Dystrophy of the big toe treatment. Beau-Reil's grooves - transverse grooves of nails, or transverse grooves (Beau's grooves or Beau-Reil's lines), arise due to the impact on the matrix of various factors, often endogenous

Beau's furrows (Beau-Reil's furrows or Beau-Reil's lines) are transverse stripes arising from the inhibition of the matrix (growth zone) of the nail. Bo lines are usually associated with metabolic disorders and can be a symptom of a number of diseases.

What does Bo's furrow look like?

Beau-Reil's furrow necessarily runs along the entire nail

This is an arcuate groove passing between the lateral ridges of the nail. The groove must be complete, otherwise we are talking about another pathology.

Sometimes the Beau-Reil line has a small ridge along its posterior edge, which is typical for deep furrows. The appearance of the Beau-Reil line, as a rule, is preceded by some kind of disease, nail injury or manicure.

The color of the furrow Bo never differs from the color of the rest of the nail, and the depth can reach 1 mm.

The dependence of the pathology on the degree of impact on the nail

The Beau-Reil line can be deep or superficial.

If the injury or metabolic defect is relatively minor, the Beau-Reil's sulcus (or sulci) is superficial. With severe metabolic disorders or gross trauma to the matrix, the furrow becomes deep, dividing the nail plate into two halves, followed by separation of the distal (distant) half. The distal part of the nail gradually turns white and falls away from the nail bed, because. her diet is severely impaired.

Several Beau-Reil furrows on one nail are far from uncommon.

By the depth of Bo's furrow, one can judge the severity of the underlying disease or damage to the matrix - the deeper, the worse.

It often happens that the condition that contributes to the appearance of transverse lines on the nails is delayed, then the Beau-Reil stripes alternate (it happens with chronic diseases), and as a result, the nail becomes wavy.

In some cases, on this basis (based on the growth rate of the nail), it is possible to assess the frequency and intervals between exacerbations of the condition that causes this symptom.

Bo's furrows are considered by dermatologists to be a type of onychodystrophy associated with a malfunction of the nail matrix for any reason.

Causes of deviation

They arise due to a wide variety of reasons, ranging from injuries received by a newborn when passing through the birth canal, showing up already at 3-4 weeks of life.

In general, in children, Bo's furrows are observed quite often after any severe infections, such as scarlet fever, diphtheria or typhoid.

Often, Bo's furrow accompanies skin diseases, especially in cases where the infection is located in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe nails and distal phalanges of the fingers (fungal infection, psoriasis, eczema).

Photo gallery: causes of pathology

Mechanical damage is a common cause of the appearance of the Beau-Reil line, since a local lesion of the nail matrix always leads to a growth disorder, which manifests itself in the form of a transverse furrow. Especially often, a transverse furrow appears during non-professional manicure, especially in the part that concerns the removal of the cuticle.

The appearance of Bo's furrows is noted after severe stress, past infections 2-3 weeks after the end of the acute period of the disease or a traumatic event. Beau-Reil's furrows are often observed after myocardial infarction, high fever, food poisoning, as well as in mentally ill people.

Treatment of Beau-Reil's furrows

Although the Beau-Reil furrow itself is not a disease and ideally will go away on its own with the growth of the nail, it is worth talking with a dermatologist

Of course, the Beau-Reil lines are not a disease - this is only a consequence of a malfunction of the nail matrix. It makes no sense to treat an already existing furrow - the nail will simply grow back and the defect will disappear.

In order to prevent such defects from occurring in the future, it is necessary to eliminate the cause that affected the matrix:

• We never visit a salon or a master, due to whose negligence a nail was damaged;
• We turn to a dermatologist at the place of residence in order to detect and treat the underlying disease.

It is important to remember that in many cases a dermatologist can only recommend a specialist who is competent in the treatment of the underlying pathology. For example, Bo's furrows often occur with diabetes, so you may be referred to an endocrinologist. Even more often - the problem is a violation of the general metabolism, for example, due to a violation of the absorption of certain substances in the small intestine - a consultation with a gastroenterologist and, a little later, a nutritionist, will be required. In some cases, consultation with an allergist, oncologist, endocrinologist and other related specialists will be required.

Do not shy away from additional analyzes and consultations - Bo's furrow is a warning that must be used. Quite often, this symptom precedes rather serious conditions, which can thus be diagnosed and prevented in time.

Nail dystrophy is a pathological process, the characteristic manifestations of which are a modification of the shape and structure of the plates or periungual ridges. The disease has a non-fungal origin, is diagnosed on average in 3-4% of the population. A variety of infections, disruption of the gastrointestinal tract, diseases of the circulatory system and heart can contribute to the development of dystrophy on the nails.

The main causes of the onset of the disease in adults

Dystrophy of the nail plate is a problem that can affect every person. Residents of cities are most affected by it. The formation of white spots, the fragility of nails, their delamination are symptoms of dystrophy, which has a large number of root causes and varieties. Localization of the disease can be observed on the arms and legs. The most common causes of nail dystrophy in adults include:

• poor environmental background, manifested in air pollution, poor quality of drinking water;
• avitaminosis - lack of vitamins due to malnutrition;
• injuries on the fingers, toes;
• eczema or psoriasis;
• diseases of a fungal nature that affect the horny tissue of the nails;
• weak immunity that occurs against the background of constant stress, inadequate rest, prolonged infectious diseases;
• disorders of the endocrine system;
• cardiovascular pathologies leading to circulatory disorders and, as a result, weakening the nail plate.

Why does nail dystrophy develop in children

The causes of such nail damage in adults and children are almost the same. Often this condition is due to low immunity, frequent chemical, traumatic effects on the nails. The appearance of longitudinal and transverse grooves on the nails may indicate a congenital pathology, skin diseases. The following causes of the formation of this disease in children are distinguished:

• improper care;
• trauma;
• malnutrition;
• transferred infectious diseases;
• chronic diseases of internal organs;
• psoriasis, dermatitis and eczema contribute to the formation of a secondary form of dystrophy.

The most common types of dystrophy of the nail plate

This pathology can be presented in various forms, each of which has its own characteristic features, and also requires a certain treatment. Only an experienced specialist can recognize the type of nail dystrophy. Based on this, he will prescribe an effective therapy. There are several types of pathology:

• median canal;
• furrow Bo;
• hapalochinia;
• onychorrhexis.

