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Long-term prospects for renewable energy. Prospects for renewable energy sources in Russia

Today in Moscow at the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, the head of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Adnan Z. Amin, presented the Report “Prospects for Renewable Energy in the Russian Federation” (photo).

This document is part of a program called REmap— Roadmap for a Renewable Energy Future. As part of the program, a general report is being prepared for the whole world, as well as separate issues by country. Today it is Russia's turn. Standard program time horizon: 2030

For me and a number of other participants in the event, some of the statistics contained in the Report were a surprise. First of all, we are talking about bioenergy. In particular, it turned out that almost 1.4 gigawatts of biomass-based electricity capacity have been installed in Russia.

Having asked for clarification from representatives of the Ministry of Energy present at the event, we found out that we are talking about generation facilities based on biological raw materials at large enterprises that supply them and adjacent settlements with electricity and heat.

I also draw your attention to the fact that the above graph takes into account solar power plants located in Crimea. The volume of capacity built in the rest of Russia under current support measures does not exceed 100 megawatts.

In general, the current total renewable energy capacity in Russia is, as stated in the Report, 53.5 gigawatts, of which 51.5 GW is hydropower.

Of some interest (but more questions) is the comparative table of the levelized cost of electricity production in Russia.

The data for 2014 was not taken very well (probably our energy statistics are not able to provide something more recent). Let us remember that that year was very turbulent, including in terms of exchange rates. It is also interesting to compare this analysis of the cost of different generation technologies, for example, with the latest American one.

The head of the Russian Wind company, Evgeny Nikolaev, during the discussion of the report, noted that the capacity factor of wind energy in the central part of Russia is significantly lower than the calculated IRENA indicators of 25-35%.

The “dynamics” of capital costs in Russian renewable energy only indicate the absence of a market or its infancy:

How does IRENA see the Russian energy sector in 2030 in terms of renewable energy development?

The REmap Report compares two scenarios: the “business as usual” scenario and the REmap itself, a more aggressive scenario.

When "ordinary course of business", which corresponds to the draft energy strategy of Russia until 2035, the final consumption of energy produced by renewable energy facilities will almost double from 0.6 EJ in 2010 to 1.1 EJ in 2030, which in turn will amount to about 5% of demand for all types of energy in 2030 (today: 3%). Renewable energy final consumption includes electricity and thermal renewable energy consumption, biofuel consumption for transport, cooking, and heating and process heat. Hydropower will continue to be the main renewable energy source, covering more than half of the final consumption of renewable energy. Given the availability of significant biomass reserves in Russia, the bioenergy market will grow significantly due to the increased use of biofuels for thermal energy production and in the transport sector. The installed capacity of solar power plants by 2030 will be only 2.7 GW, and of wind power plants - 5 GW.

According to REmap script, which examines the accelerated growth of renewable energy in the Russian energy sector, by 2030 its share in final energy consumption will reach 11.3% , that is, it will increase almost 4 times compared to the current level.

According to REmap, the share of renewable energy in electricity generation will exceed 34%, and hydropower will dominate here.

The share of renewable energy in thermal energy production will be about 15%.

The transport sector will see the fastest growth rate in the use of renewable energy sources: by 2030 its share will reach 8% compared to 1% in 2010.

According to the REmap scenario, the total installed capacity of wind power plants will reach 23 GW, the capacity of solar power plants will increase to 5 GW, and bioenergy plants to 26 GW (regarding installed capacity: in the text of the report the indicated 23 GW in wind energy is indicated, and in the table – 14 GW. It is not clear which of the figures is correct).The total share of the sun andwind in total electricity generation will be 3.4% in 2030. At the same time, Russia, according to current estimates, has the highest technical wind energy potential in the world.

By 2030, the total installed hydropower capacity will increase to 94 GW(regarding installed capacity: in the report in the text there is an indicated 94 GW of wind energy, and in the table - 74 GW. Presumably, the second figure is correct).

In the period 2010-2030, the total production of electricity based on renewable energy sources will almost triple from 169 TWh to 487 TWh. About 100 TWh of electricity generated by hydroelectric power plants and wind turbines with a total capacity of 30 GW will be available for export to Asian countries. At the same time, IRENA notes that the export of electricity is an unstable and unreliable activity.

The total investment required to achieve the REmap scenario is estimated at US$300 billion over the period 2010–2030, corresponding to an average annual investment requirement of US$15 billion over the period given period. At the same time, the benefits may outweigh the costs when external factors such as public health and climate change are taken into account.

Additional costs for the Russian energy system when implementing the REmap scenario are estimated at $8.7/GJ (calculations of this indicator are based on the following assumptions: discount rate: 11%, oil price: at $80/barrel and wholesale gas price: at $3.3 per million British thermal units (BTU).REmap is expected to replace primarily natural gas in heat and power generation. The installed capacity of coal generation does not change compared to “business as usual”.

Let's summarize.

I liked the optimism of the report’s authors regarding bioenergy, which, however, is somewhat dissonant with current real policy. Indeed, the potential (including export) of bioenergy is enormous. Responsible management of agricultural and forestry waste necessarily involves their energy use.

The emphasis on the development of hydropower seems to me to be wrong.

