How to spot early signs of autism in infants and young children. Signs of helminthic invasions in children

Instruction

Usually the baby begins to show the ability to any occupation at the age of 4-5 years. True, it also happens that extraordinary talent can already be seen at. Take a close look at your baby: observing him will help you determine what activities he likes best. The main thing - having understood what the child has a tendency to, keep in mind that coercion only increases rejection. Favourite hobby should bring pleasure and joy.

Artistic ability the child, as a rule, appear already in 2-3 years. You will notice that the baby's favorite activities are, applique, modeling. Watch him: the child notices more colors than his peers, distinguishes their shades, pays attention to details, objects in the background.

Does your kid love to sing? Take a closer look at him so as not to miss the musical talent of the child. In addition to being able to play music heard only once, the baby is also able to move rhythmically. He is not out of tune when he sings, he is interested musical instruments. Some of these children enjoy imitating famous performers.

From an early age, your baby listens and flips through books with pleasure, he learned early, quickly remembers and loves to recite poems. Watch him: maybe your future actor is growing or. They have a rich imagination and a large vocabulary. The child likes to compose stories, he is good at expressing his emotions and imitating the heroes of fairy tales or cartoons.

Note that children who are intellectually gifted have great knowledge in different areas or in any one. They like to read encyclopedias, they are capable of deep analysis, they are able to critically relate to facts. As a rule, such children quickly learn new material and easy to learn. Perhaps the future is in your child who is interested in numbers; easily concentrated; likes to count everything; play board games; take apart toys to see their device. He likes puzzles, puzzles and puzzles.

Sports talent distinguishes a child among his peers with dexterity, good coordination of movements and physical form. If your kid loves to run, compete with friends, mastered the bike early, energy just boils in him, keep in mind that this does not mean at all that he is not given. It's just that the most interesting thing for him is to get satisfaction from physical fatigue.

Useful advice

If you have doubts about any inclinations of the child, seek the advice of a psychologist. It will help determine the propensity for certain activities using specially designed tests.

Sources:

• determination of the child's abilities

It is believed that the child will have the more chances to successfully realize their abilities in the future, than earlier parents will be able to determine his tendencies. Of course, it's great if a child, like Mozart, composes music from the age of 5 - everything is clear here. But how can this be done if the baby's talent does not lie on the surface?

Instruction

AT early age The interests of the baby are just beginning to take shape, so talking with the child about what he likes to do and what he doesn’t will do little. It is also very difficult to define a “humanitarian” kid or a “techie”. Cases where inclinations have been identified in a preschooler are very rare. During this period, most like to do the most different things. Of course, you can talk about musical or artistic talent, artistry, if your child sings or draws well. But, as a rule, it is possible not to determine the child's propensity for a certain type of activity. earlier the time when the psyche passes into adolescence. And before that, try to develop your baby in all directions. Harmonious development child in the future will help you determine his inclinations, and he himself to make right choice.

Given the age of the baby, expand the circle of his interests as much as possible. All children are born with potential inclinations for any kind of activity, i.e. capable of anything. Your task is to help develop these abilities. And here it is not so important to teach a child to read and count at the age of three. This is what he will learn. He needs basic, general development. Communicate with the baby as much as possible, take him on excursions, to the theater. Teach him to give detailed answers to questions, speak beautifully, retell. When reading a fairy tale to him, ask how he would act in the place of different heroes. Encourage your child's creative endeavors in every possible way. Hang sheets of drawing paper on the walls of the room so that the baby draws, sculpt from, build sand castles on the river bank or in the sandbox, collect different designers.

Watch what toys your baby likes to play with and how he plays with them. Play different games and see which one he likes best. Play more often role-playing games. Tell your child about different professions. Give the child the opportunity to imagine himself in the game as a teacher, doctor, astronaut, etc. Give him a little educational excursion to your job. Get different games for your baby Young chemist”, “Hairdresser”, “Doctor”, microscope, a set of children's musical instruments, etc. Let these be your "strategic" purchases. Enroll your child in the sports section of his choice.

When the baby gets older school age), try to make a list for yourself that will help determine his ability to different types activities. For example, a child prone to doing scientific work:
- a lot, including scientific publications;
- accurately and clearly knows how to express his thoughts;
- well assimilates abstract concepts;
- can accurately write down what he hears, fix what he sees;
- tries to figure out the meaning of different events;
- Spends a lot of time designing.
The literary abilities of the child are expressed in his ability to:
- easily, consistently build a narrative, talk about something;
- telling, discard everything insignificant, leaving the most important;
- bring something unusual, new, talking about something known and familiar to everyone;
- choose words in your story that convey the feelings and emotional mood of the characters well;
- convey important details for understanding the event;
- poems and stories.
Technical skills help the child:
- easy to carry out tasks for manual labor;
- understand mechanisms and machines, design them (aircraft models, train models, etc.);
- it is easy to repair broken appliances, use old parts to create new toys, crafts, appliances;
- draw sketches and drawings and mechanisms.
A child with intellectual abilities:
- easily and quickly grasps everything in the classroom;
- speaks clearly, without getting confused in thoughts;
- uses his knowledge in practice in everyday situations;
- can catch the connection between cause and effect, one event and;
- quickly, without special memorization remembers what is read and heard;
- has an extensive vocabulary;
- likes to read books that are usually interesting for children a year or two older;
- can solve complex tasks requiring mental effort;
- asks a lot of questions to adults on various topics;
- offers unexpected decisions, answers, thinks.
Artistic abilities are expressed in a child:
- in easy entry into the role of another person;
- understanding and ability to play well any dramatic situation, conflict;
- in the exact transmission of feelings and emotions through gestures, facial expressions, movements;
- in an effort to evoke emotional reactions in his listeners when he tells something with enthusiasm.
Of course, you can complement this far from complete list all the characteristics of your child's behavior.

