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Methodological recommendations for explaining the writing of letters and elements. How are uppercase and lowercase letters written and what are they?

Working on letter connections

More convenient and quicker is writing in which the writer infrequently takes his hand off the paper. This is done by continuously drawing several letters in a word (usually 4-5 letters are written with one stroke), by some rotation of the hand (rotational movement - pronation) or by continuous movement of the forearm as the line is filled.

Although the skill of folding movements does not immediately automate and gain speed, the habit of performing certain movements is reinforced very early. Therefore, whether the movement when writing letters at the beginning of learning will be detached or continuous is very important for the developing writing skill.

In a written font, the possibility of continuous writing of letters is taken into account. Almost all letters of the written font, both uppercase and lowercase, are written without lifting the pen, with the exception of some letters. So, with a gap we write the top element in capital letters G, P, T, B, R. In capital letters P And T The first two elements are also written separately:

It is recommended to make a break in the letter in capital letters TO, F and X. The stroke in the middle of the letter E is attached detached. From lowercase letters, the letter b is detached with the following letter using a connecting stroke. Separately connect the previous letters with the letter c. The letters k, x, e and are written in one place and. In the letter z, the right semi-oval is written with a gap.

In different methodological systems, in equal countries, time was used to continuously connect ovals, semi-ovals and rounded shapes in letters (when connecting them with other letters or within the same letters) various ways these connections:

Connections of type a), b) and d) can be used for connections with both ovals and semi-ovals and roundings, since this connection is of the same type, i.e. with all letter shapes the same. Connections type c) can only be used with oval letters.

Adults usually use different types connections depending on the shape of the letter, letter combination, speed of writing, etc. At the same time, connections a) are used very rarely, more often with semi-ovals, and in adults they turn into loop connections. This is explained by the fact that the connection by repeating from right to left is unnatural, since it does not coincide with the direction of movement of the hand in the process of writing, but goes in opposite direction. Connection type b) for left semi-ovals and roundings is more natural, since the repetition goes from left to right, which corresponds to the direction of movement of the hand during writing. In oval connections, adults often use a lower repeat type c) or loop connections, especially with upper and middle connections with lowercase letters o and yu. These observations by E. N. Sokolova are confirmed by the physiological studies of I. N. Sokolov and A. I. Korvat. Thus, they found that starting to write ovals from bottom left to right is more convenient for writing hand. According to N. N. Sokolov, loop connections made in the rhythm of hand movement are also convenient.

Consequently, children must be taught natural movements, without introducing artificial, even if they are of the same type, upper repetition connections. It is not easy to introduce from the very beginning only loop connections that cross the letter and, if performed ineptly by children, can lead to violations of the very image of the letter, which makes it difficult to read what is written. So. the syllable la may look like

Here we can see in advance errors in both writing and perception of the letter. Considering the greatest convenience for those who write soon, it is looped connections, it is necessary to organize their gradual introduction at older stages of learning, when the image of the letter is available. In this case, it is quite possible for err of the lower reconnection to transition to a more economical loop connection: . It should be noted that the upper loop connection in the letters o, yu, v does not represent anything new in terms of movement compared to the lower connection with oval letters. This is the same connection, only raised higher for convenience, to shorten the trajectory of movement. Typically, in adult writing, this is precisely the connection that is observed:

This was taken into account earlier when introducing continuous writing by D. A. Pisarevsky, V. A. Saglin, N. N. Bogolyubov, which was reflected in their methods. We also adhere to the gradual complication of letter combinations in the process of learning penmanship. In class I, only lower connections with oval letters are introduced. In this case, it is recommended to make a tear before oval and semi-oval letters. The teacher can write on the board without interruption, but children are allowed to write without interruption, but connect the letters from below; this method will prepare the subsequent transition to continuous writing with oval letters

When writing the letters o, yu, v from class II, it is necessary to introduce loop connections (with the upper and middle connection): horse, pitchfork and bottom repeat in bottom join: my. With the rest of the oval and semi-oval letters, you can use more than one type of connection, but combine these types in the same way as adults do in their writing; with oval letters (a, d, b, f) it is better to use the bottom repeat from left to right in the middle of the word and start writing from above at the beginning of the word:

It is better to write semi-ovals in the letters c, zh, x in grades I and II with a separation, keeping the connection with the left semi-oval only in the letter z intact.

