Compatibility of people with a negative blood group. Pregnancy plans, but how compatible are we? Which indicator is important - blood type or Rh factor

Blood type (AB0): essence, definition in a child, compatibility, what does it affect?

Some life situations (upcoming surgery, pregnancy, desire to become a donor, etc.) require an analysis, which we used to call simply: “blood type”. Meanwhile, in the broad sense of this term, there is some inaccuracy here, since most of us mean the well-known AB0 erythrocyte system, described in 1901 by Landsteiner, but do not know about it and therefore say “blood test per group”, thus separating, another important system.

Karl Landsteiner, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for this discovery, continued to work throughout his life on the search for other antigens located on the surface of red blood cells, and in 1940 the world learned about the existence of the Rhesus system, which occupies the second place in importance. In addition, scientists in 1927 found protein substances secreted into the erythrocyte systems - MNs and Pp. At that time, this was a huge breakthrough in medicine, because people suspected that it could lead to the death of the body, and someone else's blood could save life, so they made attempts to transfuse it from animals to humans and from humans to humans. Unfortunately, success did not always come, but science was steadily moving forward and at the present time we are only out of habit talking about the blood type, meaning the AB0 system.

What is a blood type and how did it become known?

The determination of the blood group is based on the classification of genetically determined individually specific proteins of all tissues of the human body. These organ-specific protein structures are called antigens(alloantigens, isoantigens), but they should not be confused with antigens specific for certain pathological formations (tumors) or infection-causing proteins entering the body from outside.

The antigenic set of tissues (and blood, of course), given from birth, determines the biological individuality of a particular individual, which can be a person, any animal, or a microorganism, that is, isoantigens characterize group-specific features that make it possible to distinguish these individuals within their species.

The alloantigenic properties of our tissues began to be studied by Karl Landsteiner, who mixed the blood (erythrocytes) of people with the sera of other people and noticed that in some cases, erythrocytes stick together (agglutination), while in others the color remains homogeneous. True, at first the scientist found 3 groups (A, B, C), the 4th blood group (AB) was discovered later by the Czech Jan Jansky. In 1915, the first standard sera containing specific antibodies (agglutinins) that determined group affiliation were already obtained in England and America. In Russia, the blood group according to the AB0 system began to be determined in 1919, but the digital designations (1, 2, 3, 4) were put into practice in 1921, and a little later they began to use alphanumeric nomenclature, where antigens were designated in Latin letters (A and C), while antibodies are Greek (α and β).

It turns out there are so many...

To date, immunohematology has replenished with more than 250 antigens located on erythrocytes. The major erythrocyte antigen systems include:

These systems, in addition to transfusiology (blood transfusion), where the main role belongs to AB0 and Rh, most often remind of themselves in obstetric practice.(miscarriages, stillbirths, the birth of children with severe hemolytic disease), however, it is not always possible to determine the erythrocyte antigens of many systems (except for AB0, Rh), due to the lack of typing sera, the production of which requires large material and labor costs. Thus, when we talk about blood groups 1, 2, 3, 4, we mean the main antigenic system of erythrocytes, called the AB0 system.

Table: possible combinations of AB0 and Rh (blood groups and Rh factors)

In addition, approximately from the middle of the last century, antigens began to be discovered one after another:

1. Platelets, which in most cases repeated the antigenic determinants of erythrocytes, however, with a lesser degree of severity, which makes it difficult to determine the blood group on platelets;
2. Nuclear cells, primarily lymphocytes (HLA - histocompatibility system), which opened up wide opportunities for organ and tissue transplantation and solving some genetic problems (hereditary predisposition to a certain pathology);
3. Plasma proteins (the number of described genetic systems has already exceeded a dozen).

The discoveries of many genetically determined structures (antigens) made it possible not only to take a different approach to determining the blood group, but also to strengthen the position of clinical immunohematology in terms of fight against various pathological processes, made possible safe, as well as transplantation of organs and tissues.

The main system that divides people into 4 groups

The group affiliation of erythrocytes depends on group-specific antigens A and B (agglutinogens):

• Containing in its composition protein and polysaccharides;
• Closely associated with the stroma of red blood cells;
• Not related to hemoglobin, which does not participate in the agglutination reaction in any way.

By the way, agglutinogens can be found on other blood cells (platelets, leukocytes) or in tissues and body fluids (saliva, tears, amniotic fluid), where they are determined in much smaller quantities.

Thus, on the stroma of erythrocytes of a particular person, antigens A and B can be found.(together or separately, but always forming a pair, for example, AB, AA, A0 or BB, B0) or not to be found there at all (00).

In addition, globulin fractions (agglutinins α and β) float in the blood plasma. compatible with the antigen (A with β, B with α), called natural antibodies.

Obviously, in the first group, which does not contain antigens, both types of group antibodies, α and β, will be present. In the fourth group, normally, there should not be any natural globulin fractions, because if this is allowed, antigens and antibodies will begin to stick together: α will agglutinate (glue) A, and β, respectively, B.

Depending on the combinations of options and the presence of certain antigens and antibodies, the group affiliation of human blood can be represented as follows:

• 1 blood group 0αβ(I): antigens - 00(I), antibodies - α and β;
• 2 blood group Aβ(II): antigens - AA or A0(II), antibodies - β;
• 3 blood group Bα (III): antigens - BB or B0 (III), antibodies - α
• 4 blood group AB0 (IV): antigens only A and B, no antibodies.

It may surprise the reader to learn that there is a blood type that does not fit into this classification. . It was discovered in 1952 by a resident of Bombay, which is why it was called "Bombay". Antigen-serological variant of erythrocyte type « bombey» does not contain antigens of the AB0 system, and in the serum of such people, along with natural antibodies α and β, anti-H are found(antibodies directed to substance H, which differentiates antigens A and B and does not allow their presence on the stroma of erythrocytes). Subsequently, "Bombay" and other rare types of group affiliation were found in different parts of the world. Of course, you cannot envy such people, because in case of massive blood loss, they need to look for a saving environment all over the globe.

Ignorance of the laws of genetics can cause tragedy in the family

The blood group of each person according to the AB0 system is the result of the inheritance of one antigen from the mother, the other from the father. Receiving hereditary information from both parents, a person in his phenotype has half of each of them, that is, the blood type of the parents and the child is a combination of two traits, therefore it may not coincide with the blood type of the father or mother.

