Systems of raising children among different peoples of the world. How do different peoples raise boys and girls?
Lives on the planet great amount nations and peoples, absolutely not similar friends on a friend. Traditions of raising children different countries depend on religious, ideological, historical and other factors. What traditions of raising children exist among different nations?
Germans are in no hurry to have children until they are about thirty, until they have achieved significant success in their careers. If married couple decided to take this important step, which means they will approach it with all seriousness. Very often they start looking for a nanny in advance, even before the child is born.
Traditionally, all children in Germany stay at home until they are three years old. An older child begins to be taken to " play group» so that he gains experience communicating with peers, and then he is placed in kindergarten.
French women send their children to kindergarten very early. They are afraid of losing their qualifications at work and believe that children's team guys develop faster. In France, a child spends almost the entire day from birth, first in a nursery, then in a kindergarten, then at school. French children grow up quickly and become independent. They go to school themselves, buy the necessary school supplies in the store themselves. Grandchildren only communicate with their grandmothers during the holidays.
In Italy, on the contrary, it is customary to often leave children with relatives, especially grandparents. People go to kindergarten only if no one from their family is present. Great importance in Italy it is given permanent family dinners and holidays with a large number of invited relatives.
Great Britain is famous for its strict upbringing. The childhood of a little Englishman is filled with a lot of demands that are aimed at the formation of purely English traditional habits, views and characteristics of character and behavior in society. WITH small age Children are taught to restrain the expression of their emotions. Parents show their love with restraint, but this does not mean that they love them less than representatives of other nations.
Americans typically have two or three children, believing that it would be difficult for one child to grow up in the adult world. Americans take their children with them everywhere, and often children come with their parents to parties. Many public institutions provide rooms where you can change clothes and feed your baby.
A Japanese child under five years old is allowed to do everything. He is never scolded for pranks, never beaten, or pampered in any way. Since high school attitude towards children becomes harsher. Clear regulation of behavior prevails and the division of children according to abilities and competition among peers is encouraged.
Different countries have different views on raising the younger generation. The more exotic the country, the more original the parents’ approach. In Africa, women attach children to themselves using a long piece of cloth and carry them with them everywhere. The appearance of European strollers is met with violent protest among admirers of age-old traditions.
The process of raising children in different countries largely depends on the culture of a particular people. In Islamic countries it is believed that one must be the right example for your child. Here Special attention is given not so much to punishment as to encouragement good deeds.
There are no standard approaches to child care on our planet. Puerto Ricans quietly leave infants in the care of older brothers and sisters who are under five years old. In Hong Kong, a mother will not trust her child to even the most experienced nanny.
In the West, children cry as often as elsewhere in the world, but for longer than in some countries. If an American child cries, he will be picked up in an average minute and calmed down, and if an African baby cries, his cry will be responded to in about ten seconds and put to the chest. In countries like Bali, infants are fed on demand without any schedule.
Western guidelines suggest not putting children to bed during the day so that they get tired and fall asleep easily in the evening. In other countries this technique is not supported. In most Chinese and Japanese families, young children sleep with their parents. It is believed that this way children sleep better and do not suffer from nightmares.
The process of raising children in different countries gives different results. In Nigeria among two year olds 90 percent know how to wash their face, 75 percent can shop, and 39 percent know how to wash their plate. In the USA, it is believed that by the age of two, a child should be able to roll a car on wheels.
A huge number of books are devoted to the traditions of raising children in different countries, but not a single encyclopedia will answer the question: how to raise a child correctly. Representatives of each culture consider their methods to be the only correct ones and sincerely want to raise a worthy generation to replace them.
Raising a child is not an easy process. Despite the abundance of specialized literature or even teacher education, it is difficult to say unequivocally what can be done and what should not be done. Practice has moved far from theory. Each family has its own traditions and customs in raising the younger generation, but for a particular nation they are, for the most part, the same.
Raising children in different countries has significant differences, in some ways we agree with this, but in others the methods of education do not receive our support. For representatives of different countries, parenting techniques may be similar or vary significantly.
Raising children among different nations
Japan
For example, the Japanese pamper their children under the age of 5; there are no prohibitions or punishments for them. However, after the “critical” age, the child finds himself in conditions of fierce competition and selection based on merit.
