Children's gardener. Educator in pre-revolutionary Russia The first kindergartens appeared under the leadership of
Marina Grishina
The history of the kindergarten
History of kindergarten
The name itself « Kindergarten» was invented in 1837 by the teacher Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel. He also created an institution for games and activities for young children "in the city of Bad Blankenburg. Although this institution existed for only about two years. Name « Kindergarten» he came up with the idea that children are the flowers of life and gardeners should grow them.
In Russia, the first children's gardens were opened in the 60s. XIX century. They were private and expensive, so they were not available to ordinary people. First mentioned about kindergartens in 1859. (Helsingfors, now - the capital of Finland Helsinki). In Moscow, the first children's the garden was opened only in 1866 at the boarding house of the maidens Gerke.
First paid children's the garden was opened in Helsingfors in 1859 by Sedmigradsky, the second in St. Petersburg in 1863 by the wife of the professor of St. Petersburg University S. A. Lugebil, the third - in Helsingfors in 1863, the fourth - in St. Petersburg in 1863 by the editor of the journal “ Kindergarten A. S. Simonovich.
In the period from 1866 to 1870, several paid children's gardens by individuals in Irkutsk, Voronezh, Moscow, Smolensk, Tbilisi, St. Petersburg. In 1868-1869, four paid kindergarten owned by Mamontova, Levenshtern, Solovieva and Rimskaya-Korsakova. In 1893 in Moscow there were 7 paid private children's gardens for children of both sexes (35 girls and 21 boys). All of them were attached to educational institutions and were preparatory schools for very young children.
into data children's kindergartens were taken from 3 to 8 years old. There teachers worked with them, children played outdoor games. In addition, Simonovich began publishing a magazine « Kindergarten» about preschool education.
Modern Russian children's gardens are divided into four large groups: municipal, private (commercial, departmental and home (family). The quality and variety of services provided, the number of children in the group and the availability of special developmental programs depend on the type of kindergarten chosen. Let's talk in more detail about each of the possible options.
"Municipal"
Most of those reading this article childhood visited the municipal (state) kindergarten. Modern parents to choose this option are usually pushed by the following causes: low cost, proximity to home and the notorious human factor. Sometimes amazing people work in municipal kindergartens - cute and smiling teachers or heads full of creative energy, who attract people to the kindergarten. "customers".
Main cons: overcrowding (in groups there are often up to 25 or even 30 people, poor nutrition, lack of attention from educators.
"General Education Program" municipal gardens includes walks, physical education, drawing, music and modeling, less often - English and visits to the pool.
"Departmental"
The issue price is higher than in a municipal garden, but lower than in a private one. In addition to price, the lack of departmental garden may become inaccessible to children "from the side" (those whose parents have nothing to do with the curator organization).
There are fewer children in groups, the food is more varied. Since the programs and procedures of such kindergarten are determined by the enterprises and organizations in whose department it is located, it is advisable to familiarize yourself with them in advance. When enrolling a baby in a departmental kindergarten, check that he has a state certification and license.
"Private"
Such kindergartens have a lot of advantages - this is a small number of children in a group (usually about 10 people, and an attentive attitude towards them, and a variety of developmental programs, and a well-thought-out menu (moreover, the kids eat not from chipped plates from the times of the USSR, but from beautiful dishes). cheerful colors.) For each group "attached" pediatrician, speech therapist and psychologist.
For parents, the option is convenient, including the fact that private gardens are usually open until 21.00 (and some even around the clock).
There is no limit to perfection - some private kindergartens can offer pupils horseback riding, visiting the sauna and swimming pool, tennis courts, menus for young gourmets and individual ones for allergy sufferers, foreign language classes. Of course, for all this have to pay little money.
"Family"
Despite the fact that home children's gardens are an expensive pleasure, interest in them from parents is increasing. And this is not surprising, because in such a kindergarten the baby can be provided with maximum care and attention (in "group" usually there are no more than five people, take into account his individual characteristics and preferences (for example, the need for dietary nutrition).
If you decide to give preference to a family kindergarten, try to talk to one of the parents of the children who are already attending it. Also inspect the room in which the garden is located. (often this is a private apartment, which is equipped with a bedroom and a playroom).
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Educator in pre-revolutionary Russia
The teacher is a person which carries out upbringing growing person. If we consider this concept in a narrow professional sense, then educator- this is a certain official who carries out the tasks assigned to him by the regulations educational functions.
