to celebrate any age dates and life stages of a person.

Ministry of Defence Russian Federation

Federal State Educational Institution

Orenburg Presidential Cadet School

Research work

GEOMETRIC ORNAMENT IN NATIONAL COSTUMES.

Nomination maths

Fulfilled : a pupil of the 7th grade

Mikhalitsyn Petr Konstantinovich

pupil of the 7th grade

Krylov Konstantin Olegovich

Scientific adviser:

mathematics teacher

Zevina Elena Petrovna

Orenburg

2011

Introduction.

fairy bird, a proud horse, a female figurine, an outlandish tree, radiant circles ... Who and when invented these images, passed down from century to century? What did they mean?
Even our distant ancestors decorated their products with the simplest ornaments. Man tried to figure out how the world works, to find an explanation for the incomprehensible, mysterious, mysterious. He sought to attract the good forces of nature to himself, and protect himself from the evil ones, and he did this with the help of his art. A person expressed his ideas about the world with conventional signs: a straight horizontal line denoted the earth, a wavy horizontal line denoted water, a vertical line turned into rain; fire, the sun were depicted with a cross or a circle with a cross. From these elements and their combinations, the pattern was built.
The ancient farmer endowed natural phenomena with actions, feelings inherent in living beings, dressing them in the form of birds, animals, fantastic creatures. Thus, a person expressed his ideas about the world in images. Centuries passed - folk art developed. The best did not disappear from this vast treasury of folk experience, but was passed down from generation to generation.
In ancient times, people believed that, for example, birds drive away winter darkness and cold with their sonorous singing and bring red spring on their wings, a warm fly. People especially prepared for the meeting of spring - they baked ceremonial cookies "larks" in the form of birds. With spell-songs they turned to the lark, sandpiper, swallow, asking them to bring spring on their tail. Birds symbolized light, warmth.
The problem of the presented work: the need to increase attention to the preservation and development of national cultures and languages, to the revival folk traditions. Considering the folk ornament, it became interesting to us how, at first glance, chaotic, the ornament is connected with geometry. This is how the research topic was born.

"Geometry is the means by which we perceive the environment and express ourselves."

Every person should know the history of his people.Know how a person expressed himself, his attitude to the world around him through ornamental patterns, which were the means of communication.There is no future without the past.

Goals of the work: explore folk ornament, geometric ornament. Establish the relationship between geometric and folk ornaments, i.e. the relationship between the science of "geometry" and the ornament as a whole.

Before starting work, we set the following tasks . Explore the historical origin of the ornament. Consider a geometric ornament, methods of its construction. Explore how, with the help of geometric signs and symbols, a person expressed his perception of the world around him. Introduction to history and national culture.

Hypothesis. Considering the geometric ornament, we assume that national costumes are historically decorated with an ornament made up of geometric figures, and this ornament can be read.

History of ornament

Ancient man endowed his ideas about the structure of the world with certain signs. For example, a circle is the sun, a square is the earth, a triangle is mountains, a swastika is the movement of the sun.

A man who constantly lived in the midst of nature and who watched her, already from ancient times learned to create simple patterns, conventional signs- symbols with which he expressed his perception of the surrounding species. Each line, each sign was full of clear meaning to him, they were one of the means of communication. Over time, individual figures changed, became more complex, combined with other forms, creating patterns - drawings. This is how ornaments arose - the consistent repetition of individual patterns or their groups. The emergence of ornamentation dates back to ancient times, because the desire of a person to decorate was born already at the first stages of the development of culture and is found in a primitive form among the most ancient peoples of our planet.Ornament is one of the oldest types visual activity a person who in the distant past carried a symbolic and magical meaning, sign. But the early decorative and ornamental elements could not have a semantic meaning, but be only abstract signs in which they expressed a sense of rhythm, form, order, symmetry. Researchers of the ornament believe that it arose already in the Upper Paleolithic era (15-10 thousand years BC). Based on non-pictorial symbolism, the ornamentation was almost exclusively geometric, consisting of the strict forms of the circle, semicircle, oval, spiral, square, rhombus, triangle, cross, and various combinations thereof.N.M. Kalashnikova, the author of many works related to the topic of folk costume and its symbols, notes that the semantic

the status of clothing, its iconic functions, have been entrenched for early stage development; they were supposed to be read not only by its owner, but also by tribesmen. (1)