Median canal dystrophy

This type of dystrophy is characterized by the presence of a wavy surface on the nails, a transverse arcuate depression that looks like a groove or groove, the width of which is up to 4 mm. The plates resemble a forked washboard. Small erosion, peeling, scratching can form near the rollers. Such dystrophy is diagnosed in people experiencing permanent nervous and mental disorders. Therapeutic measures include psychological conversations, the use of sedative herbal medicines, tranquilizers.

Furrows Bo

This type of dystrophy is more common than others. With such a disease, a transverse groove forms on the nail. It crosses the surface of the nail plate from one lateral ridge to another. The Bo furrow is characterized by the presence of a slightly elevated ridge along one edge. Common causes of such a pathology are an inflammatory process, trauma to the nail roller, or skin damage during a manicure. The damaged area can be divided into two halves. As a result, contact between the free part of the nail bed and the plate is lost, but the growth of the nail continues.

Gapalonychia

This type of dystrophy is characterized by such manifestations as softening of the nail plate, thinness, layering and brittleness. The main reasons for the formation of hapalonychia are pathological processes in the internal organs. The treatment of such a disease is aimed, first of all, at stopping the cause, and then at eliminating the external signs that have arisen.

Onychorrhexis

The pathological process called "onychorrhexis" ranks second in the ranking of the most common diseases of the nail plate. It is characterized by the formation of a crack in the direction longitudinal from the free edge. The result of this process is the delamination of the nail, its fragility. In addition, air accumulates under the nail. It also serves as a frequent cause of the formation of onychorrhexis. The main factors in the development of such a pathology include:

• eczema;
• lichen;
• varicose veins;
• endocrine disorders;
• avitaminosis;
• cholelithiasis;
• fungal diseases.

How to treat nail dystrophy at home

Treatment of nail dystrophy on the hands and feet should be agreed with the doctor. He must take into account all the characteristics of the patient's body. The therapy of such a disease always has an integrated approach and is aimed at determining the cause of the pathology and its relief, regeneration of the trophism of the nail and tissues around it. It includes the use of ointments, drugs, alternative recipes or surgery.

Medical treatment

Therapy of dystrophic changes in the nail plates with the help of drugs involves the use of drugs of two groups: sedatives and drugs that block the sympathetic nervous system. Only she sends impulses to the sweat glands. Sweating plays a major role in the thermoregulation of the body. With frequent sweating, local swelling of the skin occurs, for example, around the fingers. The result of this process can be dystrophy of the nail plate.

Therapy of such a pathology should take place directly under the guidance of a doctor, because many of the available drugs have contraindications and side effects. The following medications will help eliminate all manifestations of dystrophy:

• Valerian, motherwort can be prescribed as a medicine, herbal preparations or homeopathic preparations.
• With the initial development of the disease, antiperspirants are used (drugs that are actively used to treat conditions associated with anxiety, bad mood, apathy, emotional overstrain, melancholy). Their action is aimed at narrowing the tubules through which sweat penetrates the skin. The result of such treatment of nails on the hands and feet is the normalization of sweating.
• Preparations of angioprotective (protecting blood vessels) action. They help to improve microcirculation in the tissues of the hands and feet. Effective drugs of this action are Detralex, Endotelon.

• Mineral and vitamin complexes to increase the content of vitamins B, A, E, sulfur, selenium, calcium in the body.

Folk remedies

Treatment of nail dystrophy may include alternative methods. They are used primarily as adjunctive therapy. Thanks to the local use of traditional medicine, it is possible to restore damaged nails in a short time, normalize the nutrition of the periungual tissues. Treatment of dystrophy of the nail plates with folk remedies includes the following recipes:

1. Iodine. Treat nails with 5% tincture of iodine 2 times a day. The duration of therapy is 10 days, then a break for 2 days, and then repeat the course again.
2. Propolis. Use 20% tincture for compresses at night. During application, avoid getting the product on the skin, otherwise it will cause a burn. The number of procedures is 2-3.
3. Baths. They have a good effect on the deformation of nails. For the preparation of baths, sea salt is used. A tablespoon of the substance is diluted in a glass of warm water, and then poured into a container and dipped into the solution for 10-15 minutes. After the procedure, they must be wiped with a soft towel and natural wax rubbed into the skin.

Photo of nail dystrophy on the hands and feet

Dystrophy of the nail plate in the photo below is a pathology that not only disrupts the growth and shape of the nails, but also spoils their appearance. Only the use of complex diagnostic and therapeutic measures will help restore the former beauty of the nails. But there are cases when the only way to eliminate the pathology is surgery. The following photos will help to better imagine the forms of this disease.

A person's nail can tell about the state of health. The disease of the nail plates is called "onychodystrophy".

So called trophic disorders in the tissues of the nails.

Pathology can proceed independently, and also be a consequence of another disease.

Dystrophic manifestations can be expressed in different ways. It is necessary to consult a specialist in order to know what onychodystrophy is and to determine what provoked such a change.

The disease can affect the nail plate, its bed, the nail fold. Destruction is caused by disturbances in their nutrition, failure of metabolic processes.

Pathology is both hereditary and acquired.

Treatment of onychodystrophy is individual, since nail disease is provoked by various causes. The disease is quite common. According to statistics, it is observed in one out of every five people.

Types of onychodystrophy and symptoms

Since the causes of the disease are varied, so are its manifestations. Onychodystrophy is divided into separate types, each of which has its own symptoms.

The main types are described below.

Furrow of Beau Rail (furrows of Bo)

It is a transverse groove that crosses the surface of the nail plates. Lines stretch from one side roller to another. This pathology is one of the most common.

According to the depth of Bo's furrows, the severity of damage to the nail matrices is assessed. With a weak lesion, the line is superficial, and in severe cases it is deep and can divide the thickness of the nail plate into two halves. Under such conditions, the removed part of the plate loses contact with the nail bed over time, turns white and separates.

With periodic damage to the matrix, several furrows appear. They are located one after another, creating a wavy surface.

Longitudinal furrows

As well as transverse, they can be single (mainly in the central part of the plate), as well as in large numbers. This is the main manifestation of the longitudinal furrows. In the second case, the entire surface of the nail is occupied by lines.

Onychodystrophy of nails in children is most often manifested by the two types described above (as a result of measles, viral diseases).

Brittle nails

Refers to a common type of dystrophy, occurs mostly in women. Most often, the free edge of the nail plate breaks.

The separation occurs completely or only the top layer is destroyed, leaving a torn, fringe-like edge.

Orihorexis

The nail splits in the longitudinal direction. This pathology appears mainly in the elderly.