Mismatches between the blood types of parents and the child give rise to doubts and suspicions in the minds of individual men about the infidelity of their spouse. This happens due to the lack of elementary knowledge of the laws of nature and genetics, therefore, in order to avoid tragic mistakes on the part of the male, whose ignorance often breaks happy family relationships, we consider it necessary to once again explain where this or that blood group comes from in a child according to the AB0 system and bring examples of expected results.

Option 1. If both parents have the first blood type: 00(I) x 00(I), then the child will have only the first 0(I) Group, all others are excluded. This is because the genes that synthesize antigens of the first blood group - recessive, they can only manifest themselves in homozygous state when no other gene (dominant) is suppressed.

Option 2. Both parents have the second group A (II). However, it can be either homozygous, when the two traits are the same and dominant (AA), or heterozygous, represented by a dominant and recessive variant (A0), so the following combinations are possible here:

• AA(II) x AA(II) → AA(II);
• AA(II) x A0(II) → AA(II);
• A0 (II) x A0 (II) → AA (II), A0 (II), 00 (I), that is, with such a combination of parental phenotypes, both the first and second groups are likely, third and fourth are excluded.

Option 3. One of the parents has the first group 0 (I), the other has the second:

• AA(II) x 00(I) → A0(II);
• A0(II) x 00(I) → A0(II), 00(I).

Possible groups in a child are A (II) and 0 (I), excluded - B(III) and AB(IV).

Option 4. In the case of a combination of two third groups inheritance will follow option 2: a possible membership would be the third or first group, while the second and fourth will be excluded.

Option 5. When one of the parents has the first group, and the second the third, inheritance is the same option 3– the child may have B(III) and 0(I), but excluded A(II) and AB(IV) .

Option 6. Parent groups A(II) and B(III ) when inherited, they can give any group membership of the system AB0(1, 2, 3, 4). The emergence of 4 blood types is an example codominant inheritance when both antigens in the phenotype are equal and equally manifest themselves as a new trait (A + B = AB):

• AA(II) x BB(III) → AB(IV);
• A0(II) x B0(III) → AB(IV), 00(I), A0(II), B0(III);
• A0(II) x BB(III) → AB(IV), B0(III);
• B0(III) x AA(II) → AB(IV), A0(II).

Option 7. With a combination of the second and fourth groups parents can the second, third and fourth group in a child, the first one is excluded:

• AA(II) x AB(IV) → AA(II), AB(IV);
• A0(II) x AB(IV) → AA(II), A0(II), B0(III), AB(IV).

Option 8. A similar situation develops in the case of a combination of the third and fourth groups: A(II), B(III) and AB(IV) will be possible, and the first one is excluded.

• BB(III) x AB(IV) → BB(III), AB(IV);
• B0(III) x AB(IV) → A0(II), BB(III), B0(III), AB(IV).

Option 9 - the most interesting. Presence of blood types 1 and 4 in parents as a result, it turns into the appearance of a second or third blood type in a child, but never – first and fourth:

• AB(IV) x 00(I);
• A + 0 = A0(II);
• B + 0 = B0 (III).

Table: child's blood type based on parents' blood types

Obviously, the statement about the same group affiliation in parents and children is a delusion, because genetics obeys its own laws. As for determining the child's blood group according to the group affiliation of the parents, this is only possible if the parents have the first group, that is, in this case, the appearance of A (II) or B (III) will exclude biological paternity or motherhood. The combination of the fourth and first groups will lead to the emergence of new phenotypic traits (group 2 or 3), while the old ones will be lost.

Boy, girl, group compatibility

If in the old days, for a birth in the family of an heir, they put the reins under the pillow, but now everything is put almost on a scientific basis. Trying to deceive nature and “order” the sex of the child in advance, future parents perform simple arithmetic operations: they divide the father’s age by 4, and the mother’s by 3, whoever has the largest balance wins. Sometimes this coincides, and sometimes it is disappointing, so what is the probability of getting the desired gender using calculations - official medicine does not comment, so it’s up to everyone to calculate or not, but the method is painless and absolutely harmless. You can try, what if you get lucky?

for reference: what really affects the sex of the child - combinations of X and Y chromosomes

But the compatibility of the blood type of the parents is a completely different matter, and not in terms of the sex of the child, but in the sense of whether he will be born at all. The formation of immune antibodies (anti-A and anti-B), although rare, can interfere with the normal course of pregnancy (IgG) and even feeding the baby (IgA). Fortunately, the AB0 system does not interfere with reproduction so often, which cannot be said about the Rh factor. It can cause miscarriage or the birth of babies with, the best consequence of which is deafness, and in the worst case, the child cannot be saved at all.

Group affiliation and pregnancy

Determining the blood group according to the AB0 and Rhesus (Rh) systems is a mandatory procedure when registering for pregnancy.

In the case of a negative Rh factor in the expectant mother and the same result in the future father of the child, you don’t have to worry, because the baby will also have a negative Rh factor.

Do not immediately panic a "negative" woman and first(abortions and miscarriages are also considered) pregnancies. Unlike the AB0 (α, β) system, the Rhesus system does not have natural antibodies, so the body still only recognizes the “foreign”, but does not react to it in any way. Immunization will occur during childbirth, therefore, so that the woman’s body does not “remember” the presence of foreign antigens (Rh factor is positive), on the first day after childbirth, a special anti-Rhesus serum is introduced to the puerperal, protecting subsequent pregnancies. In the case of a strong immunization of a "negative" woman with a "positive" antigen (Rh +), compatibility for conception is a big question, therefore, without looking at long-term treatment, the woman is haunted by failures (miscarriages). The body of a woman with a negative Rh, having once “remembered” a foreign protein (“memory cell”), will respond with active production of immune antibodies at subsequent meetings (pregnancy) and will in every possible way reject him, that is, her own desired and long-awaited child, if he has positive Rh factor.