Overall, a very “calm report” written in the style of “conservative realism” for a country of peripheral capitalism that does not set itself any significant development goals. The usually quite aggressive REmap-2030 scenario turned out to be moderate in the case of Russia, especially in terms of the development of the electric power industry. Judge for yourself, 5 gigawatts of installed capacity solar energy by 2030... Some countries build that much in a year. However, it is clear that IRENA representatives must correlate their forecasts with local strategic guidelines.

Renewable energy sources are those whose reserves can be replenished in nature. naturally. The main advantage of renewable energy is that it does not require the use of irreplaceable natural resources - oil, coal and gas.

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Ministry of Education and Science of Russia

federal state budget educational institution

higher professional education

"St. Petersburg State Technological Institute

(Technical University)"

UGS (code, name) 080500 Bachelor

Direction of training080200 Financial management

Profile (name)Financial management

Faculty Economics and management

Department management and marketing

Academic discipline _ environmental management

Course 2 Group 6381

Abstract.

Subject Renewable energy current state and development prospects in Russia and the world.

Student _________________ K. V. Kaneva

Supervisor,

job title ________________ A.V. Erygina

(signature, date) (initials, surname)

Coursework grade

(course project)___________ ____________________

(signature of the manager)

Saint Petersburg

2014

Renewable energy.

Renewable (alternative) energy direction of energy based on the production of electrical energy from renewable sources (RES).

Renewable energy sources are those whose reserves can be replenished in nature naturally. The main advantage of renewable energy is that it does not require the use of irreplaceable natural resources such as oil, coal and gas. Unlike modern nuclear energy, “green” energy based on the use of renewable energy sources does not pose a threat to the environment.

According to federal law about the electric power industry, renewable energy sources (RES) include: solar energy, wind energy, water energy, including wastewater energy, tidal energy, wave energy of water bodies, including reservoirs, rivers, seas, oceans; geothermal energy, biomass, which includes plants specially grown for energy production, including trees, as well as production and consumption waste, with the exception of waste generated in the process of using hydrocarbon raw materials and fuel; biogas, gas released by industrial and consumer waste in landfills of such waste, gas generated in coal mining.

The main factor hindering the development of renewable energy sources in Russia is the high cost of the energy produced. However, over time, the cost of green energy is gradually decreasing, while the cost of energy obtained from fossil sources continues to rise steadily. Thus, the efficiency of implementation of renewable energy sources is constantly increasing. When talking about the future of energy, global and domestic experts are increasingly relying on renewable sources.

Renewable energy sources.
1. The energy of sunlight.

This type of energy is based on the transformation of electromagnetic solar radiation into electrical or thermal energy.

Solar power plants use the sun's energy both directly (photovoltaic solar power plants operating on the phenomenon of internal photoelectric effect) and indirectly using the kinetic energy of steam.

SES of indirect action include:

Tower concentrating sunlight with heliostats on a central tower filled with saline solution.

Solar ponds are a small pool several meters deep with a multi-layer structure. Upper convective layer fresh water; Below is a gradient layer with brine concentration increasing downwards; at the very bottom there is a layer of cool brine. The bottom and walls are covered with black material to absorb heat. Heating occurs in the lower layer, since the brine has a higher density compared to water, which increases with heating due to the better solubility of salt in hot water, convective mixing of the layers does not occur and the brine can heat up to 100 °C or more. A tubular heat exchanger is placed in the brine medium through which a low-boiling liquid (ammonia, etc.) circulates and evaporates when heated, transferring kinetic energy to the steam turbine.

The largest power plant of this type is located in Israel, its capacity is 5 MW, the pond area is 250,000 m2, depth is 3 m.

Wind energy.

Wind energy is a branch of energy that specializes in converting the kinetic energy of air masses in the atmosphere into electrical, thermal and any other form of energy for use in the economy. The transformation occurs with the help of a wind generator (to generate electricity), windmills and many other types of units. Wind energy is a consequence of the activity of the sun, so it is classified as a renewable form of energy.

The power of a wind generator depends on the area swept by the generator blades. For example, the 3 MW turbines (V90) manufactured by the Danish company Vestas have a total height of 115 meters, a tower height of 70 meters and a blade diameter of 90 meters.

Coastal zones are considered the most promising places for producing energy from wind. Offshore wind power plants are being built in the sea, at a distance of 10 x 12 km from the coast (and sometimes further). Wind turbine towers are installed on foundations made of piles driven to a depth of up to 30 meters.

Wind generators consume virtually no fossil fuels. The operation of a 1 MW wind generator over 20 years of operation allows saving approximately 29 thousand tons of coal or 92 thousand barrels of oil.

In the future, it is planned to use wind energy not through wind generators, but in a more unconventional way. In the city of Masdar (UAE), it is planned to build a power plant operating on the piezoelectric effect. It will be a forest of polymer trunks covered with piezoelectric plates. These 55-meter trunks will bend under the influence of the wind and generate current.

Hydropower.

Hydropower is a field of human economic activity, a set of large natural and artificial subsystems that serve to convert the energy of water flow into electrical energy.

Hydroelectric power plants use the potential energy of water flow as an energy source, the primary source of which is the Sun, which evaporates water, which then falls at higher elevations in the form of precipitation and flows down, forming rivers. Hydroelectric power plants are usually built on rivers by constructing dams and reservoirs. It is also possible to use the kinetic energy of water flow at the so-called free-flowing (damless) hydroelectric power plants.