Great Britain
The British, on the contrary, raise children in strictness, do not allow them to succumb to emotions, and prepare them for the harsh realities of life. They are moderate in their expression of feelings, but full of nobility.
USA
But Americans are in many ways similar to the Slavs in matters of education. They believe that children should be close to their parents, whether it be a walk or a party. In the USA, all conditions have been created for this; there are even special rooms where parents can feed or change clothes for their child.
Germany
Germans are in no hurry to have children until they are about thirty, until they have achieved significant success in their careers. If a married couple has decided to take this important step, then they will approach it with all seriousness. Very often they start looking for a nanny in advance, even before the child is born.
Traditionally, all children in Germany stay at home until they are three years old. An older child begins to be taken to a “play group” once a week so that he can gain experience communicating with peers, and then he is placed in a kindergarten.
France
French women send their children to kindergarten very early. They are afraid of losing their qualifications at work and believe that children develop faster in a children's group. In France, a child spends almost the entire day from birth, first in a nursery, then in a kindergarten, then at school.
French children grow up quickly and become independent. They go to school themselves, buy the necessary school supplies in the store themselves. Grandchildren only communicate with their grandmothers during the holidays.
Italy
In Italy, on the contrary, it is customary to often leave children with relatives, especially grandparents. People go to kindergarten only if no one from their family is present. In Italy, great importance is attached to regular family dinners and holidays with a large number of invited relatives.
Africa
Since ancient times, Africans have carried children with them using a piece of fabric, which is the great-grandfather of the sling. But this is more a necessity than a way to get acquainted with the world around us.
Participation in raising children of grandparents in different countries
Raising children in different countries with the help of grandparents also has its own characteristics. Active participation Experienced pensioners from the Slavs, Muslims and Italians take help in developing the child’s personality. The French and Americans are characterized by distance from the older generation. As a rule, when they retire, they go on trips or take care of their personal lives. The family unites only during major holidays.
Raising children with parents belonging to different cultures, depends on customs, historical moments, traditions, mentality of the nation and each family individually.
Video materials about education
Highlights of raising children in different cultures:
Raising children in the Czech Republic:
Traditions of education in Japan:
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“A child is love that can be seen,” said one of the greats. And we will add: not only to see, but also to hug, and kiss, and hold this little laughing happiness tightly to us. But, in fact, we all love equally, but we educate differently. Every country, every nation and people has its own unwritten rules on "growing" younger generation. These laws are passed down from generation to generation. They are respected and followed unquestioningly.1. FranceThis is why humanity is so diverse. Today we will reveal the secrets of raising the French, Japanese, Germans, Americans and a couple of dozen other countries. Take note of all the best and, perhaps, create your own method of education, which will allow you to raise a child not only smart, talented, neat and polite, but most importantly - happy.
The French family is so strong that children and parents are in no hurry to separate and live peacefully together until they are thirty (or even more!) years old. Therefore, the opinion that they are infantile, lacking initiative and irresponsible is not unfounded. This does not mean that mothers sit with them constantly from morning to evening - the French mother quite rationally distributes time between work, personal interests, husband and child. For a modern French woman, self-realization and career have no less weight than for other Western emancipated women.
The child goes to kindergarten early, the mother returns to work. French child He is not always the center of attention of his family; he learns to entertain himself early, grows up independent, and matures quickly. French mothers, in addition, believe that the child should grow up socially adapted and therefore early years children are placed in a group. With other kids, the child learns everything, from the ability to dress independently and eat using cutlery, to reading and drawing.
Thus, he learns everything in the company of new friends and it is normal for him that his mother works as long as he can remember. Unlike Slavic families, where grandmothers often take over the care of mothers, this is not common in France. Grandparents live their rich, full life- travel, play sports or do handicrafts in hobby groups. Therefore, all care for grandchildren falls entirely on the parents (maybe this is correct). And “parents of parents” rarely see their grandchildren and only sometimes can take them to classes in a section or circle.
2. England
The UK is famous for its strict education. The childhood of a little Englishman is filled with a lot of demands that are aimed at the formation of purely English traditional habits, views and characteristics of character and behavior in society. From a young age, children are taught to restrain the expression of their emotions. Parents show their love with restraint, but this does not mean that they love them less than representatives of other nations.