Onychoshisis

Wedging of the nail occurs in a transverse manner. A feature of this type of dystrophy is the normal growth of the nail plate to the free edge. It is followed by splitting into two, three layers and more. The nail either breaks off or continues to grow in the form of several thinned plates.

Onycholysis

The whole nail plate loses contact with the bed. Rejection begins at the open edge and spreads over time towards the lunula of the nail. Usually no more than half of the nail plate is separated. The lagging part remains smooth, but already whitish-gray in color. An exception is onycholysis of fungal or bacterial origin, in which the plates are deformed and their color changes.

Onychomadesis

The whole nail plate is also separated, but rejection begins from the proximal nail - opposite to the free edge. This type of onychodystrophy is much less common than the previous one. It is pronounced, may be accompanied by inflammatory and painful reactions. The thumbs and toes are more likely to be rejected.

It is manifested by the appearance of small dents on the surface of the nail plate, like a thimble. The number of holes varies widely. Their depth can be insignificant (for example, with eczema) or deep (syphilis, psoriasis).

Koilonychia

An impression is formed like a saucer, spoon or bowl. The nail plate, as a rule, remains smooth, of standard thickness. The cavity mainly appears on the 2nd and 3rd fingers of the hands.

Senile nails

The nail becomes dull, becomes grayish or yellowish. Longitudinal furrows appear; with age, their number and depth increase.

Onychogryphosis

Nails thicken significantly, hypertrophy, bend and become excessively hard. The color of the nail plate changes to yellow, dirty brown or almost black. The individual nail plates of the feet are mainly affected.

The disease is characterized by a change in the shape of the nail plate, which becomes domed, and its hardness is often lost. The tips of the fingers become rounded, over time they take on the appearance of drumsticks.

Causes

Onychodystrophy causes malnutrition at the cellular level. As a result, the nail grows incorrectly. The most common causes of pathology include the following:

• consequences of skin diseases (psoriasis, eczema, etc.);
• vitamin deficiency and lack of minerals (vitamins A, B2, minerals - sulfur and calcium are of particular importance);
• cardiovascular diseases;
• diseases of the respiratory system, liver, gallbladder;
• disorders in the endocrine system;
• serious injuries of a mental and emotional nature;
• mechanical and chemical damage to nails;
• intoxication of the body;
• hereditary pathologies;
• infectious diseases (especially bacterial and fungal nature).

It is possible to predict the occurrence of onychodystrophy in patients suffering from tuberculosis. Hippocratic nails were considered its characteristic symptom before the advent of more modern diagnostic methods.

Pregnant women also fall into the risk group, in whom the lack of nutrition of the nail plates occurs as a result of hormonal changes in the body with the priority of giving nutrients to the unborn child.

Nails can become sore as a result of injury to the fingers. But besides this, they are severely damaged by chemically active substances used in manicure and pedicure. This is worth remembering for girls using acetone, xylene, varnishes based on organic solvents.

In half of the cases, the “culprit” of the pathology is nail fungus. Significantly increases the likelihood of damage after infectious diseases.

Diagnostics

Examination of the nail plates and taking a general history will allow an experienced dermatologist to make the correct diagnosis. Usually, scraping of the nail tissue is done for fungi, since they are the most common provocateurs of the disease. If the fungal nature of the pathology is confirmed, it would be useful to consult a mycologist.

Diagnostics also includes methods such as:

• confocal microscopy;
• dermatoscopy;
• blood test for alkaline phosphatase activity.

Since onychodystrophy can cause pathologies of various organs, effective treatment is possible only after identifying the root cause.

Treatment of the disease

Delay in seeking medical help will negatively affect the course of the disease. Masking the unsightly appearance of nails with the help of varnishes is especially dangerous. With the lack of the ability of the nail to "breathe", the destructive processes only get worse.

Self-treatment without consulting a specialist is also a bad decision. Incorrect determination of the causes, incorrect dosage and selection of therapeutic drugs will complicate the situation.

Treatment of onychodystrophy must be carried out in a complex manner, taking into account the characteristics of the patient's body. Therapy should be aimed at eliminating the cause of the pathology, restoring metabolic processes in the nail itself and its surrounding tissues.

Therefore, all activities are carried out only after consultation with a qualified doctor. Even such difficult cases as onychomadesis respond with a favorable outcome to treatment started in a timely manner.

To ensure the supply of nutrients, drugs are used that improve capillary circulation and increase the strength of blood vessels. In parallel, physiotherapy and massages are prescribed.

Ensuring proper nutrition of the nails is facilitated by the intake of vitamins with minerals, amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids. For the same purpose, the patient is prescribed a special diet. The use of pure edible gelatin is effective. The appointment of general strengthening and strengthening the immune system is also practiced.

Onychodystrophy of the nails requires, among other things, local treatment. It includes a number of procedures in the form of:

1. Hot baths with additives and sea salt and essential oils.
2. Applications of warm wax, paraffin, ozocerite, therapeutic mud (they are applied in such a way as to cover the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe roller and nail plate, as well as the skin around).
3. Iontophoresis.
4. Diathema.
5. Phonophoresis.
6. The use of keratolic patches to remove dead areas and layers of damaged nail plates.
7. Ointment with nutrients (vitamins, minerals).

In the case of emotional disorders, the main treatment is the use of drugs that calm the nervous system, conducting psychological conversations.

One of the physiotherapeutic methods is hardware medical manicure. It contributes to the best passage of medicinal substances.

If the disease is fungal in nature, the attending physician selects antimycotic drugs.

Most often it is a cream or ointment. The most effective way to eliminate fungi in the nail area is considered to be a course of laser therapy.

Treatment is also practiced with the following folk remedies:

• iodine solution, currant or cranberry juice is rubbed into the nail plate daily;
• compresses are made with kombucha (it is applied with thin plates, which are wrapped in cellophane for fixation, in the morning the nails are washed and iodine is applied);
• the fingertips are immersed in melted wax, then cotton-based gloves are put on (it is advisable to carry out the procedure before going to bed).

Prevention

To prevent the occurrence of onychodystrophy, it is necessary to exclude its root causes. It is necessary to protect the nail plates from injuries, the aggressive effects of cosmetics, household chemicals. Avoid stressful situations.

A balanced diet will help protect against nail pathology. For prevention, you need to take complexes of vitamins and minerals.

Since nail plate dystrophy is often associated with diseases of the internal organs, their treatment will prevent its development.