Peculiarities:

The cost of electricity at hydroelectric power plants is significantly lower than at all other types of power plants
Hydroelectric generators can be turned on and off quite quickly depending on energy consumption
Renewable energy source
Significantly lower impact on the air environment than other types of power plants
Hydroelectric power plant construction is usually more capital intensive
Efficient hydroelectric power plants are often more distant from consumers
Reservoirs often occupy large areas
Dams often change the nature of fisheries because they block the passage of migratory fish to spawning grounds, but they often contribute to the increase in fish stocks in the reservoir itself and the implementation of fish farming.

As of 2010, hydropower provided the production of up to 76% of renewable and up to 16% of all electricity in the world, the installed hydropower capacity reached 1015 GW. The leaders in hydropower generation per citizen are Norway, Iceland and Canada. The most active hydraulic construction is carried out by China, for which hydropower is the main potential source of energy; up to half of the world's small hydroelectric power plants are located in this country.

Energy of ebbs and flows.

Power plants of this type are special type hydroelectric power plants using tidal energy. Tidal power plants are built on the shores of seas, where the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun change the water level twice a day.

To obtain energy, the bay or river mouth is blocked with a dam in which hydraulic units are installed, which can operate both in generator mode and in pump mode (to pump water into the reservoir for subsequent operation in the absence of tides). In the latter case, they are called pumped storage power plants.

The advantages of tidal power plants are environmental friendliness and low cost of energy production. Disadvantages high price construction and power varying throughout the day, which is why a tidal power plant can only operate in a single power system with other types of power plants.

Wave energy.

Wave power plants use the potential energy of waves carried on the surface of the ocean. The wave power is estimated in kW/m. Compared to wind and solar energy, wave energy has a higher power density. Despite its similar nature to the energy of tides and ocean currents, wave energy is a different source of renewable energy.

Geothermal energy.

Geothermal energy is a branch of energy based on the production of electrical energy from the energy contained in the bowels of the earth at geothermal stations. Typically refers to alternative energy sources that use renewable energy resources.

In volcanic areas, circulating water overheats above the boiling point at relatively shallow depths and rises through cracks to the surface, sometimes manifesting itself in the form of geysers. Access to underground warm waters is possible through deep drilling of wells. More common than such steam thermals are dry high-temperature rocks, the energy of which is available by injection and subsequent withdrawal of superheated water from them. High rock horizons with a temperature of less than 100 °C are also common in many geologically inactive areas, therefore the use of geothermal energy as a heat source is considered the most promising.

The economic use of geothermal sources is widespread in Iceland and New Zealand, Italy and France, Lithuania, Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Philippines, Indonesia, China, Japan, and Kenya.

The main advantage of geothermal energy is its practical inexhaustibility and complete independence from environmental conditions, time of day and year.

There are the following fundamental possibilities for using the heat of the earth's depths. Water or a mixture of water and steam, depending on their temperature, can be used for hot water supply and heating, for generating electricity, or for all these purposes simultaneously. High-temperature heat of the perivolcanic region and dry rocks Preferably used for power generation and heat supply. The design of the station depends on what source of geothermal energy is used.

If in this region there are underground sources thermal waters, then it is advisable to use them for heat supply and hot water supply. For example, according to available data, in Western Siberia there is an underground sea with an area of 3 million m2 with a water temperature of 7090 °C. Large reserves of underground thermal waters are found in Dagestan, North Ossetia, Chechnya, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Transcaucasia, Stavropol and Krasnodar territories, Kamchatka and a number of other regions of Russia, also in Kazakhstan.

The main problem that arises when using underground thermal waters is the need for a renewable cycle of supply (injection) of water (usually waste) into the underground aquifer. Thermal waters contain large amounts of salts of various toxic metals (for example, boron, lead, zinc, cadmium, arsenic) and chemical compounds(ammonia, phenols), which eliminates the discharge of these waters into natural water systems located on the surface.

Of greatest interest are high-temperature thermal waters or steam outputs, which can be used for electricity production and heat supply.

Biomass and biogas.

Biomass non-fossil organic substances of biological origin.

Primary biomass plants directly (or without chemical treatment) used to obtain (extract) energy. These include, first of all, agricultural and forestry waste.

Secondary biomass residues from the processing of primary biomass substances primarily as a result of their consumption by humans and animals or processing into household or industry. These include, first of all, manure, liquid compost, and liquid wastewater from wastewater treatment plants.

Biofuel waste from agricultural production, food and other industries, organic matter from wastewater and city landfills waste consisting of biological raw materials substances of biological origin.

Biomass represents a very broad class of energy resources. Its energy use is possible through combustion, gasification, pyrolysis and biochemical processing of anaerobic digestion of liquid waste to produce alcohols or biogas. Each of these processes has its own scope and purpose.

Non-commercial use of biomass (in other words, burning wood) causes great damage environment. The problems of deforestation and desertification in Africa and the destruction of tropical forests in South America are well known. On the other hand, the use of wood from energy plantations is an example of obtaining energy from organic raw materials with net zero carbon dioxide emissions.

Biogas is a type of biofuel that is produced from biomass. Since biogas is produced from biomass, it is one of the types of renewable energy sources.

Biogas is obtained from the biological material of living organisms (organic matter), and it is formed during the biological breakdown of this organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from urban organic waste, logging waste, plant material, manure and other sources. Biogas consists primarily of methane and carbon dioxide and may contain small amounts of hydrogen sulfide.