Compatibility for conception sometimes should be borne in mind in relation to other systems. By the way, AB0 is quite loyal to the presence of a stranger and rarely gives immunization. However, there are known cases of the emergence of immune antibodies in women with AB0-incompatible pregnancy, when the damaged placenta allows access to the fetal erythrocytes in the mother's blood. It is generally accepted that the highest probability of isoimmunization of a woman is introduced by vaccinations (DTP), which contain group-specific substances of animal origin. First of all, such a feature was noticed for substance A.

Probably, the second place after the Rhesus system in this regard can be given to the histocompatibility system (HLA), and then to Kell. In general, each of them is sometimes able to present a surprise. This is because the body of a woman who has a close relationship with a certain man, even without pregnancy, reacts to his antigens and produces antibodies. This process is called sensitization. The only question is to what level sensitization will reach, which depends on the concentration of immunoglobulins and the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. With a high titer of immune antibodies, compatibility for conception is in great doubt. Rather, we will talk about incompatibility, requiring huge efforts of doctors (immunologists, gynecologists), unfortunately, often in vain. A decrease in titer over time also does little to reassure, the “memory cell” knows its task ...

Video: pregnancy, blood type and Rh conflict

Compatible blood transfusion

In addition to compatibility for conception, no less important is transfusion compatibility where the AB0 system plays a dominant role (transfusion of blood that is incompatible with the AB0 system is very dangerous and can be fatal!). Often a person believes that the 1 (2, 3, 4) blood type of him and his neighbor must be the same, that the first will always suit the first, the second - the second, and so on, and in some circumstances they (neighbors) can help each other friend. It would seem that a recipient with a 2nd blood group should accept a donor of the same group, but this is not always the case. The thing is that antigens A and B have their own varieties. For example, antigen A has the most allospecific variants (A 1, A 2, A 3, A 4, A 0, A X, etc.), but B is not much inferior (B 1, B X, B 3, B weak, etc. .), that is, it turns out that these options may simply not be combined, even though when analyzing blood for a group, the result will be A (II) or B (III). Thus, given such heterogeneity, can one imagine how many varieties can a 4th blood group have, containing both A and B antigen in its composition?

The statement that blood type 1 is the best, as it suits everyone without exception, and the fourth accepts any, is also outdated. For example, some people with 1 blood type are for some reason called a "dangerous" universal donor. And the danger lies in the fact that, having no antigens A and B on the erythrocytes, the plasma of these people contains a large titer of natural antibodies α and β, which, when they enter the bloodstream of a recipient of other groups (except the first), begin to agglutinate the antigens located there (A and / or AT).

blood type compatibility during transfusion

At present, transfusion of different types of blood is not practiced, with the exception of some cases of transfusions that require special selection. Then the first Rh-negative blood group is considered universal, the erythrocytes of which are washed 3 or 5 times to avoid immunological reactions. The first blood group with a positive Rh can be universal only in relation to Rh (+) erythrocytes, that is, after determining for compatibility and washing the erythrocyte mass can be transfused to a Rh-positive recipient with any group of the AB0 system.

The most common group in the European territory of the Russian Federation is the second - A (II), Rh (+), the rarest - 4 blood group with negative Rh. In blood banks, the attitude towards the latter is especially reverent, because a person who has a similar antigenic composition should not die just because, if necessary, they will not find the right amount of erythrocyte mass or plasma. By the way, plasmaAB(IV) Rh(-) is suitable for absolutely everyone, since it contains nothing (0), however, such a question is never considered due to the rare occurrence of 4 blood groups with negative Rh.

How is the blood group determined?

Determination of the blood group according to the AB0 system can be done by taking a drop from the finger. By the way, every health worker with a diploma of higher or secondary medical education should be able to do this, regardless of the profile of their activity. As for other systems (Rh, HLA, Kell), a blood test for a group is taken from a vein and, following the method, the affiliation is determined. Such studies are already within the competence of a laboratory diagnostics doctor, and immunological typing of organs and tissues (HLA) generally requires special training.

A blood test per group is done using standard sera made in special laboratories and meeting certain requirements (specificity, titer, activity), or using tsoliklones obtained in the factory. Thus, the group affiliation of erythrocytes is determined ( direct method). In order to eliminate the error and obtain complete confidence in the reliability of the results obtained, at the blood transfusion stations or in the laboratories of surgical and, especially, obstetric hospitals, the blood group is determined cross method where serum is used as the test sample, and specially selected standard erythrocytes act as a reagent. By the way, in newborns, it is very difficult to determine the group affiliation by the cross method, although α and β agglutinins are called natural antibodies (data from birth), they begin to be synthesized only from six months and accumulate by 6-8 years.

Blood group and character

Does the blood type affect the character and is it possible to predict in advance what can be expected in the future from a one-year-old rosy-cheeked toddler? Official medicine considers group affiliation in this perspective little or no attention to these issues. A person has a lot of genes, group systems too, so one can hardly expect the fulfillment of all the predictions of astrologers and determine the character of a person in advance. However, some coincidences cannot be ruled out, because some predictions do come true.

the prevalence of blood groups in the world and the characters attributed to them

So astrology says:

1. Carriers of the first blood group are brave, strong, purposeful people. Leaders by nature, possessing indefatigable energy, they not only reach great heights themselves, but also carry others along, that is, they are wonderful organizers. At the same time, their character is not without negative traits: they can suddenly flare up and show aggression in a fit of anger.
2. Patient, balanced, calm people have the second blood type. slightly shy, empathetic and taking everything to heart. They are distinguished by homeliness, thriftiness, the desire for comfort and coziness, however, stubbornness, self-criticism and conservatism interfere in solving many professional and everyday tasks.
3. The third blood type involves the search for the unknown, a creative impulse, harmonious development, communication skills. With such a character, yes, move mountains, but that's bad luck - poor tolerance for routine and monotony does not allow this. The owners of group B (III) quickly change their mood, show inconstancy in their views, judgments, actions, dream a lot, which prevents the realization of the intended goal. Yes, and their goals are changing quickly ...
4. With regard to individuals with the fourth blood type, astrologers do not support the version of some psychiatrists who claim that among its owners there are most maniacs. People who study the stars agree that the 4th group has collected the best features of the previous ones, therefore it is distinguished by a particularly good character. Leaders, organizers, possessing enviable intuition and sociability, representatives of the AB (IV) group, at the same time, are indecisive, contradictory and peculiar, their mind is constantly fighting with their hearts, but which side will win is a big question mark.