Useful advice

If possible, visit different circles, studios with your child - let him try different activities. Perhaps the one that he likes more than others is his calling.

Sources:

• How to determine the abilities of a child using numerology?

Color blindness is not uncommon these days. Its essence lies in the inability of a person to recognize (to distinguish among others) a certain color. Among the colorblind there are those who cannot distinguish between several colors, and in severe cases the patient may have no color perception at all.

Colors that a colorblind person does not recognize appear gray to him. Not all mothers and fathers know how to recognize color blindness in children 3 years old, at 2 years old, what are the causes of this disease and what measures parents need to take if their child has already been diagnosed with such a diagnosis.

Etiology

Most often, color blindness in a child appears due to a chromosomal mutation - even during prenatal development. However, there are cases when the disease arose as a result of any ophthalmic or neurological pathology.

Depending on the factors contributing to the development of this type of visual defect, it can be determined whether it can be treated with therapeutic or surgical methods. Hereditary color blindness is irreversible. It is known that mainly boys are affected by color blindness.

Violation mechanism color perception(full or partial) visual apparatus is a violation of the functional activity of color-sensitive cells (cones). They are localized in the central part of the retina.

There are several types of cones, each of which contains a special protein pigment, the presence of which depends on the perception of a certain color:

1. The first type of pigment perceives the red spectrum.
2. The second type of pigment perceives the green spectrum.
3. The third type of pigment perceives the blue spectrum.

At healthy child all color-sensitive cells have three types of pigment, so the visual apparatus of such children is able to correctly perceive information about all colors.

Clinical picture

The mechanism of the development of the disease and the degree of visual disturbances associated with color perception are always very individual. More often cases are recorded with a partial violation of color perception, when the disease occurs in a mild or average form. Severe cases and total absence color perceptions are quite rare.

Most common form manifestations of color blindness in children - a violation of the perception of colors of red and green scales. Less common are cases with impaired susceptibility to blue-green hues.

Severe forms of color blindness are usually accompanied by the following ophthalmic pathologies:

• low level visual acuity;
• nystagmus (involuntary periodic movements eyeballs direction (horizontal or vertical).

Diagnostics

Children with impaired color perception begin to clearly name the colors of the objects around them much later than their peers. Parents try to teach the child to distinguish colors by repeating the name of each of them many times, and the child perceives some shades in a distorted form, but cannot independently determine this. It is not uncommon for a person to be diagnosed with color blindness already in adulthood, during a preventive vision test.

With careful observation of the baby, the responsible parent still has the opportunity to check if he has any color perception disorders. To do this, you can use a few simple tests to determine:

• Put a pair of candies of equal size and shape in front of the baby. Wrap one of them in a colorful wrapper, the other in a nondescript, preferably gray. Children are greedy for everything colorful and bright, therefore healthy child would definitely prefer a candy in a catchy package.

A colorblind kid will pick at random, and you will almost certainly notice this, which should be a reason for immediate appeal to a specialist.

• Have your child draw a landscape from life using colored pencils or felt-tip pens. If the colors are children's drawing sharply do not correspond to the real, that is, a reason to worry. However, it happens that such a “performance technique” is associated with the rich imagination of the baby and is not a sign of visual impairment.

To diagnose color blindness in a child, an ophthalmologist can use special color schemes with pictures and Rabkin's tables. They will allow not only to identify the disease, but also to determine the type of violation of color perception.

Treatment Methods

Unfortunately, on this moment congenital color blindness in children, due to a genetic feature, cannot be completely cured or prevented. Some types of acquired color blindness can be eliminated by acting on their root cause.

If a violation of color perception is associated with a cataract or other organic pathology of the visual apparatus, then you can get rid of color blindness with the help of adequate therapy or surgical correction primary disease. Systematic reception of some groups medicines may cause these visual disturbances. In such cases, the attending physician corrects the drug treatment plan.

There are ways to correct color vision disorders in children. These include:

• Wearing special glasses or contact lenses for colorblind people. They are able to increase the degree of recognition certain colors, but can distort the shape and size of some objects.
• Wearing glasses or contact lenses that block bright light. Such glasses are not only a way to correct color vision disorders, but also a high-quality therapeutic tool. With their help, a child suffering from color blindness can navigate much better among multi-colored objects.
• Wearing special glasses with shields on the periphery. It is shown to children with a complete lack of normal color perception.