Measures to support renewable energy sources.

At the moment, there are quite a large number of measures to support renewable energy sources. Some of them have already proven themselves to be effective and understandable to market participants. These are measures such as:

Green certificates;

Green certificates are understood as certificates confirming the generation of a certain amount of electricity based on renewable energy sources. These certificates are received only by manufacturers qualified by the relevant authority. As a rule, a green certificate confirms the generation of 1 MWh, although this value may be different. The green certificate can be sold either together with the electricity produced or separately, providing additional support to the electricity producer. To track the issue and ownership of “green certificates”, special software and hardware tools are used (WREGIS, M-RETS, NEPOOL GIS). In accordance with some programs, certificates can be accumulated (for future use) or borrowed (to fulfill obligations in the current year). Driving force The mechanism for circulation of green certificates is the need for companies to fulfill obligations assumed independently or imposed by the government. In foreign literature, “green certificates” are also known as: Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), Green tags, Renewable Energy Credits.

Reimbursement of the cost of technological connection;

To increase the investment attractiveness of projects based on renewable energy sources, government agencies may provide a mechanism for partial or full compensation of the cost of technological connection of renewable sources to the network.

Fixed tariffs for renewable energy (“green” tariffs)

The experience accumulated around the world allows us to speak of fixed tariffs as the most successful measures to stimulate the development of renewable energy sources. These measures to support renewable energy sources are based on three main factors:

guarantee of network connection;
long-term contract for the purchase of all electricity produced by renewable energy sources;
guarantee of purchasing produced electricity at a fixed price.

Fixed tariffs for RES energy may differ not only for different sources of renewable energy, but also depending on the installed capacity of RES. One option for a support system based on fixed tariffs is the use of a fixed premium to the market price of RES energy. As a rule, a premium to the price of produced electricity or a fixed tariff is paid over a fairly long period (10-20 years), thereby guaranteeing the return of investments made in the project and making a profit.

Net metering system;

This support measure provides the ability to measure electricity supplied to the network and further use this value in mutual settlements with the electricity supply organization. Under a “net metering system,” the owner of a renewable energy source receives a retail credit for an amount equal to or greater than the electricity generated. In accordance with the law, in many countries, electricity supply organizations are required to provide consumers with the opportunity to carry out net metering.

4 . Use of renewable energy sources in the world

In recent decades, the global energy sector has seen qualitative changes, due to economic, political and technological reasons. One of the main trends is a decrease in the consumption of fuel resources; their share in global electricity production over the past 30 years has decreased from 75% to 68% in favor of the use of renewable resources (an increase from 0.6% to 3.0%).

The leading countries in the development of energy production from non-traditional sources are Iceland (renewable energy sources account for about 5% of energy, geothermal sources are mainly used), Denmark (20.6%, the main source is wind energy), Portugal (18.0 %, main sources wave, solar and wind energy), Spain (17.7%, main source solar energy) and New Zealand (15.1%, mainly geothermal and wind energy are used).

The world's largest consumers of renewable energy are Europe, North America and Asian countries.

China, the US, Germany, Spain and India have almost three-quarters of the world's wind power fleet. Among the countries characterized by the best development of small hydropower, China occupies the leading position, Japan is in second place, and the USA is in third place. The top five is completed by Italy and Brazil.

In the overall structure of installed capacity of solar energy facilities, Europe leads, followed by Japan and the USA. India, Canada, Australia, as well as South Africa, Brazil, Mexico, Egypt, Israel and Morocco have high potential for the development of solar energy.

The United States retains its leadership in the geothermal power industry. Then come the Philippines and Indonesia, Italy, Japan and New Zealand. Geothermal energy is actively developing in Mexico, Central America and Iceland - where 99% of all energy costs are covered by geothermal sources. Multiple volcanic zones have promising sources of superheated water, including Kamchatka, the Kuril, Japanese and Philippine Islands, and vast areas of the Cordillera and Andes.

According to numerous expert opinions, the global renewable energy market will continue to develop successfully, and by 2020 the share of renewable energy sources in electricity production in Europe will be about 20%, and the share of wind energy in electricity production in the world will be about 10%.

Use of renewable energy sources in Russia

Russia occupies one of the leading places in the global system of energy resources circulation, actively participates in global trade in them and in international cooperation in this area. The country’s position in the global hydrocarbon market is especially significant. At the same time, the country is practically not represented in the global energy market based on renewable energy sources.

The total installed capacity of electricity generating plants and power plants using renewable energy sources in Russia currently does not exceed 2,200 MW.

Using renewable energy sources, no more than 8.5 billion kWh of electrical energy is generated annually, which is less than 1% of the total electricity production. The share of renewable energy sources in the total volume of supplied thermal energy is no more than 3.9%.

The structure of energy production based on renewable energy sources in Russia differs significantly from the global one. In Russia, the most actively used resources are thermal power plants using biomass (the share in electricity generation is 62.1%, in thermal energy production at least 23% in thermal power plants and 76.1% in boiler houses), while the global level of use of biothermal power plants is 12%. At the same time, in Russia almost no wind and solar energy resources are used, but about a third of electricity generation comes from small hydroelectric power plants (versus 6% in the world).