The ornament served not only as an ornament, but also as a conspiracy from the evil forces of nature, a "charm". Therefore, these patterns were embroidered where the clothes ended, touched the open body: at the collar, on the hem, on the cuffs. In addition, ornamental medallions protected the shoulders and knees. The ornament contained signs, letters - ideograms, which the embroiderers specially selected for each owner of the shirt, so that it kept its owner not only from the cold, but also from any accidental misfortune. That is why, when they talk about the spiritual qualities of a generous person, we hear: "He will not regret his only shirt." It was believed that a generous person, thus, gave away not only his clothes, but also took off his amulet, that which is closest to the body ... Ornaments of all peoples come from ancient times, they never included a single “ idle" line - each has its own meaning, is a word, a phrase, an expression of known concepts, ideas. People have invented symbols to signify and reinforce what they have understood. The transfer of such knowledge means learning the interpretation of symbols. V. Vardugin mentions that even at the beginning of the 19th century, the ritual of reading patterns was preserved in the villages, when the girls dressed up in a festive way and brought their needlework. The guys, having chosen women of respectable age as their guides, listened to the explanations of the latter about the meaning of the patterns depicted on girlish needlework. , furniture, all kinds of utensils and other products.

Definition of ornament and its types

Under the word ornament , ornamentation, I understand those decorations that fill vacancies on items. Therefore, these decorations must be fully consistent with the nature of the object itself and its purpose, and in no way can be independent. Ornaments are made up of geometric and natural forms. Combining smoothly and proportionately all kinds of straight and curved lines in various positions, the artist, thanks to his developed taste, makes an incomparably greater impression with all the additions applied to the object than it would be obtained from the contemplation of a simple thing, alien to any decorations.This is a rhythm, a series of repeating motifs, also called rapports. It is this rhythm, balance that gives rise to feelings of peace and harmony in us. After all, everything that exists is ordered by rhythms - seasons, heartbeat, music, life and death ... An ornament is an ornament in the form of a pattern, which is characterized by a rhythmically ordered arrangement of repeating pictorial elements. (from the dictionary of advertising terms)Depending on what the ornament is made of, it wears different names:

From lines and geometric shapes - called geometric
- from images of flowers, leaves and stems - vegetable
- from images of animals, birds - animal ornament
- from images of a person - curly
- if it includes figures or images that have any special meaning (coats of arms, orders, etc.) ”- the ornament is called symbolic, etc.

If about the main elements aresky, sun, clouds, starsstarry ornament(from the word "aster" - a star). Approves the cult of the sky. The main elements aresky, sun, clouds, stars.

From individual letters or text elements - calligraphic.
The task of the ornament is not only to complement, but also to decorate the object on which it is located.

geometric ornament

Geometry arose a very long time ago, it is one of the most ancient sciences. Geometry is the science of space, more precisely, the science of the shapes, sizes and boundaries of those parts of space that are occupied by material bodies. This is the classical definition of geometry. However, modern geometry in many of its disciplines goes far beyond this definition. People from time immemorial have used geometric knowledge in everyday life. geometric shape were not only household items, but also cult ones.

Geometric figures.

Almost all titles mathematical figures Greek origin. However, these words entered the Russian language not directly from the Greek language, but through Latin language. For example:

"Cone" is the Latin form of the Greek word "konos" meaning "pinecone".

"Cylinder" - comes from the Latin word "cylindrus", meaning "roller", "skating rink".