In this country it is not customary to have children early, average age young mother - 35-40 years old. It is believed that a young girl will not be able to raise a child correctly, because she does not yet have life experience. The British believe that first you need to create material base, buy a house, and then have a child. In a modern English family, as a rule, there are three children. English mothers often use the services of nannies to help them raise and educate their children. Moreover, many can afford to hire such an assistant. From the early age in England, mothers take their children with them to cafes, cinemas, shops or other public places. Thus, children adapt very quickly to environment, begin to communicate more boldly with peers.
We can say that the country itself is adapted for children: everywhere there are children's corners, high chairs for babies, convenient ramps on the sidewalks for strollers, playgrounds have a safe rubber coating, and in cars the British transport children only in special chairs and must be fastened. Therefore, England is considered the safest country for children in Europe.
English children are constantly praised and believe that this increases self-esteem and self-confidence, which will help them emerge victorious from difficult situations in the future. life situations, as befits a true Englishman. In this country, it is customary to pamper children. This cannot be applied to children. Physical punishment, as this may injure the child. And one more feature - English mothers do not have the right to reprimand someone else’s child. 
3. Ireland
The Irish are very kind to the younger generation. They try not to raise their voices at children even when they break something in stores - rather, they politely ask if he is scared. First of all, Irish parents are interested in the well-being of their child. It is not difficult to meet pregnant women here mature age. Like the English, the Irish strive to first achieve a certain level of prosperity and only then give birth.
But despite this, there are many children in families - often four or five.
It is interesting that in this country there are no orphanages at all: for all orphans there will certainly be a foster family. 
4. Belgium
Children are taught to be part of society from an early age: from the age of 2.5, children attend school. The class is taught by one teacher who works with children constantly. He teaches them to be careful, be friends, help each other, and show respect to their peers. 
5. Denmark
Danish children grow up in an atmosphere of freedom and equality. From an early age, a child is a full-fledged member of the family who has the right to his opinion and can take part in resolving any issues. Main method education among Danish parents and educators is a game, and therefore kindergartens are the highest level equipped with everything necessary for a wide variety of gaming programs. 
6. Germany
Germans prefer to have children after the age of thirty, when they have already made a career at work. Usually they look for a nanny before the birth of the child.
In Germany, children under three years of age are raised at home. As they get older, they are taken to a "play group" once a week. There they learn to communicate with peers. After that, they are sent to kindergarten.
Raising children in Germany can be characterized by the words “protection” and “safety”. And strangely enough, the state protects children even from own parents. From childhood, little citizens are taught that no one should offend them, beat them, punish them, or even raise their voice. Such relationships lead to permissiveness and spoiling and to the fact that parents, so as not to suddenly cause negative reaction in their own way from the side of the law, are not too attached to children, and pass on their parenting to strangers - nannies. 
7. Austria
In the process of raising children in Austria, a strict approach is practiced. The fact is that parents strive to properly motivate their offspring from an early age. It is believed that Austrian parents are among the strictest in the world. On the other hand, it is here that more money is spent annually on buying toys for a child than in any other European country. But all the splendor is presented not to the detriment of the educational process. 
8. Italy
A family in Italy is a clan. Holy concept. No matter how distant a person may be from his relatives, no matter how worthless he may be, if he is a member of the family, there is no doubt that she will not leave him. The birth of a child in such a family is an event not only for his immediate relatives, but also for everyone else who falls under the “seventh water on jelly” category. The baby is a gift from heaven, a little deity, everyone noisily admires him, spoils him recklessly, lavishes him with toys and sweets.
Children grow up in an atmosphere of permissiveness and lack of system, while in conditions total control, as a result of which they grow up to be as expansive, rude, intemperate, and capricious as their parents. Surveys of travel agencies show that Italian children are the most ill-mannered tourists in Europe: they are the ones who most often do not allow other tourists to rest in peace, make noise, do not listen to their elders, eat sloppily in restaurants, do only what they consider necessary, not in accordance with the opinions of others.
Children in Italy are allowed everything. In this country, a child is first and foremost a child, so if he is active, if he plays around, stands on his head, does whatever he wants, then his parents will never punish him, because he behaves like a child and this is normal. Such children grow up artistic, liberated and not constrained, because they have not heard the word “no” at all, or heard it extremely rarely.