Thanks to subdued light, there is an additional stimulation of color-sensitive cells.

Some facts

If you focus on statistics, it can be noted that 10% of all inhabitants of the planet Earth suffer from color blindness to one degree or another. Numerous studies by specialists in this field confirm that the likelihood of this disease depends on many factors. Among them genetic predisposition, gender, age category, place of residence. There is a hypothesis that this visual impairment was physiological norm for ancient man.

It has been proven that hereditary color blindness occurs due to a violation of the structure of the X chromosome. The acquired form of the disease can develop as a result of a traumatic brain injury, neurological or ophthalmic organic disorders, stroke, and some infectious diseases with a severe clinical course.

In world clinical practice, there are cases when color blindness was a sign of degenerative processes in the visual apparatus associated with the aging of the body. A vivid example of this is the famous artist Ilya Repin. Being already quite an elderly man, he decided to remake his famous painting "Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan." However, in the process of work, his friends and colleagues began to notice that an experienced painter distorted color palette the whole composition, which clearly spoke of a violation of his color perception.

The fact that the human body is affected by helminthic invasion can be indicated by a wide variety of symptoms and malfunctions in its work. It:

• constipation and diarrhea,
• bloating and gas formation,
• joint and muscle pain,
• nervousness and poor sleep
• allergies and weight loss,
• weak immunity and depression.

The list of signs indicating the presence of helminths is very extensive. And often doctors mistakenly begin to treat not for them, but for another disease that has similar symptoms.

What tests detect worms?

In parallel with this, blood samples are taken for examination to study traces of the presence of helminths in the body. Such an integrated approach is most widespread and is considered quite objective.

The indirect method is the process of studying the secondary changes in the body that are the result of the vital activity of certain types of worms.

Also among physicians, the most common diagnostic measures are macro- and microhelminthoscopic methods.

• linked immunosorbent assay;
• immunoelectrophoresis;
• method of immunoabsorption and indirect hemagglutination.

How to identify worms in skeletal muscles?

When infection is suspected muscle tissue use a biopsy. To do this, a muscle sample is taken from a person and a study is carried out. This method allows you to identify trichinella with high accuracy.

Signs of the disease and treatment of worms in children at home

Pinworms are also round white worms, but very small, up to 10 cm long. They enter the human body through oral cavity live and reproduce in the intestines. They disturb a person at night, during this period, females lay eggs in the anus. Pinworms can be seen in the stool with the naked eye.

The presence of any type of worms causes tremendous harm to the body. Worms can live in one organ, migrate to other organs and systems, they absorb mucous membranes, organ walls, pleura, and can even destroy organs.

Worms in the form of larvae can surround a person everywhere, and for little man knowing the world, is a huge threat to health and life. Worms can be infected in such cases:

Worm infestations are observed in case of violation or insufficient observance of the rules of personal hygiene, the observance of which will preserve the health of the baby.

How to identify worms in children whose treatment is mandatory? Signs of worms are not easy to fix, but attentive parents will be able to see significant changes in the behavior and health of the child:

Symptoms of worms in children should draw the attention of parents, because helminthic invasions cause the development of serious disorders in the functioning of organs and systems, this can be a retardation in the physical and even in mental development. How to determine if a child has worms?

To do this, it is enough to pay attention to the child's sleep at night and to the consistency of feces. In a child under 2 years of age, helminthic infestations are a frequent occurrence; the feces of a child will help in home diagnosis, which will display the presence of pinworms. In children older than 3 years, helminthic invasions are easier to identify, since the child can talk about his well-being. If parents find signs of helminths in a child, you should immediately consult a doctor.

• general blood analysis;
• Analysis of urine;
• analysis of feces for 2-4 days;
• scraping for enterobiasis;
• ultrasound of the OBP;
• additional examinations at the discretion of the doctor.

Except medicines during the period of treatment, the child needs to take a complex of vitamins: Pikovit, Alphabet, Kvadevit, Undevit, Revit, Complivit, which will contribute to speedy recovery and restoration of the body's potential.

Irritated areas of the body must be treated with ointment, cream, powder, talc, starch can be used.

Allergic rashes are treated with local preparations in the form of ointment and cream.

During the treatment period, personal hygiene should be taken especially seriously. It is necessary to thoroughly wash the child after the toilet, you can use a decoction of chamomile and lemon balm for this, carefully wash things, bed linen.

An important place is occupied by ironing clothes, with the help of which germs are destroyed better than in the washing process.

How to find out if the baby has worms after treatment? This will help make sure re-diagnosis and examination by a specialist, sometimes it may be necessary new course treatment. In addition, you must adhere to several rules:

The procedure for treating helminths in children is very complicated, because babies are at risk of this disease, they are constantly in contact with environment. Finding out if there are helminths in the body is possible only with the help of careful monitoring of the state of health.

The main signs of the appearance of worms in a child

Helminthiasis is one of the most common diseases in babies. Children under 3 years of age are more likely to become infected due to the immaturity of the protective barriers in the gastrointestinal tract, and also due to the fact that they actively explore the world, often tasting everything.