IN pre-revolutionary Russia the pedagogical works of Locke and Rousseau were highly valued. In their writings, these pundits invariably noted that educator the younger generation should enjoy a special status and respect in society. Wealthy families Russians hired educators for their children, usually from among the inhabitants of Western Europe. In honor were tutors and governesses from France, Germany, Sweden and Denmark. Less common were tutors from among the inhabitants of Foggy Albion.
It is known that the future great poet Russia Alexander Sergeevich Pushkino had three tutors. At the age of nine, he was invited as a pet educator French emigrant Count Montfort. Count Montfort was distinguished by refined manners and excellent aristocratic upbringing. Probably, memories distant childhood formed the basis of these Pushkin lines:
"We all learned a little
Something and somehow
So upbringing, God bless,
It's easy for us to shine"
A. S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin".
The second mentor of the young poet was the Jesuit Ruslo, who, however, did not stay long at the estate of Alexander's parents. The stern Jesuit was not satisfied with the spirit of freethinking that reigned in the Pushkin family. Soon he left at the invitation of the St. Petersburg boarding school, where he was taken as a Latin teacher. The third mentor was Monsieur Schedel. However, this Frenchman turned out to be a rogue and a swindler, and he was soon denied the house.
As can be seen from the example of A. S. Pushkin in pre-revolutionary Russia it's not easy to find a good one educator for a child, even for very wealthy families. And what about commoners? Children at best brought up illiterate grandmother or older brothers and sisters. Fathers and mothers, forced to earn their daily bread with hard work, did not have time for a full and comprehensive parenting.
Leading Russian teachers of the 19th century K. D. Ushinsky, A. S. Simonovich, E. I. Konradi in their works constantly pointed out the need to create an institute for children educators. In this they saw the guarantee of the full development of children. Leading educators wrote that caregivers must be comprehensively educated, must have progressive views and apply innovative methods everywhere upbringing and education of children. Particular attention was paid to preschool upbringing as the foundation for future human development. Prominent Russian thinker Vissarion Belinsky wrote that the initial upbringing should see in the child not an official, not a poet, not a craftsman, but a person who could subsequently be one or the other, without ceasing to be a person.
The teacher K. D. Ushinsky assigned a special role in parenting"kindergarten" as he called tutors. In his works, he described her only as “possessing a pedagogical talent, kind, meek, but at the same time with a strong character, who, out of passion, would devote herself to children of this age and, perhaps, studied everything that needs to be known in order to to keep them busy."
Future caregivers kindergartens attended all kinds of courses, where they listened to lectures by leading teachers of that time. The training courses focused on educator should not only feed the children, care for and look after them, but also be fluent in the methods, as well as the methods of teaching and developing the child. Exactly kindergarten teachers(which appeared in Russia in the second half of the 19th century) often became carriers of the most advanced pedagogical ideas of that time.
First educators kindergartens were women. Social portrait of them such is: a young woman from 18 to 25 years old, of the Orthodox faith, from commoners, as a rule, a graduate of a gymnasium or a student. Sometimes as educators were Germans who completed courses in Germany that were opened at Teacher's Women's Seminaries.
The foundation that was laid in pre-revolutionary Russia, turned out to be a solid foundation and starting point for the development of the institute educators preschool educational institutions of modern Russia.
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The phrase that “children are the flowers of life” is familiar to many. It can be said that it originated in the 19th century, when the first Kindergarten appeared in Germany - a “kindergarten” where kids could develop their skills under the supervision of kind and wise “gardeners”. At the origins of this idea was the teacher Friedrich Froebel. Soon his theory became popular in many countries, including Russia. Her followers at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries in the Russian Empire were called “frebelichkas”. Thanks to one of them, in 1863, the first kindergarten in the country was opened in St. Petersburg.
Active "frebelichka"
Adelaide Simonovich was 22 years old when she made a real revolution in the Russian system of raising children.
Adelaida Simonovich with her daughter, 1864 Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
She became interested in the theory of public preschool education during her trip to Switzerland. From an early age, the middle daughter of the Bergman couple, owners of a small shop of colonial goods, gravitated toward the sciences. She brilliantly passed the exam for the right to work as a home teacher, but this was not enough for her ardent, purposeful nature. He began to "rave" about university education. She could not realize her dream in Russia: in those years, "female persons were not allowed to attend university lectures." Then, together with her husband Yakov Simonovich, she went abroad, where more democratic rules prevailed in the field of education.