World experience shows that the initial impetus for the development of renewable energy, especially in countries rich in traditional sources, should be given by the state. In Russia, there is practically no support for this sector of the energy industry.

Conclusion.

Renewable energy sources (RES) are those resources that a person can use without causing harm to the environment.

Energy using renewable sources is called “alternative energy” (in relation to traditional sources of gas, oil products, coal), which indicates minimal harm to the environment.

The advantages of using renewable energy sources (RES) are associated with the environment, reproducibility (inexhaustibility) of resources, as well as the possibility of obtaining energy in hard-to-reach places where the population lives.

The disadvantages of renewable energy sources often include the low efficiency of energy generation technologies using such resources (at the current time), insufficient capacity for industrial energy consumption, the need for large areas for planting “green crops”, the presence of increased noise and vibration levels (for wind energy), as well as the difficulties of mining rare earth metals (for solar energy).

The use of renewable energy sources is related to local renewable resources and government policies.

Successful examples are geothermal plants that provide energy, heating and hot water cities of Iceland; solar battery farms in California (USA) and the UAE; wind power “farms” in Germany, the USA and Portugal.

For Russian energy generation, taking into account the experience of use, territories, climate and availability of renewable energy sources, the most promising are: low-power hydroelectric power stations, solar energy (especially promising in the Southern Federal District) and wind energy (Baltic coast, Southern Federal District).

A promising source of renewable energy, but requiring professional technological development, is household waste and methane gas produced in storage areas.

Until recently, for a number of reasons, primarily due to the huge reserves of traditional energy raw materials, relatively little attention was paid to the development of the use of renewable energy sources in Russia's energy policy. In recent years, the situation has begun to change noticeably. The need to fight for a better environment, new opportunities to improve people’s quality of life, participation in the global development of advanced technologies, the desire to increase the energy efficiency of economic development, the logic of international cooperation these and other considerations contributed to the intensification of national efforts to create greener energy and move towards a low-carbon economy.

The volume of technically available renewable energy resources in the Russian Federation is at least 24 billion tons of standard fuel.

Literature:

http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/ru/campaigns/energy/
http://www.spbenergo.com
http://re.energybel.by/
http://worldtek.ru/alter/6-bioenergetika.html?showall=1
Portal "InterEnergo"
Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation

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Humanity has long learned to produce renewable (regenerative) energy using the power of rivers. But by the end of the twentieth century, due to the energy crisis, the rapid decline in gas reserves, and environmental deterioration, the question of using other sources in the environment arose. Thanks to the developments of scientists, it has become possible to extract energy from the sun, wind, tides, and geothermal waters.

Interesting! Globally, 18% of energy comes from renewable sources, of which wood accounts for 13%.

According to data provided to Forbes magazine by the International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA, by 2015 the share of energy produced in this way in the world was about 60%. In the future, by 2030, renewable energy sources will become leaders in the production of electricity, pushing the use of coal into second place.

Hydroelectric energy has been produced for a very long time, but new types of renewable energy sources, such as wind, geothermal water, sun, and tides, began to be used only recently - about 30-40 years. In 2014, the share of hydropower was 16.4%, solar and wind energy – 6.3%, and in the future, until 2030, these shares may become equal.

In European countries and the USA, the annual increase in energy production from wind is approximately 30% (196,600 MW). In Germany, Spain and the USA, the photovoltaic method is widely used. The California Geyser Geothermal Plant produces 750 MW annually.

Interesting! Danish wind power plants provided 42% of energy in 2015, and in the future, by 2050, it is planned to reach the design 100% production of “green energy” and completely abandon fossil resources.

Examples of renewable energy sources

The use of renewable energy sources will help solve energy problems in areas with poor environmental conditions. Provide electricity to remote and hard-to-reach areas without using power lines. Such installations will make it possible to decentralize energy supply in areas where fuel delivery is not economically viable. Most of the projects being developed relate to autonomous energy sources operating on raw materials such as non-traditional renewable energy sources obtained from biomass, peat, animal and human waste products, and household waste.

AES have been actively developed in the USA, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa. Such energy sources used by Chinese, Indian, German, Italian and Scandinavian consumers. In Russia, this industry has not yet reached the industrial level, so the use of regenerative energy is very low.

The planet can use more than just renewable energy sources provided by natural resources. Technologies for the production of thermonuclear and hydrogen energy are currently being developed. According to recent studies, the lunar reserves of the helium-3 isotope are enormous, so preparations are now underway for work to deliver this fuel in liquefied form. According to the calculations of Russian academician E. Alimov (RAS), two Shuttles are enough to provide electricity to the entire planet for a whole year.

Renewable energy sources in Russia

Unlike the world community, where “green energy” has been successfully used for a long time, in Russia they have taken up this issue quite recently. And, while hydropower has long supplied electricity to cities and towns, regenerative sources were considered unpromising. However, after 2000, due to the deterioration of the environmental situation, the reduction of natural resources and other no less important factors, it became obvious that it was necessary to develop alternative sources of energy production.

The most promising direction is the development of installations that directly convert solar radiation into electricity. They use photobatteries based on monocrystals, polycrystals and amorphous silicon. Electricity is produced even in diffuse sunlight. Power can be adjusted by removing or adding modules. They practically do not consume energy, are automated, reliable, safe, and can be repaired.