Italian mothers and fathers spend enough time with their children, but do not overly patronize and care, as is customary, for example, in Slavic countries. 
9. Greece
Greek education is somewhat similar to Italian education. Only a good Greek parent has one more little quirk: the child must always be fed, overfed and even overfed. Therefore, a well-fed Greek baby with gyros (lavash with meat and vegetables) at the ready is a fairly common sight. Another one distinctive feature Greek families- mothers unacceptably spoil their sons, and fathers fulfill every whim of their daughters. Moreover, this attitude persists when the matured children are already well over forty. 
10. Netherlands
“Children must grow up free” is the main rule of this country. Children are allowed absolutely everything, as long as it does not threaten their health. Let them build, break, run and make noise from morning to evening - no one will say a word. Studying should also be joyful and enjoyable. Children go to school practically light: they take only sandwiches with them, and everything they need for classes is given to them directly in class.
11. Sweden
Sweden, like other Scandinavian countries, leads the ranking of the most comfortable countries for children and their mothers. Like the Germans, the Swedes have a negative attitude towards hitting a child, even if he has done something wrong. Children from an early age know about their right to privacy. However, certain limits and limits of rigor in Swedish families exist because it is believed that permissiveness and spoiling lead to a person growing up unhappy. But if parents forbid something to their child, then they are obliged to explain why, listen to his arguments and opinion, the Swedes are for dialogue. 
12. Spain
The main goal of all parents in Spain is happy children. Spaniards love to talk about their children, admire them, give gifts for something or just because. Due to its southern emotionality, outbursts of anger directed towards the child are possible, but, as a rule, they do not last long and end big hugs, kisses and apologies.
Children do not grow up selfish and spoiled, because the concepts of good and evil, bad deeds and those that can be set as an example for others are clearly separated. Having lived such a childhood, adult Spaniards become quite self-confident, cheerful and know how, like their parents, to enjoy life and have fun. 
13. Russia.
If in Russia, on average, couples decide to have a child at the age of 25-28 years, then in America and Europe - no earlier than 31-33. Older parents have more financial opportunities to raise and provide for their child, have greater financial independence from the state and devote more time to their family.
If Russian child goes to kindergarten (nursery) at 1.5 years, then German or American - only at 3-4 years. That is, the child spends less time at home with his mother. Although home education is considered the most effective, it allows you to raise a bright personality in a child.
Second difference Russian education- the amount of time devoted to the child. If in Russia it is not customary to take a child to holidays and parties, then in the USA you can easily take a child to a corporate event if it is not possible to hire a nanny. But we have grandparents, mothers-in-law and mothers-in-law! Who spend so much time with their children that parents can easily go on vacation to the sea.
In our country, unlike, say, Japan, it has always been believed that a child should begin to be taught even when he can be laid across the bench. In other words, instill in him social rules and norms from a very young age. Teaching the baby to be independent is also in order. Many mothers do not try to pick up their child at the first fall. He must overcome difficulties himself.
Russian family, as a rule, is always preoccupied with the issue of housing and the issue of money. The father is the breadwinner and breadwinner. He does not participate in housework and does not wipe the snot of whining children. Mom tries to save workplace all three years maternity leave. But usually he can’t stand it and goes to work earlier - either from lack of money or for reasons of mental balance.
Modern Russia, although it tries to be guided by Western and other theories of raising children (breastfeeding up to three years, co-sleeping, permissiveness, etc.), but Domostroev’s classical attitudes are in our blood - either the carrot or the stick.
A nanny in Russia is not available to most Russians. Kindergartens are often uninteresting, so preschool children are usually left to grandparents while parents earn their daily bread by the sweat of their brow.
Under the wing parent child stays as long as mom and dad can hold him.
A Russian mother cannot calmly watch her child jumping through puddles in new sneakers or jumping over fences in a white dress. And that’s why you can see a mother scolding her child on the streets.
The Russian mentality is not understandable to the West.
Soulful and warm-hearted, brave to the point of madness, hospitable and daring, they do not mince words. Russians value space and freedom, easily slap children on the back of the head and immediately kiss them, pressing them to their chests. Russians are conscientious, sympathetic and, at the same time, stern and adamant. 