Diagnosis of the disease

Very often, parents do not notice that the child is sick with helminthiasis. Many of the symptoms of this disease can be mistaken for a cold or intestinal infection. And it is very important to diagnose the disease in time. To do this, parents need to carefully monitor the condition of the child, and at the first disturbing symptoms, check it for the presence of worms.

Important! The danger is that many helminths may not appear for years. Even in the presence of severe symptoms, it is very difficult to determine that the child is sick with helminthiasis.

• increased salivation, especially at night, the child wakes up with wet spots on the pillow;
• appetite disturbance - the baby refuses to eat, eats poorly, or vice versa, is constantly hungry;
• disrupted work gastrointestinal tract- the child suffers from constipation or diarrhea, abdominal pain, dysbacteriosis and flatulence appear;
• iron deficiency, B vitamins and other trace elements cause a decrease in hemoglobin, the development of anemia;
• urinary incontinence may occur;
• fragility of nails, hair loss and dullness, peeling of the skin;
• various allergic reactions - a frequent manifestation helminthic invasions;
• the child often gets colds, inflammatory diseases nasopharynx and genital organs.

Important! The presence of worms can be understood by the fact that the child is pale, gets tired quickly. Such children are weak, lose weight with normal nutrition or not gain weight at all.

Helminthiases in children under 2 years of age lead to a lag in physical and mental development. It is believed that children grind their teeth in their sleep precisely because of the presence of worms.

Intoxication of the body with helminthiases

• headaches, dizziness, nausea, fainting;
• sleep disturbance: drowsiness or restless sleep;
• irritability, moodiness, outbursts of anger;
• muscle weakness, fatigue;
• loss of appetite, nausea;
• in children after 7 years, there is a noticeable decrease in memory, concentration, lack of perseverance and lagging behind in school;
• if a child infected with worms is vaccinated, he may have a severe allergic reaction to it.

Worms in an infant

• the baby does not eat well, loses weight or almost does not add it;
• he becomes capricious, often cries, sleeps restlessly;
• bowel functions are disturbed, the child has either diarrhea or constipation;
• the baby's skin is pale, and there are dark circles under the eyes;
• allergic rashes on the hands and feet;
• the temperature may rise;
• such babies lag behind others not only in weight, but in growth and development.

Signs of Ascaris Infection

According to statistics, most children under 5 years of age have been infected with ascaris at least once. This type of helminthiasis is considered the most dangerous, because it occurs very often, and these worms can affect many internal organs cause intestinal obstruction or asphyxia. This is because the small roundworm larvae that hatch in the small intestine are carried by the blood throughout the body. So they penetrate the lungs, heart, liver, gallbladder. The symptoms of this stage of the disease are:

• dry cough, sometimes with blood impurities;
• development of bronchitis, pneumonia or bronchial asthma;
• temperature rise;
• weakness and drowsiness;
• enlarged lymph nodes, liver;
• allergic reactions.

Important! This condition can be asymptomatic for a long time. Only with a decrease in the child's immunity or with a massive infection, the following signs are noticeable:

• abdominal pain, which may be cramping;
• inflammatory diseases of the mucous membranes or skin;
• frequent colds;
• diarrhea or constipation, nausea, vomiting, flatulence;
• sleep disturbance, anxiety, irritability and other neuropsychiatric disorders;
• sometimes there may be a decrease in blood pressure.

Signs of enterobiasis

Rare types of helminthiases

Rarely in our country there are other helminthic invasions. Most often, a child becomes infected with such worms from cats or when eating poorly fried fish. How rare helminthiases in a child manifest themselves:

How to identify helminthiasis in a child using tests

AT feces children in whose body worms have settled, under multiple magnification, you can find unchanged adult helminths, their larvae or eggs. It is on the basis of this study that the specialist determines the type of helminthic invasion in the baby.

In the blood of children with helminthiasis is found elevated level eosinophils - substances that indicate reduced immunity and the presence of an allergic reaction of the body to toxins.

About the types of diagnosis of helminthiasis will be discussed Further.

Types of laboratory research

In modern medicine, there are such tests for children for worms:

The features of laboratory studies in the diagnosis of helminthiasis in children will be discussed further.

Clinical indications

When do children take a blood test for worms? The reason for this are the following symptoms:

• the baby often has a headache;
• multiple dry cracks appeared on the patient's heels;
• fragility of nails is observed;
• the baby is diagnosed with intestinal disorders - liquid stool or constipation;
• he grinds his teeth in his sleep;
• immune dysfunction.

Procedure specifics

An analysis for worms is carried out in several versions - in the first case, skin folds located around the anus of the baby. Such manipulations help to detect helminthiasis for more early stages(worms lay their eggs around anus). To identify the disease at a later stage, it is required to conduct a fecal analysis - adults or their segments are found there.

A laboratory blood test helps to identify:

• intestinal invasions;
• extraintestinal worms.

What indicators of helminthiasis help to make a diagnosis based on the study of blood composition? There are three main indicators:

• low hemoglobin level;
• a large number of eosinophils;
• elevated ESR.

This procedure is very accurate - for example, a blood test confirms helminthiasis in a patient in 95 percent of cases.