For the development of renewable energy sources in Dagestan, Rostov region In the Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories, solar collectors have been installed and are operating, providing consumers with autonomous energy.

Interesting! 1 m 2 of solar collector saves up to 150 kg of standard fuel per year.

In Russia, electricity generation based on wind power produces up to 20,000 MW. The use of such installations with an average wind speed of 6 m/s and a power of 1 MW saves 1000 tons of standard fuel per year. Based on scientific data, developments are now underway and energy complexes are being put into operation. However, the use of renewable energy sources such as wind is difficult in Russia. According to a law passed in 2008, wind turbines must use very strong foundations, and roads leading to construction must be well paved. For example, in European countries and the USA a primer is used.

Interesting! if in Tyumen region, Magadan, Kamchatka and Sakhalin use installations, then from 1 square kilometer you can collect 2.5-3.5 million kW/h. This is 200 times higher energy consumption at the moment.

To date, geothermal power plants have been built and are operating in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. Three modules of the Verkhne-Mutnovskaya GeoTPP (Kamchatka) produce 12 MW, the construction of the Mutnovskaya GeoTPP for 4 units, which will produce 100 MW, is being completed. In the future, it is possible to use geothermal water in this area to generate 1000 MW, plus separated water and condensate can heat buildings.

There are 56 already explored deposits in the country, in which wells can produce more than 300 thousand cubic meters of geothermal water per day.

Prospects for the development of tidal power generation

In 1968, the world's first experimental tidal power plant, generating 450 kW/h, operated on the Kola Peninsula. Based on the work of this project, it was decided to continue the development of tidal power plants in Russia as promising renewable energy sources on the coast of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. Construction has begun in the Khabarovsk Territory of the Tugurskaya TPP, the design capacity of which will be 6.8 million kW. The Mezenskaya TPP is being built in the White Sea with a design capacity of 18.2 million kW. Such installations are now being developed and installed for Chinese, Korean, and Indian consumers. Alternative tidal energy equipment is also shown in the first picture of this article.

On April 5, 2017 in Moscow at the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, the head of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Adnan Z. Amin, presented Report “Prospects for Renewable Energy in the Russian Federation”. We have already written about this.

This document is part of a program called REmap - Roadmap for a Renewable Energy Future. As part of the program, a general report is being prepared for the whole world, as well as separate issues by country.

Commented on the document Vladimir Sidorovich, Director of the Institute of Energy Efficient Technologies in Construction.

He said that he and a number of other participants in the event were surprised by the statistics that almost 1.4 GW of biomass-based electricity capacity was installed in Russia.

“Having asked for clarification from representatives of the Ministry of Energy present at the event, we found out that we are talking about generation facilities based on biological raw materials at large enterprises that supply them and adjacent settlements with electricity and heat.”, - comments the expert.

Vladamir Sidorovich said: "The REmap Report compares two scenarios: the “business as usual” scenario and, in fact, the REmap, a more aggressive scenario. In the case of the “business as usual” scenario, which corresponds to the draft energy strategy of Russia until 2035, the final consumption of energy produced by renewable energy sources is will almost double from 0.6 EJ in 2010 to 1.1 EJ in 2030, which in turn will account for about 5% of all energy demand in 2030 (today: 3%). Renewable energy final consumption includes consumption of electrical and thermal renewable energy, consumption of biofuels for vehicles, cooking, as well as for heating and process heat. Hydropower will continue to be the main renewable energy source, covering more than half of the final consumption of renewable energy. Taking into account the availability of significant biomass reserves in Russia, the bioenergy market will increase significantly due to increased use of biofuels for thermal energy production and in the transport sector. The installed capacity of solar power plants by 2030 will be only 2.7 GW, and of wind power plants - 5 GW.

According to the REmap scenario, which considers the accelerated growth of renewable energy in the Russian energy sector, by 2030 its share in final energy consumption will reach 11.3%, that is, it will increase almost 4 times compared to the current level.

According to REmap, the share of renewable energy in electricity generation will exceed 34%, and hydropower will dominate here. The share of renewable energy in thermal energy production will be about 15%. The transport sector will see the fastest growth rate in the use of renewable energy sources: by 2030 its share will reach 8% compared to 1% in 2010.

According to the REmap scenario, the total installed capacity of wind power plants will reach 23 GW, the capacity of solar power plants will increase to 5 GW, and bioenergy plants to 26 GW (regarding installed capacity: in the text of the report the indicated 23 GW in wind energy, and in the table - 14 GW. Not it is clear which number is correct). The combined share of solar and wind in total electricity generation will be 3.4% in 2030. At the same time, Russia, according to current estimates, has the highest technical wind energy potential in the world.

By 2030, the total installed capacity of hydroelectric power plants will increase to 94 GW (regarding the installed capacity: in the report in the text there is an indicated 94 GW of wind power, and in the table - 74 GW. Presumably, the second figure is correct).

The total investment required to achieve the REmap scenario is estimated at US$300 billion over the period 2010–2030, corresponding to an average annual investment requirement of US$15 billion over this period. At the same time, the benefits may outweigh the costs when external factors such as public health and climate change are taken into account.

Additional costs for the Russian energy system during implementation REmap script are estimated at $8.7/GJ (calculations of this indicator are based on the following assumptions: discount rate: 11%, oil price: $80/barrel and wholesale gas price: $3.3 per million British thermal ".