"Prisma" is the Latin form of the Greek word "prisma" meaning "sawn" (meaning a sawn log).

"Sphere" is the Latin form of the Greek word "sfire" - ball.

"Rhombus" comes from the Latin word "rhombus" meaning "tambourine". Previously, tambourines were in the shape of a square or rhombus.

"Square" - from the Latin word "quattuor" - four.

"Point" - the Latin word "punctum" - an injection.

"Line" comes from the Latin word "linea" - linen thread.

Geometric ornament - a pattern that consists of geometric shapes. Permanent elements of geometric ornament are individual figures in the form of points, straight and broken lines, circles, crosses, triangles, squares. The geometric ornament is characterized not only by the variety of figures, but by the variability of their execution. The main and most typical is a rhombus or a square set at an angle. Rhombuses - figures can be crossed by diagonals, with processes - extended sides, with hooks, small rhombuses at the corners, can be enclosed in squares and larger rhombuses, arranged in rows, superimposed on each other by corners. Quite often, the gaps between the individual figures of one ornament are filled with other figures, which not only complement it, but also create new pattern. Big role in various variants of a geometric ornament, the dimensions of the pattern and the proportional ratio of its parts play.

The most complex ornamental pattern, or motif, essentially consists of the simplest geometric elements of regular and irregular shapes. Let's start with a point, which means little in itself, but with its skillful rhythmic repetition, an interesting decorative effect can be achieved. The line most accurately conveys the nature of the outlines of any shape. It is the main shaping element. There are only three kinds of lines. Straight lines - vertical, horizontal, oblique. Curves - with a constant radius of curvature - circles and their arcs; curves - with a variable radius of curvature - parabolas, hyperbolas and their parts. These lines are the primary elements for all ornamental formations. All three types of lines have a certain visual expressiveness and are not similar to one another. But at certain conditions they can "discover" the emotional charge hidden in them. So, straight lines and curves with a constant radius of curvature are able to express a smooth, calm movement. Constancy and balance lie in the nature of these lines, while it is believed that the horizontal lines in the ornament symbolize harmony, rigor, a certain stability, while slanted straight lines give the impression of constant movement. Square rectangle serve to limit the surface filled with ornamental motifs.

The circle is considered one of the most perfect and complete forms. It is used both as an actual ornamental element and to limit the surface. Lines with a variable radius of curvature carry dynamism, tension, unevenness and active movement.When selecting colors products - be it embroidery, beading or lace, all color properties are taken into account, including its effect on a person. Let's bringcolor combination charttaking into account the nature of the effect of color on a person.

Color combination

Human impact, color perception

yellow - orange-red

energizing, cheerful

yellow - magenta

ceremonial, ceremonial

yellow - lettuce

cheerful, refreshing

yellow green

soothing

yellow - black

severe

yellow - white

weak, lethargic

red - purple

restless

Red Blue

dynamic, uplifting

red - lettuce

activating

Red Black

oppressive

Red White

tough

red - gray

pleasant, warm; with a predominance of gray - strict

blue - orange

exciting

blue - black

oppressive

blue White

pure

blue - gray

cold

green - purple

surreal

green - orange

joyful

green - black

heavy

green - white

cool

Since in human culture color is associated with the “expression internal sensations and moods", then a system of symbols was developed, which was followed when choosing color solutions. Here is a list of color values:pink color- love,bright red- fire and passion,green- hope,blue- Vera,blue- loyalty,dark grey- despair. And these colors still have the same meanings today. We only add that yellow means deceit and betrayal, brown means grief, purple means humility, purple means friendship, orange means pride, gold means dignity, silver means immortality.

Construction of ornaments.