Additional Research

To confirm the diagnosis of "helminthiasis" or to clarify the type of helminthic invasion (or its location), the following methods of examining patients are also used:

• endoscopy;
• indirect hemagglutination reaction;
• endobiopsy;
• Ultrasound of individual organs of the child;
• latex agglutination reaction;
• CT scan;
• X-ray of internal organs.

Any analysis is assigned by a specialist, based on the individual clinical picture baby illness.

The sampling of material for further study is carried out in laboratory conditions, on an empty stomach. The duration of the study is from two to nine days. The result of such an analysis for worms is representative - its accuracy is at least 95 percent.

The child has worms: what to do?

Indeed, there is cause for concern, because the presence of worms in the child's body has bad influence on the health status of children. Such an effect is manifested in a violation of the absorption of nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and intoxication of the body has negative impact on the nervous system and all tissues and organs.

There are two ways to find out if a child has worms:

1. If you notice a specific worm in a pot;
2. If specific symptoms are present, for example, common worms, pinworms cause specific itching in the anal area. If you notice that your child is constantly scratching his ass, then you can say with 100% certainty that these are worms.

Harm to the baby's body

If there are worms in the child's body, then the harm they cause can manifest itself in the following:

1. The occurrence of intoxication - gradually the body is poisoned by the products of their vital activity;
2. Increased fatigue, bad or vice versa, a good appetite, the occurrence of headaches;
3. Slowdown of physical and mental development;
4. Violation of the intestines and it does not cope with the production and absorption of vitamins;
5. There is a dysbacteriosis, manifested in the form of:

• Pain in the abdomen;
• diarrhea;
• constipation;
• Nausea and vomiting;
• Increased sensitivity to allergens.

According to allergists, more than half of all allergic reactions that occur are the result of an existing and once experienced helminthiasis. Worms in a child have negative impact on the defensive forces organisms, and this contributes to a decrease in immunity.

Treatment

What to do when worms are found in the body of a child? There are two options here: seek help from a doctor for an appointment effective treatment or treat helminthiasis with folk remedies, having previously received approval from a doctor.

Drugs used for helminthiasis

If you decide to use traditional treatment, then effective therapy for the elimination of worms includes taking the following drugs:

1. Vermox. Release form - tablets of 100 mg, should be taken when the first signs appear (irritation and itching of the anal area). A second course of administration must be repeated after 2 weeks.
2. Zentel. Release form - tablets of 400 mg and suspension of 400 mg / ml. One tablet should be taken, and if symptoms persist, repeat the reception after 14 days.
3. Parintel. Release form - tablets of 250 mg and suspension of 50 mg / ml. The dose required for treatment is 11 mg/kg. It is forbidden to exceed a dose of 2 grams. Re-treatment can only occur after 2 weeks.

If your child gets worms severe itching in the anal area, the doctor will prescribe the following medications:

1. Pramoxine is a local anesthetic. Its action is aimed at relieving irritation, pain and burning, which often accompanies itching caused by worms;
2. Lidocaine is a drug belonging to the class of anesthetics. Release form - gel or cream. It must be applied directly to areas of the skin where there is itching, 3-4 times throughout the day;
3. Zinc oxide can be found in the composition with other components, such as beeswax, almond oil, glycerin. The presented drugs should be used to eliminate itching. They create a kind of protective barrier in the perianal area.

Folk remedies for worms

Folk remedies have more effective result when compiling. It will be very difficult to overdose using the presented funds, but if you combine them with various methods, then they can really become effective in the treatment of worms in children. When folk remedies proved to be powerless, it is necessary to apply the above drug treatment.

Medicine for the prevention of worms

Prevention of worms in a child includes:

• daily cleaning of the toilet;
• change of bed linen every 3-4 days;
• washing hands before eating and after going to the toilet;
• regular cutting of nails;
• make sure that the child does not put his hands in his mouth.

Source

Worms in a child at 4 years and 5 years

Therefore, it is very important to teach a child to the rules of hygiene - from the age of 4-5, develop in him the consciousness of the culture of his own body, form a positive perception healthy lifestyle life.

Infection with worms in a child at 4-5 years old

The ideal method of combating helminths is the timely and comprehensive prevention of their occurrence. This applies to hygiene as well proper nutrition and regular medical examinations.

Of course, it is not always possible to keep track of a child at 4-5 years old - or make him wash his hands regularly before eating. Not to mention the fact that he often picks and eats a variety of berries and fruits directly from the garden, bush or tree - and they can be infected with worm larvae.

Therefore, helminthiasis in one form or another on different stages development, almost all children 4-5 years old are sick - and there is nothing to worry about if you take measures in time and prevent development acute forms defeat.

Due to the fact that helminthiasis in a child of 4-5 years old is a fairly common disease, there is a risk of a frivolous attitude to this problem. However, the defeat of the worms of a child at 4 years old can be very painful consequences, including with:

• general depletion of the body;
• the state of asthenia;
• the development of allergic pathologies;
• a wide range of possible lesions of internal organs.

Therefore, it is necessary to treat worms in a child of 4-5 years old, preferably in the early stages of infection, revealing the first signs. And, of course, in order to remove the worms as less painfully and quickly as possible, great importance has timely and accurate diagnosis.