It is unacceptable to hide emerging nail defects under varnish. It is important for children to instill the rules of personal hygiene in time.

For citation: Tsykin A.A., Sirmais N.S. Onychodystrophy: clinic, diagnosis, treatment // BC. 2015. No. 9. S. 508

Onychodystrophies are trophic disorders that occur in the nail apparatus under the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors. Deformation of the nail plates is often part of the symptom complex of diseases of the internal organs, which can be important in making a general diagnosis.

Onychodystrophies are trophic disorders that occur in the nail apparatus under the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors. Deformation of the nail plates is often part of the symptom complex of diseases of the internal organs, which can be important in making a general diagnosis. Also, onychopathy can be both independent diseases and manifestations of skin pathology. According to some changes in the nail, many serious diseases can be suspected, and by prescribing an additional examination, these diseases can be detected at an early stage of their development. Changes in the nail plates occur primarily due to trophic disorders of various origins. Onychodystrophy accounts for approximately 50% of nail pathology, the remaining 50% is due to onychomycosis. Today, there are problems both in the diagnosis and in the treatment of onychopathy. Cases of unjustified prescription of systemic antifungal drugs to patients with one or another dystrophy of the nail apparatus have become more frequent due to the detection of conditionally pathogenic flora and contaminant fungi in the affected nail plates. Differential diagnostic algorithms have not been developed and, as a result, there are problems in therapy.

The structure of the nail apparatus

The nail apparatus consists of:

• nail plate;
• nail matrix and bed;
• accumulations of blood vessels and nerve fibers;
• skin rollers.

The nail plate is a dense horny structure consisting of keratin protein, lipids, minerals and water. Ultimately, the nail plate is a product of onychogenesis that occurs in the matrix and nail bed. This process resembles the keratinization of the epidermis. Specific cells that are in the matrix and the nail bed are constantly divided into maternal and daughter cells, which, separating, actually turns into the nail plate, having undergone a series of biochemical transformations. These cells are called onychoblasts. It should be noted that the larger of these cells are located in the matrix zone, and the smaller ones - in the nail bed. Due to large cells, the nail grows in length, due to small cells - in thickness. Cell division occurs constantly as a result of neurotrophic processes, therefore, in the nail matrix and bed there is a large number of nerve fibers and blood vessels that feed the onychoblasts. Skin rollers are in direct contact with the nail plate and are often involved in the pathological processes of the nail apparatus. On the posterior skin roller there is a thin skin - eponychium, which performs an important function in protecting the largest onychoblasts, so injuries to this zone often lead to serious deformations of the nail plates.

All diseases of the nails are usually called onychosis, onychia or onychopathy. With the pathology of the nails, there are three symptoms:

• onychodystrophy;
• change in the shape and size of nails;
• discoloration or pigmentation of the nail plates.

The term "onychodystrophy" is used both in the meaning of a symptom of the disease, and as a separate nosological unit. According to ICD-10, nail diseases are classified as follows:

L60.0. Ingrown nail.

L60.1. Onycholysis.

L60.2. Onychogryphosis.

L60.3. Nail dystrophy.

L60.4. Bo lines.

L60.5. Yellow nail syndrome.

L60.8. Other diseases of the nails.

L60.9. Disease of the nail, unspecified.

The domestic classification reflects the factors that determine the development of destructive changes in the nail plates:

• infectious diseases of the nails (fungal, bacterial);
• onychia and paronychia in skin diseases (psoriasis, lichen planus, eczema, neurodermatitis, alopecia, pemphigus, etc.);
• nail lesions in internal, infectious, neuropsychiatric, endocrine and other general diseases;
• traumatic and professional onychia and paronychia;
• neoplasms of the nail apparatus;
• congenital, hereditary onychia.

Clinical manifestations of onychodystrophy

Hippocratic nails - a form of hypertrophic lesion in which the nails are somewhat thickened, deformed, often combined with fingers in the form of drumsticks. This symptom was first described by Hippocrates in the 1st century BC. e. in patients with pleural empyema. The expansion of the terminal phalanges of the fingers is clinically noted, they increase in size, become wide, convex, rounded, and the nails acquire a domed or hour glass shape, retain a shiny surface and normal color, but their elasticity often changes, they become softer (Fig. 1 ). The curvature of the nail plate is enhanced in the transverse, longitudinal, anteroposterior directions, sometimes the free edge of the nail is somewhat curved downwards. The posterior and lateral nail folds usually have a bluish, stagnant color.

It was previously believed that fingers in the form of drumsticks are a characteristic symptom of skin tuberculosis. Today, this kind of dystrophy is often found in emphysema, bronchial asthma, tumor processes in the lungs, and cardiovascular pathology. It is also observed in patients with leukemia, ulcerative colitis, with neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as with venous congestion in the extremities. It is believed that in 10% of cases this deformation is a variant of the norm and is inherited.

Onycholysis (onycholysis) is a type of nail onychodystrophy often encountered in practice, which is characterized by a violation of the connection of the nail plate with the nail bed while maintaining the integrity of the latter. It is, therefore, not about the dissolution or melting of the nail, but only about its inability to adhere to the nail bed. For the first time this type of dystrophy was described by Geller in 1910.

Separation of the nail plate from the bed begins with the free distal edge and gradually progresses towards the proximal edge to the area of ​​the lunula of the nail. In most cases, the part of the nail separated from the bed is no more than half the length of the entire nail plate; the entire nail is relatively rarely separated. The part of the plate separated from the nail bed usually retains a normal consistency, a smooth surface, but acquires a whitish-grayish color. The exception is cases of onycholysis of fungal and bacterial etiology, when the nail plate can be deformed, its surface becomes uneven, and the color changes (Fig. 2).

Depending on the size of the separated part of the nail, onycholysis is divided into partial and total. Onycholysis develops in systemic diseases, endocrine disorders (Fig. 3), many skin diseases, due to injuries.

Koilonychia (koilonychias; Greek koilos - hollow nail) is characterized by the formation of a more or less deep saucer-shaped depression on the surface of the nail plate. The nail plate with true koilonychia usually remains smooth, of normal thickness, with the gradual formation of a saucer-shaped, spoon-shaped or cup-shaped depression in the central part (Fig. 4). If you place a drop of water in this zone, it does not flow out.