Young people were attracted by advanced ideas, they wanted to settle in Europe, where they could open their own “free school”, which emigrants could attend. But fate decreed otherwise.
One day, Adelaide got into a course of lectures that talked about the work of kindergartens in Geneva. They were organized according to the Froebel system, named after Friedrich Froebel. The teacher, famous in those years, was an ardent supporter of the idealistic German philosophy and believed that pedagogy should be based on its principles. In his opinion, the main task of preschool education is to nurture the development of the natural characteristics of the child, his self-disclosure. And to achieve this at the age of 3-4 years, the easiest way is through the game.
From theory, Froebel turned to business and in 1840 opened the first educational institution for preschool children in Blankenburg, calling it a "kindergarten". Speaking about the need for caring "cultivation" of the younger generation, he drew analogies with plants in the garden. Therefore, the cultivation of desirable social skills in children, in his opinion, should have been done by "gardeners". In fact, for the first time in history, he created an integral system of public preschool education, enriched with practical aids.
Kindergartens have taken a leading position in the system of preschool education in many countries. Photo: Public Domain
His "know-how" did not leave Adelaide and her husband indifferent: the Simonovichs decided to return to Russia in order to implement a bold experiment in those years and open a "kindergarten" in their homeland.
"A link between family and school"
The first kindergarten in Russia was paid, and wealthy parents could afford to give their child. The children were looked after by "gardeners" who, according to Adelaide, had to be "educated, energetic, strict, but not vindictive, exacting, but not picky." Comfortable conditions were created for the kids: there was a courtyard with a garden for games and activities, spacious halls and recreation.
During the games, children were shown the life of peasants, they were taught Russian folk art.
“Kindergarten is an educational institution for young children from three to seven years old without distinction of class, religion or sex. It is not an institution in which children only play among themselves, as at home, not directed by anyone; in the same way, it is not an institution in which there is only supervision over the behavior of children, so as not to be naughty, Adelaide wrote. - The purpose of the kindergarten is the physical, mental and consistently moral development of children. It thus supplements the insufficient (for many reasons) family education and at the same time prepares the child for entering school. Therefore, the kindergarten is a link between the family and the school.”
At the same time, she emphasized that there should be a strict line between the classes of the school and the kindergarten: “The school is seriously engaged in science, and the kindergarten, if you like, seriously in the game.”
“The school is seriously engaged in science, and the kindergarten, if you like, seriously in the game,” Adelaida Simonovich thought. Photo: Public Domain
Despite the popularity of the institution, funds for its maintenance were not enough. In 1869 it was closed.
The Simonovich family moved to the Caucasus, where in the early 70s they opened a kindergarten in Tiflis. Only in 1878 did they return to St. Petersburg.
First free
It is worth noting that the idea of Adelaide was soon picked up by representatives of the charitable Society of Cheap Apartments in St. Petersburg. In 1866, under their patronage, the so-called folk kindergarten for children of the lower strata of the population was opened, which was absolutely free.
There, children were introduced to the Holy Scriptures, taught to pray, draw and sculpt. A school also worked at the institution, there was a laundry and a kitchen and a sewing workshop for sewing children's underwear.
The maintenance of such institutions was quite costly and therefore they could not hold out for a long time without support. In addition, opponents of such establishments began to appear in the city. Among them were doctors who called kindergartens breeding grounds for diseases. They noted that in the gardens, the pupils become too nervous, as the "gardeners" rely on the mental development of the kids. In addition, small works have a bad effect on vision, and singing - on the voice.
At the beginning of the 20th century, only about 1,000 children in all of Russia attended kindergartens. Photo: Public Domain
As a result, historians note that the development of preschool institutions was extremely slow. As a result, at the beginning of the 20th century in all of Russia, only about 1,000 children attended kindergartens and so-called primary schools. This area is practically not funded. So, for example, in 1913, the state budget under the item “Educations with children of preschool age” provided for an average cost per preschool child in the amount of 1 kopeck per year.
Everything changed in 1917. Already in November, the official “Declaration on Preschool Education” was adopted, which guaranteed free education and upbringing of preschool children. In the autumn of 1917 there were already 280 kindergartens in Russia.