In grade III, you can show students permanent connections with semi-oval letters, namely loop connections:

This is exactly how, depending on the convenience of the connection, adults use different types of connections in different letter combinations.

At first, it is not so easy for children to get used to which letter combinations should not be used. They transfer some technique to different letter combinations. The teacher’s task is to constantly practice the correct, necessary connections in letter combinations, the most convenient in them.

Techniques for permanent connections

Before we talk about methods of combining letters, we need to dwell on the classification of letter combinations. Based on the height of the connections, they can be conditionally divided into upper, middle, lower, but it is necessary to understand that this division is conditional. Thus, lower ones can be called connections of the previous letters with the oval letters a, b, d, f with the letters l, m, i and c the letter o if it is followed by the letter that we begin to write from below.

The middle connection can be considered the connection of the previous ones with the letters e, z, zh, g, x, h, e, v, since these letters begin approximately from the middle of the line height or slightly higher. The top ones can be considered connections with the letters i, k, t, p, s, n, y, c, as well as o and yu, if they are followed by letters that begin at the top or in the middle when writing. However, this division is rather arbitrary, since with continuous writing it is difficult to talk about the boundaries of the beginning of the letter and the connection with the previous letter, the movement is continuous. The relativity of such a division is very clearly visible when connecting the previous letter with the letter c. So, it is clearly an upper connection, but in a connection it is difficult to say whether it is middle or lower. Understanding that such division in the continuous process of writing is conditional, the teacher makes it for the convenience of working out the features of these connections. It must be remembered that the middle connection does not differ in methods from the top one.

The lower connection of the letters v, ь, ъ with the subsequent one looks like this: , and the middle and upper ones -

It is also necessary to distinguish between connections when writing letters continuously, depending on their shape:

1. Connections of letters including ovals: a) a, b, d, f; b) Oh, Yu, c) Oh, Yu

2. Connections of letters including semi-ovals or roundings:

3. Connections of letters that do not include ovals or semi-ovals: a) g, i. k, n, p t, h, w; b) l, m, i; c) p, f - continuous writing of the element extending beyond the bottom line; d) connections after loops - d, z, y, c, sch, d, z, y.

4. Capital compounds - D, A

Techniques for continuously connecting letters such as k.v. y (not oval and not semi-oval), very simple. To continuously connect letters in syllables or letter combinations like neither, shu, in, tk, and the elements inside these letters need to be connected to the beginning of the letter next letter or element: . If the stroke is brought to the middle of the height of the letter, then the beginning of the next letter should not be far from the previous one, or detached: .

Thus, in order to connect similar letters without interruption, you need to draw a connecting stroke to the height of the beginning of the letter of the next letter (in 1st grade to the top line of the line." Naturally, the letters l. m, i are easily and continuously connected with the previous letters. Connections of these letters with other letters it is always lower. However, children in this combination very often make the mistake of starting to write the letters l, m, i from the middle of the height of the letters and even higher. This is explained by the fact that children get used to writing all letters from a certain height from top to bottom:

They transfer this technique to writing letters that begin below the top line of the line. Instead of writing, starting to write a letter m on top or almost on top. Such graphic errors can sometimes be mistaken for spelling errors, which leads to incorrect reading of what is written. Students should know that connecting letters l, m, i lower ones. It should start slightly above the bottom line of the line.

In order to write an element that goes down beyond the line of the line in the letters r and f without lifting your hand, you need to write this element without lifting your hand down and move your pen upward along what is written:

Students should know well what compounds are used to write opals and semi-ovals, in what letter combinations and how these letters are written if they appear at the beginning of a word.

Lower case a, b, d, f They are always connected to the previous letter without lifting the hand, by repeated drawing from below along the direction of the hand movement in the writing process.