Koilonychia usually develops on the nails of the hands, most commonly on the 2nd and 3rd toes, and is very rare on the toenails. More often, several nail plates are affected, but sometimes all nails are involved in the pathological process. Koilonychia can be congenital or acquired. This symptom is observed with iron deficiency anemia, peripheral circulatory disorders such as Raynaud's syndrome, severe infections, prolonged exposure to alkalis and acids. We observed koilonychia in rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis.

Onychogryphosis - a sharp thickening, hypertrophy of a curved nail. Onychogryphosis usually affects single nail plates, mainly on the big toes.

Changes in the nail with onychogryphosis consist in its sharp hypertrophy, changes in texture, color, direction of growth. The nail becomes convex, grows first upwards, then begins to lengthen beyond the top of the finger, bends, bends like a bird's beak, hence the name. Sometimes the deformed nail takes the form of a horn or twists in the form of a spiral so that the length in advanced cases can reach 6–8 cm or more. The surface of the nail is usually uneven, rough, often bumpy, sometimes it can be smooth. The nail plate acquires a dirty yellow, brown, often almost black color; becomes very dense, like the horns of animals. Often, with severe onychogryphosis, bedsores of soft tissues are observed (Fig. 5).

In the pathogenesis of onychogryphosis, a large role is played by various mechanical, physical, chemical injuries, as well as biological factors. In such cases, we are talking about constant chronic irritation, to which the nail bed and nail matrix react with excessive formation of rapidly keratinizing onychoblasts.

This type of onychodystrophy is much more common in elderly and senile people. A certain value in the formation of deformation of the finger and onychogryphosis has flat feet. Circulatory disorders in the extremities due to frostbite of the fingers can also lead to onychogryphosis. It is known that a sharp hypertrophy and deformation of the nails, especially toes, by the type of onychogryphosis is often found in onychomycosis.

Scleronychia is characterized by a special hardness of the nail plate. In this case, we are talking about acquired onychodystrophy - a peculiar type of nail hypertrophy. The clinical picture consists of thickening of the nail plates, complete loss of elasticity and separation of the nail plate from the bed by the type of onycholysis. In this case, the nails become yellowish or brown, the hole disappears. The transverse axis of the nail becomes curved, while the longitudinal axis becomes only slightly arched. Nail growth is sharply slowed down, the nail skin disappears. The process usually begins on all fingers at the same time and lasts from several months to many years with a tendency to self-heal. It is often observed in people who have been treated for a long time for onychomycosis of the feet with the use of various keratolytics.

Transverse sulcus of the nail (Bo's sulcus, Beau-Reil's sulcus). A transverse, or rather arcuate, groove that crosses the surface of the nail plate from one lateral ridge to another is one of the most common types of nail dystrophy. A transverse furrow, sometimes with a slightly raised scallop along its posterior edge, appears on the surface of the nail plate after inflammation or injury to the posterior nail fold, or after damage to the nail skin during manicure. The appearance of furrows is associated with eczema, psoriasis, especially if the rashes are localized on the back surface of the hands. Furrows Bo can occur after 1-2 weeks. after neuropsychiatric, infectious or systemic diseases, in which the function and nutrition of the nail matrix are impaired. At this moment, the process of division stops in onychoblasts, as a result of which the nail plate becomes thinner and an impression in the form of a furrow appears on the surface of the nail. The appearance of Bo's furrow in children who have had measles, scarlet fever and other childhood infections has been described. With a minor injury, Bo's furrow is mostly superficial, but with severe damage to the nail matrix, it can be deep, dividing the entire thickness of the nail into two halves. In such cases, the distal part of the nail plate gradually loses contact with the nail bed, while the proximal part of the nail continues its normal growth. Thus, according to the depth of Bo's furrow, one can judge the severity of damage to the nail matrix.

If the matrix lesion is repeated at short time intervals, then several transverse furrows appear, located sequentially, one after the other, as a result of which the surface of the nail plate becomes wavy (Fig. 6). Knowing the growth rate of the nail (about 1–2 mm per month, depending on age), it is possible to determine the time of the disease by the distance from the nail fold to the Bo line.

Onychomadesis (onychomadesis; onycho + Greek madesis - baldness) is a relatively rare type of onychodystrophy, which is characterized by separation from the bed of the entire nail plate not from the free edge, as in onycholysis, but from the proximal section. Unlike slowly progressive onycholysis, onychomadesis usually develops in a short time. Onychomadesis of the nails of the hands and feet occurs on one, several, and occasionally on all fingers. Predominantly the nails on the thumbs are rejected.

The process of separation of the nail plate from the matrix depends on the nature of the disease and can be acute, with inflammation, accompanied by pain and a visible inflammatory reaction, or without subjective sensations. Onychomadesis can occur after a severe injury to the nail phalanx of the finger. Cases of relatively rapid rejection of the nail with rapidly flowing paronychia with onychia caused by fungi of the genus Candida or pathogenic bacteria (streptostaphylococcal flora) are described (Fig. 7). Onychomadesis can be observed with scarlet fever (during the period of active peeling of the skin of the hands), rotavirus infection, severe alopecia areata, psoriasis. In some cases, the mechanism of onychomadesis remains unclear, although the cause is usually associated with impaired blood circulation and pathology of the nail matrix. When the matrix function is restored, a new, healthy nail plate grows.

Longitudinal grooves of the nail. The formation of longitudinal furrows occurs with violations of the peripheral circulation, traumatic damage to the matrix or bed of the nail, nerve endings in the phalanges of the fingers, as well as with lichen planus, psoriasis, gout, chronic rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic diseases.

Furrows on the nail plates can be single, located mainly in the central part of the plate, or multiple, occupying the entire surface of the nail. Cases of the formation of two furrows along the lateral edges of the nail are described in case of arterial hypertension, coronary insufficiency, diseases of the spinal cord; while the central part of the nail plate becomes wider and somewhat flattened with two narrow zones on the sides. Longitudinal lines and furrows may not be continuous, but may consist of several components, resembling beads made of beads - a symptom of beads. We observed such symptoms in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and HIV infection.

The Mi lines are transverse white stripes, less deep than the Bo lines, but of the same origin. They are observed in patients with various forms of polymorphic dermal angiitis, with periarteritis nodosa, vibration disease. Usually the stripes capture only part of the nail plate and do not last long.