14. USA
In the USA, all worries about the child fall on the shoulders of the young mother, who is in no hurry to return from maternity leave. The attitude towards children is patient and democratic. There are two main ways of punishment for any offense: the first is deprivation of a toy or the opportunity to watch TV, the second is a “rest chair”, where you should sit silently and think about what you were wrong about. And if a child tells someone that he was spanked at home, the adult who hears this will most likely call the police.
Children are given freedom of action, taught to be independent. Even in kindergarten, children are told that they have the right to their opinion. Dads often go out with American children. And situations where mom works and dad sits with the children are also much more common than ours. Children are always a subject of admiration, the center of the universe. The entire family always attends all school and kindergarten holidays.
For residents of the United States, family is sacred, so on weekends they often go on nature trips or have picnics to spend time together. What America definitely doesn’t have is the involvement of grandmothers in the process of upbringing. American grandmothers for the most part are energetic working ladies who are sincerely happy to tinker with the child on the weekend, but nothing more.
In the USA, as can be seen from many films, children are full citizens of the state, possessing rights, the violation of which is fraught with consequences. Here, children from a young age are respected by adults. They are given freedom of speech and freedom of action. Parents can only scold their child for a bad deed, but they will not raise a hand against him.
American children know their rights and can exercise them if necessary. But sometimes problems arise with responsibilities, since children quickly get used to being praised to the skies. 
15. Canada
Children can do anything. Or almost everything. They do not know the word “no,” and all education is aimed at developing free creative self-expression. Everyone just wants to enjoy life: both children and adults.
The lack of strict requirements, regime and discipline does not always have a positive effect on the final result. The result is an overly ambitious egocentric person who is unable to adequately assess his shortcomings and weaknesses. 
16. Cuba
Every Cuban learns from a young age female role. Girls help their mothers around the house, but boys are raised as men, encouraging courage and strength. The family is always very trusting relationship, and little Cubans, as a rule, have no secrets from their parents.
The child is cared for by the mother or grandmother; if everyone is busy, there are many state kindergartens and parents do not have difficulty placing their child in preschool. But Cubans rarely invite nannies. 
17. Japan
In Japan, there is a gradation of parenting methods by age. Until the age of 5, a child can do whatever his heart desires. He will be indulged in all his whims and his every desire will be fulfilled. From 5 to 15 years old, it is customary to treat a child literally like a slave. During this period, any word of a parent is law for a child. But after 15 years, a teenager is treated as an equal and considered independent personality worthy of respect.
A Japanese parent will never raise his voice at his child, much less spank him. A Japanese child can be sure that they will always listen to him carefully and come to his aid. The secret of the calmness of Japanese parents and the obedience of their children is simple: only at the first unbiased glance it may seem that children are allowed everything. Therefore the expression " Japanese upbringing"has already become a household word. But in reality, everything is not quite like that. The Japanese allow a child to do many things only until he is five years old, then he is placed within strict limits.
Japanese parents never raise their children in public. They make comments to them, but in private and as calmly as possible.
In addition, it should be remembered that the Japanese have a completely different mentality - often it simply won’t occur to a little Japanese to do something extraordinary (after all, in front of him good example- always reserved, careful parents). 
18. China
Since many Chinese do not have more than one child, they approach raising both boys and girls in almost the same way. Therefore, in an ordinary Chinese family, most often there is no division into male and female. women's responsibilities. Boys, for example, are taught from childhood to do housework: washing dishes, cleaning and even cooking.
In addition, most Chinese children are polite and good manners. Children from an early age go to kindergartens (sometimes even from three months), where they live according to the rules of the collective in full accordance with accepted standards. A strict regime also gives its positive results: kids begin to go to the potty early, sleep and eat strictly according to schedule, grow obedient, within the strict framework of rules established once and for all.
Chinese child amazes foreigners on vacation because he unquestioningly follows his mother’s instructions, does not make trouble, and can sit still for hours while the children of other tourists destroy the restaurant. The secret is that the child is taught to be obedient from the cradle and kept in strictness. The Chinese spare no effort and resources for the diversified development of the child and the search for his talent, and if one is found, then the child with the instilled skill to daily work achieves considerable results.