Syllable that continuously written like this:

The letters d, b, and are also connected to the previous letter. f:

If a word begins with an oval letter, then this letter must be written on top:

If a word begins with an oval letter or if the letter is an independent word (for example, the conjunction a), it is advisable to write this letter on top, since there is no preliminary outline of the letter, the movement is more economical. If the teacher draws the children’s attention to the beginning of writing oval letters at the beginning of the word, and specially practices this technique, then the children get used to writing correctly. The letter of ovals in capital letters always begins at the bottom ABOUT and Yu for continuous connection with the following letters:

Lowercase letter o connects to the previous letter differently depending on the connection to the subsequent letter (upper or lower): If the word begins with a lowercase letter O, then the connection with the subsequent letter will be slightly different:

At the end of the word, we begin to write the letter o in a way that is comfortable for the hand.

The letter yu is the same as the letter O, is connected to the subsequent letter depending on whether this connection will be upper or lower:

Repeated observations show that when the lowercase letter o is separated from the letters l, m, i, i.e. in the lower connection, children often make the following mistake - they attach the letters l, m, i to the letter O without connecting stroke:

The letter o becomes similar to the letter a. When writing continuously, the connecting stroke is not skipped, but you must pay attention to the fact that it is of sufficient length and does not go upward: but not

The teacher should remind students that this is a bottom connection, so the connecting stroke does not go up.

Letter b with the subsequent letter is connected by means of a connecting line with a “feather” detached:

The letter c is connected to the previous letter separately:

Letters z and f with subsequent letters are connected by repeated bottom:

The letter w is written without lifting the “pen” by repeatedly drawing from below and tearing off the right semi-oval from above:

Letter X capital and lowercase letters are written with a gap. We will briefly describe the procedure for introducing permanent connections.

When working with seven-year-old first-graders, it was clear that it was necessary to teach children the techniques of continuously writing 2-3 letters (syllables) from the first lessons, so as not to reteach them later.

Six-year-old children invest significantly more effort into the writing process and are more tired and distracted. However, they can write individual letters without interruption, connect two letters without lifting their hands from the paper, if these letters are not oval, for example the syllables: shu, ul, lu, etc.

During the alphabetic period, individual letters are written continuously, which in the written font are presented as continuously written. In addition, children must write two letters such as shu, me, li, ate, etc. (except for oval letters) without lifting their hands.

It is better to write oval letters in the middle of a word from bottom left to right with a turn and do not require children to continuously connect

From the second grade, children learn to write a syllable without lifting their hands from the paper. This requirement continues until the end of grade II. If the teacher immediately requires students to write the entire word in white, it is very difficult for some children to do this, they write with great stress, usually break the slope at the end of the word. By the end of 2nd grade, most children can easily write 3-5 letters themselves without lifting their hands.

In the third grade, children learn to write whole words consisting of 4-5 letters without interruption. Breaks are also made where there are letters that must be written by tearing off your hand (b, k. x, etc.). In grade II, all letter connections should be practiced. There is a need to practice lower connections with the letters l, m, i, because students often begin to write them very highly. The teacher returns to practicing these connections when he notices similar errors in the students’ writing.

Connections with oval letters can be entered in this order: work out first bottom connection with lowercase oval letters a, b, d, f. This connection occurs with all oval letters.

Then move on to practicing connections of capital letters O and YU
with subsequent letters, since these connections are similar
previously repeated connections with lowercase oval
letters. Separately, you should work out connections with lowercase
letters o and Yu. First you need to repeat the lower connections
with these letters. It becomes clear with students in what cases
the connections of these letters will be lower. This connection will
lower when the letter following the letters o and yu
we start writing from below, i.e. with letters l, m, i, a, b, d, f. On
the next lesson repeats the uppercase connection with lowercase
letters O and Yu. You can compare the spelling of two words: ,

In which the double letter o is connected differently depending on the letter following it

Separately, you should work out the connection with semi-oval letters. It is necessary to repeat that the right semi-oval is connected both inside the letters and in the letter s - always with a gap. The letter with a gap in other semi-ovals is explained - the letters e, x, zh.