Median canaliform nail dystrophy. This type of onychodystrophy has a polyetiological character and a polymorphic clinical picture. More often there is a deep channel-like furrow 4–5 mm wide in the central part of the nail plate, originating at the root of the nail, gradually moving towards the free edge and dividing it into two equal parts. This dystrophy is characterized by a herringbone symptom - strips that resemble the branches of a Christmas tree depart from the central crack at an angle. There is a localization of the furrow on the lateral parts of the nail plate. The nail plates of the first fingers of the hands are more often affected, less often - all the rest. Cases of the development of this pathology in members of the same family are described.

Onychorrhexis (onychorrhexis; onycho + Greek rhexis - breaking) - splitting of the nail plate in the longitudinal direction. At the bottom of the groove of the nail, especially deep, even with minor and rarely recurring injuries, a crack is easily formed. First, the groove splits at the free edge of the nail, then the crack increases in length towards the nail matrix. Onychorrhexis is often combined with thimble dystrophy, onycholysis in eczema, psoriasis, and is especially pronounced in lichen planus. The development of onychorrhexis can also be caused by constant contact with alkali solutions, formaldehyde, weak acids and other active chemicals that dry out the nail plate.

Onychoschisis (onychoschizis; onycho + Greek schisis - splitting) - nail dystrophy in the form of their splitting in the transverse direction, parallel to the free edge of the nail. In this case, the nail grows normally to the free edge, after which it begins to split (2-3 layers or more), breaks off or continues to grow in the form of 2-3 very thin plates lying one on top of the other. Inflammatory phenomena of soft tissues are absent.

The nails of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th fingers are most often affected. If the nails are cut short, they acquire a normal appearance, but their regrown free edge delaminates again.

In the pathogenesis of onychoshisis, the main role belongs to the effects of chemicals and detergents. This type of onychodystrophy occurs mainly in women who often do manicures using various varnishes and acetone to remove them.

Trachyonychia (trachyonychia) - a kind of onychodystrophy, in which the nail plate becomes dull, rough, can peel off with small thin scales. Trachonychia is rarely observed in patients with eczema, especially in the presence of a large number of pinpoint impressions on the surface of the nails.

Violation of nail pigmentation

Nail color changes range from white (leukonychia) and light yellow, orange, brown to red, blue, green and black. Leukonychia (leuconychia) is one of the most common types of dystrophic disorders and pigmentation disorders of the nails, mainly on the hands, rarely on the legs. This term refers to the presence in the thickness of the nail plate of white areas of different sizes and shapes.

There are the following clinical forms of leukonychia:

• dotted, spotted in the form of small, sometimes dotted white spots of various sizes and shapes;
• strip-like in the form of strips: one wide transverse strip or several narrow ones located transversely with respect to the long axis of the nail;
• total, characterized by whitening of the entire nail plate;
• partial, subtotal, in which only part of the nail plate becomes white.

On the same nail plate, both spotted (dotted) and strip-like forms of leukonychia can be present at the same time. With dotted and strip-like leukonychia, spots and stripes gradually move towards the free edge with the growth of the nail and disappear, almost without changing in size. With total and subtotal leukonychia, the clinical picture remains constant and stable. Total leukonychia develops mostly in early childhood, while the nails lose their normal color, starting from the hole. All clinical forms of leukonychia, except for spotted, can occur after severe illness, neuritis, poisoning, including arsenic, as well as after measles, scarlet fever, dysentery, etc. .

Mürke's lines are two white stripes on the nail, parallel to the alveolus. They are clearly visible against a pink background and do not move as the nail grows. Mürke's lines are a sign of hypoalbuminemia; after normalization of the level of serum albumin, they disappear. Especially often they are observed in nephrotic syndrome. The reason for the appearance is not known.

Terry's sign and two-tone nail. Terry's symptom: the proximal two-thirds of the nail is white, the distal third is pink. The symptom is quite rare, mainly with heart failure and cirrhosis of the liver, accompanied by hypoalbuminemia. Two-tone nail: The pink or brown distal half is sharply separated from the milky white proximal half of the nail. The moon is not visible. A two-colored nail is found in 10% of patients with uremia. The severity of the symptom does not depend on the severity of renal failure. Some experts consider both symptoms to be manifestations of the same pathology.

Hyperpigmentation. Discoloration of the nails may be due to the accumulation of melanin, hemosiderin and other pigments. The entire nail plate or part of it (in the form of longitudinal and transverse spots and stripes) can be pigmented. The color of the nails can change due to various causes of exogenous and endogenous nature. Hyperpigmentation of the nail plate occurs with primary adrenal insufficiency, hemochromatosis, treatment with gold preparations, arsenic poisoning. The most important causes of brown nails in Caucasians are primary adrenal insufficiency and Nelson's syndrome. In whites, a single dark streak is usually a pigmented nevus, and if the streak involves the posterior nail fold, melanoma may be suspected. With subungual melanoma, black-brown coloration of the posterior and lateral nail ridges, matrix, the entire nail bed and the nail plate is possible. The moon is not visible. The nail is gradually destroyed.

When the fungus Trichophyton is affected, the nails become dirty gray, with some trichophytosis - yellow or ocher yellow. Many mold fungi, penetrating into the nail plate, can stain it black, yellow, dark gray, brown. When the nail plate is infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the nail may turn green - a symptom of green nails.

Yellow nail syndrome. The syndrome includes a triad of signs: dystrophy and yellow coloration of the nails; pathology of the lymphatic system (aplasia, lymphangiectasia, lymphedema, lymphangitis) and any disease of the internal organs (usually the respiratory system, malignant neoplasms).

Pigmentation of the nails as a result of exposure to drugs is quite common. Tetracycline antibiotics can cause brownish discoloration and onycholysis of the fingernails. Long-term use of phenolphthalein preparations can cause bluish or blue stripes on the nail bed and dark blue pigmentation in the area of ​​the nail holes. Silver preparations cause argyria - a bluish-gray color of the nail bed. Resorcinol when applied externally can cause yellow, orange or orange-red coloration of the nails. Sometimes persistent nail coloration occurs after using low-quality varnishes (Fig. 8).

Longitudinal subungual hemorrhages. Multiple hemorrhages in the form of brown or red thin stripes most often occur after injury and are localized in the distal nail bed. Another cause is infective endocarditis, in which case the center of the nail bed is usually affected.

Therapy of onychodystrophies

Of course, in the treatment of onychodystrophy, many difficulties arise. They are associated with many factors. Firstly, it is not always possible to find the cause of the disease, and secondly, the nail plates grow slowly and the treatment is usually very long, which significantly reduces compliance. Many patients drop out of treatment in the early stages, without waiting for the effect. Therefore, before starting therapy, it is necessary to convince the patient of the need for long-term treatment, because the nails on the hands grow completely on average in 6 months, on the legs - in 9. The treatment of the nail plates, like the skin, is carried out according to the standard scheme:

• general mode;
• diet;
• general therapy;
• local treatment;
• physiotherapy;
• Spa treatment.