The state takes full care of little Chinese children while their parents disappear at work. Already in kindergarten, children learn to read and write. The role of parents here is to teach the child to obey. For Chinese perfect child- This obedient child. Mischief is not honored here, and if a child crosses the boundaries set by his parents, he will face severe punishment. 
19. Vietnam
The attitude of Vietnamese families towards the educational process can be characterized as unobtrusive authority. Despite the fact that children take a lot from the street, hanging out among their own kind and adopting social norms Among peers and older children, a clear position in relation to parents is formed in their minds. But each child has his own criterion of “good and evil”: children are very attached to all family members and try not to do things that could upset their parents. 
20. Thailand
"The best teacher is personal experience" Thais do not suffer from overprotection, unlike many Slavs. They believe that experience teaches better than any words, so they do not press children with abundant teachings. Thai parents don't scream or rush as fast as they can to raise fallen baby. He will shake himself off, get up and run to play.
They, of course, tell the child that some actions are dangerous and some are indecent, but ultimately the child makes his own choice. That is, any oral instruction is of an informational and recommendatory nature, and the child chooses. 
21. Algeria
Parents give birth a lot and constantly work to provide for the family, so great job by organization educational process is taken over by the state. Children are partly left to their own devices, partly their development depends on the work of educators, teachers and representatives additional education. On the other hand, they early learn to be independent and, one way or another, integrate among their own kind. 
22. Namibia
The population of Namibia consists of many different tribes living together with the descendants of the colonialists. Naturally, such a different national composition affects some differences in attitudes towards raising children. At the same time, there are also general points. Mostly women give birth to many children. The babies are carried on their backs, secured with pieces of beautiful colored fabric. Despite the shortage educational institutions, children have some other advantages. They play freely with the animals and explore the world while their mothers try to stay nearby. 
23. Islamic countries
From the perspective of parents raised in Islam, a child is only given to them for safekeeping. pure heart should be taught good deeds. Otherwise, it is the parents who are responsible for bad Education, bear the full burden of his sin upon themselves. Immediately, as soon as the mind and sense of shame begin to form, the baby is taken under control. At the same time, parents try not to reproach the child for a long time, avoiding the appearance of “immunity” to teachings. 
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Each country has its own traditions and its own principles of raising children. English parents have children at the age of about forty, use the services of nannies and raise their children to be future winners with all available methods. Cubans bathe children in love, easily push them off to their grandmothers and allow them to behave as liberated as the child desires. German children are wrapped only in smart clothes, protected even from their parents, everything is allowed to them, and they walk in any weather.
IN South Korea Children under seven years old are angels who are prohibited from being punished, and in Israel you can go to prison for yelling at a child. In Africa, mothers use a piece of fabric to attach their babies to themselves. In Islamic countries, special attention is paid to encouraging good deeds. In Hong Kong, not a single mother will entrust her baby to even the kindest, most affectionate nanny.
IN Western countries It is believed that children should not sleep during the day so that they can sleep well at night. In Japanese and Chinese countries, children usually sleep with their parents. Parents follow this technique to prevent their children from suffering from nightmares.
The process of raising children in different countries gives different results. In Nigeria, among two-year-olds, 90 percent can wash their face, 75 percent can shop, and 39 percent can wash their plate. In the USA, it is believed that by the age of two, a child should be able to roll a car on wheels.
But whatever the traditions of upbringing in a particular country, all parents have one thing in common - love for children.
2. Invite the children to tell the class about any national culture or spend a day exploring the culture different nations. Be sure to select illustrations that will introduce you to national painting, sculpture, and architecture; listen to recordings of national music.
3. Tell us about your favorite works, explain why you like them.
raising boys and girls in modern society.
I REALLY NEED HELP 1. What physical changes occur during adolescence? 2. Different peoples at different timesattractive appearance was understood in different ways. Is it possible to talk about a unified view of attractiveness?
3.Very often tall people they want to become shorter, short ones want to become taller, fat ones dream of losing weight, and thin ones dream of getting fat. Blondes want to be dark, and brunettes want to be blondes. How can you explain this?