In grades III-IV, the teacher works with children on how to connect letters in words. It is in these classes that a transition to more convenient loop connections of semi-ovals is possible.

Understand that continuous writing is convenient and makes it possible to make the fastest and smoothest movements; at the same time, the teacher must know that there are children with impaired coordination of movements or deviations in nervous system, with twitching of hands while writing, etc., to which the rules on continuous writing should not be applied. Such children can be allowed to write in a way that is convenient for them. It should be taken into account that the writing speed of such children lags behind the writing speed of other students.

It can be especially difficult for them to perform long continuous movements during the writing process. Therefore, the teacher allows these children to write letter by letter, without imposing continuous writing on them, but also without prohibiting it. The mark for tear-off writing will not be reduced.

Summarizing what has been said in this chapter, we provide instructions on beech connections in following table:

Class	Connection requirements	Nature of connections	Dosage of continuous writing
I class (6 years old)	Mostly letter writing	Breaks in front of oval and semi-oval letters. Connections in front of the ovals from below as preparation for continuous writing.	Connections of two letters - shu, il, sn - can be continuous
II grade (7 years old)	Syllabic continuous writing	A detachable letter with right semi-ovals in front of the letters x and z. A continuous bottom connection with oval letters is introduced. Continuous upper loop connection with the letters o, yu, v, ь, ъ.	Rule: Write the syllable without lifting your hand (ball), i.e. 2-3 letters.
Sh class (8 years old)	Continuous letter short words	Continuous loop connections with semi-oval letters are shown.	Continuous letter 4-5 letters

Slant in writing

The letter can have different slants: it can be straight (not slanted), slanted to the right and slanted to the right. Direct writing is considered when the main elements of movement (towards oneself) go perpendicular to the line of the line; when writing with a right slant, the main elements form an acute angle to the line; when writing with a slant to the left, the main points form an obtuse angle to the line line: І К.

Right angle - straight letter.

Sharp corner- right-hand letter

Obtuse angle - left-handed writing

We teach students to write with a right slant. However, the writing of adults, depending on different circumstances, can be more or less tilted to the right, can be non-slanted (straight) or be tilted to the left. Right-handed writing is perceived as more beautiful. The requirement to write with a slant to the right for right-handed people (and these are the majority) is determined mainly not aesthetic qualities letters and not even the traditions of italic writing. The requirement to write with a tilt to the right is determined primarily by the convenience of the writer, the ability to carry out faster movements while writing with less effort.

Our school writing font is slanted precisely because it matches the convenience writing person to faster writing. Let's consider what these conveniences are. In the process of writing Active participation The fingers and, in general, the hand, forearm and shoulder are involved in carrying out movements, i.e. The joints and muscles of the entire arm are involved. Therefore, ease of movement of the hand while writing is necessary. The student writes while sitting at a desk or table. He needs to sit comfortably while writing. The student monitors how and what he writes. Therefore, you need to write in a way that is comfortable for your eyesight. As many studies have shown, writing with a tilt to the right is the fastest and most convenient for moving the right hand along the line while writing, for moving the fingers of the hand, i.e. it corresponds to the biomechanics of writing.

Let's try to understand and prove this. “When writing for the hand and fingers, it is most convenient to make movements directly towards you (in accordance with the bendability of the joints of the phalanges of the fingers). These same movements are easiest to follow with the eye, since the eye makes movements vertically: from top to bottom and from bottom to top. This means Direct writing is most convenient for the eye and brush. This would be the case if a person wrote in one place, without passing the brush, and the paper moved from right to left.

In fact, in the process of writing, the hand moves to the right. This is done by moving the forearm in a circle with the center at the elbow. The elbow is either motionless or moves slightly. Put right hand on the table so that the hand is opposite the middle of the chest, and rotate your arm freely in a circle with the center at the elbow joint. Your brush will first move upward. This is exactly the segment of the path during which we write along the line.