Symptoms of worms in a child 4-5 years old

At 4 years old, the body does not yet have independent resources to resist active development worms. Even at 5 years old, the intestines are still very vulnerable.

You can determine the presence of worms in the body of a child of 4-5 years old by a number of symptoms:

• immoderate appetite or its absence;
• restless sleep, accompanied by a characteristic grinding of teeth;
• possible enlargement of the lymph nodes;
• frequent allergic skin reactions that are difficult to treat;
• unstable stool;
• cutting pains in the abdomen, localized in the navel, or migrating throughout the intestines;
• itching in the anal area;
• bouts of dizziness, nausea;
• general depletion of the body;
• increased nervousness, causeless changes in well-being.

Treatment of worms in a child 4-5 years old

A child at this age is not yet ready to use most of the "adult" drugs recommended against helminthiasis by modern medicine. There is a spectrum of the most commonly used drugs for worms, which are characterized by a gentle effect, and have moderate toxicity.

A child at 4 years old can already take drugs such as Levamisole, the analogue of which is Decaris - a complex effective remedy used against a wide range of worms. These tablets should be combined with a course of antihistamine therapy, and also do not forget about the need to restore the body of children 4-5 years old after a course of intensive therapy. It is worth remembering the possibility side effect drug, which can manifest itself in symptoms such as:

• dizziness;
• nausea;
• diarrhea;
• headache attacks;
• sleep disorders;
• pain manifestations in the stomach area;
• convulsions.

Among the contraindications to taking pills is renal or hepatic insufficiency, which can occur even at 4 years. Children under 3 years of age are not allowed to take medicine, at 4 years old it is already quite applicable.

The formation of certain inclinations is closely related to common development child. Psychologists distinguish five age periods:

1-2 years - the first creative inclinations appear in babies;
. 3-4 years - time comprehensive development, the peak of the formation of abilities. During this period, sympathy for a certain type of activity is manifested;
. 5-6 years - development of thinking. Visits to sections and circles of interest, development of talent are welcome;
. 7-8 years old - a manifestation of the persistent interest of children in creativity, a period of attending regular classes, achieving first successes;
. 9-14 years old - formation of independence, abilities for analysis and synthesis, responsible attitude to studies, determination of the further path of development.

Such a classification is not a panacea for parents. It is important to remember that abilities in children can awaken at different ages. If your baby is not singing or drawing at the age of four, do not try to force the activity. His giftedness can be revealed only by the age of seven.

How to identify talent in a child?

To identify the inclinations and abilities is a paramount task in the development of talent. This is easy to do by observing the baby. There is a group of talents that are easy to detect by the behavior of children. These include: musical talent, artistic talent, artistry and a predisposition to sports.

To find out artistic inclinations, it is not necessary that the baby draws or paints pictures from morning to evening. For increased visual perception world indicate other features of behavior.

. Artistic talent— likes to draw, put together puzzles, assemble a constructor, build visual images, decorate and dress up. Such children perceive the world with their eyes: when describing objects, they use the words “beautiful”, “bright”, “light”, they quickly learn to recognize colors.
. Musical ability- child with early years pays attention to music, repeats melody and rhythm, copies intonation and pronunciation of words, listens to surrounding sounds. Children with well-developed hearing can easily master foreign languages as well as dancing.
. Artistic ability- likes to be in public, repeats the behavior of adults, likes to dress up, depicts poses, copies animals.
. Sports inclinations- active, runs a lot, plays with the ball. He enjoys watching sports programs, likes to watch other people play. Purposeful and persistent.
. Mathematical ability - loves puzzles, puzzles, likes to play chess and checkers, counts enthusiastically, memorizes numbers well. At an early age, he looks at numbers for a long time.

If there are several talents?

It happens that a child shows interest in several activities at once. To the question "What do you like most?", the kid replies "I don't know." Between the ages of three and five years, the dominant abilities are identified by psychological consultations and use special techniques. For example, diagnostic figurative thinking and intelligence according to the "Six Circles" method of Alice Paul Torrance. Also, parents are advised to play more with children, because during the game, abilities are most often revealed.

Introductory lessons and visits to thematic events help to make a choice at an older age. For example, if your child draws a lot, go to art gallery or to the plein air of artists. If the kid loves to sing, visit the performance of children's ensembles together.

Clinical psychologist Igor Lobachevsky told how to direct a child to develop talent.

Lack of ability

How to determine the ability of a child if he does not draw, does not sing and does not dance? Do not rush to think that he is mediocre. It is likely that a mathematical genius or a scientist in the natural sciences is growing. Abilities for science are manifested in children only with the emergence of the ability to analyze and synthesize.
Among the possible talents, it is worth noting leadership abilities. Agree that not all children can gather crowds of interested people around them, come up with new games, and cope with any difficulties. In the future, such a child will successfully prove himself in entrepreneurial activity or in working with a team.

In the 1980s, American psychologist Howard Gardner identified seven types of intelligence. The development of one type or another affects the manifestation of talents in a child.