All parts of a geometric ornament - its main elements and the gaps between them (intervals) must be the same (equal) to each other or must be in certain proportions. If the individual elements (main figures) that make up the ornament, and the gaps between them are absolutely equal in size, shape, color, and technique, then a symmetrical ornament will be obtained; if there is an inequality in at least one of the elements or intervals indicated signs, then the ornament will turn out only rhythmic.The construction of ornaments is subject to the following principles: repetition, alternation, inversion, symmetry. Repetition- gives value to an insignificant element, creates a feeling of peace, confident strength.

alternation- the motif is located either in a vertical or in a horizontal direction.

Inversion, or the reverse arrangement of the pattern. The same motif is located in the opposite direction and makes it possible to avoid monotony when using the same and unstable forms.

Symmetry- the location of two similar motifs on both sides of the axis.
Symmetry happens:complete(mirror),relative(achieved by the balance of masses, color spots),partial(Motive details vary).

Usually both symmetrical and rhythmic combinations are combined in ornaments. Any line or asymmetrical figure is taken as the basis of any ornament, which is then repeated (transferred) different ways. The easiest way to repeat is mirroring. Both the human figure and the figures of animals in front or behind are symmetrical along the vertical axis, i.e. right and left half they are the same and are repeated as if by a mirror plane. Another way to repeat a figure can be by rotating around some point or an axis passing through a point. The figure during rotation can be repeated many times. This will be the rotational symmetry. When rotating, the figure should repeat at equal distances.

Geometric ornament in national costumes.

The ornament is characterized by both geometric and curvilinear-vegetative patterns. The rhombus is an element of a geometric nature, an agricultural cult symbol. A single rhombus with curls is a symbol of the fertility of the land and livestock, it should be decorated with ornamental elements both inside and out. The chain of diamonds means the tree of life.

The rhombus is also a symbol of goodness and abundance, interpreted as a sign have a good hunting. This attribute is associated with the cult of the sun and fertility. As mentioned earlier, the rhombus is the ideology of Life and Good, the circle is a simplified image of the sun or in the form of a vortex rosette. I would like to note that the craftswomen themselves gave the names to the elements. A rhombus is a “tray”, the processes of a rhombus are “bird heads”, small elements in the form of columns and squares are a “bug”, a pattern of pairwise connected rhombuses is an “ant's waist”, an oblique cross with a small rhombus in the center is “cancer”, a strip from the rhombuses connected at the corners - the “star anise branch”.

On wedding “young” clothes, on embroidered sleeves of women's shirts, on girlish headdresses, one and the same characteristic pattern: rhombus or obliquely set square, divided crosswise into four small squares or rhombuses. In the center of each of the four small squares, a small dot is necessarily depicted. Since a square is a special case of a rhombus, we will call this composition "rhombo-dotted". Usually this composition is not obscured by other elements. The rhombuses set at the corner are either single, or go in a single row in a strip, touching only at the corners. Sometimes there is a continuous woven pattern consisting only of such figures, but then gaps are left between the rhombuses, due to which the viewer always perceives the main element of this pattern - a figure of four closed rhombuses with dots. The rhombo-dot composition was embroidered only on wedding clothes, which the bride prepared for her wedding and wore it in the first year of marriage.

Reading patterns in graphic language.

The words "pattern", "patterned" come from the words "dawn", "burn", "sun" and come from the common Slavic concepts of "light", "brilliance", "warmth". Embroidery patterns were associated with the cult of the sun and the sky, they became its "divine images", signs-symbols. It can be said about embroidery that it keeps the people's awareness of the world and nature, a kind of folk poetic mythology.

The idea of the sun in the form of a horse in ornamental compositions is embodied, for example, in the form of a white zealous horse, with stars in the background and with birds along the edges of the dominant motif. The motifs of Pava-boat, there are images of Lado - the god of the spring sun. The idea of the sun in the form of a horse in ornamental compositions is embodied, for example, in the form of a white zealous horse, with stars in the background and with birds along the edges of the dominant motif. The motifs of Pava-boat, there are images of Lado - the god of the spring sun.