In general mode, it is recommended to limit contact with detergents, alkalis, acids, varnishes and nail polish removers. With frequent contact with water and detergents, the use of rubber gloves with a cotton base is mandatory. It is necessary to give explanatory recommendations on the correct processing of the nail plates and eponychium. The diet welcomes fresh vegetables and fruits, protein products of plant and animal origin, boiled meat, fish, nuts. It is useful to take products containing gelatin - jelly, jellied fish, etc.

General therapy plays an important role in the treatment of nail pathology. After all, all biological processes, nutrition and reproduction of onychoblasts take place under the nail plate in the matrix and nail bed. The main task of therapy is to influence precisely these zones, the pathological processes that occur in them. External preparations penetrate the nail plate very poorly and, as a rule, do not reach the growth zone. In the general therapy of onychodystrophy, drugs of different pharmacological groups are used. Depending on the causes, these may be vascular antihistamines. In severe types of dystrophies, quinoline drugs, systemic corticosteroids, aromatic retinoids, and even cytostatics may be prescribed.

But the basic therapy for all onychodystrophies is the so-called "nail plate growth accelerators" - combined vitamin-mineral complexes that make onychoblasts divide with greater intensity. The group of such drugs includes Perfectil and Perfectil Plus. Perfectil has long proven itself in the treatment of onychodystrophies. This is a combination drug, the action of which is due to its constituent vitamins, minerals and plant extracts. The complex of vitamins of group B improves blood circulation in the nail bed, thereby improving the trophism of onychoblasts. Biotin, which is part of the preparation, is a biological source of sulfur in the body, participates in the synthesis of collagen and, together with L-cystine, strengthens the nail plate. The mineral complex containing iron, selenium, magnesium and other elements improves the cosmetic appearance of the nail plates. The drug can be used as a monotherapy for onychodystrophies, such as onychoshisis, Bo line, marginal onycholysis. So, in combination with other drugs in the treatment of various types of onychodystrophy, this will contribute to a more rapid relief of the main symptoms. It should be noted that the nail plate grows slowly, so you need to take the drug for long courses. The composition of the drug Perfectil allows you to use it not only in the treatment of onychodystrophy, but also in the complex treatment of many dermatoses, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis without the acute stage, xerosis, seborrheic dermatitis, hair diseases. Perfectil Plus, in addition to Perfectil tablets, also contains nutridermal capsules containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which moisturize the skin from the inside and provide an optimal level of hydration and protection. Lycopene and lutein, having antioxidant properties, prevent premature photoaging. In addition, coenzyme Q10, which is part of the preparation, is involved in the nutrition of skin cells and maintains a normal metabolism in them. Thus, the combined preparation Perfectil Plus can be used in cosmetology practice.

In the external therapy of onychodystrophy, nourishing ointments and oils are used. Ointments, as a rule, are applied to the skin of the posterior skin roller, it is possible to apply under occlusion. Oils are rubbed into the nail plate. It should be remembered that the nail changed due to the dystrophic process is a good environment for contamination of saprophytic bacterial or fungal flora. Therefore, antibacterial and antifungal solutions are often used in the complex of external therapy. In inflammatory processes, severe types of onychodystrophy (nail psoriasis, onychorrhexis), corticosteroid ointments are externally prescribed. Physiotherapy is also widely used in the treatment of onychodystrophy: UVR, PUVA therapy, electrophoresis, acupuncture.

In conclusion, it should be noted that trophic disorders of the nail apparatus require a more in-depth study using new methods - dermatoscopy, confocal microscopy, angiography, and others. This will contribute to a more accurate diagnosis, will allow at an earlier stage to identify the cause of the trophic disorder. Treatment of onychodystrophy varies greatly depending on the type and cause that caused it. In some cases, you can limit yourself to prescribing only vitamin-mineral complexes, while in others you have to use drugs that have a lot of side effects. One of the main tasks of the clinician is to identify at an early stage those types of dystrophies that are combined with the pathology of internal organs, and refer such patients for consultations to related specialists, because in many cases onychodystrophy can be the first manifestations of systemic pathology.

Literature

1. Baran R., Dawber R.P.R. Diseases of the Nails and their Management. London: Blackwell Science, 2011.
2. Ivanov O.L., Lomonosov K.M., Tsykin A.A. Damage to the nails (onychosis) in the practice of an internist // Therapeutic archive. 2007. V. 79. No. 1. S. 77-80.
3. Akhtyamov S.N., Butov Yu.S. Practical dermatocosmetology: a textbook. M.: Medicine, 2003.
4. Sheklakov N.D. Diseases of the nails. Moscow: Medicine, 1975.
5. Yakovlev A.B., Sukolin G.I. Onychodystrophy (lecture) // Ros. magazine leather and veins. Bol. 2005. No. 4. S. 53-59.
6. Korsunskaya I.M., Yakovleva A.B., Dvoryakova E.V. Onychodystrophy. M.: RMAPO, 2003.
7. Antonov V.B., Raznatovsky K.I., Medvedeva T.V. All about nails: prevention and treatment of fungal diseases. St. Petersburg: Dialect, 2004.
8. Fitzpatrick T. et al. Dermatology: an atlas reference book. Moscow: Practice, 1999.

It is impossible to have beautiful hands if there are problems with nails. Nail dystrophy is not an extraordinary phenomenon, it appears as a pathological process, which is accompanied by a modification of the shape and structure of the nail plates or periungual ridges. Pathology is non-fungal, found on average in 5% of the population. Medicine identifies many reasons. These include infectious diseases, disruption of the gastrointestinal tract, malfunctions of the circulatory system, etc.

Causes of nail dystrophy

Dystrophy of the nail plate in adults is most often diagnosed in residents of large cities. White spots on the nails, their increased fragility and fragility, delamination are the first "bells" of the disease, which is characterized by a large number of root causes, has various varieties. The problem is observed both on the hands and on the lower extremities.