Types of intelligence according to Howard Gardner

. verbal-linguistic- good ability to write and word, interest in literature;
. logical-mathematical- interest in numbers, in mathematical operations, considers well, analytical skills;
. visual-spatial- developed imagination, invents stories and characters, draws well;
. kinestatic - developed motor skills and gesticulation, expresses his emotions, likes to speak to the public;
. musical- learns the world through sounds and music, feels the rhythm well, is fond of musical instruments;
. interpersonal- Oratory skills, likes communication with people, can keep people's attention;
. existential- emotionally stable, theorist, generator of ideas, understands his emotions and feelings;
. naturalistic- interest in all living things, in nature, loves communication with animals, plants.

1. Develop your child's personal interests. Adults have many unfulfilled expectations of their own. Some parents try to realize themselves in children. This usually ends in dissatisfaction, both parents and children. A child is a person with his own views, interests and abilities.
2. Provide necessary inventory . Before sending children to a circle or studio, evaluate your financial opportunities. It is very bad if the child starts painting, but you cannot buy the necessary paints for him.
3. Encourage in all endeavors. While learning, children face challenges and setbacks. Praise and encourage the desire to move on, even if something does not work out.
4. Show interest in your child's activities. Mom and dad are the first spectators and the first judges. Take the time to rejoice at the first successes of the children.
5. Don't go by trial and error. You should not try to develop several talents and abilities at once: at 5 years old, the child attends art school, at 8 years old - goes to a music studio, at 12 - enrolled in dancing. Such diversity will only lead to the fact that he will not succeed in any of the areas.
6. Don't fall for rejection. A child who loved to draw and dreamed of becoming an artist refuses to attend the art studio. The reason for this behavior are conflicts in the group, the inability to be in society, fear, and so on. Try to understand the situation, rather than immediately bury talent in the ground.
7. Choose a good teacher, trainer. Often success in activities depends on the teacher. For example, a baby may have musical ability, but he will like the coach so much sports section that he would quit music and play hockey. Before choosing a circle or section, talk to the leader of the group, evaluate him as a person.
8. Don't compare your child to other children. If someone draws better, do not use him as an example. Not everyone likes Van Gogh's paintings either.
9. Prepare children for visiting the section and for independence. Explain to the kid why you need to listen to the teacher or coach, attend all classes, follow the recommendations.
10. Do not put all your expectations on the talent of a child, as on a business. You paid for the visit for 7 years music school, bought expensive instruments, endured endless symphonies at home, and the son or daughter did not become a great musician? It's okay, because this is the experience and skills of the child. They were certainly useful and interesting to him if he chose his hobby himself.

Teachers are sure that all children are born talented. But not everyone becomes champions, prims and professionals. The presence of a child's ability to be creative does not promise him success. It is important to determine the hobby in time ...

How to determine what a child is allergic to

Allergy is the most common disease that people are susceptible to. different ages. Children of the first years of life are especially prone to this disease, since a weak immune system and an immature gastrointestinal tract contribute to the development backlash body to various stimuli. How to determine what a child is allergic to, where and by what methods this can be done, we will tell in this article.

Diagnostic methods

If your child has at least one symptom of an allergy, you should not try to treat the disease yourself. It is necessary to visit a pediatrician as soon as possible, who, after an initial examination, will refer you to an allergist. He will tell you how to determine what a child is allergic to.

In order to find the cause of the appearance of a negative reaction of the body, the doctor will conduct several stages of the examination:

• Collection of objective information about the signs of the disease and possible hereditary factors;
• External examination of the baby;
• Elucidation of the relationship between the symptoms of the reaction and possible irritants;
• Appointment of diagnostic studies.

There are several diagnostic methods that will accurately find the cause of the allergy:

• Blood sampling from a vein to diagnose the level of immunoglobulins;
• Skin allergy tests.

Let's take a closer look at how to test a child for allergies with these methods.

Examining the blood

Blood tests for the detection of an allergen have no contraindications associated with age restrictions, and are considered the safest. They allow you to identify more than 200 types of stimulus.

The advantage of this analysis over others is that the child does not have to come into contact with the allergen. This study determines the presence in the blood plasma of immunoglobulins, special antibodies, which give a reaction to a certain type of allergen.

Depending on the concentration of these antibodies, determine the severity of the allergy. That is, if the amount of immunoglobulin is higher than normal, then a conclusion is made about the presence of the disease.

For the analysis to show reliable result, you must follow some rules before submitting it.

• The study is carried out on an empty stomach;
• Limit Quantity physical activity and emotional upheavals;
• A day before the proposed study, it is necessary to exclude foods containing potential allergens, as well as spicy, fatty and sweet foods.

Age indicators of immunoglobulin will differ. So, normally in children under one year old, it should not exceed 15 units / m, and in the period from 10 to 16 years old it can reach 200.

Features of skin tests

There is another fairly common way to identify an allergen in a child.

Allergen detection is carried out using allergy tests, or, as they are also called, allergy tests. These studies are informative, although false results have been recorded.