Of course, the reader understands that all this is very approximate, because people are so different. Even identical twins show some kind of individuality, at least in character.

Nutrition and diet by blood type

The concept of a blood type diet owes its appearance to the American Peter D'Adamo, who at the end of the last century (1996) published a book with recommendations for proper nutrition, depending on the group affiliation according to the AB0 system. At the same time, this fashionable trend penetrated into Russia and was ranked among the alternative ones.

In the opinion of the vast majority of doctors with a medical education, this direction is anti-scientific and contradicts the prevailing ideas based on numerous studies. The author shares the view of official medicine, so the reader has the right to choose whom to believe.

• The assertion that at first all people had only the first group, its owners "hunters living in a cave", mandatory meat eaters having a healthy digestive tract can be safely questioned. Group substances A and B were identified in the preserved tissues of mummies (Egypt, America), whose age is more than 5000 years. Supporters of the concept "Eat right for your type" (the title of D'Adamo's book), do not indicate that the presence of O(I) antigens is considered risk factors for diseases of the stomach and intestines(peptic ulcer), in addition, carriers of this group more often than others have problems with pressure ( ).
• The owners of the second group were declared clean by Mr. D'Adamo vegetarians. Considering that this group affiliation in Europe is prevalent and in some areas reaches 70%, one can imagine the outcome of mass vegetarianism. Probably, mental hospitals will be overcrowded, because modern man is an established predator.

Unfortunately, the A (II) blood group diet does not draw the attention of those interested in the fact that people with this antigenic composition of erythrocytes make up the majority of the number of patients. , . They happen more often than others. So, maybe a person should work in this direction? Or at least bear in mind the risk of such problems?

Food for thought

An interesting question is when should a person switch to the recommended blood type diet? From birth? During puberty? In the golden years of youth? Or when old age knocks? Here the right to choose, we just want to remind you that children and adolescents should not be deprived of the necessary trace elements and vitamins, one should not be preferred and the other ignored.

Young people love something, something they don’t, but if a healthy person is ready, having just crossed the age of majority, to follow all the recommendations in nutrition in accordance with group affiliation, then this is his right. I just want to note that, in addition to the antigens of the AB0 system, there are other antigenic phenotypes that exist in parallel, but also contribute to the life of the human body. Should they be ignored or kept in mind? Then they also need to develop diets and it is not a fact that they will coincide with the current trends that promote healthy eating for certain categories of people who have one or another group affiliation. For example, the HLA leukocyte system is more than others associated with various diseases, it can be used to calculate in advance the hereditary predisposition to a particular pathology. So why not do just that, more real prevention immediately with the help of food?

Video: the secrets of human blood groups

pregnancy calculators

Here you can calculate the blood type of the child by the blood types of the parents, find out how the blood type is transmitted from parents to children, see the table of blood types of children and parents.

Specify the blood types of the parents

The division of people into 4 blood groups, which is widespread throughout the world, is based on the AB0 system. A and B are erythrocyte antigens (agglutinogens). If a person does not have them, then his blood belongs to the first group (0). If there is only A - to the second, only B - to the third, and if both A and B - to the fourth (see). An accurate determination of blood belonging to a particular group is possible only in laboratory conditions using special sera.

According to the Rh factor, the entire population of the globe is divided into its owners (Rh-positive) and those who do not have this factor (Rh-negative). The absence of Rh does not affect health in any way. However, a woman has a child with her, especially during repeated pregnancies, if this factor is absent in her blood, but it is in the baby's blood.

Blood type inheritance in theory

The inheritance of blood groups and the Rh factor occurs according to the well-studied laws of genetics. To understand this process a little, you will need to recall the school curriculum in biology and consider specific examples.

From parents to a child, genes are transmitted that carry information about the presence or absence of agglutinogens (A, B or 0), as well as the presence or absence of the Rh factor. Simplified, the genotypes of people of different blood groups are written as follows:

• The first blood type is 00. This person received one 0 (“zero”) from his mother, the other from his father. Accordingly, a person with the first group can pass only 0 to his offspring.
• The second blood type is AA or A0. A child from such a parent can be given A or 0.
• The third blood type is BB or B0. Either B or 0 is inherited.
• The fourth blood group is AB. Either A or B is inherited.

As for the Rh factor, it is inherited as a dominant trait. This means that if it is transmitted to a person from at least one of the parents, then it will definitely manifest itself.

If both parents are Rh negative, then all children in their family will also not have it. If one parent has an Rh factor and the other does not, the child may or may not have Rh. If both parents are Rh-positive, then in at least 75% of cases the child will also be positive. However, the appearance in such a family of a baby with a negative Rh is not nonsense. This is quite likely if the parents are heterozygous - i.e. have genes responsible for both the presence of the Rh factor, and for its absence. In practice, this can be assumed simply - to ask blood relatives. It is likely that among them there will be an Rh-negative person.

Specific examples of inheritance:

The simplest option, but also quite rare: both parents have the first negative blood group. A child in 100% of cases will inherit their group.

Another example: mom's blood type is the first positive, dad's is the fourth negative. A child can get 0 from mom, and A or B from dad. So, the possible options will be A0 (group II), B0 (group III). Those. the blood type of the baby in such a family will never coincide with the parent. The Rh factor can be either positive or negative.

In a family where one of the parents has a second negative blood type, and the second has a third positive blood type, it is possible to have a baby with any of the four blood groups and any Rh value. For example, a child can receive A or 0 from the mother, and B or 0 from the father. Accordingly, the following combinations are possible: AB (IV), A0 (II), B0 (III), 00 (I).

Table of probabilities of having a child with a certain blood type with the corresponding data on the blood types of the parents:

	first	second	third	fourth
first	I - 100%	I - 25% II - 75%	I - 25% III - 75%	II - 50% III - 50%
second	I - 25% II - 75%	I - 6% II - 94%	I - 6% II - 19% III - 19% IV - 56%	II - 50% III - 37% IV - 13%
third	I - 25% III - 75%	I - 6% II - 19% III - 19% IV - 56%	I - 6% III - 94%	II - 37% III - 50% IV - 13%
fourth	II - 50% III - 50%	II - 50% III - 37% IV - 13%	II - 37% III - 50% IV - 13%	II - 25% III - 25% IV - 50%

It is worth remembering that a blood type calculated using charts, tables or calculators cannot be considered final. You can accurately find out the blood type of your baby only by the results of laboratory tests.