Summing up, the expert stated: " I liked the optimism of the report’s authors regarding bioenergy, which, however, is somewhat dissonant with current real policy. Indeed, the potential (including export) of bioenergy is enormous. Responsible management of agricultural and forestry waste necessarily involves their energy use. The emphasis on hydropower development seems to me to be incorrect. Overall, a very “calm report” written in the style of “conservative realism” for a country of peripheral capitalism that does not set itself any significant development goals. The usually quite aggressive REmap-2030 scenario turned out to be moderate in the case of Russia, especially in terms of the development of the electric power industry. Judge for yourself, 5 GW of installed solar energy capacity by 2030... Some countries build that much in a year. However, it is clear that IRENA representatives must correlate their forecasts with local strategic guidelines."

02.05.2018

Industry growth in the 21st century is occurring at an unprecedented pace. The share of global energy consumption in industrial production reaches 93 percent. The leadership of the Russian Federation has set a priority task of increasing energy efficiency generally.

Therefore, the popularity of renewable energy sources in Russian regions is increasing.

Why is there no demand for old ways of obtaining energy?

Electricity

There is a close relationship between the industrial and energy sectors. To ensure the functioning of large and small businesses and the organization of transport cargo transportation today, one cannot do without the most powerful sources of electricity. The same applies to household supplies.

Electrical networks are used to power:

Lighting of highways and highways;
TV and radio stations;
Residential, working, shopping areas;
Stationary and private institutions;
Service companies.

Consequently, electricity accompanies us in all areas of activity. How is it obtained? To provide energy to city networks, thermal (CHP), water (HPP) and nuclear power plants are effectively used. They constitute traditional fuel energy.

Such stations operate on the following types of natural fuel: coal, peat, gas, oil, radioactive ores (uranium, plutonium). The design of energy conversion stations is primitive, but the high efficiency indicator confirms their effectiveness.

Russian thermal power plants use combustible fuel to operate. There is a release of powerful chemical energy as a result of combustion and conversion into electricity, achieving a maximum efficiency of 35 percent.

The operation of nuclear power plants is similar. In order to ensure their functionality, Russia uses uranium ores or plutonium. When the nuclei of these radioactive sources decay, energy is released, which is converted into electricity, achieving the highest efficiency indicator - 44 percent.

Powerful water flows are used to generate energy and ensure the operation of hydroelectric power plants. Huge masses of water enter the surface of hydraulic turbines, which causes their movement and generation of electricity, with a maximum efficiency of 92 percent.

We also note the use of gas turbine stations - gas turbine stations - relatively new installations capable of generating both electrical and thermal energy simultaneously, with a maximum efficiency of 46 percent.

But the capabilities of traditional energy, based on working with petroleum products and radioactive elements, do not correspond modern views specialists.

Basics of alternative energy types and the use of renewable energy sources

The sources for renewable energy are the energy created by:

by the wind;
small river streams;
the sun;
geothermal springs;
ebbs and flows.

It is worth paying attention to the fact that the share of renewable energy in the overall Russian energy balance does not exceed 3%.

Although in Russia they are trying to more actively use alternative sources energy. The development of this industry is as follows:

Using the wind.

The share of wind energy does not exceed 30 percent of all electricity generated on Russian territory. Our country cannot be considered a leader in renewable energy sources, but this indicator can be called quite decent.

We note that wind turbines located in the Caucasus region, the Urals and Altai have a high efficiency index. Wind energy will have to be developed in the Pacific and Arctic Oceans, and more specifically, on their Russian coast. Experts are looking for the opportunity to equip the coasts of the Azov and Caspian Seas, the southern part of Kamchatka, and the Kola Peninsula with large wind farms. Localization of the most powerful existing wind farms exists in Bashkortostan, Crimea, Kamchatka and the Kaliningrad region.

In addition to large wind sites, small ones are being built that will be able to provide energy to nearby settlements.

Work is underway not only with conventional ground-based wind generators, but also with helium-filled probes. Such devices are installed at an altitude of 1.2 to 3 kilometers above ground level and are used to generate energy in the air. Among the advantages of such probes, we mention the greater energy production due to more strong gusts winds at altitude.

Use of mountain rivers.

The energy of small water flows is also potentially high. In some Russian regions (for example, in the Caucasus), projects have been implemented to build small hydroelectric power stations on mountain rivers. For such installations, periodic inspection is important. 24-hour maintenance of existing equipment is not required. But the residents of settlements located in these areas now have enough relatively cheap electrical energy. The cost of organizing a centralized energy supply in these villages would be significantly higher.

Energy from geothermal sources.

The development of energy obtained from geothermal sources is dynamic. According to available information, there are 56 such thermal water sources on Russian territory. Of these, only 20 are used in industry. The entire complex of thermal power plants is located on the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka. In Western Siberia, an underground sea was discovered with an area of approximately 3 million square meters. The energy of this sea is not yet used enough.

Energy of sun.

In the Crimea, Bashkortostan, and Altai Territory you can see many huge sites dotted with solar panels. In these regions, the use of solar energy is the most profitable.

Based on data on renewable energy sources in Russian regions, it can be concluded that there is a slow but steady development this direction. But it cannot yet be compared with world leaders who effectively use renewable energy sources.