The etiology is due to the following factors and circumstances:

• Poor ecological situation, expressed in excessive gas contamination of the airspace, poor quality of drinking water, etc.;
• Deficiency of vitamins and minerals due to improper diet;
• Injury to the fingers of the lower and upper extremities;
• Skin diseases - psoriasis, eczema;
• Pathologies of a fungal nature that affect the horny tissue of the nail plate;
• Decreased immune status, which develops against the background of constant stress, nervous tension, depression, neurosis, lack of sleep and rest;
• Violations of the functionality of the cardiovascular system leads to a disorder of blood circulation, which in turn leads to depletion of the nail plate;
• Disruptions in the endocrine system.

Note: onychodystrophy is congenital and acquired. If the disease is transmitted at the genetic level, then therapy rarely leads to a positive result.

The risk group includes girls who often do manicures. Acetone - a component of nail polish, xylene and other chemical components used in the process of caring for nails, adversely affect the structural structure of these.

The causes of dystrophic changes in nails in a child are no different from adults. Chronic diseases, various injuries, psoriasis and other skin diseases also lead to them.

Types of nail dystrophy and symptoms

This pathological process is presented in various forms, which are characterized by their clinical manifestations, the nature of the course, respectively, the treatment of nail dystrophy will also vary.

Median channel shape

Usually there is damage to the nails on the hands. First, a small groove located along them is revealed on them. From this groove, the smallest cracks diverge in different directions. In the course of the change over time, a person's nail becomes wavy. In most cases, the etiology is due to mechanical trauma. For example, biting nails.

It is possible to cure dystrophy of this form with medications, provided that it is possible to remove the source of the negative impact. Therefore, the fingers are always in a bandaged state.

Gapalonychia and onycholysis

Gapalonychia has the following symptoms: the nail becomes thin, brittle and brittle. If the first signs are ignored and there is no therapy, the disease begins to progress rapidly, as a result of which the nail plate loosens. The disease is true, which develops due to violations of the functionality of internal organs and acquired, when the nails of the foot or hand are affected.

For your information, hapalonychia can be the result of poor-quality manicure, or prolonged wearing of extended nails.

Onycholysis (detachment of the nail plate) is accompanied by the departure of the nail from its "bed", which leads to the formation of an empty space between the soft tissues and the nail itself. This changes the color of the plates, they become gray or yellow. The clinical picture is accompanied by an unpleasant odor.

Onychorrhexis and onychoshisis

Onychorrhexis is accompanied by a distinctive clinical manifestation - longitudinal splitting of the nail plate. There may be one crack, but there can be many. In the early stages of the pathology, they are almost invisible, they are determined only by palpation. Over time, they become deeper, visible to the naked eye.

Splitting of the nail in most cases is diagnosed in people of the elderly age group, due to the long course of chronic diseases - diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2, psoriasis, systemic atherosclerotic changes in the body.

With onychoshisis, the nail not only splits, but also begins to flake off. Transverse cracks are formed. The color changes, becoming gray or white.

Furrows of Beau-Reil and trachnonchinia

The Beau-Reil furrows in appearance resemble dense arc-shaped grooves that affect the entire nail plate and between the lateral ridges of the nail. The average depth of such a groove varies from 0.5 to 1 mm. A characteristic feature is that the color of the nail plate does not change. If several grooves have formed at the same time, then the nail becomes “waves”.

If there is no treatment for nail dystrophy, then after a while the furrow becomes deep, the nail is divided into two parts. After some time, the distant half is completely separated.

With trachnonchinia, the nails become dull, lose their natural luster, and become rough. Numerous depressions are observed. The nail plate tends to exfoliate.

Worth knowing: Trachnonchinia is more likely to occur as a concomitant problem with eczema.

Other types of dystrophy

The thimble-like appearance is accompanied by the appearance of the smallest depressions. The name of this species was given for a reason, the nail plate in appearance resembles a thimble. The disease is not independent, usually occurs due to seborrhea or alopecia areata.

Dyschromia changes color, the development of small spots is not excluded, they come in different shades - gray, white, black. The reason is trauma. If the color is yellow or brown, then the etiology is based on chemicals.

Onychomycosis or fungal infection. There are several varieties:

1. Normotrophic view: The only symptom is a change in color. First, stripes appear, over time, the nail plate completely changes the color scheme.
2. hypertrophic look. Nails become dull, thicken, destruction begins on the sides.
3. atrophic type- the nail is gray, destroyed, rejected.

Manicure dystrophic changes are accompanied by the appearance of white stripes, peeling, the surface becomes wavy and rough.

Methods for the treatment of dystrophy of the nail plate

So, how to treat dystrophic changes? In medical practice, drugs of various groups are used. More often used drugs with a slight sedative effect and drugs that affect the sympathetic nervous system. Only this system sends impulses to the sweat glands.

Sweating plays a dominant role in the thermoregulation of the human body. If a person sweats a lot, then there is a local swelling of the skin, for example, near the finger zone. This can lead to nail dystrophy. Nail treatment is carried out under medical supervision. All drugs have not only indications, but also contraindications that can lead to the development of adverse reactions.

In principle, clinical manifestations and subsequent treatment are interrelated. Therefore, the schema is always different. The following drugs are prescribed:

• Vitamin and mineral complexes that help fill the deficiency of useful components in the body;
• If the cause lies in the injury, then they recommend drugs that promote enhanced tissue regeneration, reduce the negative effects of bruises;
• To combat infectious processes, anti-inflammatory and antifungal drugs are prescribed;
• When the etiology is due to the depletion of the body, sedatives are prescribed - tincture of Valerian, Motherwort. In severe cases, the use of antidepressants is necessary;
• In case of disruption of the endocrine system, the therapy regimen is developed individually, taking into account the specific pathology.

Important: there is no universal treatment regimen, all funds are selected based on a specific clinical case.

Folk remedies

Dystrophy of toenails and hands can be treated using folk methods. However, they are used exclusively as an auxiliary method, complementing conservative therapy. Folk remedies help to restore the damaged nail plate in the shortest possible time, normalize the nutrition of the periungual tissues.

Valid therapy options:

1. Treatment of nails with 5% tincture of iodine 2 times a day for 10 days. After a break of 72 hours, the course is repeated;
2. Lotions based on propolis tincture 20%. Do immediately before bedtime, avoid contact with the skin. The number of manipulations is two or three.

Dystrophic change in nails is a disease that not only violates the shape and structure of these, but also spoils the appearance. The former state helps to return only a set of therapeutic measures.

As a preventive measure, it is recommended to eat right so that a sufficient amount of vitamins and minerals enters the body; observe basic hygiene rules; regularly take care of your nails; exclude manicure in salons where sanitary standards are not observed.