Questions for the article

The stage of planning a future pregnancy is very important. For the birth of a healthy child, quite a lot of different nuances should be taken into account. This article will talk about the signs of compatibility of partners for conception by blood type and Rh factor.

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Peculiarities

Quite a lot is known about blood groups. But about how they can affect the process of conceiving a baby - much less.

To conceive a healthy baby, it is necessary that the blood type of his mother and father are compatible. In this case, the risk of possible problems during pregnancy will be much lower.

In order to understand why partner incompatibility occurs, one should turn to basic knowledge about blood types. The group is determined from birth. A person's belonging to a particular blood group is determined by special protein molecules - agglutinins and agglutinogens. At the same time, agglutinins are found in the liquid component of the blood - plasma.

Currently, 2 types of agglutinins are known - a and b. Agglutinogens are located directly in erythrocytes - red blood cells that carry nutrients and oxygen to all tissues and organs. There are also 2 types known. Agglutinogens are usually denoted by capital letters A and B.

Various combinations of agglutinogens and agglutinins determine the blood group in humans. Doctors distinguish 4 blood groups:

• 1 group. Also called O. Its agglutinins a and b are determined, but there are no agglutinogens in plasma.
• 2 group. The second name is group A. It is determined by the presence of agglutinin b and agglutinogen A.
• 3 group. Also called B-group. Determined by the presence of agglutinin a and agglutinogen B.
• 4 group. The second name used is AB. It was determined by the presence of agglutinogens A and B in erythrocytes in the absence of agglutinins in plasma.

For a long time, the significance of such an important indicator as the Rh factor remained a mystery in medicine. For the first time, the presence in the blood of special proteins - antigens that determine the Rh factor (Rh) was shown at the beginning of the 20th century by two doctors - Philip Levin and Rufus Stetson. They proved the presence of certain protein molecules in the blood using the example of the appearance of hemolytic jaundice in a newborn after a transfusion of an incompatible blood type.

Currently, scientists know exactly how the Rh factor is determined. On the surface of red blood cells there are substances - D-antigens. If they are present, then such a factor is called positive. In the absence of D-antigens on the surface of red blood cells, it is said to be Rh negative.

The presence of a certain Rh factor is a constant indicator that is determined from birth and does not change throughout life. So, if both parents have a negative Rh factor, then the baby will have the same. If the future father and mother have different Rh factors, then the baby can also have it either positive or negative.

Influence on fertilization

The blood group does not directly affect the process of conceiving a child. Also, it does not affect the possibility of conceiving a boy or girl.

If a conflict in the ABO system between the mother and the fetus occurs in the future, then this is usually manifested by the appearance of a slight jaundice in the baby after his birth. In this case, the skin of the child acquires an icteric color. This condition passes, as a rule, after a few days, but requires constant monitoring of the child. Also, a conflict in the agglutinogen system can lead to a woman experiencing certain uncomfortable symptoms during pregnancy. The likelihood of developing toxicosis in the first half of pregnancy with morning sickness increases significantly.

For a long time it was believed that different blood types in partners are a guarantee that the child will be born healthier and stronger. However, modern scientific research has refuted this claim. The risk of developing dangerous pathologies during childbearing also exists with different blood types of future parents.

The Rh factor in the direct planning of pregnancy plays a rather important role, but it does not significantly affect the conception of a baby. In this situation, doctors are more afraid of the development of a potential Rh conflict that may occur during pregnancy.

If partners have the same Rh group, then the risk of developing an immunological conflict is low. In the presence of different Rh groups, especially if in this case the woman has a negative Rh factor, the risk of developing an immunological conflict increases. In this situation, the baby can "inherit" a positive Rh factor from the father. The difference in Rh factors in the mother and fetus, as noted earlier, provokes the development of negative consequences.

How to check pair compatibility?

Determining the blood type or Rh factor is currently simple. These indicators are quite easily and quickly checked in any diagnostic laboratories. You can take an analysis for future parents both in a free and in a private medical institution.

The analysis requires a small amount of venous blood. The result is ready pretty quickly. In order to assess the compatibility of a couple, it is necessary to determine the Rh factors and blood groups of both partners. Families that cannot conceive a baby for a long time and have problems with natural conception are especially carefully checked in this way.

By Rh factor

Possible incompatibility of partners is necessarily evaluated according to various criteria. The most important of these is the Rh factor. For the convenience of evaluating the compatibility of partners, a special table is used, presented below.

The most common situation that causes confusion is the appearance of a “negative” child in a “positive” couple. Very often in such a situation the question of true paternity arises. We will immediately dispel the myths and say that such a situation does indeed take place in practice. The inheritance of the Rh factor is subject to genetics. In this case, the baby may inherit the positive Rh of his parents, or maybe not.

The opposite situation is negative Rh-factors in both parents. In this situation, the baby can only be born with the same Rhesus.

By blood type

In order to determine the compatibility of blood types of future parents, a special table is used. With its help, you can determine the likelihood of a child's blood group, as well as assess the risk of developing incompatibility. Such a table is shown below.

Blood type of the future father	The blood type of the expectant mother	Probability compatibility	Traits that a child inherits
			2 (A) /1 (O), share of probability - 50/50%
			3 (B) / 1 (O), the share of probability is 30/70%
			2 (A) / 3 (B), the share of probability is 50/50%
		The development of complications of pathology of pregnancy and a possible Rh conflict (the probability is 80%)	1 (O) / 2 (A), share of probability - 60/40%
			1 (O) / 2 (A), share of probability - 30/70%
		The development of the Rh conflict is about 70%, the risk of preterm birth is 50%
			1 (O) / 2 (A) / 3 (B) / 4 (AB), can be inherited with equal probability
		40% - the proportion of miscarriage and dangerous pathologies during pregnancy, 80% - the risk of developing a possible Rh conflict	1 (O) / 3 (B), share of probability - 30/70%
		60% - the share of development of dangerous pathologies during pregnancy	1 (O) / 2 (A) / 3 (B) / 4 (AB), can be inherited with equal probability
			1 (O) / 3 (B), the share of probability is 50/50%
			1 (O) /3 (B) /4 (AB), with equal probability
		Almost 100% development of Rh-conflict, dangerous pathologies during pregnancy, as well as the formation of defects in intrauterine development of the fetus	2 (A) / 3 (B) with equal probability
		40% - the share of the probability of developing dangerous pathologies of the course of pregnancy and Rh-conflict	2 (A) / 3 (B) / 4 (AB) with equal probability
			2 (A) / 3 (B) / 4 (AB) with equal probability

It is important to note that these data are indicative only. In practice, there are cases when, even with a conditionally favorable prognosis, an immunological conflict developed. This table only allows you to assess the potential compatibility of partners and suggest the blood type of the future baby.