Therefore, for the hand to move freely while writing, it must move to the right and up. Therefore, we require an inclined position of the notebook, in which the forearm can freely move upward along a certain segment of the path

At this time, the fingers and hand, when writing to themselves, carry out the main movements perpendicular to the line line, and the connecting movements - with an inclination to the right.

When writing, a sheet of paper is placed on the table at an angle so that the lines go up, and when a person writes and puts the notebook straight, the lines will be straight. This will be convenient for reading what has been written. If a person does not place the paper at an angle, but writes with it in a straight position, then this will be very inconvenient for the hand and forearm during long-term writing.

since in this case the forearm and hand instead free movement along the radius they should constantly move downwards, as if “compressing”, the shoulder moves back, pressing against the body, causing the entire body to turn in one direction. Consequently, writing is then convenient when the sheet of paper lies at an angle. As a result of tilting the paper, the writing is not straight, but oblique. This letter will be most convenient for those writing with the right hand.

With the paper in a straight position, we will get a straight letter, but it is inconvenient for moving the hand along the line

Thus, when writing, we get a slant as if by itself. It is determined by the inclined position of the notebook. Slanted writing in this case is a result, a product of the writing process.

However, slanted writing will not be convenient if we write slanted with the notebook in a straight position. Then we will reproduce the uppercase patterns of slanted writing, but for hand movement and eye tracking it will be inconvenient and tiring. Therefore, it is inappropriate to teach slant writing only for the purpose of copying slant. This also leads to a persistent habit of sitting incorrectly at a desk. Such writing takes place when the teacher only monitors that. so that the student writes with a slant, without requiring him to hold a notebook with a slant. This is often facilitated by additional inclined lines on the sheet (oblique grid). In this case, any position of the notebook results in a slant in writing.

Tilt to the left is convenient only for those who are learning to write with their left hand, and also with a certain position of the paper while writing. This will be discussed below.

Russian letters differ from each other not only in style and sound designation, but also in size. Correct writing obeys certain rules. Uppercase and lowercase letters - what every schoolchild knows, especially elementary school students. But the knowledge acquired at school is forgotten very quickly, and adults are unlikely to remember the definitions of these terms.

Uppercase and lowercase letters are two types of graphic icons on a letter. It is interesting that the division into such varieties is not found in all languages. They are present in the Cyrillic alphabet, as well as in the Greek alphabet, Latin, and Armenian. The situation in Georgia is unusual. There are no capital icons (with a specific meaning of use), but individual sections of text (for example, titles, headings) are typed with large icons. They have small outlines, but differ from them in size. In other writing systems, divisions into capital letters and small ones don't exist.

To get acquainted with them for the first time, it is enough to learn some brief information:

capital – the one that is larger;
lowercase – the one that is smaller in size.

And in order for the information to be remembered better, linger in the head for a long time and not turn into confusion, you need to study the issue deeper, delving into the details.

Uppercase

This is the capital, big, beautiful, initial one. The letter sign is increased in size compared to the others. Most often there is only one in a line, and it is with it that the sentence begins. IN primary school Children with great diligence learn to write the first alphabetic sign - after all, it should turn out beautiful.

The first official use of capital letters was noticed in the 15th century. However, further research showed that people tried to beautifully design the initial characters of first names, last names, and sentences long before the beginning of the 15th century. Such graphic icons, decorated with ornaments and curlicues, were called initial letters.

Capital letters inin the text are written only in cases that are confirmed by spelling rules. The most common of them, which are most often encountered in practice, will be indicated below.

Another definition of “capital” is found in elementary school at the stage of teaching written literacy. It is less common, so it does not appear in dictionaries. Used only to differentiate the type of writing; the antonym to the word “capital” is “printed”. When a teacher asks you to write down a word, a sentence, or a text in words, he means lowercase and capital letters. And their choice should be based on the rules studied.

Lowercase

This is a small letter. In sentences and text, it is found much more often than graphic icons of the previous type. This is explained by the fact that small letter signs are used several times more often in writing - these are the rules of Russian spelling.