Rites are reflected in the ornamentation, such as, for example, the rainbow is a spring rite, the day of commemoration of the ancestors, the vesnik is the “curling of a birch” in honor of the revival of nature, the feast of Ivan Kupala, etc. The pagan goddess Makosh, one of the most frequently mentioned characters of ornamental plots.

Individual elements embroideries are symbolic. A woman embroidered a Christmas tree - it means that she wishes the person a prosperous and happy life because spruce is the tree of life and goodness. Human life is constantly connected with water. Therefore, water must be treated with respect. You need to be friends with her. And the woman embroiders wavy lines on clothes, placing them in a strictly in due course as if inviting water element never bring misfortune to a loved one, help him and take care of him. A child was born. And she will decorate his first simple shirt with embroidery in the form of a straight line of bright, joyful color. This is a straight and bright road for her child to follow. the use of the image of a bird in the ornament, carries the power of a talisman of sleep and the health of the child, craftswomen embroider such an ornament on children's clothes, pillows. May this journey be happy and joyful for him. The "language" of these symbols was understandable to people, they felt its poetry and beauty.Red prevailed. This is the color of fire, the sun, magical, beautiful, a symbol of salvation and a sign of a barrier to evil forces. This color was supposed to scare away demons and spirits that have a human appearance, store and protect the owner from various misfortunes.All items included in the dowry were bright and decorative, and embroidery most often played the main role in this. The brightest has always been festive clothes young women. Their shirts, aprons, and sundresses blazed with woven, embroidered and printed patterns. Decorating a costume is not an empty fun. It was as if cherished letters passed down from generation to generation, which can be read like a book. Looking at the embroidery of clothes, one could tell about the fate of a woman:how old is she, is she married, how many children, how is her health, does she ask something from the gods or does she just thank them.Each element of the ornament had its own meaning and meaning. Bereginya - guardian of the spirit of the family, mediator between God and man, guards, roads of life, house, household, estate, fertility, sun, water, Great deity, horse - masculine. The horse, according to the beliefs of the ancient Slavs, is a symbol of goodness, happiness, and the wisdom of the gods. Sun messenger, pava bird- female image, tree of life.Let's try to read the ornament on the Russian costume.

Sundress married woman: squares - a sown field, how many birds - so many daughters.

Russian embroiderers have always had favorite motifs and compositions. Like the costume, the ornament assumed a tiered division. The hem is the first tier, it is closer to the ground. On it, as a rule, rhomboid or cruciform compositions (symbols of agriculture, fertility, fire). On the contrary, solar signs, images of birds, etc. predominate in the embroidery of headdresses. Thus, through such a composition, the costume was likened to the World Tree. The ornament on clothes was most often embroidered. (4) “ folk embroidery- this first code system, acquired by people and having magical meaning for them, has been studied for a little over a century. Much has not been unraveled, but so many more “wonderful discoveries” are fraught with the simplest patterns that contain signal-symbols about the life and worldview of generations long gone” (2).. Conclusion: The ornament has a graphic structure, it is like a cryptography, an ideogram of some hidden meanings expressed in geometric symbols. To preserve peace on earth, we all must honor and preserve, passing on the traditions of our people from generation to generation, respect the traditions of those peoples who live next to us, closely manage their households, live in the same territory, wish each other warmth and kindness.

Conclusion

"Geometry is the means by which we perceive the environment and express ourselves." It retained layers various items ethnocultural history. Studies have shown that the ornament is closely related to geometry. Sometimes the ornament resembles something chaotic and shapeless, however, this is not so. The ornament captivates with its versatility and originality of the pattern. So, when creating ornamental patterns, people in ancient times used the knowledge of geometry.

Studying the literature used to prepare this work, a lot of interesting knowledge was acquired from the history of folk art and geometry, which once again convinces of the versatility of the application of this science (geometry) and the need to study it. There is no doubt about the importance of applying the laws and laws of geometry.