The emergence of kindergartens is associated with the name of the German teacher Friedrich Fröbel (1782-1852). In 1837, he organized the first educational and educational institution for preschool children, which he called a kindergarten (Kindergarten: Kinder - children, Garten - garden). “This last name has a double meaning: firstly, F[rebel] was of the opinion that a garden in which children could play and get acquainted with plant life constitutes a necessary accessory for such a school; secondly, it symbolically indicates the similarity of children with plants that require skillful and careful care ”(Brockhaus-Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1902, vol. 36a, 690). Such educational institutions for incoming children were called Frebel's kindergartens (P. Timoshenko "Essays on the Science of Education", 1866, I, 34).
Since 1866, the pedagogical magazine "Kindergarten" has been published in Russia. But for the name of the educational institution for preschoolers, a direct borrowing from the German language was also used. So, in a letter to N.A. Herzen N.A. Ogareva dated September 28, 1873, we read: “Volodya and Alyosha go to the kindergarten” (Ogarev archive, p. 94); N.A. Ogareva writes to her daughter Lisa on March 28, 1875: “Have you sent a book about Kindergarten to Mme Götz?” (ibid., p.167).
The teachers in such a kindergarten were Kindergärtnerinnen, literally - kindergarteners. But how to call them in Russian? The well-known Russian agrochemist and publicist A.N. Engelhardt. He writes about the family of a cattleman with many children: “I really like this “kindergarten”, where all the children are constantly busy, cheerful, never bored, not capricious, although in the “garden” there is no “Gärtnerin” that would be exhausted so that to occupy children with useless work ... ”(A.N. Engelhardt. From the village. First letter. 1872 - 1987, 51-52).
The literal translation of a kindergartener (or simply a gardener, if it was clear from the context that we are talking about a kindergarten) we regularly find in the pedagogical literature of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1880, a book was published in St. Petersburg
K.R. Schildbach "Children's gymnastics. A Guide for Parents, Teachers and Kindergarteners. The profession in question was from the very beginning female, although the Brockhaus-Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary mentions “institutions for the education and training of kindergarteners and gardeners” (vol. 36a, 691). The terminological phrase "children's gardener" has existed in the Russian language for more than half a century. We find him in the 20s of the twentieth century: “... an employee in charge of the improvement of workers: a doctor, a sister of mercy, a kindergartener, a sports leader, a librarian” (A.U. Zelenko “Modern America”, 1923, 67); “Specialists-preschoolers were needed, colleges began to open for the training of kindergarteners (so! -N.A.), pedagogical departments at second-level schools to train gardeners for more than 1000 kindergarteners” (N.N. Ilyin. “Pedagogical education abroad and with us”, 1927, p. 20). In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D.N. Ushakov (1940, vol. 4, p. 22), the word gardener also has the following interpretation:
“3. Educator, teacher in kindergarten (pedagogical slang)." The last mark implicitly contains an indication that such teachers were called something else in the general literary and colloquial language.
Yes, there was another name for them. Sun.V. Krestovsky in the novel "The Triumph of Baal" (1891-1895) writes: "I took lessons in the "kindergarten" from frebelichs." In a well-known memoir
I.G. Ehrenburg we read: “... the poetess Ada Chumachenko and young frebels worked with me” (I.G. Erenburg. People, years, life. 1962, 1, 336). This word also got into the dictionaries: “Frebelichka (pre-revolutionary). Educator of preschool children according to the method of the German teacher Froebel. / A student of courses that train such educators ”(Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D.N. Ushakov. Vol. 4, 1940, p. 1116). Now this word is completely out of use and few people know.
The place of the kindergartener and the frebelian was taken by the word educator. This word has existed in Russian for a long time. It has been noted in dictionaries since 1771. This is a feminine correlate of the noun educator, which has a fairly broad meaning. In the Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 18th century (vol. 4, p. 85), examples are given for the word educator, from which it is clear that we are talking about a governess: “And the whole trouble came from the fact that Evgenia’s tutor was a Frenchwoman!” ("Moscow Mercury", 1803). In "Memoirs" V.A. Sollogub (1860-1880) Princess Liven is named the tutor of the Grand Duchesses (1998, 49); she, of course, was not a governess, but the head of all the teachers who taught the royal daughters. In the novel
F.M. Dostoevsky's "The Brothers Karamazov" (1879-1880), the general's wife was named the teacher, to whom the orphan Sofya, the future mother of Alyosha and Ivan Karamazov, got as a pupil. All of these meanings are clear to the modern reader and do not require explanation. From them there was a quite natural transition to the meaning of "preschool teacher". The old meanings have not been completely lost by the language. Therefore, the official name of a teacher working with preschoolers is a kindergarten teacher.