All letters that do not fall under the capitalization rules are lined up in one line and have the same height, which is why they are called lowercase.

Note! The stress in the term “lowercase” falls not on the first, but on the last syllable, no matter how much one would like to associate its pronunciation with the pronunciation of the word “line”.

Useful videos: how to write small capital letters?

Main differences

Uppercase and lowercase letters have a number of differences from each other.

They are as follows:

Size. The capital one is about 2 times larger than the small one. This is clearly noticeable when using notebook sheet V wide line: capital letter takes up the entire height of the line, and the small one fits in half of it.
Writing. The capital letter has many more details and features of the style, which first grade students are diligently trying to learn. It is much more complex than the small one in style.
Frequency of use. Capital letters appear in the text much less often than small ones, because their choice must be justified by certain rules.

Having learned for himself how capital letters differ from small graphic icons, a person stops confusing these two terms with each other.

Examples

A clear example of what the styles of both categories look like.

When comparing graphic icons next to each other, it immediately becomes clear which of them are CAPITAL and which are lowercase.

Spelling capital letters

In the Russian language, the use of two types of style is subject to the rules of the corresponding section of spelling. According to them, a new sentence begins with a capital symbol, which seems to lead an army of small, ordinary icons. It shows that the previous thought has ended and another has begun, or simply indicates the beginning of a thought. Direct speech, quotes, each new line poems.

But there are other, more complex rules that explain the spelling of capital and lowercase letters:

First names, last names, patronymics of people and adjectives based on them. For example: Andrey Igorevich Yablochkin, Petka’s car.
Animal names and adjectives derived from them. For example: Tuzik, Murka, Kesha, Fluff, Tuzikov’s collar.
Geographical objects, places, names (continents, cardinal directions, countries, cities, villages, villages, regions, republics, islands, seas, oceans, rivers, lakes). For example: the Black Sea, the Baltic, the Atlantic Ocean, the city of Moscow, the continent of Africa, the village of Yantarny, the Republic of Adygea.
Names of firms, companies, stores, enterprises. For example: the Rostvertol plant, the Pyaterochka store, the Belvest shoe company.
Names of the greats historical events, the most important documents (First World War, Peter's era).
Names of printed publications, works of art, dishes (Murzilka magazine, Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper, Moonlight Sonata, painting Barge Haulers on the Volga, Caesar salad).
Names of ministries, important government organizations (Ministry of Education, City Duma).
High positions of great national importance (President, Queen).
The first word of the name of the holidays and important events(Birthday, Christmas, Easter, Victory Day).
Use the pronoun “you” when expressing special respect is required.
Abbreviations - consist entirely of capital letters (KPRF, MLM, SFU).

In all other cases, when the word is not included in the category of proper names, but is a common noun, lowercase are writtenstyles.

Possible difficulties in choosing an option

In Russian, most rules are ambiguous and have additional explanations or exceptions.

Important! When selecting a letter size (capital/small) is required for filling important documents or performing serious tasks or work - it is better to check yourself in dictionaries and reference books.

Possible difficulties in choosing the size of a graphic icon:

Proper names of mythical, historical, literary heroes, which began to be used in a generalized, figurative sense, to designate a certain character or way of life of people. The rules for writing such words are ambiguous: some are written with a capital letter (Oblomov, Napoleon, Hamlet), others with a lowercase letter (Don Quixote, Judas, Hercules, which have become common nouns). The variant of their use is given in the dictionary.
The names of geographical objects and important historical events, used in a generalized (figurative) meaning, have the same distinctions and their own writing features: sodom (debauchery), Olympus (top), Kamchatka (last places) and Chernobyl, Mecca, Hiroshima.
The names of devices, techniques, and units of measurement, derived from the names of their inventors, are written with a lowercase letter. For example: X-ray, volt, pascal, etc.
and terms where one of the words is a proper noun, as well as adjectives based on them, do not have a large icon (Achilles' heel, Demian's ear, X-rays).
Adjectives that were made up of a person’s last name and first name using the suffixes –sk, -ovsk, -insk – are written with a lowercase letter (Dalevsky dictionary, Prishvinsky prose).