Disadvantages inherent in the RES system

Scientists are confident that when renewable energy sources are introduced in Russian regions, this share of energy should reach from 15 to 18 percent. But so far these optimistic forecasts have not come true. What is the reason for this lag?

It is due to the disadvantages inherent in the RES system:

Relatively high cost of production. The return on production of traditional minerals has long been high, and the construction of new types of equipment that meets alternative energy standards will require huge investments. So far there has been no investor interest, which is due to minimal returns. Entrepreneurs are more willing to invest in the discovery of new gas and oil fields, not wanting to waste their money.
Weakness of the legislative framework in the Russian Federation. According to world scientists, the development of alternative energy depends on the state. Government agencies need to ensure that they have the right framework and substantial support in place. In European countries, for example, there are taxes related to CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere. In them, the total share of renewable energy use reaches from 20 to 40 percent.
The influence of the consumer factor. The tariffs for energy obtained from renewable energy sources exceed traditional ones by up to 3.5 times. For a modern person, his well-being is important; he strives to obtain maximum results at minimum costs. Changing people's mentality is difficult. Neither large businessmen nor ordinary people want to overpay for sources alternative energy, even influencing the future of our planet
Criterion for system variability. The variability of nature should be taken into account. Different types of renewable energy sources have different efficiencies corresponding to weather and seasonal conditions. Energy production from solar cells will be minimal in cloudy weather. The operation of wind generators stops when there is calm. It is difficult for a person to cope with the seasonality of renewable energy sources.

The desire to successfully develop Russia's renewable energy sector faces insufficient capacity and support. The confidence of Russian power engineers lies in the fact that in the foreseeable future, renewable energy sources will remain only a support for traditional types of fuel.

The importance of the transition to renewable energy sources

According to biologists and ecologists, the use of alternative energy will be the most effective development events, important nature and to man.

The use of non-renewable energy sources (petroleum products) in the industrial sector is a powerful harmful factor for the earth's ecosphere. This is due to the following reasons:

Limited fuel supplies. Man is engaged in the extraction of gas and coal, peat and oil from the bowels of the earth. Russia objectively possesses these useful resources. But regardless of the vast areas of mining, mineral sources may be exhausted;
Due to mining, all systems on the planet are being modified. Human resource extraction leads to changes in relief, the formation of voids and quarries in the Earth's crust;
Due to the operation of power plants, changes in the properties of the atmosphere occur, which leads to changes in air composition, increased greenhouse gas emissions, and the formation of ozone holes;
Hydroelectric power stations harm rivers. The activities of hydroelectric power stations contribute to the destruction of river floodplains and flooding of nearby areas.

Because of these factors, cataclysms and natural disasters occur. At the same time, the following advantages of alternative energy should be mentioned:

Environmental cleanliness. Working with renewable sources does not emit greenhouse gases and hazardous substances in atmosphere. There is no danger to the lithosphere, hydrosphere, or biosphere. It can be argued that there are almost endless reserves of renewable energy sources. Their exhaustion is possible only after the disappearance of our planet. But until then, the rivers will flow and the winds will blow, and the tides will ebb and flow. And the Sun will not stop shining.
Absolute safety for humans, absence of any harmful emissions.
Efficiency in remote areas where there is no possibility of centralized energy supply. Thanks to renewable energy sources in Russian regions, there will be an opportunity to provide people with a bright, environmentally friendly future.

Why won't RES become widespread in Russia?

Many experts in this field express confidence in the need to eliminate large quantity obstacles to the introduction of renewable energy sources in Russia. So far, the use of combustible and nuclear fuel effectively solves the main problems.

Traditional fuel energy has a number of important advantages:

Comparatively cheap. The production of many types of fuel has long been put on the conveyor belt. For decades, humanity has been developing this industry. Over such a long period of time, a lot of effective equipment was invented and introduced into the mining industry. The cost of developing various fields has decreased significantly. Modern man has experience in this area; it is easier for him to follow the beaten path than to search for other options for energy production. Humanity does not want to invent other options, being satisfied with the existing ones.
Public availability. Mining has been carried out for decades, which has led to the covering of all costs of conducting this activity. We can talk about full recoupment of the cost of equipment used in the fuel energy industry. Equipment maintenance costs are not very high. Working for energy companies is considered prestigious. Thanks to these factors, traditional energy continues to be developed, which causes its popularity to grow.
Ease of use. Let us note the factors of cyclicality and stability of fuel production and energy production. People must take care of maintaining the functioning of these systems, which will ensure their high profitability.
Demand. The economic feasibility factor is decisive in the energy industry. The demand is due to its low cost and practicality. So far, these qualities cannot be achieved using alternative sources.

Thanks to all these advantages, fuel energy remains a favorite in global production. It is not yet connected in any way with irrevocable financial investments and has a high profitability, competing with renewable energy sources.

The advantages of fuel production are quite comparable to the disadvantages inherent in renewable energy sources.

After studying the lists presented above, we can conclude that fuel energy is more promising. The alternative is just taking its first steps, facing numerous obstacles.

Conclusion

Let us note the imperfection of alternative energy, which hinders widespread demand for it. Although specialists in this field understand the prospect of using renewable energy sources on Russian territory. Therefore, the scientific potential of the state needs to effectively cope with the problems associated with renewable energy sources in order to eliminate the main shortcomings that characterize alternative energy today.

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