If kindergarten is a literal translation of the German Kindergarten, then the word nursery is a semantic tracing paper of the French word crèche. 1. nursery, feeder in the barn; 2. nursery. The name of the children's institution for the smallest is based on the gospel certificate of the birth of Jesus Christ in a shelter for livestock: a newborn baby was placed on straw in a manger, that is, a feeder for animals - cows, sheep, horses. In modern Russian, the original meaning of the word nursery (feeding trough for livestock) has been almost completely lost; Even in “Hygiene” by J. Becquerel of 1852 (p. 25) we read: “There is only one Infant Orphanage in Russia, founded in 1847, namely the Infant Orphanage of Princess Baryatinsky; but this Shelter (or "Nursery", as such shelters are usually called in a literal translation from the French Crkches) ... can serve as a model ... ".
Natalia ARAPOVA, Ph.D. in Philology, Senior Research Fellow, Faculty of Philology, Moscow State University
ATTENTION!
Please do not forget that the plural noun nursery, when declined in all oblique cases, retains the stress on the first syllable: I have a child in the nursery; Starting from the current year, Sadaўm-yaўslam increased funding. Especially often errors in the declension of this word appear in the genitive:
The first collective teaching work with young children originated in Europe. An attempt to create an institution for working with children was made by R. Owen in 1802 in Scotland. But the very definition of "kindergarten" was introduced by Friedrich Froebel, a famous German teacher, who realized his brilliant idea, being in his 60th year of life.
Friedrich Fröbel
Froebel's acquaintance with the director of the educational school A.G. Gruner, a follower of Johann Pestolazzia, the founder of the system of developmental education of the child, gave birth to an extraordinary love for pedagogy in Friedrich.
Froebel devoted his whole life to studying this interesting science and improving his knowledge in it. The idealistic ideas of the teacher, formed under the influence of German philosophy, assumed the concept of self-development of a person, that is, his divine principle. According to the principles of Froebel, a child is naturally endowed with many talents that, with a skillful and competent approach, can and should be developed. So, the baby must necessarily receive preschool training in order to identify his exceptional individual natural data and begin to improve them. 
Children, according to Froebel, are God's plants, flowers, and the main task of the teacher, as a garden worker, is to grow them with special love. Hence the name of such an institution for educational work with children - "Kindergarten" - is translated as " kindergarten».
It was Friedrich Froebel who created the basic principles for the functioning of a kindergarten and developed a methodology for preparing children based on game theory. The creative interpretation of the idea of Johann Pestolazzi was successfully put into practice by the first founder of the kindergarten. 
Even the children of poor families could attend such a kindergarten. Children were fed 3 times a day and occupied with various developmental activities. But the fee set for staying in the garden was not enough to maintain such an institution; Friedrich paid all the teachers from his own pocket. The kindergarten closed two years later. But word of the experience spread around the world, and new institutions specializing in early childhood education began to spring up in various parts.
The first kindergartens opened in Russia after 30 years of Friedrich Fröbel's first experience. They appeared in the city of Semigradsky and in St. Petersburg. At that time, such institutions were paid and quite expensive; only people with significant financial resources could afford them. Children from 3 to 8 years old were admitted to children's institutions, experienced teachers worked with them, who, through game methods, developed the abilities of children and prepared them for entering school. 
During the rapid development of kindergartens, the magazine "Kindergarten" was published, the publisher of which was A.S. Simanovich is the founder of the fourth kindergarten in St. Petersburg. The magazine detailed the latest principles of work with children before school.
The first completely free kindergarten was opened in 1866 by a charitable organization, where children were taught drawing, macrame, popular handicraft techniques, prayers and many other things. Sewing production of children's clothing, a kitchen and a school were also organized here. Such an institution existed for a short time due to insufficient funding and soon closed, as happened with the Froebel kindergarten.
But a breakthrough in the field of preschool education began to bear fruit: thirty years later, many kindergartens began to appear in Russia for various segments of the population. Each parent could get a place for their child according to their financial capabilities. Since then, much attention has been paid to the education of teachers involved in the development of babies. Educators attended many courses on preschool topics and improved their skills in working with children. 