From this table it also follows that the first blood type of the future father perfectly “combines” with others. There is no risk of developing an immunological conflict. In this case, the likelihood of developing a healthy pregnancy increases significantly. It can also be assumed that the first paternal blood type is not absolutely decisive for the baby. Maternal data also influence the determination of the child's blood group. In this case, the blood type of the baby may be different.

The third blood group, one might say, is the most "problematic". As can be seen from the table, it does not fit well with groups 1 and 2. At the same time, with groups 3 and 4, the combination is already more favorable.

Pregnancy for representatives of the 4th blood group is best planned for people who have similar groups. According to the table, the 4th blood group is rather poorly combined with others, except for "one's own". The risk of developing a Rh-conflict with a combination of 4 groups and the first is the most unfavorable. Unfortunately, an absolutely healthy pregnancy without any negative consequences is unlikely.

How does the inconsistency manifest itself?

Unfortunately, in most cases it becomes possible to determine the biological incompatibility of partners only after conception and during pregnancy. Also, the negative signs of a Rh conflict or incompatibility according to the ABO system can be assessed in a baby after he is born.

For example, with a combination of 4 paternal blood groups and 1 maternal blood group, there is a rather high risk of developing dangerous pathologies of intrauterine development of the fetus. They contribute to the fact that the baby can significantly lag behind in his physical development. The probability of formation of malformations of internal organs is also quite high. Babies born with this combination of blood types have a rather high risk of congenital kidney and heart diseases.

Often during pregnancy, doctors talk about Rh conflicts. In this case, the Rh factors in the mother and fetus are different. A conflict arises if an Rh-negative woman bears an Rh-positive baby. In such a situation, the female body perceives the child as a foreign antigenic "object". At the same time, the risk of developing dangerous pathologies during pregnancy and even miscarriage is quite high.

One of the most severe conditions, which is a consequence of such an immunological conflict in the Rh factor, is hemolytic jaundice of newborns. With this pathology, erythrocytes begin to decay in the child's body with the accumulation of bilirubin in the tissues. A large amount of bilirubin formed contributes to the fact that the child's skin color changes - it becomes yellow. The course of hemolytic jaundice is usually severe and is carried out in a hospital setting.

The development of an immunological Rh conflict is a certain “lottery”. In medical practice, it also happens that even in the case of the development of a Rh conflict during pregnancy, pathologies do not occur. This situation is possible if the female body for some reason was already familiar with Rh antigens, that is, sensitized to them. This is usually possible with previous blood transfusions, etc. Thus, a different Rh factor in the mother and fetus does not always lead to the development of dangerous pathologies.

Is it treatable?

Doctors note that the biological compatibility of partners is a rather complicated topic. To conceive a healthy baby, several factors must “work” at once. Even at the stage of direct fertilization, in some cases certain problems may arise.

One of the fairly common of them is the immunological conflict that occurs in connection with antisperm antibodies. These special protein substances can have a detrimental effect on male germ cells - spermatozoa. In some cases, these antibodies occur in the female body, significantly preventing the conception of a baby.

Unfortunately, you cannot change the Rh factor or blood type. However, knowing them, it is possible to clarify in advance the risk of developing dangerous complications in the development of pathologies during pregnancy.

Any "conflict" pregnancy is an occasion for a more careful and attentive attitude on the part of doctors to the state of health of a pregnant woman, as well as to the intrauterine development of her baby.

While carrying a baby, a patient with a high risk of developing an immunoconflict pregnancy is carefully monitored by doctors. In order to timely identify the development of dangerous pathologies in her, a pregnant woman undergoes a whole range of diagnostic studies. These include:

• Ultrasound examination. With its help, you can determine the main signs of a fetal lag in fetal development. From a certain period of fetal life, an ultrasound specialist necessarily evaluates the size of his liver, clinical signs and the size of the placenta, the amount of amniotic fluid. A comprehensive assessment allows you to identify pathologies at the earliest stages.

• Dopplerography. A more detailed method for assessing intrauterine development of the fetus. It is used in obstetric practice during immunoconflict pregnancies in order to more accurately assess the potential risk of developing pathologies.
• Study of cord blood for bilirubin. Amniotic fluid can also be used for this study. This diagnostic procedure is performed only in complex and severe clinical cases, as it is invasive and can have a number of negative consequences.

There are four blood groups according to the AB0 system. This is due to the presence or absence of antigens in it. The antigens found in erythrocytes (red cells) are called agglutinogens.

Reference! Agglutinogen is a protein compound that identifies foreign substances (for a specific organism) and interacts with antibodies. Plasma antigens (the liquid part of the blood) are agglutinins.

Agglutinin is a protein substance that performs the reaction of agglutination of blood cells, bacteria and other antigens, is involved in the immune response. Agglutinogens are of two types and are signed with capital letters A and B.

• Group I does not contain agglutinogens. Denoted 0 or "zero";
• II Group designated A because it contains this type of agglutinogen;
• III Group includes agglutinogen B, and has the same name;
• IV Group contains both agglutinogens and is signed as AB.

Agglutinins are also of two types. Denoted by small letters alpha (a) and beta (b).

• Group I includes both agglutinins - a and b;
• II Group contains agglutinin b;
• III Group carries agglutinin a;
• IV Group does not contain agglutinins.

The combination of erythrocyte and plasma antigens distinguishes different blood types, and we will consider their effect on conception further.

Do their combinations affect the conception of a child and pregnancy?