4. Why is it important to learn to accept your appearance?
MAKE A PLAN OF POINTS Each of us belongs to a certain gender, we define ourselves as a man or a woman. The basis of sex differenceslie, as is known, biological, anatomical features. From your biology course you know that one pair of chromosomes determines the sex of the unborn child. Already very early stage During embryonic development, either male or female genital organs are formed.
But there are also components of gender that are determined not by nature, but by society. These components are called gender - social sex. The prevailing ideas in society about the place, the role, whether men and women are intended, about how masculinity and femininity are expressed, depend largely on the culture of this society, its traditions and change over time. In some cultures, gender differences can be very significant, while in others they are given less importance.
Differences between men and women also manifest themselves in role-playing styles.
communication with other people.
Gender education begins in infancy. Parents communicate with girls and boys differently, even if they are not always aware of it. Taking into account gender, the first toys and clothes are selected. Children realize quite early that they belong to certain gender and assimilate characteristic type behavior. Thus, a boy who fell while playing and was hit hard tries to hold back his tears, because “only girls cry.” Under the influence of family, immediate environment, and television programs, children develop certain personal qualities, behavior patterns that will help: them perform gender roles.
In the well-known wall, the school does not establish models of tender management. For example, technology lessons are different for girls and boys, "In last years are increasingly returning to the idea of separate education. How do you feel about this? Discuss this problem in class.
The place where gender roles appear most often and very clearly is the home. A woman and a man usually do housework various jobs. Women take care of children, clean the home, cook, do laundry, etc. Men do car repairs, household appliances, V rural areas- working in the yard. In general, the bulk of household chores falls on the woman.
At work, gender roles also retain their important. The number of working women has increased worldwide. However, professional restrictions related to belonging to a particular gender remain. This is partly due to physical features gender, but no less with the prevailing ideas and prejudices in society. There are professions: predominantly male (pilot; steelmaker, plumber, etc.) and female (educator kindergarten, seamstress, etc.). Women are less likely to occupy leadership positions and often receive lower salaries for the same work as men.
Modern post-industrial society is characterized by a change in gender role settings. Women are increasingly mastering new roles for themselves - leaders large enterprises, politicians, judges, prosecutors, etc. The role range of men is also expanding, so many of them strive to spend more time with their family, are actively involved in raising children, and take on some of the household chores.
The experience and traditions of educating the younger generation, which have been established for a long time and are closely related to the culture and customs of the peoples of our country. They do not lose their significance to this day.
Traditions include gender role principles, social attitudes and norms of behavior, ideas and beliefs, ideas and views.
Let us dwell on the characteristic Russian folk traditions, which can serve as a source of gender role education for modern children.
Typical Russian traditions include: a strong family, exalted attitude towards women (primarily mothers), respect and veneration by children for their parents, boundless love for children, courage, hard work, dignity, mercy. Humane Russian traditions of education develop moral and gender role qualities in children.
Entographers T. A. Zhdanko and I. I. Shangina note that the Russians folk traditions upbringing was preserved in the peasant family until 1917.
Peasants made up the bulk of the Russian population. Traditions of upbringing were passed down orally from generation to generation, from older to younger, and were considered as something unforgettable, eternal and obligatory. “As our grandfathers and great-grandfathers lived, so we are commanded,” the Russian people reasoned.
Family is the oldest and important institution education.
In Russian society, since ancient times, the exemplary family has been the large family, and an exemplary woman is a mother surrounded by numerous children.
Since the times of the Slavs, it was customary for the sun of novices to be the first to take the child into the arms of the father. With this action, he recognized the baby as his own, then the father wrapped him in his shirt, in a shaggy sheepskin coat, so that his child would not experience need in life and put the child in the cradle. The newborn was carried around the hut and thereby introduced to the hearth and was enrolled in the family group.
“When the owner had a daughter, he made a special chest or box for her, and every year he put all kinds of property there as a future dowry and at the same time returned the cattle to her share, all together called her “padelka.”
The boy's education began after the celebration of the first pants. The holiday was celebrated depending on general development boy, but, as a rule, at 3 - 5 years old. The training was hard and constant.