In addition, it is necessary to conduct tests provided that at the time of the analysis the child is absolutely healthy and has no signs of allergy. If the baby is sick or has obvious signs of an allergic reaction, it is strictly forbidden to conduct a study. Moreover, the tests are done a few weeks after recovery, so that the body fully recovers from the illness. Before performing the test, it is forbidden to take antihistamine and anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as paracetamol.

If these important conditions are not met, there may be distortion of data that will not allow the identification of the allergen.

Important! Allergy tests can be done on children who have reached the age of five!

This is due to the fact that in order to detect a reaction, there is direct contact with the allergen: on the skin inside the forearms or wrists are scratched or cut and a drop of a certain allergen is applied. These studies allow you to quickly assess the reaction of the body: after 15-20 minutes, the doctor can determine the result.

Body reaction

A certain allergic effect on the child's body is carried out in several ways:

• Drip. During the study skin are not damaged;
• Prick test. The allergen lubricates the skin area, and then a puncture is made with a needle to a depth of 1 mm;
• Scarifying. For the test, scratches are made on the skin;
• Intradermal. Check the reaction of the body by introducing an irritant under the skin;
• Application. A gauze swab is applied to the affected area of ​​the skin, which is dipped in a solution of a specific allergen. The skin area to be diagnosed is covered with a bandage, and the result is evaluated every other day.

Consider the possible reaction of the body to the identification of a particular stimulus.

After the tests, the baby may experience weakness and dizziness. it normal reaction an organism that is not to be feared.

In some cases, such tests are prescribed for children under the age of five. However, the effectiveness of such studies is low. In addition, there is a high risk of complications.

Specificity of elimination tests

These tests are simple and do not require special knowledge and skills. Most often they are used to identify a food irritant, because food allergy is one of the most common forms of the disease in children. Their essence boils down to observing the reaction of the child after eating certain foods.

So, if the mother knew what the child ate before his body reacted with an allergic reaction, it would not be difficult to identify the irritant. It must be excluded from the baby's diet for several weeks. In the event that the manifestations of allergies recede, we can assume that a dangerous product has been found. Or remove potential allergens from the diet, and then introduce them one at a time and control what reaction the baby’s body will give.

In this case, a special diary will help to determine the allergen, in which parents need to write down everything that the baby or the nursing mother ate. So you can track the products to which the body reacted negatively.

This method can also be effective for detecting other types of reactions. For example, if you notice that the baby starts sneezing every time after walking in the park, where there are many flower beds, then there is a high probability that there is an allergen to pollen in his body.

You can also find out backlash for certain types of medicines. True, such a diary should be kept under the strict supervision of a doctor and the immediate replacement of the drug with an analogue.

Observation methods

Observation techniques allow many mothers to say, "I understand what my child is allergic to."

The fact is that after a detailed analysis of all possible causes manifestations of a negative reaction and their elimination, parents will be able to save the baby from unpleasant symptoms allergies and forget about them forever. How to understand what the body reacts to?

• Babies are very sensitive to pet hair. To verify this, it is enough to take the pets out of the apartment for several weeks and do a thorough wet cleaning;
• See if the disease worsens. Perhaps the child is not suitable for chlorinated water flowing from the tap, or his body reacts this way to washing powder. The material from which the toys are made can also provoke illness;
• If you notice that all signs of allergies disappear when the crumbs leave their native walls for a few days, the reason may be household dust or mold that is in the apartment;
• If you observe an exacerbation of the disease in warm time years, while walking outdoors, pollen is most likely to cause symptoms.

Such methods are quite informative, but not always effective. Then, how to find out what the child is allergic to, the doctor will tell you by prescribing special tests.

reaction to pollen

The special sensitivity of children to plant pollen (hay fever), which is accompanied by sneezing and tearing, swelling of mucous membranes, is diagnosed using simple test. A solution containing the allergen and a control solution are dripped into the baby's nose.

Obvious signs of the body's reaction will allow you to determine the presence or absence of a reaction to pollen.

Allergy Signals

The child's body gives clear signals to the presence of an allergen. And since he can react to almost any stimulus, there are 3 types of manifestation of the disease.

The skin reaction is manifested by the following symptoms:

• Rash and redness;
• Peeling and itching;
• Edema.

Changes in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract will manifest themselves as such signs:

• Frequent regurgitation;
• Permanent violation of the stool, manifested in constipation or diarrhea;
• Severe colic and bloating;
• The presence of dysbacteriosis;
• The appearance of unreasonable, at first glance, vomiting.

A failure in the proper functioning of the respiratory system can be identified by a dry cough and a severe runny nose.

In young children, it is often possible to observe a combined manifestation of allergies, for example, a runny nose and skin rashes.

Reasons for backlash

An allergy can appear in a child due to many reasons:

• Unbalanced nutrition of the mother, if the baby eats mother's milk;
• Incorrectly selected milk formula or early complementary foods;
• Chemicals that are part of care products or washing powders;
• Animal wool and products of their vital activity;
• Plants;
• Medicines;
• Cold;
• Dust.

As you can see, there are a lot of reasons that can cause allergies. Therefore, at the first signs of the disease, it is better to consult a doctor. After all, without correct definition provoking factor treatment will be ineffective.