Representatives of the beautiful half of humanity often ask questions: “What blood types are compatible and suitable for each other, with what type is the probability of conceiving a child higher, is it possible to get pregnant if they have the same blood as their husband, is this possible when one spouse has the first or third positive , and the second has the second or fourth negative, is there a group with which it is difficult to get pregnant when a woman cannot terminate a pregnancy?

You can get pregnant and have children with any blood type. Different combinations of blood types of parents do not affect their reproductive system, partner compatibility, conception and pregnancy.

The likelihood of conception is determined by many factors, here are some of them:

1. The state of health of the spouses.
2. Partner fertility.
3. The phase of a woman's menstrual cycle when unprotected intercourse took place.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), some systemic diseases, as well as bad habits adversely affect the reproductive system of both partners. Fertility in relation to a man determines his ability to fertilize an egg. It comes from the moment the production of mobile and live spermatozoa begins.

Female fertility (the ability to conceive and bear a child) begins from the moment menstruation is established. However optimal reproductive age - 22-35 years when a girl is psychologically ready for motherhood and is able to endure the hormonal changes in the body associated with pregnancy.

Reference! Ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovary) occurs only once a month. Its viability is 12-24 hours. The viability of spermatozoa in a woman's body is 3-5 days, rarely up to a week. This time will be the most successful for conceiving a child.

Is there any incompatibility between the parents?

There is a myth that the development of incompatibility during conception is possible in cases where one parent has agglutinogens in the blood, and the other has the agglutinins corresponding to them, for example, A and a or B and b.

These indicators are important to take into account when transfusing blood, in order to avoid its intravascular coagulation. On the probability of conceiving a child, intrauterine development of the fetus, as well as on the course of pregnancy, these factors in any blood type do not affect in any way.

Termination of pregnancy and Rh factor

When terminating a pregnancy, it is important to consider not the group, but the Rh affiliation.

The Rh factor is an antigen of a protein nature. If it is present, it indicates a positive Rh factor, a negative Rh indicates its absence. Abortion always poses a certain risk to the female body. Especially if a woman has a negative Rh, she may subsequently remain infertile, the likelihood of an Rh conflict or the birth of a dead child increases.

If the pregnant woman has a negative Rh, and the child is positive, then the woman's body may begin to secrete anti-Rh antibodies to foreign antigens. During the first pregnancy, very few of them are produced, and the girl bears and gives birth to an absolutely healthy child.

During abortion, the body becomes sensitized (increased sensitivity and accumulation of antibodies). In the next pregnancy (if the child's Rh is also positive), there is repeated contact with foreign proteins, which is almost always accompanied by an active release of specific anti-Rhesus antibodies.

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A disease characterized by the pathology of red blood cells, with their accelerated destruction and release of indirect bilirubin. This condition is associated with an immunological (antigen-antibody) reaction of the blood of the child and mother. Most often, hemolytic disease of the fetus develops with an Rhesus conflict (usually manifested during the second or third pregnancy).

Important! It happens that a woman has a positive Rh, but an immunological reaction develops - this means that there has been a conflict over other antigenic systems. In any case, the conflict between mother and fetus develops after the previous sensitization of the woman's body.

Where did the information about the problems of conception in partners come from?

There is a lot of information on the Internet about the incompatibility of partners during conception on various grounds: according to the blood type according to the ABO system and the Rh factor. And if everything is clear with the last blood indicator from the above explanations, then even gynecologists have not heard about the problems of conceiving a child and pregnancy due to different groups, whether it is 1 or 2 positive in men, 3 or 4 negative in women.

This information is probably a distorted version of various physiological processes in the human body. Therefore, if there are doubts when planning because of ABO affiliation, or there are real difficulties with conceiving a baby, then it is better to consult an obstetrician on this issue and dispel your doubts once and for all.

When are couples incompatible?

If a married couple who has been sexually active for a long time fails to conceive a child, they should think about immunological incompatibility. This type of incompatibility can be described as a negative reaction of the female body to the partner's sperm. That is, with immunological incompatibility, the woman's immunity perceives spermatozoa as foreign antigens, and produces antisperm antibodies that prevent fertilization.

Antibodies can appear not only in the female body. They are also found in semen. In large numbers, they are capable of destroying spermatozoa, making it impossible for a woman to be fertilized. If the spermatozoa manage to survive and reach the egg, there is a threat of developing fetal pathology or miscarriage. Therefore, when planning a pregnancy, both partners need to be examined.

Aristotle believed that the genes and external characteristics inherited by a child at conception come not only from mom and dad, but also from all the men with whom a woman had sexual relations before pregnancy, the first sexual partner is especially important. This the theory of inheritance of traits from all sexual partners was called "Telegony".

Proponents of this idea note that there were cases when a woman and a Caucasian man had a child with a dark skin color. At the same time, the girl had previously met with a Negroid man, but had no pregnancies from him. Science explains this by the manifestation of a recessive gene from distant ancestors.

Tables of inherited indicators

Some parents are surprised by the blood type of their child. Sometimes she is different from the group of both father and mother, which gives rise to conflict situations in a young family that is not familiar with Mendel's laws of inheritance.

Australian scientist Gregor Mendel discovered that From each parent, the baby receives one gene. So, he will have one gene from a pair from his mother, and the second from his father. Genes are dominant and recessive. Dominant genes always appear, while recessive ones are stored in the genotype, but appear only when two recessive genes are combined in one pair.

According to the AB0 system, dominant genes are A and B, recessive 0. That is, if one parent has group I (0), and the other II (A) or III (B), the child at conception will inherit the A0 or B0 genotype and the second or third groups. In the table, we will consider all possible options from the first negative to the fourth positive blood type for conceiving a child and the likelihood of conflict:

Dad mom	First	Second	Third	4th
First	I (100%)	I (50%) II (50%)	I (50%) III (50%)	II (50%) III (50%)
Second	I (50%) II (50%)	I (25%) II (75%)	I (25%) II(25%) III (25%) IV (25%)	II (50%) III (25%) IV (25%)
Third	I (50%) III (50%)	I (25%) II(25%) III (25%) IV (25%)	I (25%) III (75%)	II (25%) III (50%) IV (25%)
4th	II (50%) III (50%)	II (50%) III (25%) IV (25%)	II (25%) III (50%) IV (25%)	II (25%) III (25%) IV (50%)

It is clear from this table that it is not necessary for the child's blood type to match that of one or both parents.