Useful video: Russian lowercase letters

Conclusion

In fact, delving into the material taught in lessons in educational institution, the pupil and student master the spelling of graphic signs well, understand the differences and features of their use, which means they do not have serious difficulties in complying with this norm.

The main thing is to remember the definitions and understand some of the difficulties. And in case of difficulty, do not forget about the possibility of turning to the dictionary.

Uppercase and lowercase are the letters used for writing on a daily basis. The first is the capital letter (large), and the second is smaller in size (small).

A little history

Initially, when writing, only those whose boundaries (upper and lower) were clearly defined were used. Over time, cursive writing developed, and the letters acquired a more rounded shape. This is how the foundations of the so-called Carolingian minuscule writing arose, which was developed by the scientist Alcuin. It was used at the court of Charlemagne, and over time this letter spread throughout Europe. This is how, for the first time, a single text began to contain lowercase and capital letters.

Uppercase and lowercase letters

The use of uppercase and lowercase letters is one of the most difficult problems of modern Russian spelling. Constant change realities entails a change in the spelling of these letters. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly study new editions of reference books and dictionaries, which mandatory should reflect such innovations.

But despite this, there are basic principles for the use of uppercase and lowercase letters. They help you understand the writing of large and small letters, even if some word is not in the dictionary.

Rules for using capital letters

The following are written with a capital letter:

Rules for using lowercase letters

A lowercase letter is written if it is a component:

articles, prepositions, particles in Western European names and (Ludwig van Beethoven);
personal names that serve the purpose of ironic or negative evaluation (newly appeared Luzhins);
nouns formed from surnames and personal names (Oblomovism);
components of Turkic and Arabic names that indicate family relations or social status (al, zade, bek, aha);
names of units of measurement that were given by the name of the scientist (ampere);
words earth, moon, sun, which are not astronomical names;
adjectives containing a suffix -sk-, denoting belonging, formed from proper names (Chekhov's pages);
names of titles and positions (deputy minister, mayor);
abbreviations formed from common nouns (university - higher education institution).

Also, a lowercase letter is written in names:

geological eras and periods, archaeological cultures and eras (Mesozoic era);
positions and titles, international organizations, as well as the highest foreign elected institutions (Emperor of Japan, Major General, Ambassador);
plural authorities (ministries of Russia);
animal breeds (Keeshond dog);
institutions whose names are not proper names(school No. 592).

Principles of using lowercase and capital letters

Having studied the above rules, we can identify the basic principles on the basis of which lowercase and capital letters are used. So:

Isolating specific segments of sentences (text) is a syntactic principle.
Highlighting certain words in the text:

1) A lowercase letter is written in a capital one - in proper names - a morphological principle.

2) A capital letter is written in common nouns endowed with special symbolism or pathos (Man, Fatherland), in the names of holidays ( New Year, Victory Day) is a semantic principle.

3) A capital letter is used in abbreviations made up of the first letters.

It is necessary to distinguish

As already mentioned, a lowercase letter is written in adjectives that contain the suffix -sk-, denoting belonging and formed from proper names. That's why "Pushkin's prose" is written with a small letter. But with a suffix -sk-, having the meaning of a name in honor of someone's memory, are written with capital letters. For example, "Lomonosov Readings".

Word: lowercase and uppercase letters

Due to the rapid development information technologies, the Microsoft Office Word program has gained wide popularity, which is almost indispensable in work and educational process. But few people know how to make lowercase letters from uppercase letters and vice versa with one press of certain keys.

So let's write in capital letters the following text:

"LOWER LETTERS OF THE RUSSIAN ALPHABET".

Now you need to select the text and press the Shift and F3 keys simultaneously. After this we will have:

After pressing these key combinations again, we get the following:

"Lowcase Letters of the Russian Alphabet".

And to return to original text, you must press Shift+F3 again.

Match these lowercase and uppercase letters correctly B E m M e D L D n b N

Answers:

I did it, but my daughter says that they explained it differently