WITH three years The Cossack girl was taught to ride a horse, to shoot from the age of seven, to chop with a saber from the age of ten, and to hand-to-hand combat from the age of three. From the age of five, boys worked with their parents in the field: driving oxen to plow land, herding sheep and other livestock. However, the godfather, the ataman, and the old people made sure that the boy was not “tampered with” and that he was allowed to play. Russians folk games, for example: lapta - included running, jumping, throwing objects. They developed in boys such qualities as endurance, courage, dexterity, bravery, stamina, and endurance.
The birth of a girl was not celebrated so widely, but it was also a quiet, homely joy, covered in legends and prayers.
After bathing the girl for the first time, the water was poured into the raspberry tree to make her beautiful (among the Slavs, raspberries symbolized beauty). The expression is still preserved: “Not a girl - a raspberry”!
From birth, girls were raised differently from boys; they tried to develop femininity, hard work, patience and responsiveness in her. All girls' holidays were accompanied by gifts, food, songs, and dancing. They celebrated the “first step” and gave ribbons “for a bow”. A comb “for a scarf”, a handkerchief “to go to church”.
From an early age, the girl was taught to participate in all housework: washing, mopping floors, putting patches on, sewing on buttons. From an early age they were taught to be good mothers. Take care of your husband and children.
Among different peoples in different historical eras, the content of male and female social roles, and in connection with this, the characteristics of raising boys and girls are not the same.
In New Guinea, in one of the Aranesh tribes, the feminine type of education predominated: both boys and girls were raised as emotional, responsive, and compliant children.
On the contrary, in the tribe - cannibals - “headhunters”, both men and women were rude and aggressive, i.e., a muscular type of education predominated. In the third tribe - Chembal, the roles of men and women were the opposite of traditional European roles: women were sharp, aggressive, they got food and did not wear any jewelry, while men were soft, quiet, they spent time in the house, engaged in wood carving , painted, danced and loved to decorate themselves in every possible way.
Among rural Turks, a girl from the age of 4 to 5 looks after children, sweeps the floor, and goes to the source for water. From 6 to 8 years old they learn knitting from their mother.
Boys are raised to be hardworking, but also daring, decisive, courageous, and resilient. Adults admire their swearing.
Among the Persians, as soon as a child’s first molar appears, they begin to place more and more demands on him, especially on girls. They try to raise girls to be modest and measured. Boys are given more freedom.
The differences between male and female social roles include division in the sphere of work and in the sphere of leisure.
In North East India, in the Garo hill tribes, has a strong influence on family relationships the wife's brothers do: they stand up for her if her husband treats her rudely. However, the husband is responsible for all family matters. Both spouses share the care of raising children, each in their own area instilling in the child the first work skills.
In raising boys, many Hindus follow the ancient Indian aphorism: before the age of 5, treat your son as a king, from 5 to 15 years as a servant, after 15 years as a friend.
Women with loaded baskets on their heads can often be seen in Delhi and at construction sites. However, many men work in the service sector, including hotel service, which in Europe is usually performed by female maids.
As you can see from the description family life of a number of eastern peoples, the difference in the upbringing of boys and girls, husband and wife, is manifested mainly in the nature of the work responsibilities of family members, as well as in the peculiarities of disciplinary actions in relation to children of different sexes: boys are given more independence than girls.
In Russian peasant families there were three main cults: the cult of a man as a wet-nurse, the cult of the hearth, and the cult of special respect for elders.
The way of life of a Norwegian peasant family of the 14th century was a special educational environment in which family educational traditions were formed, passed on, preserved and developed from generation to generation. The main ideas were ideas about the value of work, knowledge, the value of a person, including nationality, etc., the value of physical training, the value of family, and respect for women.
Among the inhabitants of Nepal, the son - the successor of the family, having become an adult, must perform a ritual of worship family budget, protect family honor and inherit the father's profession and property. A son is always a welcome child in a family. He is allowed to do things that his daughter is not allowed to do: ask to be held, eat with her father, accompany her father.
The Nepalese have a special holiday for boys aged 7–13 years, which includes archery training, singing, and dancing.
Among Afghans, a man is the keeper of family honor; he strives to take revenge at any cost for the insult caused. They have the same attitude towards their son as the Nepalese, and the father even considers it inconvenient to caress his daughter. If a woman gives birth to only girls, the husband brings a second wife into the family.