You can also determine the likelihood of a child inheriting the Rh factor. Positive Rh dominates over negative. There are three types of Rh genotype: DD, Dd, dd. If at least one parent has the DD genotype, the child will inherit Rh positive. If the Rh-positive parent has the Dd genotype, the child can be either Rh-positive or Rh-negative.

Pregnancy and blood types of parents is an important issue that should be considered by a young family. At the first visit to the antenatal clinic, a pregnant woman donates blood to determine the group and Rh affiliation.

In the case of different Rh factors of the spouses, the pregnancy will take place under the increased attention of the antenatal clinic. it increased attention will help to identify the likelihood of a risk of conflicts on the Rh factor and will be the key to a successful pregnancy.

Useful video

We invite you to watch a video about the Rh factor when planning a pregnancy:

In a responsible and balanced approach to planning pregnancy and childbirth, future parents need to take into account not only the improvement of their bodies, but also many factors that can affect the health of the unborn baby. One of these factors is incompatible blood types of future parents.

In medicine, the following are distinguished:

• 1 blood group - 0 (I).
• - A (II).
• - In (III).
• - AB (IV).

Depending on whether an antigen, best known as , is present or absent on the surface of red blood cells, the blood can be either Rh-positive (Rh+) or Rh-negative (Rh-).

A person's blood type is a constant characteristic. It is determined by genetic laws and does not change under the influence of external factors. possibly from the third month of intrauterine development.

As a rule, most doctors deny the fact that future parents have incompatible blood types for conceiving a child. The inability of a woman to fertilize, carry a pregnancy and give birth to a healthy baby is more due to the immunological and genetic incompatibility of a man and a woman, as well as the development of a female body against the partner's sperm.

Incompatible blood types of parents for pregnancy may be based on the Rh factor. This factor in matters of pregnancy planning should not be neglected in any case.

For conception, the Rh - antigen does not matter. Also, it does not affect the development and bearing of the baby, if a woman becomes pregnant for the first time or if she and her husband have a Rh-positive blood type.

Only in the case when, and the father of the unborn child has Rh - positive, this can lead to incompatibility of the blood types of the mother and the child to be born, and, as a result, to the development of such a life-threatening condition for the baby as an isoimmune conflict for the Rh factor , better known as pregnancy.

The conflict during pregnancy occurs because the mother's Rh-negative blood reacts to the erythrocytes of the developing baby, on the membranes of which specific proteins are present, as to a foreign organism. As a result of this, antibodies directed against the fetus begin to be actively produced in the female body.

The consequences of a Rh conflict for a pregnant woman can be irreversible and include:

• in the threat of miscarriage in early pregnancy or premature birth;
• in the formation of intraorganic edema in the fetus, which can lead to intrauterine growth retardation;
• in the development of a hemolytic disease in a newborn, characterized by the destruction () of its erythrocytes by maternal blood cells, which continues to circulate in the child's body for some time after birth.

For the woman herself, the development of an autoimmune conflict does not pose any danger. She will feel good even if the developing fetus begins to suffer in utero.

Therefore, it is extremely important for pregnant women, in whom antibodies have been detected in the blood through the Coombs test, to clearly follow all the recommendations of the doctor who monitors the development of pregnancy, donate blood for examination in a timely manner and not neglect the ultrasound examination, since it will help to identify the appearance of edema in the baby and the onset of development hemolytic disease.

Are there always complications?

If a woman with a Rh-negative factor becomes pregnant for the first time in her life, there are still no specific antibodies in her blood. Therefore, the pregnancy will proceed completely normally, and there will be no threat to the health and life of the unborn baby. Immediately after delivery, she will be injected with anti-Rh D serum, which will help stop the formation of these antibodies.

In addition, since the antibodies in the blood of a Rh-negative woman do not disappear with time, but on the contrary, their number only increases with each subsequent pregnancy, the introduction of this serum is indicated after each pregnancy, regardless of how it ends (delivery, spontaneous or medication). abortion).

If a woman with a negative Rh factor already has antibodies in the blood, the introduction of serum is strictly contraindicated.

Types of conflicts

There is also the concept of incompatible blood types during pregnancy in mother and child, which can also lead to the development of a conflict, but already according to the ABO system.

This type of complication is as common as Rh incompatibility, but its consequences are less catastrophic. It can develop if the mother, that is, does not contain agglutinogens, and the child inherits any other group from the father, and, accordingly, his blood contains antigens A and B, both individually and together.

A conflict in the ABO system can develop even during the first pregnancy, but the fetus will not develop pathological conditions, and there will be no signs of anemia. But just as in the case of a Rh-conflict, in the first days after birth, the level of bilirubin in the blood of a child will be significantly increased, and in order to eliminate the manifestations of pathological jaundice in him, it will be necessary to carry out the same therapeutic measures as in the case of an isoimmune conflict in Rh- factor.

Still incompatible for the birth of a child may be the blood types of him and the mother in the case when the expectant mother has a history of a disease such as thrombocytopenia, that is, a decrease in the number of platelets in her blood. In this case, the woman undergoes the process of formation of antibodies directed against fetal platelets.

Conclusion

During the initial visit to the antenatal clinic, the future mother will initially receive a referral to donate blood to determine her blood type and Rh-affiliation. In the case of the Rh (-) factor, her husband will also receive the same referral. If the Rh factors of future parents coincide, there will be no development of an autoimmune conflict.

In the case of different Rh factors of the spouses, the pregnancy will proceed under increased control by the gynecologist, in order to early determine the signs of the development of the Rh conflict during pregnancy between the mother and the fetus, as well as the growth of signs of hemolytic disease in the baby. If they are identified, the woman will need urgent hospitalization and specific treatment.

In no case should you be upset and refuse pregnancy and the birth of a baby if, for one reason or another, the blood groups of the future parents are incompatible.

Under the condition of careful medical supervision of the development of pregnancy, compliance with all the recommendations and appointments of a gynecologist, it is possible, if not avoided, then to minimize all the negative consequences caused by different types of blood of future parents. We hope you have learned what are the incompatible blood types for pregnancy.